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HENRY   LEBBEUS  OAK 


WORKS 


OF 


HENRY   L.  OAK 

VOL.  XI. 


PIONEER  REGISTER 

LITERARY  INDUSTRIES 

MISCELLANY 


(In  part  from  the  Bancroft  History  and  Native  Races.} 


AUTHOR'S     COPY 
1893 


UJf 

X 


I. 


PIONEER  REGISTER 


OF 


CALIFORNIA. 


(From  the  History  of  California,  Vol.  II.-V.) 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 
1542-1848. 

ALL  history,  as  a  record  of  the  acts  of  men,  is  biography.  In  these  pages 
it  is  proposed  by  means  of  an  alphabetic  index  to  make  available  as  biograph 
ical  matter  the  first  five  volumes  of  this  work,  covering  the  annals  of  Califor 
nia  from  its  discovery  to  1848.  Through  this  index  the  reader  may  have  access 
directly  to  all  that  is  told  in  the  work  about  any  man  of  the  thousands  whose 
acts  make  up  the  country's  early  history.  The  names  will  not  in  most  cases 
be  repeated  in  the  general  index  at  the  end  of  vol.  vii.;  but  to  that  index  the 
reader  is  referred  for  additional  matter  relating  to  such  of  these  persons  as 
were  prominent  after  1848,  and  also  for  information  about  men  who,  though 
mentioned  in  the  history,  did  not  come  to  California. 

But  I  propose  to  carry  this  record  far  beyond  the  limits  of  a  mere  index. 
To  the  thousands  of  names  mentioned  in  the  history  will  be  added  other 
thousands  which  it  has  not  been  necessary  to  mention  there.  Thus  will  be 
presented  a  complete  register  of  pioneers,  or  early  Californians.  Something 
more  is  done,  however,  than  merely  to  register  names  and  dates.  In  many  cases 
— indeed,  in  all  when  it  is  desirable  and  possible — information  is  given  respect 
ing  the  nationality,  occupation,  achievements,  death,  and  family  connections 
of  each  subject,  as  well  as  about  the  date  and  manner  of  his  coming  to  Califor 
nia  and  his  connection  in  public  capacities  with  the  country's  annals.  In  this 
way  the  index  and  register  is  expanded  into  a  kind  of  biographic  dictionary. 

Of  foreign  pioneers — that  is,  not  of  Spanish  and  Indian  blood — including 
both  residents  and  visitors,  my  register  contains  all  the  names  I  have  been 
able  to  obtain,  except  those  found  in  the  shipping  articles  and  crew-lists  of 
trading  vessels  and  muster-rolls  of  naval  craft.  Some  of  the  former  and  many 
of  the  latter  are  accessible,  but  they  would  imiltiply  my  lists  to  no  good  pur 
pose.  Yet  when  a  sailor  returned  to  California  in  later  years  I  have  regarded 
him  as  a  pioneer  under  the  date  of  his  earliest  visit.  Of  Spaniards,  Mexicans, 
and  native  Californians,  I  have  not  attempted  to  present  complete  lists; 
yet  the  aim  has  been  to  register  all  who  acquired  any  sort  of  prominence  in 
territorial  or  local  affairs,  all  the  well-known  traders  and  rancheros,  all  the 
friars,  all  the  military  and  civil  officials,  all  the  leading  families  in  each  sec 
tion.  The  reader  is  also  referred  to  the  list  published  at  the  end  of  vol.  i., 
many  of  the  same  names  being  repeated  here  with  additional  information. 

Obviously  the  most  rigid  condensation  has  been  necessary,  and  the  bio 
graphic  notes  must  be  very  brief ;  yet  the  natural  impression  at  first  glance 
that  they  are  too  short  will  in  most  cases  be  removed  on  closer  examination. 
Seven  eighths  of  the  names — even  if  we  could  obtain  additional  information 
and  had  space  for  its  presentment — would  in  their  connection  with  Califor- 
nian  history  call  for  nothing  beyond  what  is  here  given.  Of  the  rest,  a  large 
proportion  is  that  of  public  men  whose  acts  are  sufficiently  recorded  and  dis- 

(C83) 


684  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

cussed  elsewhere,  requiring  only  the  index  reference.  I  would  call  particular 
attention  to  this  phase  of  the  matter  and  to  a  cognate  one.  Ask  a  pioneer 
for  his  reminiscences  or  a  sketch  of  his  life,  and  he  will  fill  his  narrative 
chiefly  with  the  journey  of  his  immigrant  party  across  the  plains,  the  organi 
zation  of  his  regiment  and  its  voyage  round  Cape  Horn,  his  service  in  the 
California  battalion,  his  experience  in  the  Bear  Flag  revolt,  or  at  the  fight 
of  San  Pascual,  or  with  other  well-known  historic  happenings  in  which  he 
took  part,  and  which  he  remembers  with  pride.  But  these  events  are  fully 
treated  elsewhere,  and  the  pages  devoted  to  an  immigrant  party  are  added  by 
the  index  to  the  biography  of  each  member  of  the  party;  the  chapter  on  the 
New  York  volunteers,  or  the  Mormon  colony,  to  the  life  of  each  volunteer 
and  colonist;  that  on  the  Graham  affair  to  the  record  of  each  exile.  Thus  a 
large  amount  of  matter  not  biographical  on  its  face  is  legitimately  added  to 
the  Pioneer  Register.  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  the  lives  of  many  early 
friars  and  officers  have  been  given  in  connection  with  their  departure  or  death, 
requiring  only  a  reference  here.  True,  there  remains  after  all  a  class  of  pio- 
iieers,  a  hundred  or  two  in  number,  permanent  residents,  representative  citi 
zens,  founders  of  families,  but  not  directly  connected  with  public  affairs,  to 
each  of  whom  a  few  pages  instead  of  a  few  lines  might  be  devoted  with  inter 
est,  often  with  profit;  yet  these  are  the  men  who  are  given  in  this  register  the 
greatest  average  space,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  that  space  could  be  increased  con 
sistently  with  the  scope  of  such  a  work. 

There  will  be  noted  an  .entire  absence  of  the  indiscriminate  eulogy  so  often 
deemed  an  essential  feature  of  pioneer  sketches.  I  have  neither  space  nor 
disposition  to  indulge  in  praise  or  blame,  either  for  the  purpose  of  pleasing  or 
displeasing  pioneers  or  their  descendants,  or  of  adding  the  interest  of  mild  scan 
dal  to  my  sketches.  Of  private  individuals,  as  a  rule,  no  attempt  is  made  to 
depict  the  character,  to  picture  them  as  'nature's  noblemen,'  or  to  point  out 
the  fact  that  they  were  not  members  of  temperance  societies.  It  is  taken  for 
granted  that  they  were  more  or  less  good,  bad,  and  indifferent  citizens  accord 
ing  to  circumstances;  but  their  weaknesses  and  virtues,  within  certain  limits, 
do  not  concern  me  or  my  readers.  Doubtless  I  have  recorded  many  items 
about  individuals  that  they  and  their  friends  would  prefer  to  have  suppressed, 
and  suppressed  many  items  that  to  enemies  would  be  most  agreeable  reading; 
but  in  each  case  I  have  acted  on  my  own  judgment  and  with  strict  impartial 
ity.  Where  a  man's  distinguishing  traits  are  so  clearly  marked  that  they  may 
be  fairly  presented  in  few  words,  especially  in  the  case  of  men  locally  famous, 
I  have  not  hesitated  to  write  the  few  wdrds,  whether  complimentary  or  other 
wise.  Public  men  are  freely  criticised,  but  mainly  in  other  parts  of  the  work 
where  their  acts  are  recorded,  only  a  summary  or  moderate  reflection  of  gen 
eral  conclusions  being  introduced  here.  In  the  comparative  extent  and  gen 
eral  tone  of  the  notices,  no  distinction  is  made  by  reason  of  race  between 
Spaniards,  Mexicans,  Californians,  and  foreigners;  between  soldiers  and 
civilians,  friars  and  laymen,  sailors  and  immigrants,  traders  and  rancheros, 
rich  and  poor,  the  living  and  the  dead;  but,  other  things  being  equal,  more 
space  is  given  to  early  pioneers  than  to  those  of  later  years.  If  a  line  or  two 
of  extra  space  is  occasionally  devoted  to  a  man  who  has  furnished  documentary 
and  other  evidence  on  early  times,  and  the  record  of  another  man  who  has 


PREFACE.  C85 

shown  no  interest  is  briefer,  the  difference  does  not  necessarily  indicate  par 
tiality,  since  in  many  instances  certain  kinds  of  information  about  a  man  can 
be  obtained  only  from  himself  or  some  member  of  his  family. 

From  the  nature  of  the  case,  my  authorities,  except  in  special  instances, 
cannot  be  cited.  Such  citations  would  involve  endless  repetition,  and  would 
fill  much  space  that  can  be  utilized  to  better  advantage.  The  reader  is  re 
ferred  to  the  general  list  of  authorities  in  vol.  i.;  but  it  is  proper  to  specify 
here  some  classes  that  have  been  particularly  prolific  in  items  for  this  regis 
ter.  First  in  importance  are  the  archives,  public,  private,  and  missionary; 
especially  in  their  records  of  naturalization  and  passports,  custom-house 
records,  military  rosters,  local  census  lists,  voting  and  official  lists,  mission 
registers  of  births  and  marriages  and  deaths,  and  the  correspondence  of 
officials,  friars,  and  citizens;  particularly  important  among  the  private  archives 
being  the  commercial  correspondence  and  account-books  of  such  men  as  Lar- 
kin,  Cooper,  Hartnell,  Spear,  and  many  others.  Next  should  be  mentioned 
the  several  hundred  volumes  of  personal  reminiscences  furnished  for  my  use 
by  early  Calif ornians,  native  and  foreign,  each  containing  a  few — some  very 
many — personal  items  in  addition  to  those  relating  to  the  narrator  and  his 
family.  Third  may  be  noted  the  work  of  such  specialists  as  Clark  on  the 
N.  Y.  volunteers,  Tyler  on  the  Mormon  battalion,  McGlashan  on  the  Donner 
party,  Kooser  on  the  artillery  company,  Lancey  on  the  conquest  in  general, 
etc. ;  with  valuable  muster-rolls  kindly  furnished  me  by  the  military  depart 
ment  at  Washington.  Fourth,  and  amply  worthy  of  separate  mention,  we 
have  the  biographic  gleanings  of  Ben  Hayes  on  the  pioneers  of  southern 
California;  while  in  the  same  connection  may  be  mentioned  the  patient  re 
searches  of  Alex.  S.  Taylor.  Fifth,  the  archives  of  the  Society  of  Pioneers 
contain,  besides  lists  of  members,  partials  rolls  of  the  Cal.  battalion;  while 
the  government  lists  of  those  who  held  'Cal.  claims/'  Wheeler's  list  of  San 
Francisco  lot-owners,  the  voluminous  testimony  in  famous  land  cases,  and 
e3pecially  the  valuable  New  Helvetia  diary  of  '45-8,  furnished  me  by  Wm  F. 
Swasey,  should  not  be  forgotten.  Sixth  are  to  be  noted  the  newspapers  of 
'47-85,  with  their  thousands  of  obituary  and  biographic  items,  so  faulty  in 
individual  cases,  so  extremely  valuable  in  the  aggregate;  and,  similar  in 
many  respects,  the  county  and  local  histories  of  recent  years,  from  which  I 
have  drawn  much  material.  Finally,  I  must  allude  to  special  correspondence 
v/itii  many  pioneers  from  time  to  time  as  particular  information  has  been 
needed;  hundreds  having  replied,  and  a  few — such  as  John  Bidwell,  Wm  H. 
Davis,  Wm  Glover,  S.  H.  Willey,  John  A.  Swan,  and  others — meriting  fuller 
acknowledgment  than  my  space  permits. 

That  this  register  will  be  appreciated  in  any  degree  commensurate  with 
the  labor  it  has  cost  is  not  to  be  expected.  Within  my  knowledge  nothing 
of  the  kind  has  ever  been  attempted  in  any  new  country.  The  value  that  in 
any  of  the  older  communities  would  now  be  attached  to  such  a  record,  had  it 
been  made  at  the  beginning,  is  my  basis  for  estimating  the  prospective  useful 
ness  of  this. 

The  references  are  to  the  History  of  California,  vol.  i.-v.;  that  is,  'iii. 
475,'  in  connection  with  a  man's  name,  indicates  that  on  page  475,  vol.  iii.  of 
the  Hist.  Cal.,  some  information  about  the  man,  or  at  least  a  mention,  will  be 


686  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX!. 

found;  when  the  reference  is  enclosed  in  parentheses,  as,  (v.  340,)  the  reader 
is  directed  to  some  event  or  party  with  which  the  man  was  connected,  with 
out  a  mention  of  his  name.  With  a  view  to  condensation,  abbreviations  are 
freely  used,  but  none,  I  think,  which  require  explanation.  The  register  will 
be  continued  alphabetically  at  the  end  of  vol.  iii.,  iv.,  and  v. 

Abbott  (Austin  R.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499),  living  at  Sacramento 
'82.  Abeck  (Francois),  1847,  a  Swiss  in  Sutter's  empoy  at  N.  Helv.  in  '47-8. 
One  of  the  earliest  gold-miners. 

Abell  (Alex.  G.),  1847,  native  of  N.Y.,  who  went  to  Honolulu  in  '45; 
arrived  at  S.  F.  in  Nov.  on  the  Currency  Lass.  Member  of  the  firm  J.  B.  Mc- 
Clurg  &  Co.  at  Los  Angeles  till  Feb.  '48.  From  '49  well  known  as  a  business 
man  at  S.  F.,  member  of  the  state  senate  in  'G3,  and  prominent  in  the  masonic 
order  in  later  years.  Living  at  S.F.  in  '85.  A  son,  John,  came  with  him  in 
'47;  another  son,  E.  A.,  died  in  '84. 

Abella  (Juan),  1842,  Mex.  captain,  of  Ind.  race,  who  came  with  Michel- 
torena  and  departed  with  him  in  '45.  Acting  comandante  of  the  batalloii  fija 
(iv.  287,  351,  et  seq.),  after  the  departure  of  Tellez,  and  com.  of  the  post  at 
Monterey  in  '45.  He  left  his  business  affairs  in  charge  of  Larkin,  at  whose 
house  he  had  lived,  and  wrote  to  L.  from  S.  Bias.  He  signed  his  name  'Abeya. ' 
See  vol.  iv.  p.  289,  357,  405,  460,  487,  514-15,  652. 

Abella  (Ramon),  1798,  Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  F.,  S.  Carlos, 
and  S.  Luis  Ob. ,  dying  in  1842;  for  many  years  the  only  survivor  of  those  who 
came  before  1800.  Biog.,  iv.  647;  mention  in  i.  list  of  auth.,  p.  432,  577,  712, 
732;  ii.  130-2,  159-60,  198,  288,  321-3,  329-30,  373,  375,  383,  394,  616,  G55; 
iii.  92,  96,  191,  319,  356,  396,  446,  588,  622,  679,  681,  683;  iv.  46,  372,  657. 

Abernethy  (John  J.),  1847,  asst  surgeon,  U.  S.  Lexington.  Aborn  (John), 
1846,  in  Sta  Clara  val.,  apparently  an  overland  immig.,  serving  perhaps  in 
Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358-60).  Abrego  (Emigdio),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the 
batallon  fijo,  '42-5.  See  iv.  289. 

Abrego  (Jose"),  1834,  Mex.  hatter  and  trader,  who  came  with  the  H.  &  P. 
colony  (iii.  259  et  seq.),  and  opened  a  store  at  Mont.  Young,  intelligent,  with 
some  capital,  and  of  good  repute,  he  soon  became  a  prominent  citizen,  holding 
office  continuously  from  '36,  as  comisario  de  policia,  administrator  of  S.  An 
tonio  mission,  customs  officei%  member  of  the  assembly,  substitute  member  of 
the  tribunal  superior,  and  treasurer.  As  sub-comisario  and  treasurer  he  was 
in  charge  of  the  territorial  finances  in  1839-46,  possessing  the  confidence  of 
all  classes.  In  '41-2  he  was  involved  in  controversies  with  Gen.  Vallejo  in 
the  matter  of  distributing  funds,  as  also  in  '45-6  with  Pico's  administration; 
but  these  quarrels  resulted  from  his  position  rather  than  his  character,  no  one 
questioning  his  integrity  or  ability.  He  revisited  Mex.  in  '43-4.  In  '44  he  \vas 
the  grantee  of  the  Pt  Pinos  rancho,  and  later  claimant  for  S.  Francisquito. 
After  the  U.  S.  occupation  he  deemed  it  his  duty  as  a  Mex.  to  decline  office  for 
a  time,  but  later  held  some  local  positions.  He  continued  his  career  as  hatter, 
soap-manufacturer,  and  merchant,  with  more  or  less  success  and  undiminished 
popularity,  till  his  death  in  '78,  at  the  age  of  65.  In  '36  he  married  Josefa  Es 
trada,  half-sister  of  Gov.  Alvarado,  who  survived  him  with  six  of  their  children. 
The  two  daughters  were  married  to  Judge  Webb  of  Salinas  and  J.  Bolado  of 
S.  F.  One  of  the  sons  married  a  daughter  of  Jacob  P.  Leese.  For  mention  of 
Abrego,  see  vol.  i.  list  of  auth.;  iii.  263,  592,  597,  601-2,  672,  675,  678,  687-8; 
iv.  97,  99,  198,  210,  282,  327-8,  341,  357,  377,  401-3,  432,  520,  522,  532, 
540,  557-8,  563;  v.  35,  38,  41,  289,  455,  570,  636. 

Acacio,  Indian  of  S.  Jos<§  involved  in  troubles  with  Sutter's  Ind.  in  1840. 
iv.  137-8.  Accolti  (M.),  1848,  Jesuit  prominent  in  educational  affairs  at 
Sta  Clara  college,  and  St  Ignatius,  S.  F.,  dying  in  '78;  perhaps  from  Or.  in 
'48.  Acebedo  (Francisco),  soldier  who  came  before  1780,  sergeant  of  the  S. 
Diego  Co.  from  1798,  and  a  settler  at  Los  Ang.  in  1808-19.  i.  647;  ii.  101,  350, 
354.  A.  (Jos<§).  i.  569.  A.  (Julian),  i.  303.  See  also  list  i.  732.  Acedo 
(Ignacio),  resid.  of  Brancif.  1801-10;  com.  de  policia,  Mont.,  '33;  Mex.  coil- 


ACEDO-AFANADOK  GS7 

Viet,  '34;  cavalry  sold,  at  Mont.,  and  employe"  at  S.  F.  Solano,  '30.  Doubtless 
several  distinct  persons,  ii.  1G7;  iii.  G73,  720.  A.  (Tiburcio),  had  a  Cal.  claim 
in  '46  (v.  462-8)  for  83,670.  Acevcs  (Antonio),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  and  grantee 
of  Salinas  rancho  1790-5.  i.  473,  683;  ii.  664.  A.  (Jos6),  hero  of  the  1st 
marriage  at  Sta  Cruz  in  1794-5.  i.  495.  See  also  list  i.  732.  Ackerman  (J. 
Howard),  1847,  clerk  for  Wm  A.  Leidesdorff  at  S.  F.,  '47-8,  and  owner  of  a 
town  lot.  v.  685.  Ackley  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Acres 
(Hiram),  1845,  Amer.  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  co.  (iv.  472- 

4,  587).  At  N.  Helv.,  Sonoma,  and  Napa  in  '46-8,  perhaps  later.       B.  Akers, 
probably  the  same  or  a  son,  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  ( v.  358-60).       Acuna,  1818, 
one  of  Bouchard's  men.  ii.  220-49,  232.       Adair  (Wesley),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469-98).  In  '82  an  Ariz,  farmer. 

Adams,  1847,  mr  of  the  Loo  Choo.  v.  511,  576.  Adams,  master  of  the 
Forrester,  on  the  coast  perhaps  in  '15.  ii.  274.  Adams,  Amer.,  aged  30,  at 
Branciforte,  padron  of  '45.  A.  (Charles),  1840,  Scotch  sailor,  who  left  the 
Columbia  and  became  a  lumberman  in  '41. 

Adams  (David  L.),  1846,  Amer.  immig.  from  Indiana,  age  10  (v.  528).  His 
father  died  on  the  way,  and  he  lived  on  the  Yuba  a  while  with  his  mother 
— who  married  Abner  Bryan — and  sisters.  At  S.  Jose"  '47  and  from  '49;  Pla- 
cerville  mines  '48-9.  After  a  course  of  study  at  the  Univ.  of  the  Pac.  in  '59- 
61,  he  settled  on  a  farm  near  Sta  Cruz  in  '62,  marrying  Julia  Bennett  of  the 
'43  immig.  in  '63.  In  '81,  and  I  suppose  later,  he  lived  in  the  town  of  Sta 
Cruz  with  a  family  of  6  children,  being  in  the  lumber  trade.  Sta  Cruz  Co. 
Hist. ,  27-8.  In  March  '85  he  writes  me  from  S.  Bernardino. 

Adams  (Elisha),  1846,  said  by  Hall  to  have  come  to  the  Sta  Clara  val. 
A.  (Henry),  mr  of  the  Paradisein  '27.  iii.  148.  Another  Henry  A.  is  vaguely 
accredited  to  '44.  iv.  453;  and  another,  or  the  same,  is  named  by  Tinkham  as 
a  boy  on  Howard's  vessel  in  '46,  later  pres.  of  the  Stockton  Pion.  Soc. 

Adams  (James  Harmon),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.,  trans,  to  Co.  G  (v. 
499).  Born  in  N.  Y.  '19;  opened  a  shoe-shop  at  L.  Ang.  '47,  while  still  in  the 
service;  policeman  at  S.  F.  '49-54;  at  Vallejo  '55-60;  and  at  S.  F.  '61-85. 
His  wife  of  '39,  Matilda  Smith,  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  1st  Presb. 
church  of  S.  F.,  died  in  '79.  A  son,  James  Hardie  A.,  born  on  the  voy.  to 
Cal.,  died  in  '49;  a  daughter  died  at  L.  Ang.  in  '48.  Another  son,  John 
Quincy  A.,  3  years  old  on  arrival,  was  educated  in  the  1st  public  schools  at 

5.  F. ;  presented  with  a  gold  nugget  on  the  plaza  by  a  miner  as  the  1st  school 
boy  he  had  seen  in  Cal.;  played  juvenile  parts  in  the  Jenny  Lind  theatre; 
served  on  the  U.  S.  Warren  '55-6;  office-boy  for  Com.  Farragut  at  Mare  Isl. 
'57-8;  law  student  at  Benicia  '66-7;  lawyer  at  S.  F.  from  '73.    He  has  been 
orator  at  pioneer  celebrations,  sec.  of  surviving  N.  Y.  Vol.,  and  has  afforded 
me  some  aid  in  the  collection  of  historical  material. 

Adams  (John),  1846,  lieut  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  Dragoons  (v.  536).  A.  (John), 
1846,  midshipman  on  the  U.  S.  Dale.  Another  John  Adams  had  a  Cal. 
claim  (v.  462-8)  of  $200  in  '46;  voted  at  S.  Diego  in  '48;  and  settled  near 
Napa — perhaps  2  or  3  different  men.  A.  (Jos.  H.),  lieut  on  the  Savannah 
and  Levant  in  '44-5.  A.  (Orson  B.),  sergt  in  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  '47-8.  v.  477. 

Adams  (Walter  W.),  1840,  Boston  sailor  arrested  at  Mont,  but  not  exiled, 
iv.  17,  120.  Shipped  on  the  California  in  '42,  and  later  on  the  Laura.  In 
'44  disabled  at  Sta  B.  and  Mont. ,  being  aided  by  the  U.  S.  consulate,  and  get 
ting  a  carta ;  but  in  Aug.  he  shipped  on  the  Chas  W.  Morgan.  A.  (Wash 
ington),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  A.  (Wm),  named  by  Hall  as  hav 
ing  come  to  Sta  Clara  val.  in  '46. 

Add  i  son  (Isaac),  1846,  a  Mormon  of  the  Brooklyn  colony,  v.  546,  with  his 
wife  and  daughter.  He  was  excommunicated  from  the  church,  and  returned 
east  before  Jan.  '47.  S.  K.  Addison  bought  a  town  lot  at  S.  F.  in  '48. 

Adler  (Lewis),  1846,  German  cooper  who  came  from  Honolulu  on  the  Euphe- 
mia.  Clerk  for  Leidesdorff  and  Dickson  &  Hay,  at  S.  F.  in  '46-7,  also  owning 
a  town  lot.  A  trader  from  '48  at  Son. ,  where  he  still  lived  in  '85,  at  the  age  of  65. 

Adrian  (Geo. ),  1836,  named  in  a  S.  Jose  padron  as  a  foreign  resident.  Afa- 
nadon,  or  Afanador,  chaplain  who  came  in  '22  with  the  Can6nigo  Fernandez. 


688  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

ii.  458.  Agate,  scientist  attach 6  of  the  U.  S.  ex.  exped.  in  '41.  iv.  243. 
Agazini  (Flaminio),  '25,  mr  of  the  transport  Morolos.  iii.  148.  Agnew  (Hugh) 
1847,  Co.  H,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Agredo,  doubtful  name  of  a  school-boy  at 
Mont.  '15-20.  ii.  429.  Agricia  (Jose1),  grantee  of  the  Laureles  rancho  in  '44. 
iv.  655.  Aguado  (Ignacio),  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo  in  '42-5.  iv.  280. 
Aguiar  (Francisco),  soldier  of  1769etseq. ;  sergt  at  S.  Diego  in  1777.  i.  314,  732. 

Aguila  ( Jose"),  Mex.  settler  at  S.  F.  in  1791-1800.  i.  710;  munic.  elector  at 
S.  F.  in  1827.  ii.  592.  From  '28  Jose  Aguila,  or  Jos6  M.  Aguiiar  (between 
•which  names  there  is  evident  confusion),  was  a  somewhat  prominent  citizen 
of  Mont.  In  '31-34  he  was  sindico;  in  '32-3  regidor  and  com.  de  policia.  iii. 
672-3;  in  '33  vocal  of  the  diputacion.  iii.  246;  in  '36  admin,  at  Soledad.  iii. 
690-1;  in  '38-9  clerk  to  admin,  of  S.  Antonio,  iii.  687-8;  and  in  '44  grantee 
of  the  Canada  de  Nogales  rancho.  iv.  634.  In  a  Mont,  padron  of  '36  Jose1 
Aguila  is  described  as  a  painter,  50  years  of  age,  native  of  Cclaya,  married  to 
Maria  Fran.  Garcia,  a  native  of  Mont.,  aged  37.  Aguila  (Felipe),  land  near 
Mont,  in'  35.  iii.  678.  A.  (Joaquin),  claimant  for  land  at  Sta  Ine"s  in  '47. 
A.  (Lugardo),  resid.  of  S.  Gabriel  in '46.  A.  (Ramon),  soldier  of  S.  F.  in  '37- 
43.  iv.  667.  See  list  i.  732. 

Aguiiar  (Bias),  son  of  Rosario  A.,  born  at  S.  Diego  about  1808.  In  '31 
majordomo  of  S.  D.  mission,  and  in  '34  at  Tem<5cu!a.  Lived  in  '38-43  at  the 
Palomares  rancho,  Los  Ang.  Co.  In  '41  got  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  where  in 
'46  he  was  living  at  the  age  of  38  with  his  wife  Antonia  Gutierrez,  aged  29. 
Padron;  where  he  was  alcalde  in  '48,  and  where  he  still  lived  in  '76.  See 
mention  in  ii.  443,  550;  iii.  620;  iv.  626;  v.  624.  An  Agtiilar  is  ment.  as  one 
of  Bouchard's  men  in  '1.8.  ii.  232.  A.  (Antonio),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '19-23; 
resid.  of  Los  Ang.  in  '38,  murdered  in  '42.  iii.  564-5;  iv.  632.  A.  (Casildo), 
trader  at  Los  Ang.,  age  26,  in  '39;  juez  de  aguas  in  '46.  iv.  625;  claimant  for 
La  Cie"nega.  A.  (Crist6bal),  resid.  of  Los  Ang.,  age  24,  from  '38,  when  he 
was  alcalde  suplente;  in  '44-5,  regidor.  iii.  636;  iv.  633. 

Aguiiar  (Francisco  Javier),  soldier  of  the  Loreto  co.,  who  served  in  the 
exped.  of  1769  et  seq.  to  S.  Diego  and  Mont.,  but  never  came  to  live  in  Cal. 
A  sergt  from  1795;  in  command  at  C.  S.  Liicas  of  a  militia  co.  1795-1800. 
A.  (Gabino),  at  San  Juan  Cap.  in  '46,  age  30,  with  his  wife  Maria  Ant.  Seseua 
and  6  children.  Padron.  A.  (Ignacio),  said  to  have  fired  the  gun  at  Mer- 
vine's  defeat  '46.  v.  319.  A.  (Jose"  M.),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  fr.  '14;  regidor 
'21,  '25-6;  in  trouble  with  Gov.  Victoria  in  '31.  In  the  padron  of  '39  he  is 
noted  as  a  bricklayer,  age  54.  ii.  349,  359,  559-60;  iii.  196.  (See  also  Aguila, 
Josd.)  A.  (Macedonio),  resid.  of  Los  Ang.  in  '39,  age  30;  juez  de  campo  in  '43- 
5.  iv.  632-4.  A.  (Martin),  Span.  com.  of  one  of  Vizcaino's  explor.  vessels  in 
1602-3.  i.  98,  104,  242.  A.  (Ramon),  killed  by  the  Ind.  in  '46.  v.  617. 

Aguiiar  (Rosario),  corporal  of  the  escolta  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Luis  Rcy 
missions  from  shortly  after  1800.  Lived  at  S.  Diego  fr.  about  '30,  being 
majordomo  of  the  mission  in  '38,  and  getting  a  grant  of  the  Paguai  rancho — • 
which  he  is  said  to  have  refused — in  '39.  In  '41  he  was  juez  de  paz  at  S.  D., 
but  obtained  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  where  he  was  juez  in  '43-4,  and  where  he 
died  about  '45.  ii.  546;  iii.  612,  619,  620-3,  626-7.  His  daughter  married  Jose" 
Ant.  Serrano.  A.  (Santiago),  Mex.  sergt,  age  22,  at  Mont,  in  '36.  In  charge 
of  the  printing-office,  and  took  part  in  the  revolt  against  Alvarado,  '37.  iii. 
470,  523-5.  A.  (Simon),  executed  at  Mont.  '31.  iii.  190-1,  669,  .673,  679. 

Aguirre  (Jose"  Antonio),  1834,  Span.  Basque,  born  about  1793;  a  wealthy 
trader  at  Guaymas,  when  in  '33-4  he  engaged  in  the  Cal.  trade,  owning  sev 
eral  vessels,  and  visiting  Cal.  frequently.  From  about  '38  he  made  Sta  B.  his 
home,  marrying  Maria  del  Rosario,  a  daughter  of  Jose"  Ant.  Estudillo,  in  '42. 
His  second  wife  was  a  sister  of  the  first.  Grantee  of  the  Tejon  rancho  in  '43, 
and  his  wife  of  S.  Jacinto  Viejo  y  Nuevo  in  '46.  On  account  of  his  great 
size  he  was  sometimes  nicknamed  Aguirron;  of  fine  presence,  affable  in  man 
ner,  and  well  liked  by  all.  An  excellent  type  of  the  old-time  Spanish  mer 
chant,  keeping  aloof  for  the  most  part  from  smuggling  and  politics,  though 
often  employed  by  the  government.  Still  a  resident  of  Sta  B.  after  1854. 
Ment.  in  iii.  620,  €37,  659,  660,  727;  iv.  12,  61,  100,  104,  332,  621,  635;  v.  587, 


AGUIRRE— ALEXANDER.  689 

619.  A<niirre  (Juan  B.),  1775,  Span,  mate  and  master  of  different  transport 
ships  on  the  coast  in  1773-90.  i.  240,  287,  328,  444.  A.  (Severo),  1S42,  Mex. 
sergt  in  the  batallon  fijo  '43-5.  iv.  289. 

Ahumada,  1813,  Dominican  of  B.  Cal.,  preaching  at  S.  Diego,  ii.  345. 

Ainsworth  (John),  1828,  Engl.  sailor  ordered  to  be  shipped  to  Sand.  Isl. 
by  1st  vessel.  Perhaps  'Rainsford,' q.v. 

Ajuria  (Gregorio),  1845,  Span,  supercargo  of  the  Hannah,  fr.  Mazatlan, 
with  a  letter  of  introd.  from  Parrot  to  Lai-kin.  He  finally  settled  at  Los  Ang. , 
married  the  daughter  of  John  Temple,  and  became  rich.  He  went  to  Mex. 
about  '56  to  engage  in  heavy  and  unprofitable  financial  operations.  On  the  fall 
of  Comonfort  went  to  Paris,  where  he  died  in  '64,  aged  47,  leaving  a  widow 
and  several  children.  Akers  (B.),  1846,  in  Cal.  Bat.  Probably  same  as 
'Acres,'  q.v. 

Alanis  (Mariano),  1800,  Mex.  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1800-39.  ii.  349.  Padran. 
A.  (Maximo),  1819,  resid.  of  Los  Ang.;  arrested  for  smuggling  in  '21,  and  for 
political  misdeeds  in  '31.  Owner  ot  the  S.  Jose"  de  Buenos  Aires  rancho  in  '40- 
3.  ii.  354,  441;  iii.  196,  634;  iv.  633.  A.  (Nicolas),  a  settler  at  L.  Ang.  in 
1807.  ii.  350;  and  Marcos  A.  in  '46. 

Alarcon  (Caspar),  1602,  Span.  com.  of  one  of  Vizcaino's  ships,  i.  98.  A. 
(Hernando).  1540,  com.  of  an  cxplor.  vessel  at  the  head  of  the  gulf;  may  have 
seen  Cal.  territory,  i.  68.  Alarico,  1840,  Ind.  chief  arrested  by  Sutter.  iv. 
137.  Alariza  (Juan  P.),  Cal.  claim  for  $11,565  in  '46  (v.  462-8). 

Alava  (Jose"  Manuel),  1793-4,  Span,  brigadier  of  the  navy,  or  commodore, 
who  visited  Cal.  in  connection  with  the  Nootka  affair.  He  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Trafalgar  in  1803.  i.  509,  523-3,  533.  Alballo  (Feliciano),  1777,  one  of  the  1st 
settlers  at  S.  F.  i.  297.  Albcrger  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Alberni  (Pedro),  1796,  Span,  lieut-col,  and  capt.  of  Catalan  vol.,  who 
came  in  connection  with  the  project  of  founding  Branciforte.  By  his  rank  ho 
was  com.  of  the  S.  F.  post  in  1796-1800,  and  com.  de  armas  of  Cal.  at  Mont. 
in  1801-2,  dying  in  1802.  See  biog.,  ii.  5-6;  mention  in  i.  535,  539-41,  543, 
565-7,  615,  630,  639,  679.  693,  705,  729;  ii.  2,  140. 

Albert  (J.  C.),  1833,  mr  of  whaler  Isabel,  iii.  382.  Albet  (Ibre),  1825-6, 
mr  of  whaler  Triton,  iii.  149.  Albin  (Charles),  1845,  Amer.  at  Mont. ;  prob. 
same  as  Chas  Albien,  who  got  a  lot  at  S.  F.  in  '47.  iv.  587,  685.  Albright 
(James),  1845,  Amer.  sailor  fr.  the  Tasso  at  S.  F.,  aided  by  U.  S.  consul. 
Alcantara  (Pedro),  1792-5,  mason-instructor,  i.  615,  684. 

Alden  (Fernando),  1832,  at  Mont,  in  '47.  Amer.  who  testified  at  S.  F.  '53, 
in  U.  S.  vs  Oastillero,  that  he  came  in  '32,  and  had  lived  25  years  in  Cal.  and 
Mex.  A.  (James),  1841,  lieut  in  U.  S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241.  Later  a  commo 
dore.  Alderman  (Isaac  W.),  1848,  Amer.  miner  from  Or.;  killed  by  C.  E. 
Pickett  at  Sacramento.  See  Hist.  Or. ,  i.  459. 

Aldrich  (James),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  in  Va  '64.  A. 
(Prudence),  1846,  widow  in  the  Mormon  col,  v.  546,  with  son  and  daughter, 
her  husband,  Silas  Aldrich,  having  died  on  the  voyage.  She  was  owne  •  of  a 
S.  F.  lot  in  '47;  but  returned  to  Utah,  where  she  still  lived  with  her  daughter 
in  '84.  Her  son  Jasper  died  in  Utah. 

Alegre  (Antonio),  1790-5,  settler  at  S.  Jose*,  i.  478,  683.  .  Aleponzoni 
(Flavio),  1791,  alferez  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Alered  (Jesus),  1846, 
resid.  of  S.  Bernardino.  Alexander,  1834,  Engl.  sailor  in  a  Mont.  list. 

Alexander  (Cyrus),  1832,  Amer.  tanner  born  in  Penn.  1805,  but  moving 
with  his  parents  to  111.  in  1810.  In  '31,  or  perhaps  earlier,  after  an  unprofit 
able  experience  in  lead-mining  at  Galena,  he  started  for  the  far  west  as  a  trap 
per  for  the  Sublette  Co.,  and  came  to  Cal.  by  way  of  Sta  Fe.  The  date  has 
been  variously  given  from  '27  to  '35;  but  original  archive  evidence  of  '37-45 
leaves  no  doubt  that  he  came  in  '32  or  '33.  For  7  or  8  years  he  remained  in 
the  south,  engaged  in  hunting,  fishing,  trading,  soap-making,  and  stock-rais 
ing.  He  received  Mex.  naturalization  papers  on  March  18,  1837,  though  he 
applied  for  new  papers  in  '45.  About  '40  he  came  north  and  took  charge  on 
shares  of  Henry  D.  Fitch's  Sotoyome  rancho,  now  Healdsburg,  obtaining  for 
himself  2  leagues  of  the  rancho  in  '47.  In  Dec.  '44  he  was  married  by  Sutter 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  II.  44- 


690  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

to  Rufina  Lucero,  a  sister  of  Wm  Gordon's  wife,  from  N.  Mex.  There  was 
trouble  about  this  marriage,  which  had  to  be  repeated  by  a  priest  at  Sta  Clara. 
During  the  flush  times  Alexander,  though  unlucky  as  a  miner,  became  rich 
by  the  sale  of  rancho  products  and  increase  in  the  value  of  his  land.  Hia 
name  in  many  ways  is  prominently  and  honorably  connected  with  the  history 
of  Healdsburg.  Unlike  any  other  Cal.  ex-trapper  known  to  history  or  tradi 
tion,  he  was  converted,  joined  the  presbyterian  church,  and  finally  became  a 
methodist,  giving  liberally  to  church  and  educational  enterprises;  but  he  was 
also  charitable  in  other  respects,  acquiring  an  enviable  reputation  locally  as 
an  honest,  unassuming  citizen.  He  died  in  '72,  after  7  years  of  partial  paraly- 
sis,  leaving  a  widow  and  4  of  his  12  children.  Mention  in  iii.  388,  408;  iv. 
117,  674.  His  portrait  is  given  in  the  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.,  91.  A  MS.  in  my 
collection — Life  and  Times  of  Cyrus  Alexander,  by  his  nephew  Charles  Alex 
ander — contains  many  details. 

Alexander  (David  W.),  1841,  Irish  trader  from  N.  Mex.  At  first  a  ran- 
chero  in  the  S.  Bernardino  region,  and  later  in  trade  at  L.  Ang.  with  Temple. 
He  strongly  favored  the  Amer.  in  the  troubles  of  '46;  was  one  of  the  prisoners 
taken  at  Chino  (v.  311-14);  and  after  the  war  was  made  collector  of  customs 
at  S.  Pedro  in  '47-8.  Successful  claimant  for  the  ranches  of  Tujunga  and 
Providencia.  In  '50  regidor  of  Los  Ang.,  and  county  sheriff  in  '55-6  and  '76-7. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Manuel  Requena.  Still  living,  '85,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Los  Ang.  Mentioned  in  iv.  278-9;  v.  314,  441,  572,  575,  626,  634-5. 
Alexander  (G.),  1848,  pass,  from  Honolulu.  A.  (Horace  M.),  1847,  Co.  B, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469-98).  Alexy  (John),  1825,  mr  whaler  Factor,  iii.  147. 
Alfaro  (Joaquin),  1834,  accused  of  murder  at  Mont.  iii.  673.  Alfe  (Alfon), 
1827,  mr  whaler  Orion,  iii.  148. 

Alford  (Landy),  1846,  overland  immig.  who  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  Mont., 
and  at  Benicia  in  '47-8,  afterwards  settling  in  Suisun  valley.  His  daughter  was 
the  wife  of  Nathan  Barbour.  v.  672. 

Alipas  (Damaso),  1831,  engaged  in  the  S.  Diego  revolt,  iii.  201.  A.  (Ger- 
vasio),  in  same  revolt;  also  executed  by  the  vigilantes  at  Los  Ang.,  in  '36.  iii. 
417-19.  A.  (Jos6),  resid.  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  age  37,  in  '41-6;  com.  of  a  mil. 
force  at  S.  Luis  Rey  in  '46.  iv.  620-1,  626.  A.  (Martin),  1846,  resid.  at  Los 
Aug.  A.  (Santos),  1846,  killed  at  the  Pauma  massacre,  iv.  617.  Allamando 
(Victorino),  1841,  resid.  at  S.  Jose",  age  35. 

Allen,  1832,  trapper  with  Nidever  in  '30,  and  thought  by  N.  to  have  come  to 
Cal.  a  little  later,  iii.  408.  Allen,  1847,  in  Sutter's  employ.  Allen  ( Albern), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469-98).  A.  (Andy),  1846,  said  by  Hall  to  have 
come  to  Sta  Clara  val.  with  his  brothers  Thos  and  Wm,  and  his  sisters  Melissa 
and  Rebecca.  Perhaps  brothers,  etc.,  of  J.  M.  Allen,  q.v. 

Allen  (Daniel),  1848,  a  Mormon  killed  by  Ind.  in  exploring  for  a  new  road 
over  the  Sierra  on  the  return  to  Utah.  v.  496.  Tyler  calls  him  Daniel,  but  there 
is  no  such  name  on  the  rolls.  Bigler  calls  him  Ezrah  H.  Perhaps  it  was  Elijah  or 
George  Allen,  who  were  privates  in  Co.  B.  Another  George  A.  was  in  Co.  E. 

Allen  (David),  1847,  Amer.  immig.  in  Brown's  co.  of  '46,  but  left  sick  011 
the  way,  going  to  Or.  and  visiting  Cal.  in  '47.  His  wife  died  on  the  overland 
journey  (v.  52(5-30).  See  Jas  M.  Allen. 

Allen  (George),  1822,  Irishman,  said  to  have  been  a  quaker,  also  called 
Scotch  and  English  in  some  records,  who  landed  at  Mont,  at  age  of  26.  He 
was  baptized  as  Josef  Jorge  Tomds  at  S.  Carlos  in  '24,  and  in  '26  married  Petra 
Boronda,  a  native  of  S.  Jose",  age  14.  Naturalized  in  '29.  He  kept  a  little  shop 
or  inn  at  Mont.,  in  comp.  with  Wm  Gralbatch,  but  sold  out  to  Mclntosh  in  '3J 
for  $90.  In  one  way  or  another  his  name  appears  in  the  records  of  almost  every 
year,  as  he  was  a  favorite  witness  to  divers  contracts,  had  petty  transactions 
with  everybody,  and  served  on  occasion  as  surgeon  and  dentist.  He  was  several 
times  a  member  and  oftener  an  employe"  of  the  ayuntamiento.  In  a  padron  of 
'36,  when  he  was  munic.  treasurer,  he  is  noted  as  a  trader,  40  years  old,  with 
wife  and  4  children.  In  '42  he  was  justice-of  the  peace,  and  seems  to  have  got  a 
lot  at  S.  F.,  though  he  never  lived  there.  In  '44-5  teacher  by  the  governor's 
appointment,  and  in  '45-6  clerk  in  the  U.  S.  consulate,  being  an  excellent  pen- 


ALLEN— ALLSO  PP.  691 

man,  and  evidently  a  man  of  some  education.  He  sometimes  signed  Gco.  W.  Al 
len.  He  died  at  Mont,  in  '47,  and  his  widow  was  still  living  in  '83;  his  sons  were 
Miguel,  b.  in  '27— in  'S3  living  in  Inyo  Co.—  Jose"  George,  b.  in  '33.  and  Alonzo, 
who  in  '83  kept  a  saloon  in  Mont. ;  one  daughter  married  Dr  Martin  of  S.  Jose", 
and  the  other  lived  in  '83  with  her  mother,  ii.  478,  496,  525,  609,  674;  iii.  409, 
17G;  iv.  117,  653,  669;  v.  681. 

Allen  (Geo.  Trail),  1848,  appointed  Nov.  '48  Hawaiian  consul  in  Cal.  v. 
615.  Perhaps  did  not  arrive  till  '49.  A.  (Henry),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot. 
A.  (James),  capt.  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  who  organized  and  commanded  the 
Morm.  Bat.  in  '46,  but  died  before  reaching  Cal.  v.  473-8. 

Allen  (James  M.),  1846,  Amer.  immig.  from  Mo.  (v.  526-30),  son  of  David 
Allen,  q.  v.  With  his  brothers  and  sisters  he  went  to  Sta  Clara,  where  he  lived — 
also  serving  in  Weber's  company,  and  getting  a  lot  at  S.  F. — in  '46-8.  He  was 
a  gold-miner  in  '48,  also  visiting  Oregon.  From  '49,  trader  in  live-stock,  founder 
of  the  town  of  Fremont  in  '49,  and  sheriff  of  Yolo  Co.  in  '50.  From  '53  in  Contra 
Costa;  from  '61  at  S.  F.,  though  interested  in  Nevada  mines;  and  in  '65-8  adj.- 
gen.  of  Cal.  militia,  subsequently  engaging  in  i-eal  estate  business  at  Livermore, 
where  he  still  lived  at  the  age  of  56  in  '84.  His  wife  was  Sidesia  Mendenhall, 
his  children  Eugene  and  Delora  (Mrs  Biddle).  A.  (Jesse  H. ),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358-60),  under  Capt.  Grisby  '46-7. 

Allen  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  489-90.  A  hard  case,  who  was 
drummed  out  of  the  battalion  and  ex-corn,  from  the  church  at  Los  Ang.  Owner 
of  a  S.  F.  lot  in  '47.  v.  685.  Later  a  '  terror'  in  the  Placer  Co.  mines,  being 
killed  in  a  quarrel  at  Grass  Valley  in  '51.  A.  (Otis),  1841,  named  as  a  Maine 
man,  resid.  in  Sonoma  Co.  '50-'77.  A.  (Rufus  C.),  1847,  Co.  A>  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  a  Utah  farmer  in  '81.  A.  (Theodore  Henry),  1847,  Pion.  Soc.  record. 
A.  (Thomas),  1841,  succeeded  Ridley  in  charge  of  Sutter's  launch. 

Allgeier  (Nicolaus),  1840,  German  trapper,  some  time  in  H.  B.  Co.'s  em 
ploy,  who  came  by  land  fr.  Or.  and  worked  for  Sutter  at  N.  Helv.  His  name 
was  generally,  and  perhaps  correctly,  written  Altgeier.  He  often  quarrelled 
with  the  capt.,  who  once  accused  Le  Grand  Nicolas  of  having  tried  to  kill  him; 
but  A.  was  not  discharged  as  threatened.  In  '42  he  got  from  Sutter  a  tract 
of  land  on  the  Sac.  just  below  Bear  River,  where  he  managed  a  ferry  at  the 
crossing  between  N.  Helv.  and  Hock,  building  a  hut  of  poles,  and  later  an 
adobe  house;  and  here  the  little  town  of  Nicolaus  bears  his  name.  In  '44  he 
was  naturalized,  and  is  often  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary  of  '46-8.  He  still 
lived  on  his  rancho  in  '49,  and  is  remembered  in  '52-5  by  Bid  well;  still  living 
in  '60.  He  left  children.  Mention  in  iv.  117,  120,  139,  229;  v.  108. 

Allig,  see  Elick.  Allison  (Francis),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men,  though 
there  is  some  doubt  about  the  date.  v.  583,  587.  Wounded  in  '50  in  a  fight 
with  Incl.  in  El  Dorado  Co.  In  '84  a  gardener  at  Oakland.  Allmand  (Albert), 
1846-7,  act.  lieut  U.  S.  N.;  lieut  Co.  D,  Stockton's  Bat.  v.  386. 

Allrecl  (Reddick  R.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  Also  Q.  M.  sergt,  and 
capt.  of  50  on  the  return,  v.  477,  493.  In  '81  a  bishop  and  col  of  militia  in 
Utah.  J.  R.  Allred  is  also  named  by  Tyler  in  connection  with  the  march  to 
Utah  in  '48.  Allshouse  (Joseph),  1841,  marine  on  the  Vincennes,  killed  acci 
dentally  in  crossing  S.  F.  bar.  iv.  279. 

Allsopp  (James  P.  C.),  1848,  native  of  La,  his  father  being  of  an  old  well- 
known  Engl.  -Amer.  family  and  his  mother  of  the  Span,  family  of  Alfaro  de 
Villahermosa.  Educated  in  England.  A  volunteer  in  the  Mex.  war,  being 
wounded  at  Cerro  Gordo.  In  '48  came  overland  with  an  immig.  party  from 
N.  Orleans,  v.  556;  and  kept  a  boarding-house  in  '48-51  at  S.  F.,  subsequently 
making  several  voyages  as  master  of  a  vessel,  in  which  he  went  east  in  '54. 
In  '57  he  made  a  2d  overland  trip  from  V.  Cruz  to  Tepic,  and  came  to  S.  F., 
making  several  later  voyages,  and  adding  a  shipwreck  to  his  catalogue  of  adven 
tures.  In  '60  a  miner  in  Tuolumne,  writing  besides  for  the  newspapers,  as  he 
did  occasionally  at  all  stages  of  his  career.  In  '61  married  Angelina,  daughter 
of  R.  R.  Hunter  of  N.  J.  In  '61-'79,  with  a  few  intervals  of  mining  and  trade, 
he  was  a  teacher  in  many  public  and1  private  institutions  of  Cal.  and  Or.  In 
'80-4  he  did  good  service  as  a  gleaner  of  hiatoric  data  in  my  library;  and  in 


692  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

'85  is  teaching  in  a  Berkeley  institution.  His  Leaves  from  my  Log  Book  is  an 
interesting  addition  to  my  store  of  pioneer  reminiscences;  and  few  of  the  thou 
sands  named  in  this  list  have  had  so  varied  an  experience.  Allyn,  1848,  mr 
of  the  Isaac  Walton,  v.  578. 

Almenares  (Fruto),  resid.  of  S.  Bern,  and  Los  Aug.  '46-8.  A.  (Ign.),  Los 
Ang.  1813.  ii.  359.  A.  (Jose"  M.),  Los  Aug.  '46.  A.  (Pedro),  soldier  at  S. 
F.  and  Sonoma,  '39-42. 

Alpen  (James),  1828-9,  Engl.  sailor  at  Mont.  Perhaps  'Halpin.' 
Altamirano  (Abelino),  at  Los  Ang.  '40.       A.  (Domingo),  S.  F.  soldier  '37- 
43.  iii.  638,  667.       A.  (Francisco),  S.  Jose"  '41,  married  to  Encarnacion  Bernal. 

A.  (Gonzalo),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '23-9;  sent  to  Mex.  '30.  iii.  85.       A.  (Jose"  C.), 
Los  Ang.  '46.       A.  (Juan  C.),  regidor  at  S.  Joss  1809.  ii.  134.       A.  (Justo), 
settlerS.  F.  1791-1800;  inval.  '19-23.  i.  716.       A.  (Lucas),  soldier  at  S.  Juan 
1800.  i.  588.       A.  (Luis),  alfe"rez  at  Los  Ang.  '45-8.  iv.  505.       A.  (Marcos), 
soldier  S.  F.  '19-24.       A.  (Rafael),  at  N.  Helv.  '47.       A.  (Salvador),  soldier 
of  S.  F.  comp.  '32-42.       A.  (Victoriano),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '23-9;  sent  to  Mex. 
'30.  ii.  85.  See  also  list  in  i.  732. 

Altimira  (Jose"),  1820,  Span,  friar  at  S.  F.  and  Solano,  of  which  latter  he 
was  the  founder.  He  left  Cal.  in  '28.  A  padre  who  had  a  will  of  his  own.  See 
biog.  in  ii.  579;  list  of  auth.  in  vol.  i. ;  mention  in  ii.  375,  394,  496-505,  595, 
597,  655;  iii.  24,  93-4. 

Alurel  (J.  B.),  1836,  French  saddler  at  Mont.  Perhaps  'Mutrel,'  q.v. 

Alva  (Manuel),  1833,  Mex.  surgeon  of  the  Cal.  forces  who  came  to  Mont, 
with  Gov.  Figueroa,  and  before  '36  married  Nicolasa  Gajiola.  In  '37,  with 
other  Mex.,  he  took  part  in  the  revolt  against  Alvarado,  for  which  he  was 
arrested  and  confined  at  S.  Miguel;  but  escaping,  joined  the  Cnrrillo  faction  in 
the  south,  only  to  be  rearrested  in  '38  by  Castro  at  S.  Buen.  and  released  on 
promise  of  non-interference  in  politics.  At  first  he  was  noted  as  a  free 
thinker,  but  with  illness  became  devout.  In  '40,  being  disabled  at  the  age 
of  53,  he  got  a  passport  for  Mex.,  and  his  successor  was  appointed.  No  defi 
nite  record  of  his  departure  or  death,  iii.  236,  240,  296,  463,  523-4,  555. 
Alva  (Valentin).  Resid.  of  S.  Bernardino  in  '46. 

Alvarado  (Francisco  Javier),  soldier  of  S.  Diego  from  1780,  and  of  Sta- 

B.  comp.  from  1789.  In  1795-6  corporal,  and  comisionado  at  Los  Ang.;  in 
1S05  sergt;  and  in  1809-10  again  comisionado,  dying  before  1818.  He  mar 
ried  Maria  Ignacia,  daughter  of  Pedro  Amador,  about  1788.  i.  601;  ii.  110- 
1 1,  349,  356-7.       A.  (Francisco  Javier),  probably  a  son  of  the  preceding,  born 
in  1807,  and  a  resid.  of  Los  Ang.,  where  he  was  suplente  member  of  the  dip. 
in  '33,  alcalde  in  '35,  and  again  suplente  in  '37.   In  a  padron  of  '39  he  figures 
as  a  trader,  age  32,  and  still  lived  at  Los  Ang.  in  '48.  iii.  246,  282,  506,  565, 
629.       A.  (Francisco  Maria),  perhaps  a  brother  of  the  preceding,  though  there 
may  be  confusion  between  two  or  more  of  the  same  name.  Grantee  of  Peiias- 
quitos  rancho  in  '23,  '34,  '36,  on  which  he  lived;  regidor  of  S.  Diego  '37; 
grantee  of  Soledad  rancho  in  '38;  aux.  alcalde  and  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  (?) 
'38-9;  treasurer  at  S.  Diego  '40-1;  and  juez  in  '45.  ii.  547,  612,  618,  663;  iv. 
53-4,  495,  612,  616,  619,  620-1,  636.  See  also  list  i.  732.       A.  (Fran.  M.),  at 
Los  Ang.  '39,  age  25. 

Alvarado  (Ignacio  Maria),  witness  in  the  Herrera  trial  '27;  regidor  at  Los 
Ang.  '32-3;  juezdecampo  '35;  si'ndico  '37;  prisoner in.'38;  resid.  of  Los  Ang., 
age  27,  in  '39;  juez  de  paz  '41;  still  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Very  likely  more  than 
one  of  the  name.  iii.  62,  517,  554-5,  635-6;  iv.  632..  A.  (Ignacio  Rafael), 
1774,  soldier  and  later  sergt  of  S.  D.  and  Sta  B.  <comp. ;  may  have  been  the 
father  of  some  of  the  preceding  and  following.  Biog.  i.  647,  452.  A.  (Isidro 
M.),  aux.  alcalde  in  Angeles  dist.  'SS;  age  26  in  '39;  grantee  of  Monserrate 
rancho  '46.  iii.  636;  v.  619.  He  seems  to  have  been  the  man  who  died  at  S. 
Luis  Rey  '62,  and  at  whose  grave-  the  mourners  were  attacked  by  the  sheriff 
r.ncl  one  killed.  A.  (Joaquin),  regidor  at  Mont.  '31-2.  Born  at  S.  D.  in 
1800;  married  to  Juana  de  Dios  Higuera;  5  children  in  '36,  Juan  Jose",  Fe 
lipe,  Jose  A.,  Maria  Ana,  and  Francisco,  iii.  114,  672-3;  iv.,  653.  A.  (Joa- 
quina),  grantee  of  the  Canada  Larga  rancho  '41.  rv.  642: 


ALVARADO.  G93 

Alvarado  (Jose  Francisco),  1805,  sergt  Mont  co.  Son  of  Juan  B. ,  and  father 
of  Juan  B.  (the  governor).  Died  in  1809.  Biog.  ii.  141.  A.  (Jose"  M.),  grantee 
of  Vallecitos  rancho  '40;  juez  at  S.  D.  '41-2;" killed  at  Pauma  '40.  iii.  012;  iv. 
C19;  v.  G17.  A.  (Josefa),  owner  of  house  at  Los  Ang.  '31.  iii.  539;  also  '48; 
as  was  Juana  Alv.  A.  (Juan),  regidor  of  Los  Ang.  '31.  iii.  196.  A.  (Juan 
A.),  memb.  of  dip.  '37.  iii.  506.  A.  (Juan  Bautista),  father  of  Jose"  Fran, 
as  above,  a  soldier  who  came  in  the  1st  exped.  of  1709,  but  did  not  remain, 
iii.  141. 

Alvarado  (Juan  Bautista),  son  of  Sergt  Jose"  F.  Alvarado  and  Maria  Josefa 
Vallejo,  born  at  Mont.  Feb.  14,  1809.  To  a  man  like  this,  \\ho  for  years  was 
a  central  figure  in  California  history,  and  to  whom  many  pages  are  devoted  in 
other  parts  of  this  work,  but  scanty  justice  can  be  done  in  this  register.  I 
attempt  no  more  here  than  to  present  a  brief  chronologic  outline  of  salient 
points,  to  index  the  pages  devoted  to  the  subject  in  other  volumes,  and  to  add 
some  general  remarks  on  the  man,  his  character,  and  his  career.  Alvarado's 
official  life  began  in  '27,  from  which  date  to  '34  he  was  secretary  of  the  dip- 
utacion,  being  named  in  '31  as  comisionado  for  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  meanwhile 
employed  as  clerk  by  different  Monterey  merchants.  From  '34  to  '36  he  was 
a  vista,  or  appraiser,  in  the  Mont,  custom-house.  In  '34  he  was  elected  mem 
ber  of  the  dip.  for  the  term  of  '35-6,  and  in  '36  was  president  of  that  body. 
For  a  biog.  sketch  down  to  '36,  see  iii.  450-3;  mention  for  the  same  period, 
in  ii.  429;  iii.  36-43,  49-50,  69,  82,  186,  216,  245,  249-50,  291,  295-6,  3C7, 
374,  378,  422,  426,  429,  441,  443,  679,  682.  Leading  a  revolution  against  Gov. 
Gutierrez,  Alvarado  was  revolutionary  gov.  of  Cal.  from  Dec.  7,  '36,  to  July 
9,  '37;  from  that  date,  by  submitting  to  Mex.,  he  became  regular  gov.  ad  int. 
r.s  pres.  of  the  dip.  till  Nov.  24,  '39,  when  he  became  constitutional  gov.  by 
Mex.  appointment  of  Aug.  On  his  revolution,  struggle  with  the  south,  cam- 


87,  et  seq.,  101,  149-50.  On  Alvarado's  rule  in  ;39-42,  including  his  marriage, 
eceiii.  579-94,039;  controversy  with  Vallejo,  iii.  595-607;  iv.  190-205,281-4; 
acts  in  the  Graham  affair,  iv.  1-41;  policy  in  mission  and  Ind.  affairs,  iv.  47- 
73,  194-8,  330-41;  commerce  and  finance,  iv.  91-100,  206-25,  341-2;  treatment 
of  foreigners,  Sutter,  Russians,  etc.,  iv.  107-89,  228-52;  Com.  Jones' affair, 
iv.  307-19;  succession  of  Micheltorena,  iv.  291-7.  Alvarado's  governorship 
ended  on  Dec.  31,  '42;  but  from  '43  he  held  a  commission  of  colonel  in  the  Mex. 
army  with  pay;  and  from  '47  that  of  colonel  of  the  defensores  de  la  patria.  He 
was  a  leading  spirit  in  the  revolution  of  '44-5  that  made  Pico  gov. ,  and  by  the 
latter  was  made  admin,  of  the  Mont,  custom-house.  He  was  elected  to  con 
gress  in  '45,  but  did  not  go  to  Mex.,  being  also  the  grantee  of  several  ranchos, 
including  the  famous  Mariposas.  Though  serving  as  colonel  under  Castro,  he 
took  but  slight  part  in  the  affairs  of  '40,  being  arrested  and  paroled  in  Sept., 
and  residing  as  a  citizen  in  '47-8  at  his  rancho  near  Monterey,  though  the 
Mex.  govt  had  appointed  him  ayud.  inspector  of  the  Cal.  presidial  companies. 
For  mention  of  A.  in  this  part  of  his  career,  '43-8,  see  iv.  357,  366-7,  403-4, 
407-9,  453,  485,  488-508,  518-20,524,  536-7,  539-40,544,  556-82,  601-2,  621, 
C72-3;  v.  5,  28,  31-2,  41,  69,  137,  231,  201,  267,  282,  289,  363,  433,  455,  561, 
£05-6;  iii.  712.  In  the  flush  times  and  period  of  land  litigation  Alvarado  saved 
no  land  or  money;  but  subsequently  moved  to  the  San  Pablo  estate  inherited 
by  his  wife — Martina,  daughter  of  Francisco  Castro,  whom  he  married  in  ?39 — 
where,  though  the  property  was  always  in  litigation,  he  was  enabled  to  live 
comfortably  until  his  death  on  July  13,  1882.  His  wife  had  died  in  '75,  but  he 
left  several  children,  including  two  sons  and  a  married  daughter.  He  had  also 
several  natural  daughters  before  his  marriage.  In  physique  Don  Juan  Bautista 
was  of  medium  stature,  stout  build,  fair  complexion,  and  light  hair;  of  genial 
temperament,  courteous  manners,  and  rare  powers  of  winning  friends.  Re 
specting  his  character  I  must  refer  the  reader  to  the  discussion  elsewhere  of  his 
various  acts.  Much  will  be  found  in  him  to  praise,  much  to  condemn.  Most 
that  is  bad  in  his  conduct  may  be  traced  to  his  environment,  to  his  position  as  a 


694  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

politician  forced  by  circumstances  to  support  himself  by  intrigue,  and  to  his 
unfortunate  indulgence  in  intoxicating  drink.  From  '39  he  was  reckless,  dissi 
pated,  and  in  some  degree  disposed  to  permit  rascalities  on  the  part  of  associates 
and  subordinates;  though,  indeed,  all  he  could  have  done  to  prevent  such  con 
duct  was  to  resign  and  leave  the  responsibility  to  another.  Nor  can  it  be  said 
tliat  he  passed  through  the  ordeal  of  later  land  litigation  without  discredit. 
In  his  favor  it  may  be  said  that  he  had  more  brains,  energy,  and  executive 
ability  than  any  three  of  his  contemporaries  combined;  that  in  most  of  his  many 
controversies  he  was  right  as  well  as  successful;  that  he  wyas  patriotic,  and  at 
the  first  full  of  good  intentions  for  his  country;  that  the  politicians  who  forced 
him  to  expend  his  energies  and  the  country's  substance  in  sectional  quarrels 
arc  largely  responsible  for  his  failure;  that  none  of  his  countrymen  could  have 
done  so  well  in  his  place;  that  he  was  honorable  in  his  private  dealings,  true 
to  his  political  friends,  and  never  used  his  position  to  enrich  himself.  Pic  has 
been  accused,  and  for  the  most  part  unjustly,  through  church  influence,  of  hav- 
ing-plundered  the  missions;  but  for  their  inevitable  ruin  he  was  responsible 
only  in  being  gov.  while  it  was  accomplished.  Still  more  grossly  exaggerated, 
and  even  false,  have  been  the  accusations  of  such  men  as  Farnham  and  Hastings, 
founded  on  Alvarado's  policy  toward  foreigners.  In  my  list  of  authorities  will 
be  found  many  of  Alvarado's  writings.  His  original  letters  of  '36-42  merit 
only  praise  as  the  best  authority  extant  on  the  history  of  that  period.  His 
Jilxtoria  de  California,  dictated  for  my  use  in  76,  is  valuable  in  many  parts 
and  worthless  in  many  others. 

Alvarado  (Juan  B.),  son  of  Fran.  J.  Alvarado,  born  in  1790,  regidor  of  Los 
Aug.  in  '30-1;  at  S.  D.  as  regidor  and  com.  dc  policiain  '35-G;  at  Los  Ang.  in 
'37;  memb.  of  the  dip.  in  '39.  ii.  561;  iii.  509,  584,  634,  615-16.  Grantee  of 
llincon  del  Diablo  in  '43.  He  died  in  '47,  leaving  a  family.  A.  (Juan  Jose"), 
soldier  and  corp.  at  S.Diego  fr.  1793,  and  settler  at  Los  Aug.  in  '15.  ii.  330. 
Another  of  the  same  name  was  a  son  of  Joaquin  A.,  born  at  Mont,  in  '26. 
A.  (Juan  N.),  settler  at  Los  Ang,  '12;  regidor  in  '32,  '35-6,  age  46  in  '39.  A. 
(Juana),  land-owner  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  A.  (Maria  Joaq. ),  wife  of  Gab.  Moraga. 
ii.  571.  A.  (Mariano),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  A.  (Miguel),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  and 
S.  F.  '26-37;  in  '44  at  Sonoma,  age  44,  and  grantee  of  Yulupa  rancho.  iv. 
(,"4.  A.  (N.),  soldier  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  487.  A.  (Tomasa),  house  and  lot  at 
S.  Diego,  1830.  ii.  546;  iii.  612. 

Alvarez,  murdered  at  Sta  B.  1794.  i.  669,  A.  (Felipe),  settler  at  Mont. 
1791.  i.  606.  A.  (Jos<5),  artilleryman  teacher  at  S.  F.  1797-1800.  i.  644. 

A.  (Jos6  F.),  sec.  of  ayunt.  S.  Diego  '38;  clerk  in  Mont,  custom-house  '43-4. 
iii.  610;  iv.  377,  431.       A.  (Juan),  Ind.  on  the  S.  Antonio,  1709.  i.  131;  guard 
at  S.  D.  1775.  i.  250;  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  460.       A.  (Miguel),  r.t  Sta 

B.  '37,  wife  Paula  Lara.  At  Los  Ang.  in  '4G.       A.  (Pedro),  ab  Los  An£.  1799. 
ii.  340.       A.  (Pedro  M.),  mcj.  at  S.  D.,  murdered  '14.  ii.  346.       A.  (Tibnr- 
cio),  plotting  with  Ind.  '39.  iii.  587. 

Alvires  (Claudio),  settler  at  S.  Jose"fr.  1780;  land  in  1783;  regidor  in  1785, 
1305.  i.  477-8,  350;  ii.  134.  A.  (Francisco),  settler  at  S.  F.  1791-1800.  i. 
710;  Id.,  resid.  S.  Gab.  '46.  A.  (Juan),  soldier  who  came  before  1790.  i. 
733.  A.  (Juan),  perhaps  son  of  the  preceding;  alcalde  of  S.  Jose  1812-13.  ii. 
G04-5;  ale.  of  Mont.  '26.  ii.  611-12;  grantee  of  La-guna  Seca  rancho  '34;  ale. 
of  S.  Jose"  '37.  iii.  430,  712,  729-30;  mention  in  '44-6.  iv.  466,  470;  v.  6,  61. 

Alviso  (Agustin),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  at  S.  F.  1809;  soon  going  to  Sta  Clara; 
married  Maria  Ant.  Pacheco  in  '30;  maj.  of  S.  Jose"  mission  '40-1;  grantee  of 
Potrero  de  los  Cerritos  rancho  '44.  iv.  672,  and  later  owner  of  Sta  Rita  in 
Livermore  Val.  He  was  a  prosperous  ranchero,  locally  well  known.  Arrested 
by  Butter  in  '44  in  the  Micheltorena  affair.  His  wife  died  in  '70;  his  children 
v.-cre  Margarita  b.  in  '31,  mar.  in  ;59  to  Andronico  Soto,  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '85 
v/ith  5  children;  Jos3  b.  in  '34,  Salvio  b.  in  '37,  Valentin  b.  in  '41;  Jesus  M. 
1>.  in  '44,  mar.  Ignacio  Pacheco  in  '65,  at  Pleasanton  in  '85;  Jose"  B.  b.  in  '50, 
Akin.  Co.  '85;  Guadalupe  b.  in  '52,  Alam.  Co.  '85.  Don  Agustin  died  in  '80. 

Alviso  (Anastasio),  con  of  Francisco  Jav.,  said  not  to  have,  married.  Id., 
con  of  Ign:Lcio,  rcsid.  of  S.  Jo.3u  in  '41,  r.^o  43;  v/ifo  i.Iovi'a  Ant.  Altamirano; 


ALVISO.  695 

child.,  Bias  b.  in  '28,  Isabel  '32,  Antonia  '37,  Ignacio  '39.  Bias  Alviso  is 
known  from  his  connection  with  the  affair  of  Aree's  horses  in  '46,  and  his  con 
sequent  claim  on  the  govt.  v.  ICG,  4GO. 

Alviso  (Domingo),  son  of  Igiiacio,  b.  at  S.  F.  about  1817;  in  '41  a  resid. 
of  S.  Jose";  wife  Maria  S.  Pacheco;  child.,  Rafael  and  Lie's.  In  '45  he  was 
elected  *Jd  alcalde,  iv.  GS3.  See  also  list  i.  733.  There  was  also  a  corporal  Al 
viso  at  Sta  B.  in  '24.  ii.  531. 

Alviso  (Fran.  Javier),  bro.  of  Ignacio,  who  came  as  a  S.  F.  settler  with  Anza 
in  75-G.  i.  297,  716;  said  to  have  mar.  Maria  Ant.  Beltran,  by  whom  he  had 
Nicolas,  Francisco,  and  Anastasio;  but  in  '17  at  S.  Carlos  was  married  Fran 
cisco — son  of  Francisco  and  Maria  tie  los  Reyes  Duarte — to  Gertrudis  Villa- 
vicencio.  Francisco  (the  son?)  was  a  sold,  in  S.  F.  comp.  to  '22;  it  was  his 
daughter,  perhaps,  that  married  Jose"  M.  Amador.  ii.  585.  Fran.  ment.  at  Los 
Aug.  in  '31.  iii.  208.  In  the  S.  Jos<S  padron  of  '41  is  Francisco  (1st),  Calif., 
age  51;  wife  Maria  B.  Linares;  child.,  Maria  S.  b.  in  '29,  Maria  L.  '32,  Felipe 
'35,  Maria  H.  '36,  Maria  R.  '37.  Also  Francisco  (2d),  age  25;  wife  Maria  I. 
Miranda;  child,  Maria  B.  Francisco  was  grantee  of  Canada  de  los  Vaqueros 
rancho  in  '44.  iv.  671.  Another  Francisco,  grantee  of  Agua  Puerca  in  '43.  iv. 
G55;  alcalde  of  Branciforte  '44,  iv.  664;  was  in  '45  living  at  Brancif.,  age  51, 
native  of  S.  Jose";  wife  Bernabela  Garcia;  child.,  Josefa  b.  in  '29,  Maria  T. 
'32,  Guillermo  '35,  Sabas  '39,  Manuelita  '42. 

Alviso  (Gabriel),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  in  1802;  soldier  at  S.  F.  '19-30,  also 
at  S.  F.  in  '37;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose";  wife  Francisca  Higuera,  child.,  Juan 
Ign.  b.  ;24,  Maria  '27,  Nicolas  '29,  Maria  A.  '31,  Jose"  R.  and  Jose"  S.  '34, 
Margarita  '35,  Tomas  '39,  Jose  E.  '40.  Also  at  S.  J.  in  '47.  v.  665. 

Alviso  (Ignacio),  native  of  Sonora,  b.  in  1772;  son  of  Domingo  A.  and  An 
gela  Trejo,  Spaniards;  came  with  his  mother,  brother,  and  sister  as  member  of 
Anza's  S.  F.  colonists  in  '75-6.  i.  257.  In  '90  enlisted  in  S.  F.  comp.,  serving 
as  a  private  till  1805,  and  as  corp.  to  1819,  when  he  became  an  invalido,  or 
pensioner,  with  the  rank  of  sergt  and  half  pay  by  order  of  the  king.  He  re 
mained  for  some  years  at  S.  F.,  being  an  elector  in  '27,  and  militiaman  in  '37. 
ii.  592.  Then  he  went  to  Sta  Clara;  was  grantee  of  Rincon  de  los  Esteros  rancho 
in  '38.  iii.  712;  and  was  admin,  of  Sta  Clara  mission  in  '40-3;  juez  in  '47.  v. 
662.  He  died  in  '48,  leaving  a  large  estate.  He  may  be  regarded  as  the  original 
Alviso  of  Cal. ,  and  a  town  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  bears  his  name.  His  wife  was  Marga 
rita  Bernal,  mar.  in  '94  at  S.  F. ;  his  children,  Agustin,  Jose"  Ant.,  Gabriel, 
Anastasio,  Jose"  M.,  Domingo,  Concepcion,  and  Dolores.  Another  Ignacio 
A.  was  a  native  of  Cal.,  age  65,  at  S.  Jos6  in  '41;  wife  Luisa  Peralta. 

Alviso  (Jose  Ant.),  son  of  Ignacio.  Soldier  in  S.  F.  co.  down  to  '24;  regidor 
at  S.  Jos6  '28.  ii.  605;  elector  and  militiaman  S.  F.  '37.  iii.  705;  juez  at  S. 
Francisquito  and  S.  Jose"  '39,  '43.  iii.  705;  iv.  685.  Ment.  down  to  '55,  when 
he  was  claimant  for  Arr.  de  Purisima  rancho.  v.  371,  637,  677.  He  died  be 
fore  '85,  leaving  a  large  estate.  A.  (Jose  Ant.),  probably  another  man  and 
son  of  Nicolas,  at  Salinas  in  '77  gave  me  his  interesting  Campana  de  Nativi- 
<l-i'l,  MS.  A.  (Jose"  Maria),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  about  1798;  sold,  at  S.  F. 
'10-27;  grantee  of  Milpitas  in  '35.  iii.  712;  alcalde  at  S.  Jose"  '36.  iii.  729- 
33;  in  '41  resid.  of  S.  Jose",  with  wife  Juana  Galindo;  child.,  Josefa  b.  '22,  Car 
men  '30,  Agustina  '32,  Florencina  '34,  Antonio  '33,  Gabriel  '38.  A.  ( Jose"  M. ), 
sold,  at  S.  F.  '27-32  and  later;  militia  officer  at  S.  Jos6  '37.  iii.  732;  grantee 
of  Canada  Verde  '38,  and  later  claimant  for  Quito  (perhaps  dif.  men),  iii.  G77; 
i .-.  672;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  29;  wife  Manuela  Cantua;  child.,  Francisco  and 
Igiiacia;  with  Arce  in  com.  of  troops  '46.  v.  106-9,  662.  A.  (Juan),  resid.  of 
S.  Jose"  '41,  age  52,  wife  Lugarda  Briones,  child  Juan.  A.  (Loreto),  sister  of 
Ignacio,  who  came  in  1776,  and  married  Luis  Peralta.  A.  (Manuel),  soldier 
ao  S.  F.  from  '27;  died  in  '64. 

Alviso  (Nicolas),  son  of  Fran.  J.,  at  Mont.  '26.  ii.  612;  grantee  of  Alisal, 
Sauzal,  and  Natividad.  ii.  616,  664,  677;  suplente  of  dip.  '27-8.  iii.  36,  41; 
i:uij.  and  ale.  at  Soledad.  iii.  354,  674,  690-1;  took  part  in  arrest  of  Graham 
'40.  iv.  21-2.  His  wife  was  Barbara  Butron.  Another  Nic.  Alviso  lived  at 
Branciforte  in  '45,  age  28;  wife  Juana  Lorenzana;  child  Rosa.  A.  (Severe), 
soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '23-32. 


696  PIOXEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Alviso  (Valentin),  son  of  Agustin,  b.  at  S.  Jose"  in  '41;  educated  in  Mass.; 
married  '68  Josefa  Livermore,  by  whom  he  had  4  child.,  Cristina,  Antonia, 
Rosa,  and  Ernesto.  His  home  has  been  at  Livermore,  where  he  has  been 
farmer  and  real  estate  agent,  serving  also  as  supervisor  and  assemblyman.  In 
'85  he  is  an  employe  of  the  U.  S.  mint  at  S.  F.  Deeply  interested  in  the 
history  of  his  country,  he  has  furnished  me  the  valuable  Documentos  para  la 
Hist.  CaL,  forming  the  Alviso  family  archives;  and  has  rendered  aid  mother 
matters,  besides  contributing  the  Livermore  Papers. 

Alvitre  (Sebastian),  settler  and  incorrigible  scamp  at  S.  Jose"  1783  and  Los 
Ang.  fr.  1790.  i.  350,  460-1,  477,  484,  640.  In  '40-6  a  dozen  Alvitres  lived  in 
the  L.  Ang.  region,  one  being  mentioned  in  iv.  637. 

Amador  (Jose"  Maria),  son  of  Pedro,  b.  in  1794  at  S.  F.  Died  at  Gilroy  in 
'83.  See  biog.  sketch  ii.  585-6;  also  mention  ii.  232,  319,  335,  339,  372,  425, 
446,  599;  iii.  713,  725;  iv.  75,  681;  i.  list  of  auth.  A.  (Marcos),  sold,  at  S.  F. 
'19-23;  resid.  of  Branciforte  '28-30.  ii.  627.  A.  (Pedro),  Mex.  sergt  of  the 
1st  exped.  in  1769,  who  died  in  1824.  See  biog.  sketch  in  ii.  384-5;  also  men 
tion  in  i.  141,  472,  477,  495,  510-11,  548,  551,  555-6,  566,  574,  680,  693,  710; 
ii.  126.  A.  (Rafael),  famous  courier  of  '34.  ii.  271.  A.  (Valentin),  militia 
man  at  S.  F.  '37;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  23,  wife  Ciriaca  Pacheco;  in  '43  juez  de 
campo.  iv.  685. 

Amao  (Domingo),  sec.  of  S.  D.  ayunt.  in  '36-7.  iii.  508,  615-16.  Amari- 
llas  (Juan  A.),  sold,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  362.  Amaya  (Antonio),  native  of 
Cal.,  age  40,  at  the  Trinidad  rancho  '36;  wife  Maria  Ant.  Larios;  children, 
Benito,  Esperanza,  Casimiro,  Ezequiel,  Refugio,  Dario.  Amejar  (Antonio), 
at  S.  Mateo  '35. 

Ambris  (Doroteo),  1841,  Ind.  novice  who  came  with  the  bishop,  iv.  195. 
Sub- deacon  at  Sta  Inds  college  in  '44.  iv.  426.  He  soon  became  a  priest; 
officiating  as  curate  at  Mont,  occasionally  from  '46  to  '51,  v.  638-40,  but  liv 
ing  at  S.  Antonio  until  his  death,  which  occurred  about  1880.  He  was  an 
ignorant  man,  and  reputed  more  or  less  vicious.  However,  he  gave  me  some 
old  papers,  which  covers  a  multitude  of  sins,  in  my  eyes.  Ambrosio,  Moque- 
lumne  chief  shot  in  '38.  iv.  75. 

Ames,  1846,  Amer.  immig.  from  Mo.,  who  enlisted  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  under 
Capt.  Burroughs,  and  like  his  leader  was  killed  at  Natividad  in  Nov.  v.  371. 
He  was  buried  at  Gomez'  rancho,  and  his  effects  were  sold  at  N.  Helv.  in 
Sept.  '47  by  Peter  Wimmer.  A.  (Edward  T.),  1847.  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v. 
499).  Ames  (Josiah  P.),  1847,  Engl.,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  settling  at 
Sac,,  and  about  '55  at  Half  Moon  Bay;  farmer,  supervisor,  assemblyman  of 
77-8,  and  warden  of  state  prison  in  '82.  Clark. 

Ames  (Thaddeus  M.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499-518);  later  a  doc- 
tor  in  Meudocino  Co.,  memb.  of  the  assembly  in  '62-3,  and  died  at  Green 
Valley,  Sonoma  Co.,  in  '76.  A  native  of  N.  Y. 

Amesti  (Jose"),  1822,  Span.  Basque,  who  came  on  the  Panther,  at  the  age 
of  30,  swore  allegiance  to  Mex. ,  and  became  a  prominent  citizen  and  merchant 
of  the  Monterey  district,  ii.  475;  iii.  51-2.  In  '24  he  married  Prudenciana, 
daughter  of  Ignacio  Vallejo,  by  whom  he  had  three  daughters,  Carmen  b.  in 
'25,  Epitacia  in  '26,  Celedonia  in  '29.  Grantee  of  Corralitos  rancho  in  '27 
and  '44.  ii.  616,  664;  iv.  655.  In  '32  joined  the  comp.  extranjera.  iii.  221; 
took  slight  part  in  the  politics  of  '36.  iii.  469;  was  juez  in  '41,  and  alcalde  in 
'44  at  Mont.  iv.  653,  656.  In  '46  being  plundered  by  the  Amer.,  he  had  a 
Cal.  claim  (v.  462-8)  of  $7,000.  v.  358-9.  Though  sometimes  involved  in 
quarrels  by  reason  of  a  fiery  temper,  Amesti  was  a  man  of  good  character, 
being  not  only  wealthy  but  respected.  Larkin,  in  his  Notes  of  '45,  described 
him  as  a  man  disgusted  with  the  Mex.  govt  and  favoring  a  change.  He  died 
about  '56,  and  his  widow  after  '77.  A.  (Felipe),  alcalde  at  S.  Juan  B.  in  '35. 
iii.  692.  Amestoy  (Marcos),  1804,  Span,  friar,  who  served  at  Sta  B.,  and 
left  Cal.  in  1814.  See  ii.  364;  also  ii.  121,  159-60,  394. 

Amezquita.  Several  of  the  name  among  the  early  sold,  and  settlers  of 
S.  F.  and  S.  Jose1  fr.  1775.  See  list  i.  733;  also  mention  of  Jose",  i.  679;  Juan 
Antonio,  i.  478,  617;  Manuel,  i.  297,  312,  350.  Juan  Amdzquita  in  '36  was  a 


.  AMEZQUITA— ANDERSON.  697 

native  Calif.,  age  40,  living  at  Buenavista  rancho  near  Mont,  with  his  wife 
Gregoria  Arcco  and  6  child.,  Bdrbara  b.  in  '25,  Tiburcio  '27,  Concepcion  '29, 
Guadalupe  '30,  Casildo  '33,  Anita  '34.  Manuel  was  regidor  at  S.  Jos6  in 
1806.  ii.  134.  Ramon,  juez  de  campo  at  Pajaro  in  '35.  iii.  674;  in  '36  lived 
at  S.  Miguel  rancho,  age  36,  with  his  wife  Ana  M.  Villa  and  6  child.,  Juan 
b.  in  '25,  Vicente  '28,  Maria  C.  '30,  Pablo  '31,  Refugio  '32,  Casimira  '34. 
Salvador  in  '36  lived  at  the  Salinas  raiicho,  age  48,  wife  Garcia  Martinez; 
child.,  Salom^  b.  iii  '25,  Rosa  '27,  Salvador  '29,  Ramon  '32,  Jos6  '35. 

Amist  (LA  1834,  mr  of  an  Engl.  brig.  iii.  384. 

Amoros  (Juan),  1804,  Span,  friar  of  Cataluua,  who  served  at  S.  Carlos 
and  S.  Rafael,  where  he  died  in  '32.  Prominent  in  early  annals  of  the  north 
ern  frontier.  Biog.,  iii.  715-16;  mention  in  ii.  88,  147,  159-60,  218,  284,  330, 
383,  394,  418,  483,  500,  587,  596,  655,  666;  iii.  96,  256,  319,  351;  iv.  159-60. 

Amos,  1816,  carpenter  of  the  Li/dia  at  Sta  B.  ii.  275.  Amurrio  (Gre- 
gorio),  1773,  Span,  friar;  founder  of  S.  Juan  Cap.;  left  Cal.  in  1779.  See  biog. 
in  i.  458;  mention  in  i.  194-5,  224,  248-9,  266-7,  300,  303-4.  Anangua,  1813, 
capt.  of  the  Tagle.  ii.  268.  Anastasio,  1831,  executed  at  Mont,  for  robbery, 
iii.  669,  673.  Anaya,  1834,  lieut  on  the  Morelos.  iii.  269. 

Anderson,  1845,  doubtful  name  of  Grigsby-Ide  co.  of  immig.  iv.  578-9. 
Anderson,  1848,  of  firm  Edmondson  &  A.  at  S.  F.  v.  682.  A.  (Cameron), 
1848,  lot  in  S.  F.  A.  (Chas),  1826-8,  mr  of  the  Solitude,  iii.  148.  A.  (Chas), 
1831,  acting  as  doctor  at  S.  Gab.,  prob.  from  a  vessel,  iii.  209.  A.  (Chas), 
1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  trans,  to  Co.  B,  artill.  Enlisted  at  S.  Jose". 

Anderson  (Chas  C.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.;  com.  garrison  at  N. 
Helv.  v.  504,  514,  675.  He  died  at  S.  F.  in  Sept.  '47,  and  his  body  was  the 
1st  buried  in  the  North  Beach  cemetery.  A.  (Frank  P.),  1847,  Co."  D,  N.  Y. 
Vol. ;  printer  on  the  Calif  or  nian.  After  an  adventurous  career  fr.  '55  with 
Walker  in  Nicaragua,  and  as  colonel  in  the  confederate  army,  he  returned 
to  S.  F.,  where  he  became  a  special  policeman,  dying  in  Oct.  '81.  A.  (Geo.), 
1844,  Amer.  sailor  and  cook  on  the  Hibernia,  aided  by  the  consul,  and  dis 
charged  in  '46.  iv.  453.  A.  (Jacob),  1842,  Amer.  steward  on  the  California. 
A.  (J.),  1848,  came  fr.  Honolulu.  A.  (J.  D.),  1846,  master's  mate  on  the 
Savannah.  A.  (James),  1832,  trapper  of  Young's  co.,  murdered  near  Los 
Ang.  iii.  388.  A.  (Lewis),  1843,  Amer.  immig.  of  Chiles- Walker  co.,  iv.  392, 
who  in  '44  applied  for  a  pass  to  return  home  via  Los  Ang.  Anderson  (Mary), 
1829-30,  Scotch  wife  of  Geo.  Kinlock,  and  the  1st  foreign  woman  to  settle  in 
Cal.  A.  (Robert),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232-47). 

Anderson  (Stephen),  1828,  Scotch  trader  and  sometimes  physician,  partner 
of  Jas  Goldie  of  Lima,  who  spent  much  of  his  time  in  Cal.  from  '28  to  '32  as 
supercargo  of  the  Fanchal,  Thos  Nowlan,  and  Ayacucho.  He  was  often  ac 
companied  by  his  family,  and  was  known  to  everybody.  I  have  much  of  his 
commercial  corresp.  He  went  to  Europe  from  Lima  in  '33,  and  perhaps  did 
not  return  to  the  Pacific  coast,  as  he  was  at  Edinburgh  in  '36.  See  mention, 
in  iii.  71,  73,  81,  99-100,  147,  178,  381.  Anderson  (Walter),  1848,  Amer. 
immig.  said  to  have  come  with  his  wife  to  Lake  Co.  in  '48  (?),  being  the  3d 
settler.  In  '51  went  to  Mendocino  Co.,  to  a  place  named  for  him  Anderson 
Valley,  where  he  became  rich,  but  died  in  poverty.  Lake  Co.  Hist.,  63. 

Anderson  (Win),  1837,  Engl.  sailor  who  left  a  whaler,  or  perhaps  the 
Kent,  at  Mont.  Known  as  'Mountain  Bill,'  or  'Red  Bill.'  A  fluent  narrator 
in  cockney  dialect  of  his  own  exploits,  not  afraid  of  aguardiente.  He  was  one 
of  Graham's  'riflemen,'  and  in  '40  one  of  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias.  iv.  18,  23,  33, 
37,  US,  393;  but  came  back  with  a  pass  and  claim  for  damages  which  yielded 
him  a  little  money.  In  '42  he  got  a  carta,  and  soon  married  a  native.  In 
'38-48  his  name  constantly  appears  in  Larkin's  books  and  other  records.  In 
'46-7 — besides  having  a  'Cal.  claim,'  as  who  did  not? — he  made  soap  for  Lar- 
kiu,  and  had  a  flouring-mill  on  the  Salinas  plain,  sold  to  Panaud  in  Sept.  '47. 
A  little  later  he  was  nearly  kille'd  by  one  Callaghan,  but  recovered,  served  as 
alcalde  (though  this  may  have  been  another  Win)  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '48-9,  v. 
641-2,  and  in  '84  was,  I  think,  still  in  the  land  of  the  living,  perhaps  the  latest 
survivor  of  the  famous  exiles.  A.  (Wm),  1846,  an  old  man  with  a  fain,  desir- 


698  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

ing  land  on  the  Sac.  Lark.  Doc.,  v.  74;  perhaps  the  old  bear-hunter  ment. 
in  Colusa  Co.  Hist.,  38.  A.  (Wm),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  (v.  336.) 
A.  (Wm),  1846,  painter  on  the  Dale,  who  was  a  shipbuilder  at  S.  F.  in  '49-54, 
according  to  Lancey.  A.  (Wm),  1848,  sailor-carpenter  at  Mont.,  aided  by 
the  consul,  perhaps  same  as  preceding. 

Andrade  (Jose"  M.),  1836,  admin,  at  S.  Antonio,  iii.  687-8;  arrested  at 
Sta  B.  in  '39.  iii.  654-5;  grantee  of  land  at  S.  F.  in  '46.  A.,  or  Andrado 
(Juan),  1846.  Mex.  said  to  have  lost  a  leg  at  S.  Pascual  (v.  340-55);  mur 
dered  in  '63.  Andreef,  1806,  pilot  with  Rezanof.  ii.  70.  Andre's,  Ind. 
alcalde  at  Sta  B.  '24.  ii.  528-30;  robber  at  S.  Carlos  '31.  iii.  191;  grantee  of 
Guajome  '45.  Andrew  (Hiram),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  330). 
Andrews,  1848,  mr  of  a  Lima  ship  at  S.  F.  Andrews,  1848,  left  Honolulu 
for  S.  F.  on  the  Sarjadahoc.  A.  (Allen),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499- 
518);  died  at  Los  Ang.  Dec.  '47. 

Andrews  (Augustus  A.),  1840,  Amer.  carpenter  of  Mass.,  who  at  the  age 
of  22  came  on  the  California  fr.  Honolulu  to  Mont. ,  obtaining  naturalization 
and  settling  at  S.  F. ,  where  he  married  Rosalia  de  Haro,  got  a  lot,  and  built  a 
house.  His  name  often  appears  iu  records  of  '44-6.  I  think  he  died  in  '47  or 
a  little  later.  His  widow  married  Chas  Brown,  and  still  lives  at  S.  F.  in  '85. 
Mention  in  iv.  102,  120,  669;  v.  683.  A.  (Thomas),  1848,  mr  of  the 
Charles,  v.  576-7.  Anduian?  (Alex.),  1845,  French  resid.  at  Branciforte. 

Angel,  1848,  at  Sutter's  in  Feb. ;  in  July  one  of  Weber's  prospectors,  for 
whom  Angel's  creek  and  camp  were  named.  Carson.  Angel  (Anson),  1847, 
resid.  of  Sta  Clara  '47-8.  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.,  544.  Angel  (Woodson),  1847, 
builder  of  a  mill  for  Magnent  at  S.  Josd;  still  living  in  that  region  '66.  Alta. 
Angelino  (Bias),  resid.  of  S.  F.  dist.  from  '35  or  earlier;  sindico  in  '37;  at 
Sonoma  '44-6,  being  perhaps  concerned  in  troubles  with  the  Bears,  iii.  705; 
v.  162.  Augelo  (Chas  A. ),  1848,  named  in  the  Annals  of  S.  F.  as  living  in  '54. 
Angle  (Miles  B.),  1847,  on  the  Pion.  Soc.  records  as  a  deceased  member,  from 
N.  Y.  Angulo  (Pedro),  1825,  com.  of  the  Span.  Acjuila.  iii.  27,  146. 

Anselin  (Alfred),  1843,  French  surgeon  of  the  batallou  fijo  '43-5.  iv.  399; 
at  S.  F.  iu  '44.  iv.  483;  had  a  'Gal.  claim'  (v.  642-8)  in  '46.  He  remained  in 
Cal.,  and  died  at  S.  Benito  rancho  in  '53.  S.  F.  Herald.  Anson  (Geo.),  1794, 
com.  of  Vancouver's  storeship.  i.  511.  Anthony  (Alex.  H.),  1847,  a  mason 
at  Mont.  A.  (Bascom  F.),  sou  of  Elihu;  b.  at  S.  Jose"  in  Oct.  '47;  a  miner  in 
Calaveras  '84. 

Anthony  (Elihu),  1847,  native  of  N.  Y. ;  overland  immig.  and  methodist 
preacher  of  Ind.,  accompanied  by  his  wife,  Sarah  A.  Van  Anda,  and  infant 
daughter.  After  a  short  stay  at  S.  Jose"  he  settled  at  Sta  Cruz,  where  he  still 
resides  in  '85.  Engaged  in  trade  and  prominent  in  religious  affairs — having 
preached  at  the  S.  F.  school-house  in  Sept.  '48 — he  also  takes  pride  in  having 
built  the  1st  wharf  and  foundery  at  Sta  Cruz.  His  children  are  Mrs  Huntingdon 
of  Sta  Cruz,  b.  in  '46,  Bascom  '47,  Almon  '49,  Gilbert  '51,  Frank  '55.  Men 
tion  in  v.  641.  A.  (James),  1847,  employed  by  Larkin  at  Mont,  and  S.  F. 
A.  (James  G.),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358-60),  enlisting  at  S.  Jose".  A. 
(Louis),  1847,  at  N.  Helv.  fr.  Sonoma.  A.  (L.  C.),  1847,  sheriff  at  S.  Jose\ 
v.  662.  Antolino,  1846,  neoph.  of  S.  Jose"  mission,  v.  23. 

Antonio,  1838,  grantee  of  Saca  rancho.  iii.  655.  Antonio,  1846,  N.  Mex. 
of  the  Donner  party,  who  perished,  v.  531,  534,  537.  A.  (Juan),  1847, 
Cahuilla  chief,  v.  617.  A.  (Manuel),  1776,  at  Sta  Clara,  i.  306.  A.  (Ma 
nuel),  grantee  of  Potrero  Grande  '45.  iv.  635.  A.,  mate  of  Elizabeth  in  '48. 

Anza  (Juan  Bautista),  1774,  Mex.  lieut-col,  son  of  a  famous  officer  of 
Sonora,  who  in  '74  led  the  1st  exploring  exped.  from  Son.  to  Cal.  by  land.  i. 
221-4.  In  '75-6  he  brought  a  large  comp.  of  colonists  over  the  same  route, 
intended  for  the  foundation  of  S.  F. ,  keeping  a  diary  of  the  trip  which  is  still 
extant,  i.  257-78,  and  making  an  exploration  of  the  S.  F.  peninsula,  i.  279- 
83.  For  other  mention,  see  i.  124,  215,  218,  244,  248,  354-5,  288,  290,  294,  355, 
551;  ii.  43-4.  Anza  was  an  officer  of  marked  ability  and  good  character,  mak 
ing  an  excellent  record  in  Cal. ,  in  Souora,  and  in  New  Mexico,  where  he  served 
as  governor  in  1778-87 


ANZAR— ARCE.  699 

Anzar  (Jose*  Ant.),  1832,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Guadalupe  college,  who  seems 
to  have  come  at  least  a  year  before  the  other  Zacatecanos  under  circumstances 
of  which  I  find  no  record.  He  was  in  charge  of  a  Sonora  mission  in  1824, 
and  was  possibly  a  member  of  the  Quere'taro  col.  transferred  after  his  arrival. 
His  missionary  service  was  at  8.  Luis  Rey  in  '32,  and  at  S.  Juan  B.  from  '33, 
though  in  '44-6  he  also  had  charge  of  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Carlos.  He  was  also 
president  of  the  Zacatecanos  from  '43.  His  name  appears  as  curate  on  the 
IS.  Juan  books  till  1855,  when  I  suppose  he  left  Cal.  Though  involved  in 
occasional  troubles,  P.  Anzar  seems  to  have  been  a  priest  of  fair  character  and 
abilities.  See  mention  in  iii.  250,  317,  622,  691;  iv.  372,  453,  460,  553,  565, 
638,. 040,  657,  661-2. 

Anzar  (Juan  Maria),  brother  of  the  padre;  grantee  of  Aromitas,  etc.,  in 
'35,  and  of  Sta  Ana,  etc.,  in  '39.  iii.  676,  679,  713;  juez,  acting  at  times  as 
prefect,  in  '39-41  at  S.  Juan.  iii.  661,  675,  693;  suplente  of  the  junta  in  '42- 
3.  iii.  296;  iv.  361.  He  was  described  in  Larkin's  Notes  of  '45  as  a  man  of 
wealth  and  character,  favoring  the  U.  S.  cause.  I  find  no  trace  of  him  after 
'52,  when  he  was  claimant  for  certain  ranches;  but  in  '53  Maria  Ant.  de 
Anzar  appears  as  cl.  for  others — apparently  his  widow,  and  daughter  of  A. 
M.  Castro;  though  A.  is  said  by  Larkin  to  have  been  married  in  Mex. 

Apalategui  (Antonio),  1834,  Span,  clerk,  age  33,  who  came  from  Mex. 
with  the  H.  &  P.  colony  (iii.  259,  etc.);  leader  in  the  Los  Ang.  revolt  against 
Gov.  Figueroa  in  '35,  for  which  he  was  exiled  to  Mex.  iii.  284-90.  Apis 
(Pablo),  S.  Luis  Rey  neoph.  and  chief;  grantee  of  Teme'cula  in  '45.  iii.  617, 
621,  624.  Apolinario  (Mariano),  Dom.  friar  of  B.  Cal.  at  S.  Diego  1791- 
1SOO.  i.  655.  Aquino  (Tomas),  Span,  friar  who  acted  as  chaplain  in  Viz 
caino's  exped.  1602-3.  i.  98,  102. 

Araiza  (Francisco),  1840,  Mex.  shop-keeper  at  Mont.,  who  in  '42-5  made 
some  money  under  the  patronage  of  Col  Tellez;  militia  officer  and  juez  in 
'44-5.  iv.  652-6.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Capt.  Segura;  but  soon  after 
'46  he  left  his  fam.  and  went  to  Mex.  Aralde  (Eno),  doubtful  name  in  a 
Los  Ang.  list  of  '46.  Aralon  (Win),  1829,  mr  of  a  schr.  at  S.  Pedro,  iii.  135. 

Aram  (Joseph),  1846,  native  of  N.  Y.,  and  overl.  immig.  from  111.  (v.  256- 
30),  with  his  family.  He  organized  and  commanded  a  comp.  of  volunteers  to 
garrison  Sta  Clara  and  protect  the  families  of  immigrants  serving  in  the 
batallion  '46-7,  and  took  part  in  the  '  battle '  of  Sta  Clara,  v.  378-81.  A  firm 
of  Aram  &  Belcher  at  Mont,  is  ment.  in  '47.  A  miner  in  '48;  a  member  of  the 
constitutional  convention  in  '49,  and  later  of  the  1st  legislature.  Then  he  be 
came  a  farmer  near  S.  Jos<§,  where  he  still  lived  in  '85.  His  wife  died  in  '73. 

Arana  (Antonio),  1823,  mr  of  the  Sta  Apolonia,  who  down  to  '41  had  not  ac 
counted  for  a  consignment  of  mission  products,  ii.  492, 619.  Arana  (Gregorio), 
Span,  at  Mont,  in  '36.  A.  (Jose"),  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  674;  grantee  of  Rinconde 
S.  Pedro,  Sta  Cruz,  '42.  iv.  656;  in  trouble  '45.  iv.  653.  Aranda  (Maria  P.), 
1798.  i.  606. 

Araujo  (Buenaventura),  1834,  Mex.  naval  capt.  who  came  with  the  H.  «fe 
P.  colony  (iii.  259,  et  seq. )  to  take  com.  of  the  Cal.  fleet— of  the  future.  In 
volved  in  the  troubles  of  '35,  he  was  sent  to  Mex.  by  Figueroa.  iii.  266-7,  271, 
281,  288-9,  378.  In  '33  com.  of  a  battery  at  S.  Juan  de  Uhia;  and  in  '47 
distinguished  himself  during  the  bombardment  of  V.  Cruz  by  Scott. 

Araujo  (Francisco),  1833,  Mex.  cadet  with  Figueroa,  and  ayud.  de  plaza  at 
Mont.  iii.  672.  In  '36  he  was  com.  of  the  vigilante  force  at  Los  Ang.,  incurring 
the  displeasure  of  Gov.  Chico,  and  perhaps  sent  out  of  the  country,  iii.  418, 
432.  Arce  (Bernardo),  Span,  who  died  at  S.  Jose"  in  '57,  said  to  have  favored 
the  Amer.  in  '46-7.  S.  F.  Bulletin.  Arce  (Eugenio),  settler  at  S.  Juan  Cap. 
'41.  iv.  626. 

Arce  (Francisco  C.),  1833,  Mex.  of  L.  Cal.,  who  came  at  the  age  of  11  and 
was  educated  at  Mont,  by  P.  Real  and  at  Romero's  school.  From  '39  to  '45 
employed  as  clerk,  often  acting  as  sec.  in  the  offices  of  gov.  and  prefect,  iii. 
675;  iv.  294,  354.  In  '44  grantee  of  Sta  Isabel  rancho,  and  also  employed  to 
collect  debts  due  the  missions,  iv.  423,  656.  He  declined  to  take  part  against 
Micheltorena.  iv.  460;  and  after  that  officer's  departure  in  '45  became  sec.  ad. 


700  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

int.  of  Gen.  Castro,  being  also  alfdrez  of  auxiliaries,  iv.  520;  v.  41.  He  is 
best  known  for  his  part  in  the  affair  of  the  captured  horses  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  Bear  revolt  in  '46,  though  not  in  command  as  is  generally  stated.  He  had 
a  'Cal  claim '  of  $5,000;  and  also  claimed  to  have  a  grant  of  S.  Jose"  mission 
land.  v.  106-9,  127.  He  went  to  Mex.  with  Castro,  v.  277,  and  served 
throughout  the  war  with  the  U.  S.  as  lieut  (nominally  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.) 
and  finally  brevet  capt.  At  one  time,  as  a  member  of  the  S.  Patricio  legion 
of  Irish  deserters,  being  taken  prisoner,  he  narrowly  escaped  death  on  account 
of  his  Irish  physique.  In  '48  he  served  in  L.  Cal. ,  and  in  '49  came  to  Mont, 
without  leave,  serving  again  as  sec.  of  the  prefecture.  In  '52  he  was  back  in 
L.  Cal.  asking  for  antedated  leave  of  absence,  Mex.  naturalization,  and  land, 
also  marrying  in  '53.  Subsequently  he  came  north  again;  and  in  '77  was  liv 
ing  on  the  Alisal  rancho  near  Salinas.  He  gave  me  a  collection  of  Doc.  Hist. 
Cal.;  and  also  dictated  for  my  use  his  Memorias  Hist6ricas,  which,  notwith 
standing  Don  Francicco's  tendency  to  magnify  his  own  exploits  and  those  of 
his  friends,  have  value  as  well  as  interest.  He  died  early  in  '78,  leaving  a  family 
in  straitened  circumstances.  Arce  (Joaquin),  sergt  in  the  S.  Diego  comp. 
1803-17.  ii.  12-14,  101,  341,  345.  A  sergt  Arce  is  also  mentioned  in  1783. 
i.  453.  See  list  in  i.  733.  Arce  (Jose"  Ign.),  juez  on  the  L.  Cal.  frontier  in  '46. 

Arceo,  settler  of  Branciforte  in  1798.  i.  571.  Arceo  (Felipe),  native  of 
Brancif. ;  at  Mont.  '28-36,  when  he  was  28  years  old;  wife  Carmen  Arroyo; 
child.,  Lauriano,  Juan  Francisco,  Maria  F.,  Rafaela.  iii.  67,  673.  A.  (Jos6 
Maria),  Mex.  settler  at  Brancif.  in  1797.  i.  569;  in  '36  juez  de  campo,  iii.  675, 
and  living  at  Pilarcitos  rancho,  age  58;  wife  Cecilia  Serrano;  adopted  son  Juan 
Jose.  A.  (Juan  Ant.),  at  Pilarcitos  '36,  age  32,  native  of  Cal.;  wife  Juana 
Vasquez;  child,  Guillermo.  A.  (Leonardo),  sent  to  Mex.  in  '30.  iii.  85. 

Archambeau  (Auguste),  1845,  Canadian,  one  of  Fremont's  mountain  men. 
iv.  583.  He  served  in  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358-68)  '46-7,  but  did  not  remain 
much  longer  in  Cal.  His  death  was  in  '81. 

Archuleta  (Florentine),  alcalde  at  S.  Jose"  in  '29.  ii.  605;  iv.  74-5.  Still  a 
resid.  in  '41,  age  41;  native  of  Cal.;  wife  Antonia  Higuera.  I  have  doc.  signed 
by  him  in  '46.  A.  (Ignacio),  employe  at  S.  F.  mission,  who  in  1777  married 
Gertrudis  Pacheco,  and  went  to  S.  Jose",  where  he  was  alcalde  in  1783,  1803, 
1806.  No  record  of  him  after  1807.  i.  297,  312,  350,  478,  480;  ii.  134-5.  A. 
(Jose"),  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  52,  at  S.  Jose"  in  '41;  wife  Juana  Montero;  child., 
Josef  a  b.  '24,  Miguel  A.  '27,  Jose"  Ant.  '30,  Maria  D.  '32,  Maria  L.  '35,  Con- 
cepcion  '39.  A.  (Jose  Noberto),  sou  of  Ign.,  b.  at  S.  Jose  in  1778;  probably 
same  as  preceding,  though  age  does  not  agree.  A.  (Miguel  Geronimo),  sou 
of  Ign.,  b.  at  S.  F.  in  1779.  Became  a  soldier  at  S.  F.,  promoted  to  corp. ; 
transferred  to  Mont,  to  become  a  school-master  about  1811.  Many  Calif,  of 
later  prominence  attended  his  school  in  '11-20.  ii.  381,  427-9.  His  wife  was 
Maria  Ant.  Garcia.  Arci  (Jose"),  1811,  mr  of  the  Mexicana.  ii.  267. 

Ardisson  (Este"van),  1840-1,  French  trader  who  settled  at  Sta  B.  He  \vas 
perhaps  the  Ed  Ardison  who  in  July  '40  had  a  claim  against  the  govt.  Mcnt. 
by  Mofras  in  '41-2.  His  name  frequently  occurs  in  '42-7;  he  had  a  'Cal. 
claim'  in  '46;  and  in  '48  was  alcalde,  iv.  279,  587,  611,  631.  Still  living  at 
El  Rincon  in  '50.  Arellanes,  maj.  at  Purisiina  '24.  ii.  429.  A.  (Francisco), 
Sta  B.  ranchero  '37-45,  with  wife  Petra  Ruiz  and  2  child.  A.  (Jos6),  ditto; 
wife  Josefa  Sanchez  and  5  child.  A.  (Josd  Aut.),  at  Sta  B.  '37;  wife  Manuela 
Ortega.  A.  (Luis),  grantee  cf  Punta  de  la  Laguna,  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '44.  iv. 
655;  still  in  Sta  B.  district  in  '50.  A.  (Teodoro),  grantee  of  Rincon  in  '35, 
and  Guadalupe  in  '40.  iii.  655,  677.  His  wife  was  Josefa  Rodriguez  and  they 
had  3  child,  before  '37.  Still  at  Sta  B.  in  '50.  Don  Teodoro  was  a  very  large, 
fine-looking  man,  of  genial  temper  and  gentlemanly  manners,  locally  a  kind 
of  ranchero  prince. 

Arellano  (Ignacio  R.),  a  priest  visiting  and  officiating  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  in  '44. 
v.  523.  A.  (Juan  R.  or  Manuel),  settler  and  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  1790-8.  i. 
461,  598,  661.  A.  (Luis),  Mex.  sold,  of  the  Hidalgo  piquete  '36  at  Mont. 

Arenas  (Cayetano),  Mex.  who  came  to  Cal.  as  a  boy.  In  '46  employed  as 
clerk  in  the  secretaria;  grantee  of  S.  Mateo  rancho.  v.  661.  In  '54-5  a  resid. 


ARENAS— ARGUELLO.  701 

of  Los  Aug.  and  witness  in  the  Limantour  case.  A.  (Jose*  M.),  sent  as  a 
prisoner  to  Mex.  in  '30.  iii.  85.  A.  (Jose"),  Mex.  at  Brancif.  in  '45,  age  52; 
wife  Feliciana;  child.,  Felipe  b.  in  '23,  Maria  '29,  Florencio  '31,  Jose"  Ant.  '33, 
Omebon  (?)  '36,  Juan  '3S;  Carmen  '41,  Zenona  '44.  A.  (Luis),  1834,  Mex. 
trader  who  perhaps  came  with  the  colony  (iii.  259  et  seq.),  settled  at  Los 
Ang. ,  where  he  was  alcalde  in  '38,  and  was  prominent  in  the  opposition  to  Alva- 
rado.  iii.  491,  504,  555,  577,  636.  In  '37  one  of  the  grantees  of  S.  Jose"  rancho, 
and  in  '40-1  grantee  of  Azuza.  iii.  633.  In  '44  regidor.  iv.  633.  In  '44-5  grantee 
of  Pauba,  Los  Huecos,  Cahuenga,  and  Sta  Clara  orchard,  iv.  621;  v.  561,  665, 
627.  Also  capt.  of  the  defensores.  v.  140.  Still  trading  on  the  coast  in  '47;  but 
I  have  no  later  record  of  him. 

Arenaza  (Pascual  M.),  1786,  Span,  friar  at  S.  Carlos,  who  left  Cal.  in  1797 
and  died  in  '99.  See  i.  685;  also  i.  388-423,  469,  575-7,  579.  Argiielles 
(Luis),  Mex.  shoemaker  at  Mont,  in  '36. 

Arguello  (Concepcion),  daughter  of  Jose"  D.,  b.  at  S.  F.  in  1790;  d.  at  Beni- 
cia  in  1857.  Famous  for  her  romance  with  Rezanof  in  1806,  for  account  of 
which,  with  sketch  of  her  life,  see  ii.  72-4,  77-8.  Her  full  name  was  Maria  de 
la  Coucepcion  Marcela.  See  also  mention  in  ii.  287;  iii.  568,  660;  iv.  219. 

Arguello  (Gervasio),  son  of  Jos6  D.,  b.  at  Sta  B.  1786.  In  1804  he  entered 
the  military  service  as  soldado  distinguido  of  the  S.  F.  comp. ,  in  which  he  was 
cadet  1807-17,  serving  also  as  habilitado  in  1808-16.  ii.  117,  125,  303,  370. 
Sent  in  '16  to  Ross,  writing  a  report  of  his  visit,  ii.  309,  631;  i.  list  of  auth. 
In  '14  he  married  Encarnacion  Bernal;  and  in  '16  was  sent  to  Mex.  as  habili 
tado  general,  never  returning  to  Cal.,  and  holding  this  office  till  '32,  besides 
being  a  suplente  in  congress  in  '27-8.  Meanwhile,  fr.  '17  he  was  on  the  pay 
roll  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  as  alfe"rez  till  '31,  when  he  was  promoted  tolieut  of 
the  Mont,  comp.,  and  in  '34  commissioned  capt.,  but  immediately  retired  as 
lieut  on  full  pay,  with  permission  to  reside  in  Jalisco,  ii.  213-14.  217,  261, 
421-2,  514-15,543,  671;  iii.  33-4,  45,  378,  671.  In  Cal.  Don  Gervasio  was  re 
puted  to  be  a  youth  of  good  conduct  and  fair  abilities,  though  disposed  to 
'put  on  airs.'  In  Mex.  he  accomplished  nothing,  either  as  habilitado  gen.  or 
congressman,  having  no  special  fitness  for  the  positions;  yet  a  man  of  ten 
times  his  ability  would  very  likely  have  failed  equally  in  getting  money  for 
Cal.  from  the  Mex.  govt.  I  have  private  letters  written  by  him  from  Guada 
lajara  in  '49  and  '52,  filled  with  pious  complaints  of  poverty,  which  would  be 
intolerable  but  for  aid  received  from  Cal. 

Arguello  (Jose"  Dario),  1781,  founder  of  the  Arguello  family;  Mex.  alfe"rez, 
later  lieut  and  capt.;  comandante  at  S.  F.,  Mont.,  and  StaB. ;  acting  gov.  of 
Cal.  in  '14-15;  gov.  of  L.  Cal.  in  '15-22.  Died  at  Guadalajara  '28;  his  wife  was 
Ignacia  Moraga,  who  died  at  Guad.  in  '29.  For  many  years  Don  Jose"  was 
the  most  prominent,  influential,  and  respected  man  in  Cal.  See  biog.  sketch 
in  this  vol.,  358-61,  includ.  4  of  the  children  who  did  not  remain  in  Cal.; 
also  mention  of  Don  Jose"  in  i.  340-2,  347,  372,  396,  445,  463,  468,  470-2,  478, 
484,  498,  501-2,  511-13,  525,  531-2,  588-94,  678-80,  692-4,  708,  717,  721,  and 
list  of  auth.;  ii.  30,  44,  68-74,  86,  99,  117,  125,  127,  133,  135,  187,  190,  207-8, 
210-11,  246,  305-7,  450,  565,  571;  iii.  11.  Arguello  (Jose"  Ign.  Max.),  oldest 
son  of  Jose"  D.;  b.  at  S.  Gabriel  in  1782;  educ.  in  Mex.  as  a  priest;  visited  Cal. 
in  1809.  ii.  359-60,  122.  A.  (Jose"  Ramon),  son  of  Santiago,  at  San  Juan 
Cap.  in  '40-1.  iii.  626-7.  Sec.  to  prefect  at  Los  Ang.  in  '42.  iv.  632.  Suplente 
juezat  S.  Diego  in  '45.  iv.  620.  Sub-prefect  in  '46.  v.  618.  A.  (Jose'  Ramon), 
son  of  Luis  Ant.,  b.  at  S.  F.  in  '28;  living  at  Sta  Clara  and  Mont,  till  '44; 
on  the  coast  of  Mex. '44-6;  lived  with  his  mother  from  '46  at  Las  Pulgas  and 
Sta  Clara,  where  he  died  in  '76.  A.  (Julian),  a  Sonoran  with  Zamorano  at 
Mont,  in  '36,  age  16. 

Arguello  (Luis  Antonio),  son  of  Jose"  D.,  b.  at  S.  F.  in  1784;  cadet  at 
S.  F.  1799;  alf.  1800;  lieut  and  com.  1806;  capt.  from  '18.  Gov.  ad  int.  of 
Cal.  from  Nov.  22d,  '22,  to  Nov.  '25.  Died  at  S.  F.  '30.  First  wife,  Rafaela 
Sal,  1807-14;  2d  wife,  Soledad  Ortega,  '19,  who  died  at  Sta  Clara  in  '74.  Hia 
children  were  Francisco,  by  1st  wife,  who  died  soon  after  '30;  by  2d  wife, 
Concepcion,  b.  in  '24;  Josefa,  '26;  Jose"  Ramon,  as  above;  and  Luis,  who,  I 


702  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

think,  still  lives  at  Sta  Clara  in  '85.  Don  Luis,  as  military  officer  and  gov., 
left  an  excellent  record  in  respect  of  honesty  and  ability  and  popularity.  Un 
like  his  father,  he  had  enemies,  and  was  involved  in  controversies;  but  these 
were  due  largely  to  his  position  and  the  times.  He  often  disregarded  the  let 
ter  of  the  Span,  and  Mex.  laws,  but  it  was  always  for  what  he  believed  the 
welfare  of  his  country,  and  never  for  his  own  interests.  His  private  record 
was  that  of  a  dissipated  spendthrift,  yet  never  accused  of  dishonorable  con 
duct.  See  biog.  sketch  in  iii.  9-13;  list  of  auth.  in  i. ;  mention  in  ii.  35,  46,  48, 
68  et  sea.,  125-6,  129-30,  137,  203-4,  210,  230-2,  243-4,  268-9,  272,  279,  284-5, 
288,  300-1,  305,  307,  309,  312,  328,  330-1,  370,  372,  390,  425-6,  443-9,  451, 
455,  461,  464,  466-8,  479-80,  482  et  seq.,  493,  510-38,  549,  551,  559,  565.  583, 
591-2,  594,  596-7,  605,  607,  614,  643,  645,  647,  659,  664;  iii.  2,  7,  9-10,  18- 
19,  24-7,  40,  75,  89,  119,  148,  712.  Argiiello  (Luis),  lieut  in  the  Cal.  Bat. 
'46-7.  v.  360,  386.  I  cannot  say  who  he  was.  A.  (Romano),  sec.  in  prefect's 
office  in  '45.  Larkin. 

Argiiello  (Santiago),  son  of  Jose  D. ;  b.  at  Mont,  in  1791.  He  entered  the 
military  service  as  cadet  in  the  S.  F.  comp.  1805,  but  was  trans,  in  1806  to  Sta, 
B.  ii.  46,  117,  275,  361,  425.  In  17-27  he  was  alf.  of  the  S.  F.  comp.,  though 
serving  from  '18  as  habilitado  at  S.  Diego,  where  he  was  involved  in  several 
controversies,  also  visiting  the  north  and  making  a  trip  to  Ross  and  Sonoma. 
ii.  240-2,  258,  341,  370,  424,  442,  457,  470,  507,  510,  537,  542-3,  583;  iii.  12, 
291.  In  '27-31  he  was  lieut  of  the  S.  D.  comp.,  being  comandante  from  '28, 
in  which  year  he  was  elected  suplente  member  of  congress;  in  '30  suplente  of 
the  diputacion.  ii.  541-3;  iii.  45-6,  50,  64,  135,  196.  In  '31-5  he  was  capt.  of 
the  co.,  taking  part  somewhat  unwillingly  in  the  revolt  against  Victoria,  serv 
ing  as  diputado  and  comisionado  for  S.  Diego  mission  in  '33-4,  and  being  finally 
retired  with  full  pay— in  theory,  iii.  201,  204,  216-19,  327,  331-2,  372,  608, 
C12,  620;  iv.  408.  In  '36  he  was  alcalde  of  S.  Diego,  using  his  influence  against 
the  Alvarado  govt,  but  acting  as  comisionado  and  admin,  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  in 
'38-40,  and  as  vocal  of  the  junta  in  '40.  iii.  422,  482,  520,  590,  604,  606,  615, 
626-7.  In  '40-3  he  held  the  position  of  prefect  at  Los  Ang.,  and  in  '41  his 
name  was  given  to  the  pueblo  of  S.  Juan;  in  '45  holding  the  offices  of  suplente 
of  the  tribunal,  vocal  of  the  junta,  and  sub-prefect  of  S.  Diego,  iii.  640;  iv. 
193,  195,  295,  319,  532,  540,  620-2,  626-7,  632-3.  In  '46  he  M'as  friendly  to 
the  Amer.,  held  an  honorary  com.  as  capt.  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (?),  was  appointed 
member  of  the  legis.  council  in  '47,  and  was  made  collector  of  the  port  of  S. 
Diego  (?).  v.  37,  282,  329,  360,  433,  446,  467,  572,  618-19.  Meanwhile  in  '29 
he  had  obtained  the  Tia  Juana  rancho,  in  '41  the  Trabuco,  and  in  '46  the  S. 
Diego  mission  estate,  iii.  612;  iv.  635;  v.  561,  619-20,  627.  Argiiello  when  very 
young  married  Pilar,  daughter  of  Francisco  Ortega  of  Sta  B. ,  by  whom  he  had 
22  children,  among  them  the  following,  who  lived  and  had  issue:  Francisco, 
Ignacio,  Jose"  Antonio,  Jose"  Ramon,  Santiago  E. ;  Refugio,  who  married  Juan 
Bandini;  Teresa,  who  married  Josd  M.  Bandini;  Luisa,  wife  of  A.  V.  Zamo- 
rano;  and  Concepcion,  wife  of  Agustin  Olvera,  Don  Santiago  was  tall,  stout, 
and  of  fine  presence,  with  fair  complexion  and  black  hair;  reserved  in  manner, 
yet  of  kindly  disposition.  His  record,  public  and  private,  was  an  honorable 
if  not  a  brilliant  one.  He  was  often  in  trouble  with  his  brother  officers  and 
with  men  of  other  classes,  and  especially  in  the  earlier  years  was  by  no  means 
a  popular  man.  This  was  chiefly  due  to  a  peculiar  reserve  or  haughtiness  of 
manner,  attributed  to  family  pride  and  regarded  as  an  assumption  of  superi 
ority.  He  died  at  Tia  Juana,  on  the  frontier,  in  '62,  and  his  widow  soon  after 
'78.  The  rancho  is  still  owned  by  the  family. 

Argiiello  (Santiago  E. ),  son  of  Santiago,  b.  about  1813.  Receptor  at  S.  Diego 
'33-4.  iii.  277,  609.  Grantee  of  Melyo  (Maligo  ?)  '33.  iii.  612.  Took  part  with 
the  south  against  Alrarado  in  '36-7,  being  then  in  charge  of  the  ranches  Otay 
and  S.  Antonio  Abad.  iii.  482-3,  517,  612.  Majordomo  and  land-owner  at  S. 
Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626-7.  Suplente  in  assemb.,  and  juez  at  S.  Diego  '45-6.  iv. 
540;  v.  161.  In  '46  he  aided  the  Amer.,  served  as  captain  in  Stockton's  bat 
talion,  and  had  a  'Cal.  claim'  for  $11,548  for  damages  to  his  property,  v.  378, 
386.  I  think  he  may  have  been  the  capt.  in  Cal.  Bat.  and  collector  of  the  port, 


ARGUELLO— ARROYO.  703 

instead  of  his  father,  as  above.  Ho  died  at  Maligo  in  '57.  His  wife  was  Guada- 
lupe  Estudillo,  who  survived  him  with  2  sons  and  2  (or  4)  daughters;  one  of 
the  latter  married  A.  H.  Wilcox  and  another  Win  B.  Coutts. 

Arias  (Francisco),  S.  F.  settler  of  1791-1800.  i.  716.  A.  (Francisco),  § 
grantee  of  ranchos  in  Mont,  district  '39,  '44.  iii.  676;  iv.  655;  suplente  prefect 
in  '41,  being  juez  at  S.  Juan  '41-3,  and  regidor  at  Mont,  in  '46.  iv.  652-3,  661; 
v.  636.  A.  (Rafael  R.),  1791,  contador  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490. 

Armas  (Baltasar),  1602,  piloto  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  F.,  P.,  and  J. 
Armas,  named  as  at  Honolulu  from  Cal.  in  '48. 

Armeuta  (Cristobal),  sirviente  at  Sta  Clara  1776.  i.  306.  A.  (Joaq.), 
sold,  at  S.  Diego  1775-6;  later  at  Los  Ang.  i.  250,  303,  461.  A.  (Jos6  M.), 
grantee  of  Punta  de  Pinos  rancho  '33,  '44.  iii.  678.  A.  ('  Tio '),  retired  soldier 
who  kept  a  shop  and  sometimes  a  school  at  Mont,  in  '11-20.  ii.  381-3,  420. 

Armijo  (Antonio),  native  of  N.  Mex. ,  at  S.  Jose  in  '41,  age  37;  wife  Maria  D. 
Duarte;  child.,  Antonio,  Jesus,  F6lix,  Matias.  Probably  same  as  the  Francisco 
Armijo  who  was  a  S.  F.  militiaman  in  '37;  and  perhaps  same  as  Antonio  M. 
Armijo  who  settled  in  the  Suisun  region  in  '43.  was  in  trouble  '47  for  outrages 
on  Ind.  v.  569,  610;  and  died  in  '50.  A.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Mateo  in  '35;  al 
calde  in  the  contra  costa  '37.  iii.  705;  at  S.  F.  '47.  Spear,  Pap.  A.  (Jose" 
F.),  grantee  of  Tolenas  rancho  '40.  iv.  674.  A.  (Jesus  M.),  at  Sonoma  '44, 
age  18.  A.  (JuanTT.),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  42.  A.  (Salvador),  at  Los  Ang. 
'39-46.  I  have  not  been  able  to  obtain  much  definite  information  about  any 
branch  of  the  Armijo  family. 

Armon  (Chas),  1836,  at  Mont.,  named  in  Larkin's  books. 

Armstrong  (James),  1842,  com.  of  the  United  States;  and  of  the  Savannah 
in  later  visits  of  '44-6.  iv.  307-8,  301,  313,  459,  509.  A.  (John),  1840,  Amer. 
ranchero  in  the  Mont,  district;  exiled  to  S.  Bias  with  the  Graham  party,  iv. 
18,  120.  In  '46  he  wrote  a  letter  against  Larkin,  which  appeared  in  a  St  Louis 
paper,  causing  L.  to  get  statements  in  his  own  defence  from  several  prominent 
men.  A.  (John),  in  '46  at  Monterey,  and  in  '47  employed  on  Larkin's  Sac. 
rancho.  Possibly  same  as  preceding.  Arnand,  1848,  mr  of  the  Con  de  Valpa 
raiso  from  Honolulu  for  S.  F. 

Amaz  (Jose"),  1841,  Span,  supercargo  of  the  Clara  in  Virmond's  employ,  iv. 
102:  and  later  in  Aguirre's  Joven  Guipvzcoana.  In  '44  he  opened  a  store  at  Los 
Ang.,  suffering  much  from  depredations  of  the  cholos.  iv.  364;  and  in  '45 
leased  the  mission  estate  of  S.  Buen.,  which  in '46  he  purchased,  as  he  claimed, 
but  was  not  permitted  to  retain  possession,  iv.  553,  558,  561,  645;  v.  400,  632, 
643,  665.  He  still  retained  considerable  property,  however;  and  I  found  him 
in  '74  living  at  his  Sta  Ana  rancho  near  S.  Buen.,  a  genial  gentleman  of  54 
years,  who  then  and  later  gave  me  100  pages  of  his  interesting  Recuerdos  on 
the  life  and  customs  of  the  traders  and  rancheros  in  early  times.  Probably 
living  in  '85.  In  '47  he  married  Mercedes  Avila,  who  died  iii  '67,  leaving  several 
children.  His  2d  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Juan  Camarrillo.  Arnold  (Robert), 
1828,  Scotch  turner,  age  20,  at  Mont.  '28-9. 

Arrieta  (Sebastian),  1820,  Span,  intendente,  com.  of  the  royal  order  of  Isabel 
the  catholic,  who  came  from  Peru  with  the  king's  license  to  live  in  Cal. with  a 
pension  of  $3,000;  but  died  at  S.  Juan  B.  in  '2f,  age  54. 

Arrillaga  (Jose"  Joaquin),  1793,  Span.  capt.  and  lieut-gov.  of  the  Cals  at 
Loreto  '83-92;  gov.  ad  int.  '93-4  at  Mont.;  lieut-col  and  lieut-gov.  at  L. 
'94-9;  gov.  ad  int.  1800-4;  gov.  of  Alta  Cal.  from  1804— coming  to  Mont,  in 
1806— to  1814,  when  he  died  at  Soledad  at  the  age  of  64.  Arrillaga  was  an 
efficient  and  honest  officer,  of  most  excellent  private  character,  and  a  model 
governor  so  far  as  the  performance  of  routine  duties  was  concerned.  See  biog. 
in  ii.  204-7;  i.  list  of  auth. ;  also  mention  in  i.  471,  482,  484,  488,  501-29,  531- 
6,  574,  602,  611,  631,  637-8,  658,  661,  663,  671,  729;  ii.  2-204  passim,  269, 
301-5,  386-7,  416-1 7,  566.  Arriola  (Jos6  F. ),  blacksmith  instructor  in  1792- 
5.  i.  615.  A.  (Maria),  wife  of  J.  V.  Lawrence,  ii.  496.  A.  (Rafael),  settler 
at  Los  Ang.  from  1797.  i.  606;  ii.  350. 

Arroita  (Francisco  Jose"),  1786,  Span,  friar  at  Purisima, who  left  Cal.  in  '96. 
See  biog.  notice,  i.  675;  ment.  i.  388,  423,  425,  459,  575-7.  Arroyo,  1795.  i. 


704  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

253.  A.  (Ign.),  exile  of  1842.  iv.  653.  A.  (Joaqtiin),  grantee  of  Tucho  '46. 
v.  637.  A.  (Jose"),  1792-5.  i.  615.  A.  (Josd  Man.),  i.  250-3.  A.  (Jose 
Isidro);  at  Mont.  '36,  age  53,  nat.  of  S.F.;  wife  Isabel;  child.  Ignacio,  Cata- 
rinn,  Joaquina,  Concepcion,  Maria  P.  A.  (Victor),  1820-39.  ii.  382;  iii.  587 

Arroyo  de  la  Cuesta  (Felipe),  1808,  Span,  friar,  serving  chiefly  at  San  Juan 
B. ;  d.  at  Sta  Ines  in  '40.  Noted  for  learning  as  well  as  piety;  author  of  several 
works  on  Ind.  lang.  See  biog.  in  iii.  662;  list  of  auth.  i. ;  ment.  inii.  140,  154, 
159-60,  284,  316,  338,  394,  492,  526,  655;  iv.  63.  See  also  'Cuesta.'  Arteaga 
(Ignacio),  1777-80,  Span.  com.  of  explor^and  transport  ships,  i.  296,  323,  329. 

Arther  (James  P.),  1829,  German  mate  of  the  Brooklyn  in  '29-30.  iii.  138- 
9,  146,  179.  Master  of  Bryant  &  Sturgis'  Boston  ship  California  on  4  or  5  voy 
ages  to  Cal.  in  '34-46.  iii.  381;  iv.  101,  564.  Mr  of  Thos  Perkins  in  '47.  v. 
511,  580.  Often  called  James  D.  Arthur,  but  I  have  many  of  his  autograph 
letters.  A  skilful  mariner,  though  close-fisted  and  not  very  popular  on  the 
coast.  Said  by  Thomes  to  be  still  living  in  Mass.  '84. 

Aruz  (Domingo),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790-1810;  not  allowed  to  devote  all 
his  prop,  to  masses  for  his  soul.  i.  460;  ii.  167.  A.  (Jose"),  elector  and  memb. 
of  the  dip.  at  Mont.  '22-4.  ii.  454,  462,  513,  536,  616.  Arzaga  (Manuel),  sec. 
of  ayunt.  at  Los  Ang.  '34-5;  sec.  of  vigilantes  '36.  iii.  418,  631,  635,  638. 

Ascension  (Antonio),  1602,  friar  with  Vizcaino,  i.  98.  I  have  his  autograph. 
Ashley  (Geo.  H.),  1848,  native  of  Mass.;  memb.  of  S.  Joaquin  Co.  pioneers 
'84  (?).  Ashmead  (Geo.),  1846,  Co.  C,  IstU.  S.  dragoons;  killed  at  S.  Pascual. 
v.  346.  Ashton  (A.  B.),  1846,  clerk  on  the  Dale.  A.  (Geo.  H.),  1847,  Co. 
D,  N.Y.Vol.;  killed  by  Ind.  in  S.  Joaq.  Val.  in  '47.  Asken  (Win),  1840, 
Engl.  pilot  of  the  A/infa;  at  Mont.  '41.  Aspiroz  (Salvador),  1814,  teacher 
with  Gov.  Sola.  ii.  426.  Quarrel  with  Guerra '17.  ii.  382.  Asuncion  (Fr.  An 
dres),  1602,  with  Vizcaino,  i.  98.  Atanasio,  Ind.  executed  at  Mont.  '31.  iii. 
190.  Atensio  (Gregorio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  v.  308;  also  Ign.  Atensio. 

Atherton  (Faxon  Dean),  1836,  native  of  Mass.,who  as  a  boy  went  to  Valpa 
raiso;  memb.  of  a  firm  engaged  in  the  hide  and  tallow  trade.  Visited  Cal.  in 
'36-7,  and  later  kept  up  a  corresp.  with  Larkin  and  others.  I  have  many  of  his 
letters  on  personal,  political,  and  business  affairs,,  sometimes  signed  Feliz  D. 
Atherton.  Went  to  Honolulu  and  Boston  in  '38-9,  but  returned  in  '41.  iv.  91, 
103,  117-18,  141.  Said  to  have  sent  descriptions  of  the  coast  to  Wash.,  and 
to  have  had  a  corresp.  with  Webster  about  Cal.  Visited  Cal..  again  in  '49-50 
to  make  investments,  and  became  a  resident  in  '59.  Besides  being  the  owner 
of  a  large  estate  in  San  Mateo  Co. ,  he  was  prominent  in  building  railroads, 
banking,  and  various  financial  enterprises.  Died  at  Fair  Oaks  in  '77,  leaving 
a  widow — native  of  Chile,  still  living  in  '85 — and  7  children.  Three  of  his 
daughters  married  respectively  Wm  Macondray,  Maj.  Rathbone,  U.  S.  A., 
and  Edmunds  of  Valparaiso. 

Atherton  (Geo.  D.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499-518).  A.  (Robert), 
1847,  brother  of  Faxon  D.,  who  came  with  a  letter  of  in  trod,  to  Vallejo,  'para 
probar  su  fortuna  en  Cal. ; '  and  was  employed  as  a  clerk  by  Larkin.  A.  ( Wm ), 
1845,  mr  of  Parrott's  Star  of  the  West.  iv.  568.  A.  (Wm),  1846,  Mormon  of 
the  Brooklyn  colony,  with  wife.  v.  546.  Lot  at  S.  F.  '47;  also  at  N.  Helv.;  in 
the  mines  '48.  In  later  times  a  pressman  on  the  Oakland  Transcript. 

Atillan  (Pierre),  1841,  French  sailor  married  to  a  native  at  Mont.  Cox 
swain  of  the  custom-house  boat,  and  tax  collector.  Attacked  and  mutilated 
by  the  cholos  in  '44;  got  a  pension  from  the  Mex.  govt  till  '47,  when  Gov. 
Mason  was  not  able  to  continue  it;  and  Pierre  was  supported  till  his- death  by 
charity,  iv.  279,  339,  364,  414,  615,  653. 

Atkins,  1846,  mr  of  the  Jeanette.  Atkinson,  1848,  a  physician  at  Sac. 
according  to  Burnett.  Atkinson  (Chas  A.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  VoL  (v.  499  - 
518).  Called  a  'judge'  at  S.  Jos6  '77;  d.  at  Mariposa  in  '82.  A.  (James  or 
John),  1843,  Amer.,  who  after  an  adventurous  career  in  Texas  and  Mex.  came 
to  Cal.  accord,  to  newspaper  sketches  at  a  date  varying  '40  to  '46,  but  appar 
ently  with  the  Chiles- Walker  party  of  '43.  iv.  392,  399.  Known  as  Old  Wheat 
for  his  reputed  reliability;  at  Mont,  in  '45;  served  with. Stockton  in  '46-7;  long 
a  resident  of  Los  Ang.;  in  71  pensioned  as  a  veteran. of  1812;  died  in  the  (S. 


ATKINSON— AVILA.  70o 

Joaq.?)  county  hospital  in  74  at  the  age  of  about  80.  Atnay,  1810,  kanaka 
sailor  arrested  at  Sta  B.  ii.  275.  Atterville  (James),  1840,  doubtful  name 
in  Farnham's  list.  iv.  17.  Aubens  (N.),  1848,  pass,  from  Honolulu. 

Aulick  (J.  H.),  1841,  com.  of  the  U.  S.  Yorktown,  at  Mont,  and  S.  F. 
iv.  38,  570.  Later  a  commodore.  Auntroy  (John),  1840,  arrested  at  Los 
Ang.  in  the  Graham  affair,  iv.  14.  Aurelio,  1797,  neoph.  who  killed  his 
wife.  i.  659.  Aurweller  (John),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  F. 
'82;  called  also  Auwaerter. 

Austin,  1822,  mr  of  the  Panther,  ii.  474.  Austin,  1847,  mid.  on  U.  S. 
Independence.  A.  (David),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232-47).  A. 
(Henry),  1838,  Canadian  carpenter,  naturalized  in  '41,  when  he  was  at  S.  Jose", 
iv.  119.  A.  (Horace  G.),  1846,  on  roll  of  Pion.  Soc.;  error  in  iv.  587.  A. 
(Joseph  C.),  1848,  on  roll  of  Pion.  Soc.  A.  (Julius  C.),  1846,  Mormon  on  the 
Brooklyn,  with  wife  and  3  children,  v.  546.  Ment.  as  a  lawryer  at  S.  Bernardino 
in  '81;  also  as  in  Utah,  '84.  A.  (J.  Wemys),  1848,  of  Findley,  Johnson  &  Co. 
at  S.  F.  Still  at  S.  F.  '54.  A.  (\Vm),  1826,  mr  of  the  Mercury,  iii.  148. 

Avalos  (Joaquin),  tanner-instructor  1792-5.  i.  615.  Averett  (Elisha), 
1847,  in  com.  of  a  party  of  Morm.  Bat.  on  the  return,  v.  493.  Avery,  1842, 
lieut  with  Com.  Jones,  iv.  308.  A.  (Elihu),  1844,  boy  on  a  whaler  at  S.  F.; 
mr  of  Let/al  Tender,  '82,  accord,  to  a  newsp.  sketch.  Avieta  (Jose  Ant.), 
1834,  with  a  party  from  N.  Mex.  iii.  396. 

Avila  (Anastasio),  son  of  Cornelio;  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1799.  iii.  349;  re 
gidor  in  1810,  '19,  alcalde  in  '20-1.  ii.  110,  337,  350-1,  354,  559;  grantee  of  Ta- 
janta  in  '43.  ir.  635.  A.  (Antonio),  1825,  Mex.  convict  sent  to  Cal.  for 
robberies  and  murder  in  Puebla.  In  the  Solis  revolt  of  '29,  and  in  the  Zamo- 
rano  regime  of  '32  he  aided  the  govt,  in  the  hope  of  getting  a  release;  but 
had  to  remain  and  serve  out  his  time  till  about  '38.  iii.  16,  76,  83-4,  230,  669. 
Another  Ant.  A.  in  '37-9  apparently,  iii.  504,  639. 

Avila  (Antonio  Ignacio),  1783,  son  of  Cornelio;  native  of  Sonora,  who 
settled  at  Los  Ang. ;  in  1804  married  Rosa  Ruiz  at  Sta  B. ;  in  '20-1  regidor; 
grantee  of  Sauzal  Redondo  in  '22  and  '37;  juez  de  campo  most  of  the  time  in 
'3.~>-4S;  and  always  prominent  in  the  pursuit  of  Ind.  horse-thieves,  ii.  349-51, 
353,  559,  566,  664;  iii.  396,  565,  626,  632-7.  He  died  in  '58,  aged  74.  A. 
(Cornelio),  1783,  settler  Los  Ang.  from  Sonora,  with  his  wife  Isabel  Urqui- 
des  and  8  children,  i.  663  A.  (Bruno),  son  of  Cornelio;  settler  at  Los  Ang. 
'15;  later  claimant  of  Aguage  del  Centinela.  ii.  349-50;  iv.  634.  A.  (En 
rique),  prob.  son  of  Anastasio;  2d  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  '47;  claimant  for  Ta- 
janta  rancho.  iv.  635;  v.  626.  A.  (Francisco),  a  'hard  case'  at  S.  F.  and 
S.  Jose"  1783-1800.  i.  350,  484,  640,  716.  A.  (Francisco),  drowned  in  the 
Tulares  1796.  i.  661.  A.  (Francisco),  son  of  Cornelio;  in  Los  Ang.  region 
1804;  alcalde  in  '10;  applicant  for  dif.  ranches,  and  grantee  of  Cienegasin  '23, 
'34.  He  had  probably  been  a  sold,  at  Sta  B.  ii.  110,  116,  172,  349-50,  354, 
505,  664;  iii.  633.  A.  (Francisco),  resid.  of  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  44;  wife,  Maria 
Ant.  Alviso;  child.,  Francisco,  Encarnacion,  Geronima,  and  Viviana.  A. 
(Fran.),  resid.  of  Brancif.  '45,  age  40.  A.  (Guadalupe).  i.  175.  A.  (Ja- 
nuario),  prob.  son  of  Francisco;  regidor  of  Los  Ang.  '34-9;  claimant  for  Ciene- 
gas.  iii.  633-6.  A.  (Jose'),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-46.  A.  (Jose),  settler  at  S.  F. 
1791-1800.  i.  606,  716.  A.  (Joaquin),  1842,  sub-lieut  of  the  batallon.  iv?  289. 
A.  (Jose"  Joaquin),  surgeon  of  the  Cal.  forces  1774-83.  His  wife  died  at  S.  F. 
iii  '79.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  v.  57-8. 

Avila  (Jos6  Maria),  son  of  Cornelio.  Alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  in  '25.  In  the 
battle  of  '31  he  killed  Capt.  Pacheco,  and  was  himself  killed.  See  biog.  iii. 
206-9;  ment.  ii.  559;  iii.  196,  200.  A.  (Jose"  de  Sta  Ana),  son  of  Corne 
lio;  maj.  at  Sta  B.  1801-6.  ii.  120;  mar.  Maria  Josef  a  Osuna.  A.  (Jose" 
de  los  Santos),  sec.  of  ayuut.  at  Brancif.  '34.  iii.  696.  A.  (J.  S.),  colegial  at 
Sta  In e"s  '44.  iv.  426. 

the  fight  near  Los  Ang.  in 
juez  de  campo  at  Los  Ang. 
__„____,  J  carried  a  flag  of  truce  for 

Stockton  to  the  people  of  Los  Ang.  v.  396.   He  married  Soledad  Yorba;  one 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  II.    15 


706  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

daughter  married  M.  A.  Forster,  and  another  Paul  Pryor.  Don  Juan  was  a 
man  of  excellent  repute,  who  avoided  political  complications,  but  had  good 
powers  of  observation  and  memory.  At  S.  Juan  Cap.  in  77  he  gave  me  his 
recollections — Notas  Catifornianas — of  early  times,  including  valuable  testi 
mony  on  several  matters. 

Avila  (Miguel),  son  of  Jose"  Sta  Ana;  b.  at  Sta  B.  in  1796;  educ.  at  S.  F.; 
served  as  copyist  at  Mont.  In  '16  he  enlisted  in  the  Mont,  comp.;  and  in  '24 
was  corporal  of  the  escolta  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  having  a  quarrel  with  the  padre. 
ii.  516-17,  619;  sindico  at  Mont,  and  alf.  of  militia  '35-6.  iii.  447,  474,  673-4. 
In  '26  he  had  married  Maria  Inocenta,  daughter  of  Dolores  Pico;  and  in  '36 
lived  at  Mont,  with  5  child.,  Rafaela,  Jesus  Domingo,  Francisco  de  Paula, 
Jose"  Ant.  R.,  Josefa  de  los  Ang.  Ment.  in  '37,  '41.  iii,  501;  iv.  653;  grantee 
of  S.  Miguelito  in  '42,  '46,  and  Laguna  in  '45.  iv.  637,  642,  656.  Also  ment. 
in  '45-8.  iv.  491;  v.  321,  639.  Alcalde  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '49.  He  had  a  fond 
ness  for  preserving  documents,  but  most  of  his  collection  was  burned  with 
his  house.  Died  in  '74,  leaving  his  S.  Miguelito  rancho  to  his  widow  and 
children.  Dona  Maria  Iiioceiita  gave  me  not  only  her  own  recollections  on 
old-time  Cosas  de  Cod.,  ii.  242,  427,  but  also  the  remnant  of  Don  Miguel's  Doc. 
Hist.  CaL,  containing  several  important  papers.  A.  (Pedro),  juez  de  campo 
at  Los  Ang.  '44.  iv.  633. 

Avis  (Wm  P.),  1842,  Boston  man  from  Honolulu,  with  letters  from  Peirce 
&  Brewer,  to  go  into  business  as  a  commission  merchant. 

Ayala  (Carmen),  at  Sta  B.  '45.  iv.  642.  A.  (Cris6gono),  ranchero  at 
Sta  B.  '37-50;  grantee  of  Sta  Ana;  maj.  of  S.  Buen.  in  '42-4.  iii.  656;  iv. 
644-5.  His  wife  was  Bdrbara  Vanegas,  and  they  had  5  children.  A.  (Ger- 
vasio),  juez  de  policia  at  Sta  B.  '48.  v.  631.  His  wife  was  Rafaela  Moraga, 
1  child  before  '37.  A.  (Joaquin),  owner  of  land  near  Sta  Lie's,  v.  632. 
A.  (Jose"),  invalido  at  Sta  B.  '32;  wife  Juana  Felix;  child.,  Maria,  Rafael, 
Juan,  Prudencio,  Antonio.  A.  (Jose*  M.),  soldier  at  StaB.  '32;  wife  Emedia 
Valencia.  A.  (Juan  B.),  1775,  lieut  and  com.  of  S.  Carlos;  explorer  of  S. 
F.  bay.  i.  241,  245-7.  A.  (Juan  Man.),  1778,  com.  of  Santiago,  i.  328.  A. 
(Juan  Nepomuceno),  1834,  Mex.  clerk,  age  20,  who  came  with  the  H.  &  P. 
colony,  iii.  263;  took  part  in  the  revolt  against  Alvarado  in  '37.  iii.  523-5. 

Ayala  (Juan  Pablo),  sergt  of  Sta  B.  comp.  '35.  iii.  650;  lieut  '38-9.  iii. 
583,  651.  Admin.  S.  Luis  Ob.  '39-40.  iii.  683;  acting  com.  Sta  B.  '45;  iv. 
641;  capt.  of  defensores  and  2d  juez  '46.  v.  140,  631;  proposed  revolt  in  '48.  v. 
586.  A.  (Pablo),  admin.  S.  F.  Solano  '37-8.  iii.  720-1.  A.  (Wm),  1832-3, 
mr  of  the  Roxana.  iii.  384.  Ayals  (Manuel  M.),  1837,  Span,  physician  in 
Alameda  Co.  '76,  said  to  have  come  in  '37  (?).  A  lam.  Hist.  Atlas. 

Ayer  (Franklin  H.),  1848,  Amer.  carpenter  who  arr.  on  the  Sabine  in 
May  from  Boston  at  S.  F. .  and  went  to  the  Mormon  Isl.  mines.  Ment.  by  Gov. 
Mason  as  having  furnished  gold  specimens  for  Wash.  In  '52  an  advertisement 
for  him  from  his  bro.  in  China  and  parents  in  Somerville,  Mass.,  appears  in 
the  Alta.  In  '72  he  wrote  me  a  letter  on  his  Personal  Adventures,  from  Gray- 
son,  Stanislaus  Co.  A  letter  to  that  address  in  '82  brought  no  reply.  Ayot 
(Alexis),  1S44,  perhaps  came  to  Cal.  with  Fre"mont.  iv.  437. 

Ayres  (Geo.  Wash.),  1812-13,  mr  of  the  Mercury,  captured  at  Sta  B.  ii. 
26H-70,  295,  304,  362.    In  '20  he  was  interested  with  Abel  Stearns  in  obtain 
ing  lands  in  the  Sac.  Val.  for  a  settlement,  but  prob.  did  not  revisit  Cal. 
Dept.  Itec.,  MS.,  viii.  38.       A.  (R.  B.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artillery . 
(v.  518).       Azcona,  lieut  on  the  Morelos  '34.  iii.  269. 

Babcock  (Benj.  E.),  1848,  on  the  roll  of  Pion.  Soc.,  died  before  '81.  B. 
(J.),  1848,  sup.  of  the  Mary.  Bacey  (James),  1831,  one  of  Young's  trappers; 
perhaps  did  not  come  to  Cal.  iii.  388.  Bachelor  (Fred.),  1841,  Amer.  cooper 
of  the  Workman -Rowland  party  from  N.  Mex.;  went  east  in  '42,  iv.  278,  but 
ret.  to  Cal.  in  later  years,  living  at  Noon's  rancho,  where  he  died  in  '76. 

Bachelot  (Alexis),  1832,  French  missionary  prefect  of  the  Sand.  Isl.  in  ex 
ile;  served  at  S.  Gabriel  in  '32-7;  ret.  to  the  Isl.  in  '37;  died  '38  on  a  voy.  to 
the  South  Sea  IsL  iii.  317-18,  364,  384,  408,  643;  iv.  102.  Bacon  (J.),  1846, 


BACON-BALDWIN.  707 

Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.,  artillery  (v.  358).       Badeau  (Francois),  1844,  one  of  Fre 
mont's  Canadians,  iv.  437. 

Baden  (James  Collins),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v.  518);  clerk  and  copyist 
for  the  comp.,  commandant,  and  dept.  to  '51,  not  deserting  like  most  of  his 
comrades;  later  a  teacher;  d.  at  Watsonville  '68,  aged  50.  He  was  a  son  of  a 
colonel  in  U.  S.  service,  and  b.  at  Baltimore.  Ment.  by  Gen.  Sherman,  Mem., 
as  his  clerk:  obituary  in  Sta  Cruz  Sentinel,  Sept.  '68.  Bader  (Christopher), 

1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  a  miner  at  Coloma  and  elsewhere  '48-52;  set 
tled  later  in  Butte  Co.,  and  lived  for  many  years  at  Cherokee,  where  he  was  in 
'82,  but  died  before  '85,  leaving  a  widow  and  9  children,  most  of  them  grown. 
One  of  the  sons,  H.  F.  Bader,  writes  me  from  Cherokee  April  '85.       Badger  ( Wm 
G.  B. ),  1848,  pass,  on  the  Sabine  from  Boston;  at  the  Mormon  Isl.  mines.       Ba- 
dillo  (Francisco),  1825,  Mex.  convict  who  continued  his  lawless  career  in  Cal.; 
wife  Rafaela  Garcia,  4  child. ;  lynched  in  '60  with  one  of  his  sons.  iii.  16,  549, 
652.       Baewdsxig  (?),  mr  of  the  Nikolai  in  '40.  iv.  105.       Bagley  ( Alden  S. ), 

1848,  part  owner  of  the  Coloma  mill  in  Dec. 

Bailey  (Addison),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morin.  Bat.  (v.  469),  reenlist.  at  L.  Ang. 
B.  (James),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.;  made  bricks  at  S.F.  B.  (Jefferson), 
1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.,  perhaps  same  as  the  Jeff.  B.  who  had  a  farm  in 
Sta  Clara  Co.  '50-74.  B.  (Theodorus),  1847,  lient,  com.  of  the  U.  S.  Lex 
ington;  rear-admiral  in  the  war  of  '61-5.  v.  578.  Portrait  in  the  Century, 
April  '85.  B.  (Wm  J.),  1834,  Engl.  sailor  at  Mont.,  age  25;  drove  cattle 
to  Or.  '37;  perhaps  the  Wm  Bailey  exiled  in  '40.  iv.  18,  85,  412.  Baillie 
(Thomas),  1844,  com.  of  the  Engl.  Modeste.  iv.  567.  Bailon  (Pascaal),  1782, 
corporal  killed  on  the  Colorado,  i.  364.  Bails  (Jonas),  1836,  Amer.  tailor  at 
Los  Ang.  from  N.  Mex.,  age  29. 

Baker,  1845-6,  mr  of  the  Montezuma.  B.,  1848,  of  the  firm  S.  H.Williams 
&  Co.  at  S.  F.  B.  (Andy),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  at  Stockton 
with  Weber  '47-8;  also  employed  as  a  builder  in  '47,  at  Mont,  in  '47;  called 
also  Antonio  B.;  ment.  at  N.  Helv.  '48;  very  likely  the  'Antonio'  employed 
by  Larkin  at  S.  F.  B.  (Isaac  Munroe),  1846,  nat.  of  Mel,  b.  in  '20;  marine 
on  the  U.  S.  Dale  '46-9;  one  of  Marston's  men  in  the  Sanchez  campaign  (v. 
379).  Being  disch.  in  N.  Y.  he  came  to  S.  F.  in  '50-65;  in  the  east  '65-8;  owner 
of  a  place  at  La  Honda,  Sta  Cruz  mts,  from  '64,  but  in  the  grocery  business  at 
S.  F.,  '75-85.  Married  Mary  A.  Smith  '75,  has  3  children  '85.  In  an  interview 
he  gave  many  items  about  S.  F.  in  '46-7.  B.  (John),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S. 
dragoons  (v.  336).  B.  (JohnF.),  1848.  Passport  from  Honolulu.  B.  (Wm), 
1845;  Amer.  sailor  at  Mont.  Balderrama  (Jose),  1798.  i.  606,  733.  Should 
be  written  Valderrama.  Baldomero,  grantee  of  Corral  de  Padilla  '36.  iii.  677. 

Baldridge  (Wm),  1843,  Tenn.  mill-wright,  b.  in  '11,  resid.  of  Mo.  from 
'20;  overl.  immig.  in  the  Walker-Chiles  party,  iv.  392,  399.  After  working  at 
his  trade  in  different  places,  in  '45  he  settled  on  a  Napa  rancho  as  a  partner 
of  Chiles;  in  '46  a  member  of  the  Bear  organization,  v.  iii.  179,  189,  and  later 
served  as  lieut  of  Co.  C,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  361,  434.  Then  he  resumed  his  trade  for 
a  time,  and  I  have  a  contract  signed  by  him  in  '47  to  build  a  saw-mill  for  Salv. 
Vallejo.  From  '52  Baldridge  lived  on  his  rancho  at  Oakville,  always  command 
ing  the  respect  of  his  neighbors.  His  Days  of  '46,  written  in  '77,  is  an  interest 
ing  part  of  my  collection;  and  in  the  testimony  given  by  him  at  various  times 
for  newspapers  and  books  there  is  to  be  noted  exceptional  accuracy.  Never 
married.  Still  living  in  '81,  and  I  think  in  '85.  A  good  sketch  of  his  life,  and 
portrait,  in  Napa  Co.  Hist.,  387,  20. 

Baldwin  (Alfred),  1846,  native  of  N.Y.;  overl.  immig.  to  Or.  in  '45  and  in 
'46  to  Cal.  v.  546.  Served  at  S.  Jose  under  Watmough,  and  went  south  with  the 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Resid.  of  Sta  Cruz  '47-85.  His  wife  was  Fannie  Wiilard, 
whom  he  married  in  '66.  B.  (Charles  H.),  1846,  passed  mid.  on  the  U.S. 
Congress,  left  by  Stockton  in  com.  of  a  guard  at  Mont.  '46-7,  until  the  coming 
of  the  artill.  comp.  v.  290,  519;  lieut  in  war  of  '61-5,  and  com.  of  a  gunboat  in 
the  Pacific;  later  an  admiral  in  com.  of  North  Pac.  station  at  Mare  Isl. ;  in  Cal. 
'83,  as  was  also  a  son.  B.  (James  M.),  1814,  Engl.  sailor  left  at  Mont,  by 
the  Isaac  Todd.  ii.  272.  B.  (James  H.),  1847;  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 


708  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

B.  (John),  1841,  at  Los  Ang.  from  the  Juan  Jose,  but  required  to  depart.  B. 
(Josiah  L.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.  Jos<§  '50.  B.  (Timothy), 
1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol. 

Bale  (Edward  Turner),  1837,  Engl.  surgeon,  who  landed  from  a  vessel  at 
Mont.,  age  29.  ii.  117-18.  For  5  or  6  years  he  practised  medicine  at  Mont., 
being  in  '40-3  surg.  of  the  Cal.  forces  by  Gen.  Vallejo's  appointment,  and  hav 
ing  married  Maria  Ignacia  Soberanes.  Bale  was  a  man  of  good  education,  but 
always  more  or  less  in  trouble  on  account  of  his  debts  and  personal  quarrels. 
In  '40  he  opened  a  liquor-shop  in  a  room  hired  of  Larkin  for  a  drug-store,  and 
was  arrested  in  the  resulting  complications  with  the  authorities.  I  have  many 
original  documents  written  by  and  about  him;  but  have  no  intention  of  cata 
loguing  his  troubles.  In  '41  he  was  naturalized  and  got  a  grant  of  the  Carne 
Humana  rancho  in  Napa  valley,  where  he  went  in  '43,  though  his  family 
lived  for  a  time  at  S.  F.  with  John  Fuller,  iv.  669,  671;  v.  678-9.  In  '44,  hav 
ing  been  whipped  by  Salv.  Vallejo,  he  attempted  to  shoot  the  latter,  was  put 
in  jail,  and  narrowly  saved  his  life.  iv.  444-5,  678;  the  rumored  intention  of 
the  Kelseys  and  other  foreigners  to  rescue  the  doctor  also  caused  much  excite 
ment.  In  '46  he  built  a  saw-mill,  and  in  '47-8  did  a  large  business  in  lumber, 
the  increased  value  of  his  land  making  him  a  rich  man;  but  he  died  '49  or  '50, 
leaving  a  widow — still  living  in  '85 — 2  sons  and  4  daughters.  His  son  P]dward 
was  commissioned  in  '64  capt.  of  Co.  D,  1st  Bat.  Nat.  Cal.  cavalry;  and  in  71 
was  in  business  at  Napa.  Bale  (Wm),  1831,  Engl.  carpenter  at  Los  Ang.  in 
'36,  age  29.  iii.  405.  Possibly  Wm  'Bailey,'  q.v. 

Ball  (Franklin),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  blacksmith  at  Sta  Cruz  in 
Nov.  Ballard  (John),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  Ballenback  (Wm),  1846, 
marine  on  the  Dale,  acting  as  baker  at  S.  F.  in  '47;  in  the  mines  later. 

Ballesteros  (Carlos),  killed  at  Chino  rancho  '46.  v.  313.  B.  (Felipe)  and 
B.  (Francisco),  at  L.  Ang.  '46.  B.  (Juan),  regidor  at  L.  Ang.  '23,  '32,  '38; 
grantee  of  Rosa  del  Castillo  rancho  '31.  ii.  559;  iii.  633-6.  He  was  prob.  Juan 
Arit.,  son  of  J.  de  Dios.  B.  (Juan  de  Dios),  corp.  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  1787; 
com.  of  escolta  at  S.  Ant.,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  S.  Juan  B.  1791-7.  Also  named  at 
L.  Ang.  1796,  1819.  His  wife  was  Teresa  Sepiilveda,  and  his  sons  Juan  An 
tonio,  b.  '87,  and  Fran.  Javier  Ant.,  b.  '97.  Before  '86  he  had  been  a  sergt,  but 
was  reduced  to  the  ranks  for  desertion,  i.  557,  718;  ii.  349,  354. 

Ballhaus  (Fred.),  1846,  German  immig.  (v.  526),  with  Hoppe  and  Harlan; 
in  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  at  the  Natividad  fight,  and  in  Co.  B  artill.  in  the  south; 
worked  at  S.  F.  and  N.  Helv.  '47-8;  in  the  mines  much  of  the  time  '48-CO; 
married  Katrina  Franck  '53;  to  Frazer  River  '58;  from  '61  at  S.  F.,  brewer, 
vegetable  gardener,  and  man  of  property;  still  living  in  '85,  age  69,  with  wife 
and  3  children.  He  has  kept  a  diary,  and  tells  no  end  of  interesting  details  of 
his  Cal.  experiences.  Baltasar,  1824,  Ind.  executed  at  Purisima.  Balteco 
(John),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232).  Balygin,  1808,  mr  of  the  Niko 
lai,  ii.  80. 

Bancroft  (Jerry),  1811,  sailor  at  Drake's  Bay.  ii.  95.  B.  (John),  1836, 
mr  of  the  Convoy,  iv.  103,  118.  In  '37-8,  mr  of  the  Loriot  and  Llama;  killed 
by  Ind.  at  the  Sta  B.  islands,  iv.  90,  105;  iii.  652-3.  His  wife,  fatally  wounded 
at  the  same  time,  was  a  half-breed  Hawaiian,  Miss  Holmes,  a  sister  of  Nathan 
Spear's  wife. 

Bandini  (Josd),  1819,  Span.  b.  in  Andalucia  1771;  came  to  Amer.  '93;  a 
mariner  whose  home  was  at  Lima,  where  he  married  twice  and  had  7  children 
living  in  '28,  only  one  of  them  ever  known  in  Cal.  In  '19  as  mr  of  the  Span. 
Edna  de,  Los  Angeles  he  brought  to  Cal.  fr.  S.  Bias  a  cargo  of  war  supplies, 
making  another  trip  in  '21,  and  doing  a  little  in  contraband  trade,  ii.  253,  261, 
439-40.  On  returning  to  S.  Bias  he  raised  the  Mex.  flag  on  the  Keina,  which, 
as  he  claimed,  was  the  1st  vessel  to  fly  independent  colors  in  all  the  republic. 
For  this  and  other  services  Don  Jose"  was  made  by  I  turbid  e  capt.  of  militia, 
and  in  '22  was  retired  with  that  rank,  the  fuero  militar,  and  right  to  wear 
the  uniform.  A  few  years  later,  being  a  widower,  and  suffering  from  gout, 
he  came  with  his  son  to  S.  Diego,  where  he  built  a  house  and  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life,  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  required  by  the  law  of  '27.  iii.  51,  176. 


BAXDINL  709 

In  '27  he  wrote  a  long  Carta  IlisWrica  y  Descriptiva  de  Cal  to  Eustace  Barren, 
iv.  151.  Erroneously  attributed  to  his  son  in  the  1st  ed.  of  vol.  i.,  list  of  auth. 
He  died  at  the  Sta  Ana  rancho  in  '41. 

Bandini  (Juan),  1824,  son  of  Jose",  b.  at  Lima  in  1800,  and  educ.  there. 
The  exact  date  of  arrival  is  not  known ;  but  in  Dec.  '28  his  father  stated  that  he 
had  4  child,  by  his  Cal.  wife.  It  is  possible  that  he  came  with  his  father  in  '19 
or  '21.  His  public  life  began  in  '27-8  as  member  of  the  diputacion;  '28-32  sub- 
comisario  of  revenues  at  S.  D. ;  suplente  congressman  '31-2.  Mention  in  this 
part  of  his  career,  ii.  543,  546-7,  549,  563-4;  iii.  36-42,  50,  61-5,  86,  126,  136, 
217,  367,  375-6.  In  '31  he  took  a  leading  part  in  fomenting  the  revolution 
against  Gov.  Victoria,  and  in  opposing  Zamorano's  counter-revolt  of  '32.  iii. 
188-9,  197,  200-1,  203-4,  206,  210,  225.  In  '33  he  went  to  Mexico  as  member 
of  congress,  but  came  back  in  '34  as  vice-president  of  Hijar  and  Padres'  grand 
colonization  and  commercial  co.,  supercargo  of  the  co.'s  vessel,  the  Natalia, 
and  inspector  of  customs  for  Cal.  The  disastrous  failure  of  the  colony  scheme, 
and  the  refusal  of  Cal.  to  recognize  his  authority  as  inspector,  were  regarded 
by  Don  Juan  as  the  most  serious  misfortunes  of  his  whole  life  and  of  his 
adopted  country's  history,  his  failure  being  rendered  the  more  humiliating  by 
the  detection  of  certain  smuggling  operations  in  which  he  had  engaged,  iii. 
242,  246,  260-7,  297,  365,  370-3,  383,  613,  670.  In  '36-8  Bandini  was  in  sev 
eral  respects  the  leading  spirit  of  the  southern  opposition  to  Alvarado's  govt; 
at  each  triumph  of  the  arribenos  he  was  lucky  enough  to  escape  arrest,  and 
lost  no  time  in  fomenting  new  revolts.  His  position  was  a  most  unwise  one, 
productive  of  great  harm  to  Cal.;  his  motive  was  chiefly  personal  feeling 
against  Angel  Ramirez,  whom  he  regarded  as  influential  in  the  new  adminis 
tration,  for  he  had  been  a  personal  friend  of  the  northern  leaders  and  a  sup 
porter  of  their  general  views;  and  his  record  as  a  politician  throughout  the 
sectional  troubles  was  neither  dignified,  patriotic,  nor  in  any  way  creditable. 
Under  Carrillo  he  was  nominally  still  in  charge  of  the  S.D.  custom-house,  iii. 
415,  419-20,  423-4,  480,  482-3,  488-90,  515-21,  539,  548,  556,  558,  564-6,  578, 
609,  614;  iv.  98.  He  was  the  owner  of  the  Tecate  rancho  on  the  frontier,  which 
was  sacked  by  the  Ind.  in  '37-8,  B.  and  his  family  being  reduced  to  poverty 
and  serious  want;  but  Gov.  Alvarado  made  him  admin,  of  S.  Gabriel  mission 
'38-40,  granting  him  also  in  '38  Jurupa,  in  '39  Eincon  and  Cajon  de  Muscu- 
piabe,  and  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iii.  612,  633,  644-5;  iv.  68,  92,  297,  626. 
He  was  appointed  fiscal  of  the  tribunal  superior  '40-2,  was  comisionado  at  the 
new  pueblo  of  S.  Juan  de  Arguello  in  '41,  and  sindico  at  L.  Ang.  '44,  taking 
but  slight  part  in  the  troubles  with  Gov.  Micheltorena.  iii.  605;  iv.  196,  296, 
365,  411,  624,  626-7,  633.  In  '45-6  Don  Juan  was  Gov.  Pico's  sec.,  and  a  zeal 
ous  supporter  of  his  admin. ,  particularly  in  mission  affairs  and  opposition  to 
Castro,  being  also  a  member  of  the  assembly  and  originator  of  the  projected 
conscjo  general,  iv.  511,  519,  530-2,  540,  549;  v.  35,  37,  39-40,  44-5,  48,  51, 
66,  264,  278,  559.  Later,  however,  he  espoused  the  U.S.  cause,  furnished  sup 
plies  for  Stockton's  battalion,  was  offered  the  collectorship,  and  named  as  mem 
ber  of  the  legislative  council  in  '47,  and  alcalde  of  S.Diego  in  '48.  v.  282,  328- 
30,  356,  433,  618-19.  In  '49  he  declined  a  judgeship;  is  said  to  have  impaired 
his  fortune  by  erecting  a  costly  building  in  '50  at  S.D.,  where  he  kept  a  store; 
and  subsequently  appears  to  have  gone  across  the  frontier,  where  the  estate 
of  Guadalupe  had  been  granted  him  in  '46,  resuming  his  Mex.  citizenship  and 
serving  as  juez  in  '52.  He  still  dabbled  to  some  extent  in  revolutionary  poli 
tics,  and  as  a  supporter  of  Melendres  had  to  quit  the  country  with  all  his  live 
stock  in  '55.  He  died  at  Los  Angeles  in  '59.  It  is  evident  from  the  preceding 
resume  of  what  is  for  the  most  part  more  fully  told  elsewhere  that  Juan  Bau- 
dini  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  prominent  men  of  his  time  in  Cal. 
He  was  a  man  of  fair  abilities  and  education,  of  generous  impulses,  of  jovial 
temperament,  a  most  interesting  man  socially,  famous  for  his  gentlemanly 
manners,  of  good  courage  in  the  midst  of  personal  misfortunes,  and  always 
well  liked  and  respected;  indeed,  his  record  as  a  citizen  was  an  excellent  one. 
He  also  performed  honestly  and  efficiently  the  duties  of  his  various  official 
positions.  In  his  grander  attempts  as  a  would-be  statesman,  Don  Juan  waa 


710  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

less  fortunate.  His  ideas  were  good  enough,  never  absurd  if  never  brilliant? 
but  when  once  an  idea  became  fixed  in  his  brain,  he  never  could  understand 
the  failure  of  Calif ornian  affairs  to  revolve  around  that  idea  as  a  centre; 
and  in  his  struggles  against  fate  and  the  stupidit)'  of  his  compatriots  he  became 
absurdly  diplomatic  and  tricky  as  a  politician.  He  was  an  eloquent  speaker 
and  fluent  writer,  though  always  disposed  to  use  a  good  many  long  \vords 
when  a  few  short  ones  would  better  serve  the  purpose.  I  have  hundreds  of  his 
original  communications,  official  and  private,  in  various  private  archives,  be 
sides  the  valuable  collection  of  Doc.  Hist.  Col.  left  by  Bandini  and  given  me 
by  his  widow.  By  the  kindness  of  the  same  lady  I  also  obtained  an  original 
MS.  Historia  de  California  left  by  Don  Juan  at  his  death,  which  though  brief 
is  important,  especially  when  supplemented  and  explained  by  the  author's 
private  correspondence.  Bandini's  1st  wife  was  Dolores,  daughter  of  Capt. 
Jose"  M.  Estudillo,  whose  children  were  Arcadia — Mrs  Abel  Stearns  and  later 
Mrs  Robt  S.  Baker;  Isidora,  who  married  Col  Cave  J.  Coutts;  Josefa,  the  wife 
of  Pedro  C.  Carrillo;  Jose"  Maria,  whose  wife  was  Teresa  Argiiello;  and  Juanito. 
His  2d  -wife  was  Refugio,  daughter  of  Santiago  Argiiello,  whose  children  were 
Juan  de  la  Cruz,  Alfredo,  Arturo,  and  two  daughters,  who  married  Chas  R. 
Johnson  and  Dr  James  B.  Winston.  Bandini's  daughters  were  famous  for  their 
beauty;  all  or  most  of  his  children  still  live  in  southern  Cal.  in  '85,  some  wealthy, 
all  in  comfortable  circumstances  and  of  respectable  family  connections. 

Bane  (C.),  1835,  mr  of  the  Primavera.  iii.  383.  Banks  (Archibald),  1833, 
Scotch  carpenter  at  Mont.  '33-6;  d.  at  S.  F.  '38.  409.  B.  (J.  H.),  1848, 
passp.  fr.  Honolulu.  Bannard  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 
Bantam  (Geo.),  1846,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  Cyane;  in  Stockton's  bat.,  wounded 
at  the  S.  Gabriel  Jan.  '47.  v.  395.  Baptiste  (Jean),  1846,  French  fr.  N. 
Mex.,  survivor  of  the  Donner  party  perhaps,  v.  531-41;  at  N.  Helv.  '47-8, 
and  one  of  the  earliest  miners.  There  are  several  of  this  name  not  to  be  iden 
tified.  See  also  'Bautista.'  Barajas,  sirviente  at  Sta  Cruz,  1795.  i.  496. 

Barber  (A.  H.),  1848,  of  N.  Y.;  vet.  of  the  Mex.  war;  settled  at  Sutter- 
ville;  lived  at  Chico  from  '51  to  his  death  in  '66,  age  51.  B.  and  sons  at 
Mont.  '47-8.  Consul.  Arch. ;  perhaps  the  following.  B.  (John  and  John,  Jr), 
1847,  at  Mont,  and  in  the  redwoods  '47-8.  B.  (John),  1848,  nat.  of  Conn., 
farmer  in  Napa  Val.  to  '53.  Napa  Co.  Reporter.  B.  (Matthew),  1847,  farmer 
near  Martinez  in  '60,  when  he  testified  in  S.  F.  that  he  was  public  admin,  in 
'47-9.  Barbosa  (Jose"),  settler  at  Brancif.  1797.  i.  569.  B.  (Mariano),  1818, 
sailor  who  taught  Cal.  boys  to  make  hats.  Barbot  (M.),  1848,  at  S.  Jose1  ''81. 

Barbour  (John),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.  F.  Perhaps  'Barber,'  q.v.  B. 
(Nathan),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  migrating  to  Ky,  La,  Mo.,  and  finally  overland 
to  Cal.  (v.  526),  with  his  wife  Nancy,  daughter  of  Lancly  Alford.  He  served 
in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  had  a  'Cal.  claim'  of  $250;  and  in  '47  settled 
at  Benicia,  where  he  built  several  houses,  being  in  the  lumber  business  with 
Alford.  v.  467,  672.  His  daughter  Amelia  was  the  1st  child  born  at  Benicia, 
and  he  had  6  others.  In  '50  the  family  moved  to  a  farm  in  Suisun  Valley, 
where  the  wife  died  in  '68  and  the  husband  in  '82,  age  69.  B.  (Roswell), 
1 846,  brother  of  Nathan,  whom  he  seems  to  have  accompanied  in  all  his  Cal. 
experiences  until  his  death  in  '71. 

Barcelo  (Juain),  1826,  mr  of  the  Mero,  doubtful  record,  iii.  148.  Bdr- 
cena  (Jose"),  1798.  i.  606.  Barcenar  (Guadalupe),  drummer  at  S.  F.  '23-31. 

Barcenilla  (Isidore).  1797,  Span,  friar;  founder  of  the  S.  Jose"  mission, 
who  left  Cal.  in  1804.  'See  biog.  ii.  114;  mention  i.  555-6,  577;  ii.  131,  137, 
159-60.  Bargeman  (Augustus),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Barger  (Wm  W.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  At  Slitter's  mill  when 
gold  was  discovered;  said  to  have  been  the  first  man  to  whom  the  discoverer 
showed  the  metal.  Went  to  Utah  later.  Often  called  James  B. 

Baric  (Charles),  1834,  French  from  Mex.  in  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii.  263, 
412.  For  10  years  or  more  a  trader  at  Los  Ang.,  being  27  years  old  at  ar 
rival,  a,nd  marrying  in  Cal.  In  '37  aided  Bandini  to  capture  the  town.  iii.  518; 
in  '40  had  charge  of  Aguirre's  business;  interested  in  the  S.  Francisquito 
mines  '42;  iv.  297,  631;  in  '44  owner  or  mr  of  the  Primavera.  iv.  468. 


BARKER— BARTHROP.  711 

Barker,  1838,  mr  of  the  ftastelas.  iv.  105.  Barker  (perhaps  Vaca),  1846-7, 
mr  of  the  Joven  Guipuzcoana.  v.  578.  Barker,  1848,  on  the  Sacjadalioc  fr. 
Honolulu.  B.  (John  S.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Edward,  v.  577.  B.  (Peter), 
1834,  Engl.  carpenter  working  for  Kinlock  at  Mont.  B.  (Robert  S.),  1SG2, 
Amer.  who  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.,  iii.  221,  408,  and  whose 
name  appears  on  Larkin's  books  to  '36,  getting  a  lot  in  '35. 

Barmore,  1848,  mr  of  the  Sagadahoc.  v.  580.  Barnard,  1846,  mr  of  the  Abi 
gail,  v.  576.  B.  ('Major'),  1846,  doubtful  mention,  v.  111.  Barnes  (John), 
J847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518),  who  deserted;  also  named  as  a  laborer  at 
Mont. ,  and  ment.  by  Sherman.  Mem.  i.  31.  Barnes,  1822,  mr  of  Orion,  ii.  474. 

Barnett  (Elias),  1841,  Amer.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270,  275, 
279.  Lived  with  Yount  till  '43,  then  settled  in  Pope  Valley,  marrying  the 
widow  of  Wm  Pope.  Napa  Co.  Hist.,  55-6.  Had  a  house  in  the  Sac.  Valley 
'46,  ace.  to  Bryant  and  Lancey;  also  seems  to  have  signed  a  doc.  at  L.  Ang. 
in  June  '46.  Dept.  St.  Pop.,  vii.  65.  Served  in  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  and 
had  a  'Cal.  claim'  (v.  462)  of  $135.  Returning  to  his  Napa  rancho,  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  there,  dying  shortly  before  '50.  B.  (E.  P.),  1848,  from 
Or.  in  May  on  the  Man/  Ann,  and  after  good  luck  in  the  mines  went  back  for 
his  family.  Barney  (Walter),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Barnum,  1843,  in  the  Hastings  party  from  Or.  iv.  390.  Prob.  went  back 
soon.  B.  (Edgar  M.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  died  at  Mont.  '47. 
B.  (Geo.),  1845,  mr  of  a  vessel  at  Mont,  and  S.  F. 

Barona  (Jose),  1798,  Span,  friar  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Juan  Cap.,  where  he 
died  in  1831.  See  biog.  iii.  625;  mention  i.  577,  654-5;  ii.  107,  110,  159,  345, 
348,  394,  553,  555,  655;  iii.  96,  310,  351.  Barque  (Oscar  de  Grande),  1845- 
53,  doubtful  record,  iv.  587. 

Barragan  (Barbaro),  Mex.  soldier  age  28,  murdered  at  Mont.  '36.  iii.  675. 

B.  (Manuel),  settler  at  the  Colorado  pueblo,  killed  by  Ind.  1780-1.  i.  359-62. 
Barrena  (Jose),  juez  de  campo  S.  Dieguito  '41.  iv.  628.       B.  (Tadeo),  ditto. 
Barreiieche  (Juan  Ant.),  1779-80,  Franciscan  missionary  of  the  Quere"taro  col 
lege,  killed  at  the  Colorado  River  missions,  i.  357-63.       Barreras  (Jose"  M.), 
killed  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  492.       B.  (Juan),  resid.  of  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Barrett,  1845,  immig.  fr.  Or.  in  McMahon-Clyman  party,  who  prob.  went 
back  in  '46.  iv.  572,  587,  526.  Perhaps  James  B.  B.  (Francis  H.),  1847,  Co. 

C,  N.Y.  Vol.,  at  S.  F.  '48.       B.  (James),  1846,  claimant  for  supplies  to  Fre"- 
mont,  and  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  '47.  v.  676.       B.  (Wm  J.),  1847,  accidentally 
killed  at  Sac.  '80;  said  to  have  come  with  Stevenson's  reg.  Sac.  Bee.       Bar- 
reto  (Fabian),  1827,  grantee  of  Pescadero  '36;  a  Mex.  resid.  of  Mont.,  age  26, 
wife  Carmen  Garcia,  child.  Manuel  Fructuoso  and  Maria  Juliana.     The  widow 
had  a  'Cal.  claim'  of  $2,582  in  '46-7.  v.  462. 

Barren  (A.),  1845,  contractor  at  Mont.;  in  '58  pass.  fr.  Honolulu.  B. 
(Charles),  1846,  Co.  H,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Barroso  (Leonardo  Diez),  1830, 
Mex.  lieut  sent  to  Cal.  and  promoted  to  capt.  iii.  54;  employed  in  an  investi 
gation  at  Los  Ang.  '31.  iii.  196;  in  com.  at  Paso  de  Bartolo  and  Los  Ang.  '32. 
iii.  227;  departed  for  Mex.  '33.  iii.  365. 

Barrowman  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  tried  by  court-mar 
tial  for  sleeping  on  guard  at  S.  Diego;  a  Utah  farmer  in  '81.  Barrus  (Ruel), 
1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.,  also  of  the  reenlisted  co. ;  in  com.  at  S.  Luis 
Rey;  sentenced  by  court-martial  to  5  years  (red.  by  gov.  to  1  year)  of  hard 
labor  for  passing  counterfeit  coin.  v.  477,  495,  610,  625.  A  Utah  farmer  in  '81. 

Barry  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  B.  (F.  E.),  1841,  acting 
mr  of  the  U.  S.  St  Louis.  B.  (Richard),  1828-9,  mr  of  the  Vulture,  iii.  141- 
2,  149.  B.  (W.  D.),  1845  (?),  immig.  from  Mo.  at  Sutter's  fort.  iv.  578,  587; 
at  Sta  Clara  '50-76. 

Bartel  (Wm),  1845,  Amer.  immig.  fr.  Or.  in  McMahon-Clyman  party,  iv. 
572,  587;  served  '46-7  in  the  Cal.  Bat.;  still  in  Cal.  '49.  Bartels  (Lewis), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Batthelow  (J.  M.),  1848,  doubtful  record. 
Barthote,  1846,  at  L.  Ang.,  doubtful  record.  Barthrop  (Edward),  1847,  Co. 
A,  N.Y. Vol.;  resid.  of  S.  F.  '74-85;  asst  sup.  of  the  Industrial  school;  nat.  of 
London;  miner  in  Tuolumiie  to  '61;  soldier  in  2d  Cal.  cavalry  during  the  war 
of  '61-5;  4  children  in  '85. 


712  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Bartleson  (John),  1841,  capt.  of  the  1st  regular  immig.  party  that  crossed 

the  Sierra  to  Cal.  He  returned  to  Mo.,  where  he  died.  iv.  267-76,  342,  684. 

Bartlett  (A.),  1848,  arr.  at  Honolulu  on  the  Julian  fr.  S.  F.      B.  (Chas  H.), 

1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.(v.  499),  died  at  S.  F.   '81;  a  Boston  man.       B.  (J.), 

1848,  passp.  fr.  Honolulu.       B.  (John  A.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.;  nat.  of 
Mass.,  b.  in  '28;  at  Sonoma  and  S.F.  after  his  disch. ;  went  to  Nic.  with  Walker; 
in  Boston  '58-61;  a  vol.  in  the  war  of  '61-5;  at  Cambridgeport,  Mass.,  in  '85. 

Bartlett  (Washington  Allen),  1845,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Portsmouth  '45-8; 
alcalde  of  S.  F.  in  '46-7;  captured  by  the  Calif ornians  while  out  on  a  raid 
for  cattle.  He  performed  the  routine  duties  of  his  position  in  a  satisfactory 
manner,  having  the  advantage  of  a  knowledge  of  Spanish.  See  mention  iv. 
587;  v.  126,  128-9,  137,  295,  379-80,  383,  539,  644-5,  648,  654;  659,  686.  Later 
he  commanded  a  vessel  in  coast  survey  service  in  the  Pacific;  was  sent  to 
Europe  on  a  mission  connected  with  lighthouses;  and  while  serving  on  the 
African  coast  in  '55  had  his  name  stricken  from  the  rolls  of  the  navy  by  the 
retiring  board.  In  Carroll's  Star  of  the  West,  278-344,  is  an  elaborate  defence 
and  eulogy  with  favorable  testimony  from  many  naval  officers,  also  a  portrait. 
His  daughter  was  the  heroine  of  the  famous  '  diamond  wedding '  of  the 
Cuban  Oviedo.  Bartlett  died  I  think  between  '70  and  '80. 

Barton  (James  R.  or  H.),  1845,  at  L.  Ang.,  serving  in  the  Micheltorena 
campaign,  iv.  495.  Lieut  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7,  serving  under  Stockton,  v. 
265,  360,  435.  Later  a  resid.  of  L.  Ang. ;  killed  in  '57  by  the  '  Manilas  '  while 
acting  as  sheriff  in  their  pursuit.  B.  (Wm),  1839,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  Cali 
fornia;  one  of  the  exiles  of  '40  to  S.  Bias,  but  returned  with  a  claim  for  dam 
ages;  at  Sta  Cruz  '43.  iv.  18,  21,  33,  119.  356.  Bartow,  1842,  chaplain  with 
Com.  Jones,  iv.  310.  Bartram  (Wm),  1843,  Scotchman  who  worked  at  the 
N.  Almaden  mine  in  '46;  a  witness  in  later  litigation;  testifying  that  he  was  at 
S.  F.  in  '43,  and  at  Sonoma  in  '36-7.  I  met  him  near  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  74.  iv. 
399.  Bartusee  (Zaraa),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v.  518). 

Basadre  y  Vega  (Vicente),  1786,  Span,  commissioner  for  estab.  a  fur-trade 
between  Cal.  and  China,  i.  438-42.  Basilio,  1824,  mr  of  the  Rurik.  ii.  519. 
Basilio,  1847,  in  Slitter's  employ.  Bassett  (Nathaniel  S.),  1831,  mr  of  the 
Marcus,  iii.  383. 

Bassham  (Wm  R.),  1845,  Kentuckian  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party, 
age  23.  iv.  578,  587.  He  was  a  clerk  at  L.  Ang.  for  Dalton  in  '46;  and  for 
Leidesdorff  and  later  Howard  &  Mellus  at  S.  F.  in  '47-9,  being  also  the  owner 
of  several  town  lots;  a  member  of  the  Cal.  senate  in  '49-50;  later  a  resid.  of 
S.  Josd  and  in  business  with  Belden.  In  '55-6  he  was  a  witness  in  the  Santi- 
llan  case,  but  I  find  no  later  record  of  him.  Bastian  (James),  1848,  English 
man  fr.  Honolulu  who  died  at  S.  F.  in  Oct.  Basualdo  (Francisco),  1828,  Mex. 
artilleryman,  later  sergt  at  Sta  B.  and  S.  Diego;  killed  by  the  Ind.  at  Pauma 
'46.  iii.  78,  615,  617.  Batan  (Ddsire),  1845,  mr  of  the  Espadon.  iv.  565. 
Batchelor  (Geo.),  1847,  drum-major  N.Y.Vol.  v.  503;  died  before  '82. 

Bateman  (E.  B.),  1847,  Amer.  immig.  fr.  Mo.;  member  of  the  1st  legisla 
ture  '49-50;  a  physician  at  Stockton  '75,  and  perhaps  later.  B.  (Lorenzo), 
1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  at  Mont.  (v.  232-47).  Baten  (Wm),  doubtful 
name  in  a  Brancif.  list  of  '45;  Amer.,  age  37.  Bates,  1840,  purser  of  the  St 
Louis.  Bates  (Dr),  1846,  had  an  acct  with  Larkin;  in  '47-8  often  ment.  at 
N.  Helv.,  sometimes  as  a  physician,  oftener  on  the  sick-list,  and  finally  pros- 

rting  for  gold  and  quicksilver.  Possibly  same  as  E.  B.  'Bateman,'  q.v. 
(Asher  B),  1848,  New  Yorker  who  came  round  the  Horn;  d.  at  S.  F.  '73, 
age  63.  B.  (Frank),  1848;  alcalde  at  Sac.;  vice-pres.  of  a  public  meeting  in 
Jan.  '49;  ment.  by  Colton  as  owner  of  Vernon.  Perhaps  same  as  the  '  doctor. ' 
B.  (Manuel),  1826;  mr  of  the  Sta  Apolonia.  iii.  148.  Bathgate  (Geo.), 
1848,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82. 

Baugh  (Theodore  E. ),  1845,  of  firm  Sweeny  &  B.,  who  built  an  observatory 
on  Telegraph  Hill  in  '45  (?),  and  in  '52  opened  the  1st  telegraph.  A  Pennsyl- 
vanian,  who  died  at  S.F.  in  '81,  age  58.  S.  JostPion. ;  iv.  587-  Baum  (John), 
1848,  overl.  immig.  fr.  Ohio  to  Or.  '47;  and  to  the  Cal.  mines  '48;  returning  to 
Or.  in  '50.  Bausford  (John),  1829,  Irish  sawyer  at  S.  F.  '40,  age  36;  came 


BAUSFORD— BECKWOURTH.  713 

by  sea  in  '29;  alias  'Solis.'  DivineUe.  Bautista  (Juan),  1846,  Mexican  sur 
vivor  of  the  Donner  party,  said  to  be  still  living  in  '80.  v.  531,  535,  541. 
Perhaps  he  was  of  French  blood,  and  named  '  Baptiste,'  q.v.  Bauzd  (Felipe), 
1791,  scientist  of  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490. 

Bawden  (J.),  1848,  commission  merchant  at  S.  F.;  advert,  in  Star.  Bax 
ter  (J.  G.),  1845  (?),  Mass,  farmer  in  Sta  Clara  74-6.  iv.  587.  Baxter  (Win 
Owen),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.(v.  499);  of  Engl.  birth;  30  years  in  the  mines; 
living  at  Sta  M6nica  '85,  age  58,  with  wife  and  4  children.  Bay,  1848,  named 
in  the  Californian  as  a  member  of  the  Sonoma  council.  Bayley,  1848,  (?),  at 
Coloma.  El  Dorado  Co.  Hist.,  177.  Bazard,  1847-8,  at  Sta  Clara. 

Beale  (Edward  F.),  1846,  passed  mid.  and  acting  master  of  the  U.S.  Con 
gress,  serving  in  Stockton's  battalion.  With  Gillespie's  party  sent  in  Dec.  to 
meet  Kearny,  and  sent  back  to  S.  D.  with  despatches  after  the  fight  of  S.  Pas- 
cual.  v.  340,  350,  402.  In  Feb.  '47  he  was  sent  east  with  despatches,  v.  430, 
436;  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  was  a  witness  in  the  Frdmont  court-martial. 
v.  456.  Returned  to  Cal.  in  time  to  start  east  again  in  July  '48  with  despatches 
respecting  the  gold  discovery.  Soon  left  the  navy,  and  in  '52-4  was  supt  of  Ind. 
affairs  in  Cal.,  and  subsequently  surveyor-general  of  the  state.  Becoming  the 
owner  of  large  Californian  estates,  in  later  years  Gen.  Beale  became  a  resident 
of  Washington,  where  he  still  lives  in  '85.  He  was  at  one  time  U.S.  minister  to 
Austria.  B.  (Thos  W.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  (v.  534.)  B. 
(Win),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  iv.  576.  At  N.  Helv.  '46. 

Bean  (Archi),  1816,  sail-maker  on  the  Lydia  at  Sta  B.  ii.  275.  B.  (Rob 
ert  or  Wm),  trapper  with  Dye  and  Nidever  in  '30;  not  clear  that  he  came  to 
Cal.  Beard  (E.  L.),  1846-7  (?),  settler  in  S.  Jose"  valley.  Beardsley  (Amos 
F.),  1848,  New  Yorker  who  came  by  sea;  died  at  S.F.  '69,  age  49.  B.  (F.), 
1848,  came  from  Honolulu  on  the  SS  in  Jan.,  and  ret.  on  the  Julian  in  Nov.; 
possibly  same  as  preceding. 

Beasley  (Jesse),  1843.  perhaps  an  immig.  of  the  Chiles- Walker  party,  iv, 
393;  member  of  the  Sonoma  town  council,  '47.  v.  668.  In  comp.  with  Cooper 
'48;  had  a  Sonoma  rancho  '49;  living  '71  at  Stony  Creek,  Colusa  Co.  Beattie 
(Belden),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.F.  '49.  Beaulieu  (Olivier), 
1844,  Canad.  of  Fremont's  1st  exped.,  left  in  Cal.  iv.  437,  439,  453.  He  lived 
at  Sonoma  '45-7,  being  occasionally  ment.  at  N.  Helv.;  apparently  claimant 
in  '53  for  the  Cabeza  de  Sta  Rosa  rancho;  still  living  near  S.  Jose"  in  '81  ace. 
to  8.  J.  Pion.,  March  19,  '81.  Becerra,  soldier  at  Mont.  '28.  ii.  615.  B. 
(Pilar),  1824,  Mex.  convict  liberated  in  '35. 

Becher  (Fred.  G.),  1835,  German  assoc.  in  business  with  Virmond  of  Mex., 
supercargo  of  the  Catalina  and  Leonor,  who  spent  most  of  his  time  in  Cal.  fr. 
'35  to  '37.  A  young  man  of  many  accomplishments,  linguistic,  commercial, 
diplomatic,  and  equestrian.  Very  popular,  but  in  trouble  with  Alvarado's 
govt  on  account  of  his  Mex.  interests  and  sympathies.  His  name  appears  in 
mission  accounts  of  '39-40.  Vischer  tells  us  that  B.  became  head  of  a  firm  at 
Mazatlan,  and  died  there  at  the  age  of  37.  Ment.  in  iii.  288,  381,  383,  413, 
429,  459,  512;  iv.  102.  Becker  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at 
N.  Helv.  fr.  S.  Joaquin  '48.  Beckstead  (Gordon  S.),  1847,-  Co.  A,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  reenlisted;  living  in  Utah  '81.  B.  (Orin  M.),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Morm.  Bat. ;  reenlisted.  Beckwith  (Seth  Lee),  1848,  nat.  of  Conn. ,  who  came 
from  Honolulu  on  the  Kamehameha  and  went  to  the  Amador  and  Calaveras 
mines;  from  '50,  as  before  '48,  a  traveller  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  but  re 
garding  S.  F.  as  his  home,  where  he  still  lives  in  '85,  at  the  age  of  64,  with  a 
son  and  daughter. 

Beckwourth  (James  P.),  1844,  mulatto  of  Va,  who  became  in  the  great 
west  a  famous  hunter,  guide,  Indian-fighter,  chief  of  the  Crows,  and  horse- 
thief.  No  re'sumd  can  do  justice  to  his  adventures,  nor  can  the  slightest 
faith  be  put  in  his  statements.  See  Banner's  Life  of  Beckwourth.  He  carne  to 
Cal.  from  N.  Mex.  '44.  iv.  453,  495;  and  was  one  of  the  mountaineers  serving 
against  Micheltorena,  at  the  'battle  of  Cahuenga'  in  '45  (v.  494,  503),  of 
which  he  gives  an  absurdly  false  account.  Before  the  troubles  of  '46  he  left 
Cal.  with  a  large  drove  of  stolen  horses  to  continue  his  career  in  N.  Mex. 


714  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

and  on  the  plains.  Returning  after  '48  to  take  part  in  no  end  of  stirring  events 
in  the  flush  times,  he  discovered  the  pass  that  bears  his  name,  opening  in  '52 
a  hotel  and  trading-post  in  Beckwourth  Valley.  Therein  he  dictated  to  Bon- 
ner  the  events  of  his  life  as  published  in  '58.  But  Jim  was  accused  of  divers 
unlawful  acts,  and  besides  was  unable  to  content  himself  long  in  one  place; 
so  he  returned  to  his  old  life  of  trapper  and  trader  on  the  plains,  and  died  in 
the  North  Platte  country  in  '67,  age  about  70.  Bedibey  (Frank),  1841,  of 
-the  Workman-Rowland  party  from  N.  Mex. ;  did  not  remain  in  Cal.  iv.  278. 

Bedwell  (Franklin),  1840  (?),  Tennesseean  who  went  to  Mo.  with  his 
parents  in  '19;  for  many  years  a  trapper  in  the  Rocky  Mts  and  great  basin, 
from  the  Yellowstone  to  Sta  Fe"}  with  the  usual  adventures  of  his  class,  iv. 
117,  120.  Ace.  to  the  Sonoma  Co.  History,  with  portraits,  he  came  to  Cal.  in 
'-40-1;  continued  his  trapper  life  for  several  years,  occasionally  visiting  the 
settlements,  and  working  a  while  in  the  Sta  Clara  redwoods;  but  about  '43 
settled  on  a  Russ.  River  rancho  bought  of  Cyrus  Alexander  (?);  joined  the 
Bears  in  '46,  being  apparently  with  Ford  at  Olompali;  went  south  with  Fr6- 
mont,  being  with  Gillespie's  garrison  at  L.  Ang.,  and  later  one  of  Stockton's 
army;  returned  to  his  rancho  after  the  peace;  went  to  the  mines  in  '48-9; 
and  finally  settled  permanently  in  his  Russ.  River  home.  All  this  may  be 
accurate,  though  it  seems  strange  that  of  so  early  a  man,  taking  part  in  so 
many  events,  I  find  no  original  or  contemporary  mention  before  '48.  In  '48 
or  '49  he  seems  to  have  met  in  Cal.  his  mother  and  brother,  from  whom  he 
had  been  separated  many  years.  In  '58  he  married  Selina  McMinn  of  Tenn., 
but  had  no  children.  Bedwell  was  still  living  in  '83,  and  probably  in  '85,  hale 
and  hearty,  though  over  70  years  of  age. 

Bee  (Henry  Jubilee),  1830,  Engl.  sailor  and  blacksmith  who  left  the  Dryad 
at  Mont.  iii.  180;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  in  '31.  iii.  221;  and  perhaps 
went  to  S.  Jose1  as  early  as  '33,  though  his  home  for  some  years  seems  to  have 
been  near  Mont.,  and  his  occupation  that  of  guiding  strangers  about  the  coun 
try;  baptized  as  Enrique  Ascension,  and  married  in  '38  to  Clara  Moreno. 
His  name  appears  on  Larkin's  books  and  various  other  records  nearly  every 
year.  In  '36-7  Bee  was  one  of  Graham's  'riflemen.'  iii.  461,  525;  and  in  Al- 
varado's  service  performed  more  than  one  feat  of  valor,  if  we  credit  his  own 
version.  In  '40  he  was  arrested  but  not  exiled,  iv.  9,  17,  23;  moving  soon  to 
Sta  Cruz;  and  living  in  '43  at  Yerba  Buena,  where  he  got  a  lot,  iv.  669,  and 
another  later.  In  '46  he  carried  despatches  from  Sloat  to  Fremont,  v.  247,  as 
appears  from  his  receipt  of  July  12th,  for  8160,  including  the  value  of  two 
horses  killed  in  the  service,  in  Mont.  Consul.  Arch.,  though  there  has  been 


potatoes  for  a  few  years; 
worked  as  carpenter  till  '60.  He  lost  his  wife  in  '53,  his  son  in  '60,  and  at 
the  same  time  a  leg  in  an  encounter  with  the  desperado  Felipe  Hernandez. 
In  '77  he  dictated  his  Recollections  for  my  use;  and  has  furnished  many  rem 
iniscences  for  the  Pioneer  and  other  papers.  Harry  is  inclined  to  draw  some 
what  heavily  on  his  imagination  for  historical  details;  but  there  is  generally 
a  substratum  of  fact  underlying  his  yarns.  Living  in  '83,  and  I  think  in  '85. 

Beebe  (J.  W.),  1847,  named  as  the  1st  Amer.  magistrate  at  S.  Buenaven 
tura.  Signal.  Perhaps  same  as  the  following.  B.  (Wm  L.),  1847,  nat.  of  N. 
Y.;  one  of  the  1st  supervisors  at  S.  Luis  Ob.;  later  county  judge;  still  living 
in  '83.  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  Hist.  Beechay,  1840,  doubtful  name  in  Farnham's 
list  of  arrested  foreigners.  Beechey  (Fred.  Win),  1826,  com.  of  the  Brit,  ex 
ploring  vessel  Blossom,  and  author  of  a  Narrative  of  the  exploration,  iii.  120 
-5,  110,  146;  i.  432;  ii.  588,  590,  592,  599-600,  603,  610,  614-16.  B.  (Rich 
ard  B.),  1826,  mid.  on  the  Blossom,  iii.  121.  Beener  (John  S.),  1847,  adver 
tises  loss  of  a  pocket-book  between  S.  Joaq.  and  S.F.  in  Star;  still  at  S.F.  in 
'54.  Beere  (Wm),  1848,  cabinet-maker  at  S.F.  v.  682.  Beers  (Wm),  1847, 
Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Beeson  (Henry),  1846,  claimant  for  supplies  to 
Fremont  (v.  462).  Perhaps  this  was  '  Bee,'  q.v. 

Beggs  (Peter),  1847,  negro  servant  of  Capt.  A.  J.  Smith,  accused  of  rob- 


BEGGS-BELLOW.  715 

bery  at  Los  Ang.  Behn  (John),  1841  (?),  native  of  Baden,  accredited  by  Wil- 
s jn  to  the  "Workman  party  fr.  N.  Mex. ;  but  not  in  Rowland's  list,  and  not 
remembered  by  Given,  iv.  278-9.  Appears  in  the  records  fr.  '44  as  otter-hunter 
and  trader  at  Los  Ang.  He  quit  business  in  '53,  and  died  '68,  leaving  several 
children.  Be" jar,  see  'Ve"jar.' 

Belcher,  1848,  mr  of  the  Mary  at  S.F.  fr.  Columbia  Riv.  B.  (Edward), 
1826,  lieut  on  the  Blossom  in  Beechey's  exped.  iii.  121;  in  '37-9,  com.  of  the 
Sulpkur,  and  author  of  a  Narrative  of  the  expedition,  iii.  614,  670,  699;  iv. 
9.°>,  106,  142-6.  B.  (Lewis  F.),  1847,  at  Mont,  in  company  with  Aram;  in 
the  gold  mines  '48;  about  '50  a  large  dealer  in  cattle.  An  eccentric  character, 
native  of  N.Y.,  who  acquired  a  large  property.  Murdered  at  Mont,  in  ;56. 

Belden  (Josiah),  1841,  nat.  of  Conn.,  b.  in  '15,  who  after  a  varied  commer 
cial  experience  in  N.Y.,  La,  and  Miss.,  came  to  Cal.  in  the  1st  immig.  party 
under  Capt.  Bartleson.  iv.  267,  270,  275,  279.  Going  to  Mont.,  he  took  charge 
for  Larkin  of  a  branch  store  and  lumber  business  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '42-4,  taking 
part  in  the  raising  of  the  U.S.  flag  at  the  time  of  the  Com.  Jones  affair,  iv.  312, 
340,  651,  662-4.  I  have  many  of  his  original  letters  of  these  and  later  years. 
In  '44  he  obtained  naturalization  papers,  and  a  grant  of  the  Barranca  Colorada 
rancho  in  the  Sac.  Valley,  iv.  670.  The  firm  of  B.  &  Chard  appears  at  Mont, 
in  '44-5;  B.  took  some  part  in  preserving  order  during  Gov.  Micheltorena's 
absence;  and  in  Dec.  '45  went  up  to  his  rancho,  returning  in  March  '46.  jV. 
Jidv.  Diary,  22,  37.  For  some  months  in  '46  B.  took  charge  of  a  store  for 
Capt.  Paty  at  S.F.,  v.  682,  and  later  in  '46-7  worked  as  clerk  and  collector 
for  Wm  H.  Davis,  obtaining  lots  at  S.F.  and  Benicia.  v.  672,  676;  also  inter 
ested  in  a  quicksilver  mine.  Larkm'sDoc.,  v.  361.  In  '48  he  opened  atS.  Jos£ 
a  branch  store  of  Mellus  &  Howard,  but  soon  followed  his  customers  to  the 
mines  for  a  few  wreeks,  leaving  the  store  in  charge  of  Branham.  In  '49  he  closed 
up  the  business,  and  married  Miss  Sarah  M.  Jones,  a  pioneer  of  '46.  In  '50  he 
was  the  1st  mayor  of  S.  Jos6,  being  later  member  of  the  council,  and  in  '76  a 
delegate  to  the  republican  national  convention.  Fortunate  purchases  and  judi 
cious  management  of  S.F.  real  estate  made  Belden  a  capitalist.  He  continued 
to  reside  at  S.  Jose  with  his  wife,  two  sons,  and  three  daughters  until  about 
'81,  when  he  changed  his  residence  to  New  York,  where  he  still  lives  in  '85. 
A  good  sketch  of  his  life,  with  portrait,  is  found  in  the  Contemp.  Biog.,  i.  246; 
and  in  '78  he  dictated  for  my  use  his  Historical  Statement,  a  MS.  of  70  pp. ,  just 
such  a  narrative  as  might  be  expected  from  a  clear-headed  man  of  business. 

Bell  (Alex.),  1842,  nat.  of  Pa,  who  since  '23  had  lived  in  Mex.  provinces, 
becoming  a  citizen.  He  came  from  Sonora  on  the  Esmeralda,  iv.  341,  settling 
at  Los  Ang.,  where  he  married  Nieves  Guirado  in  '44,  and  engaged  in  trade 
for  many  years.  He  was  prominent  in  '45  among  the  foreigners  who  opposed 
Micheltorena  and  Sutter.  iv.  495;  in  '46-7,  being  sindico  at  L.  Aug.,  v.  625, 
served  as  capt.  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  v.  360,  apparently  quitting  the  town  with  Gil- 
lespie  and  returning  with  Stockton;  and  he  had  'Cal.  claims'  of  about  $3,500 
(v.  462).  In  '49  Bell  built  a  warehouse  at  S.  Pedro;  and  in  later  years  was 
prominent  among  the  vigilantes.  He  seems  to  have  retired  from  trade  about 
'54,  but  continued  to  reside  at  Los  Ang.  till  his  death  in  '71,  age  70.  B. 
(Geo.  W.),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl.  immig.;  perhaps  went  to  Or. 
iv.  578.  B.  (John  H.),  1831,  mr  of  the  Whalehound,  said  to  have  discov. 
oysters  in  S.F.  bay.  iii.  699.  B.  (Richard  H.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
v.  519.  B.  (Wm),  1843,  named  at  Los  Ang.,  perhaps  by  error. 

Bellomy  (Geo.W.),  1843, Virginian  fr.  Or.  in  the  Hastings  party,  wounded 
by  Ind.  on  the  way.  iv.  390-1,  399.  In  '44  he  got  a  carta  de  seguridad,  and 
next  year  had  a  shop  at  S.  Jose1,  where  he  complained  of  being  robbed,  and 
signed  the.  call  to  foreigners  in  March,  iv.  599.  He  does  not  seem  to  have 
served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  '46,  but  had  a  claim  of  $42,  which  was  paid;  in  '47 
was  imprisoned  for  disobedience  to  decrees  of  Judge  Burton's  court;  in  '48 
owner  of  the  Sta  Clara  House,  still  in  legal  troubles.  His  wife  from  '45  was 
Maria  de  Jesus  Bernal,  later  wife  of  J.  T.  Perez.  Bellomy — or  Bellamy — 
died  in  '62.  Bellow  (J.  Mitch.),  1846,  said  to  have  come  in  the  navy;  nat. 
of  La,  who  was  long  a  policeman  at  S.  Jose,  and  died  in  '79.  S.  J.  Pion. 


716  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Belt  (Geo.  Gordon),  1847,  Q.  M.  sergt  N.Y.Vol.  v.  503;  alcalde  at  Stock 
ton  '49;  became  a  rich  trader,  and  was  murdered  at  Stockton  by  Win  Dennis 
in  '69.  Beltran  (Nicolas),  corporal  1776-81,  killed  on  the  Colorado,  i.  304, 
363.  Belty  (Wm),  1841.  German  immig.  from  Mo.  in  the  Bartleson  party. 
iv.  270,  275,  279.  Some  say  he  went  back  and  died  in  the  east;  but  a  man  of 
the  same  name  served  in  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  is  named  on  Larkin's 
books  at  Mont,  in  '47-8;  and  ace.  to  Dally,  who  helped  to  bury  him,  Mas 
killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  in  the  mines  in  '48. 

Ben,  1846,  negro  servant  with  Gillespie.  v.  24.  Benavides  (Elias).  1847, 
at  N.  Hclv.  B.  (3 oa6),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '44;  grantee  of  a  lot  '46.  v.  630. 
B.  (Joce"  M.),  settler  at  S.  F.  1791-1800,  prob.  father  of  the  preceding,  i.  716. 
B.  (Maria),  1847,  had  bonnets  for  sale  at  S.  F.  Star.  B.  (Miguel),  soldier 
at  S.  F.  '27-31;  in  '41  living  at  S.  Jose",  age  29;  wife  Josefa  Garcia;  child., 
Patrick),  Jose*  Ant.,  Concepcion,  Antonia,  Nanita,  Trinidad.  Benedict  (C. 
L.),  1847,  owner  of  a  house  at  Benicia.  v.  672.  Bengachea  (Jose*  Ign.),  set 
tler  at  the  Colorado  Riv.  pueblos  1780-1.  i.  359,  362.  Benitez  (Joes'  M.), 
1803-7,  surgeon  of  the  forces  at  Mont.  ii.  140.  Benito,  neoph.  rebel  at  Sta 
B.  '24-6.  ii.  532,  537. 

Benitz  (Wm),  1841-2,  German  in  Sutter's  employ.  Arrived  Oct.  '42  ace. 
to  rolls  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. ;  but  in  applying  for  naturalization  in  '44  he 
claimed  to  have  come  in  '41.  iv.  341.  After  being  for  a  time  in  charge  of 
Hock  farm,  in  '43  he  took  charge  of  the  Ross  estate  for  Sutter,  succeeding 
Bidwell.  iv.  186,  679.  In  '44  grantee  of  the  Briesgau  rancho  in  Shasta  co.  iv. 
670;  in  '45  he  rented  the  Ross  rancho  from  Sutter,  and  later  bought  a  part  of 
it;  bondsman  for  some  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  immig.  iv.  679,  544,  581.  Benitz 
is  said  to  have  been  the  man  who  was  swindled  to  the  extent  of  $6,000  by  the 
Sutter-Muldrow  claim.  He  lived  at  Ross  till  '67;  then  moved  to  Oakland;  and 
in  '74  went  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  where  he  had  a  brother.  He  died  there 
in  '76,  at  the  age  of  62,  leaving  a  family.  Benjamin  (Fordyce  J.),  1846,  Co. 
H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  alcalde  at  N.  Helv.  '48;  at  Sonoma  '74. 

Bennett  (A.  B.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.  (v.  358). 
B.  (Charles),  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort  fr.  Or.;  at  the  Coloma  mill  in  '48  when 
gold  was  found;  said  to  have  been  killed  by  Ind.  in  Or.  about  '55.  B. 
(Dennis),  1843,  prob.  son  of  Vardamon,  fr.  Or.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv. 
390,  399.  Named  in  a  S.  F.  padron  of  '44  as  an  Amer.  carpenter,  age  19. 
B.  (Jackson),  1843,  brother  of  Dennis,  age  17  in  '44,  said  to  have  been  slightly 
wounded  at  the  « battle '  of  Sta  Clara  in  '47.  iv.  390,  400;  v.  381.  B.  (Nar- 
ciso),  grantee  of  land  at  Sta  Clara  in  '45;  perhaps  another  son  of  Varda 
mon,  who  came  in  '43.  iv.  587,  673.  B.  (Thomas),  1816,  sailor  on  the  Lydia. 
ii.  275.  B.  (Titus),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Bennett  (Vardamon),  1843,  nat.  of  Ga,  who  went  to  Ark.  '30,  crossed  the 
plains  to  Or.  '42,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  the  Hastings  party  with  a  large  family, 
iv.  390,  399.  After  a  brief  stay  in  the  Sac.  Valley  B.  went  to  S.  F. ,  where  he 
appears  in  the  padron  of  '44  as  an  Amer.  carpenter,  age  40;  where  he  appears 
in  other  records  of  '45-7,  including  a  petition  for  naturalization  in  '46;  and 
where  he  kept  a  grog-shop,  bowling  alley,  etc.  v.  685;  being  also  owner  of  a 
Benicia  lot.  v.  672.  He  died  at  S.  F.  in  '49.  His  wife,  Mary,  was  a  good 
woman,  but  one  of  masculine  attributes,  who  had  a  'mind  of  her  own,' 
and  body  also,  in  many  respects  head  of  the  family.  In  '45  she  asked  for  a 
separation,  complaining  to  the  authorities  of  her  husband's  failure  to  provide 
for  herself  and  8  children.  In  '46  she  and  some  of  the  children  were  living 
at  S.  Jose",  having  a  'Cal.  claim'  (v.  462).  She  married  Harry  Love,  and  died 
near  Watsonville  in  '68,  age  66.  B.  (Wm),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl. 
immig.  iv.  578.  B.  (Wm),  1844,  immig.  fr.  Or.  in  the  Kelsey  party,  iv. 
444,  453.  Seems  to  have  settled  near  S.  Jose",  where  ace.  to  Hittell  he  was  a 
wealthy  man  in  '60;  perhaps  same  as  Win  H.  on  the  rolls  of  the  Soc.  Cal. 
Pion.,  as  having  arr.  March  '44. 

Bennett  (Winston),  1843,  son  of  Vardamon,  whom  he  accomp.  to  Cal.  in 
the  Hastings  party,  iv.  390,  400.  He  is  named  in  the  S.F.  padron  of  '44  as  25 
years  of  age;  but  he  did  not  remain  long  at  S.F.  or  in  any  other  place;  roam- 


BENNETT— BERNAL.  717 

ing  from  the  Sac.  Valley  to  Marin  Co.,  Yerba  Buena,  Sta  Clara,  and  Sta-Cruz, 


career  in  many  places  as  miner  and  trader;  lived  at  Sta  Clara  and  Sta  Cruz  in 
'50-3,  being  constable  and  deputy  sheriff  part  of  the  time;  on  a  rancho  at  Pes- 
cadero  '53-65;  at  Sta  Clara  with  his  mother  '65-72;  and  again  on  his  rancho 
fr.  '72,  having  married  Maria  J.  Perez  in  71.  His  Pioneer  of  43,  a  narrative 
of  his  overland  trip  and  experiences  in  Cal.,  was  printed  in  the  8.  Jose  Pio 
neer  of  '77,  containing  many  interesting  details.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  very 
unlucky  man  in  respect  of  accidents,  the  breaking  of  a  leg  or  arm  being  by  no 
means  a  rare  occurrence;  and  it  appears  that  this  luck  with  his  old  propensity  to 
roam  is  still  retained;  for  as  I  write,  in  '85,  the  papers  announce  the  accidental 
breaking  of  his  leg  at  Silver  City,  N.  Mex. 

Benschoten  (John  W.),  1848,  New  Yorker  who  served  in  the  Mex.  war, 
coming  to  Cal.  prob.  with  Graham's  dragoons  (v.  522);  worked  in  the  mines, 
and  finally  settled  in  S.  Joaquiu,  where  he  married  Jessie  McKay  in  'G6. 
Benson  (Christian),  1847,  perhaps  one  of  the  N.Y.  Vol.  under  another  name. 
B.  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  B.  (John),  1840,  Amer.  sailor 
of  the  Morse  at  S.F.,  to  be  shipped  on  the  Don  Quixote.  Bent  (Silas),  1848, 
mr  of  the  Preble.  Bentley  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  544).  Ben- 
ton,  1848,  firm  of  Ross,  B.  &  Co.  at  S.  F. 

Bercier  (Francis),  1847,  Engl.  at  N.  Helv.  Berdle  (John),  1836,  arms  in 
his  possess,  seized  at  L.  Ang.  Berenback  (Antoine),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill. 
(v.  518).  Berier,  1847,  at  N.  Helv.;  prob.  same  as  'Bercier.'  Beristain, 
1847-8,  mr  of  the  Concepcion.  v.  577.  B.  (Maximo),  1829,  at  S.  Diego,  iii. 
141.  Beritzhoff  (Alex.),  1847,  named  in  a  newspaper  as  mate  of  the  J6ven 
Guipuzcoana.  iv.  587;  went  from  N.Y.  to  Valparaiso  on  ship  Zenobia.  From 
Val.  to  Mont,  on  brig  Thos  H.  Benton  in  '47.  Owner  of  Stockton  Independent 
'05-75.  Later  U.S.  storekeeper  int.  rev.  at  S.F. 

Bermudez  (Antonio,  Atansio,  Dolores),  at  L.  Ang.  '46.  B.  (Domingo), 
1832,  at  Sta  B.  B.  (Francisco),  1832,  soldier  at  Sta  B.,  wife  Concepcion 
Pico,  2  child.  B.  (Jose1),  at  L.  Ang.  '15-28.  ii.  349,  354,  560;  two  or  three 
of  the  name  at  S.  Bernardino  and  S.  Gabriel  '46.  B.  (Jose"),  at  rancho  na- 
cional,  Mont.,  '36,  age  28,  wife  Ana  M.  Martinez,  child.  Jose"  and  Martiana. 
Bernabe",  1824,  rebel  neoph.  at  Sta  B.  ii.  532,  537.  Bernaci  (Juan),  1791, 
lieut  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490. 

Bernal,  1826,  majordomo  of  S.  Jose",  ii.  599.  I  am  unable  to  trace  defi 
nitely  the  dif .  branches  of  the  Bernal  family  in  Cal. ,  but  name  many  individ 
uals.  See  list  of  those  in  Cal.  before  1800  iu  i.  734.  B.  (Agustin),  soldier 
at  S.  F.  '19-27;  in  '37  lieut  of  militia  at  S.  Jose",  iii.  732;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose, 
age  39;  wife  Maria  Juana  Higuera;  child.  Jose  b.  '25,  Guadalupe  '29,  Presen- 
tacion  '32,  Abelino  '34,  Nicolas  '37,  Juana  '39;  in  '46  juez  de  campo.  v.  GG2; 
'53  claimant  of  Sta  Teresa  rancho.  iii.  713;  prob.  son  of  Joaquin.  B.  (Agus 
tin,  Jr),  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  '48;  mar.  Francisca  Soto  in  Alameda  Co.  '78. 
B.  (Ana  Maria),  mar.  1784  to  Gabriel  Moraga.  ii.  571.  B.  (Antonio),  sol 
dier  at  S.  F.  '41-3.  iv.  667;  still  at  S.  Jose"  '50.  B.  (Apolinario),  born  in 
Cal.  1780-90;  regidor  at  S.  Jose"  1802;  killed  by  Ind.  '13.  ii.  134,  339.  B. 
(Basilio),  grantee  of  Sta  Clara  embarcadero  '45-8;  also  claimant  in  '53.  iv. 
373;  v.  665.  B.  (Bruno),  in  '41  at  S.  Jos*':,  age  39  (prob.  older);  wife  Anto- 
nia  Ortega;  children,  Antonio  b.  in  '25,  Dolores  '27,  Francisco  '31,  Pedro  '33, 
Jose"  and  Gertrudis  '35,  Guadalupe  '36,  Rufina  '37,  Luis  '39;  Cal.  claim  of 
$10,000  in  '46;  claimant  for  Alisal,  Mont.  Co.  iii.  676.  B.  (Jesus),  juez  de 
campo  at  S.  Jose"  '41.  iv.  684.  B.  (Joaquin),  soldier  of  S.  F.  at  Sta  Cruz 
1795.  i.  496;  inval.  '19-32;  grantee  of  Sta  Teresa  rancho  '34,  being  then  94 
years  old.  iii.  713.  B.  (Jose1),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '19-30.  B.  (Jose"  2d),  sol 
dier  at  S.  F.  '19-24.  B.  (Jose1]!,  born  at  S.  Jose"  in  '23;  married  Alta  Gracia 
Higuera  in  '55;  10  children;  living  in  Alameda  Co.  in  '80.  B.  (Jose"  Ant.), 
soldier  at  S.  F.  '29-'42.  B.  (Jose  Ant.),  farmer  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  25;  wife 
Guadalupe  Butron;  children,  Juan  and  Trinidad.  B.  (Jose"  Cornelio),  regidor 


718  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

of  S.  Jose*  '28.  ii.  605;  grantee  of  land  at  Mission  Dolores  '34;  elector  and  mili 
tiaman  at  S.  F.  '37.  iii.  705;  grantee  of  Rincon  de  Salinas,  etc.,  and  Rincon 
de  Ballena  '39.  iii.  678,  712;  in  '42  at  S.  F.,  age  46,  wife  Carmen  Cibrian, 
son  Jose  de  Jesus  b.  '29;  still  living  '53-4.  His  widow  lived  at  the  mission 
until  after  '67.  i.  293.  B.  (Jos6  Dionisio),  soldier  of  the  Soledad  escolta 
1791-1800.  i.  499.  B.  (Jose"  Jesus),  grantee  in  '39  of  the  Canada  de  Pala 
rancho.  iii.  711;  in '41  farmer  at  S.  Josd,  age  31;  wife  Maria  Ant.  Higuera; 
children,  Jos6  Gabriel  b.  '34,  Jesus  M.  '35,  Jos<5  Jesus  '37,  Dionisio  '37.  B. 
(Juan),  cattle-owners  in  S.  F.  district  1793.  i.  707.  B.  (Juan),  soldier  at  S.  F. 
'20-30;  elector  and  militiaman  at  S.F.  '37.  iii.  705;  grantee  of  Laguna  de  Palos 
Col.  in  the  contra  costa  '35-41.  iii.  712;  iv.  671;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  38;  wife 
Encarnacion  Soto  (who  as  a  widow  was  owner  of  S.  F.  lots  fr.  '44.  iv.  609; 
v.  685);  children,  Guadalupe  b.'Sl,  Nicolas  '35,  Apolinario  '37,  Juan  '40.  B. 
(Juan),  farmer  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  31;  wife  Rafaela  Felix;  child.,  Francisco 
b.  '35,  Juan  '38,  Guadalupe  '39,  Refugio  '40;  juez  de  campo  '44.  iv.  685.  B. 
(Juan),  son  of  Joaquin,  at  S.  Jose"  in  '77,  age  67,  who  gave  me  his  Memoria  of 
several  old-time  occurrences;  perhaps  same  as  preceding.  B.  (Juan),  de 
scribed  by  Larkin  in  '45  as  a  man  of  some  wealth  and  local  influence  at  Sta 
Cruz.  B.  (Maria  D.  Castro  de),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  52;  children,  Juan  b.  '20, 
Gregorio  and  Francisco  '27,  Ramon  '30. 

Bernier  (Baptiste),  1844,  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  437. 

Berreyesa  (Antonio),  son  of  Nicolas,  who  in  '77  at  S.  Jose"  gave  me  his 
Relation  of  the  murder  of  his  uncle  by  Fremont's  men  in  '46  (v.  171),  and  of 
the  troubles  of  his  father's  family  with  the  squatters  and  land  lawyers.  B. 
(Felix),  soldier  at  S.  F.  and  musician  '34-42.  B.  (Francisco),  soldier  at 
S.  F.  '37;  sergt  '39;  grantee  in  '46  of  Canada  de  Capay  and  Rincon  de 
Musulacon.  v.  669,  675;  claimant  for  Rincon  de  Esteros  '53.  iii.  712.  B. 
(Jos<5  Ign.),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  34;  children,  Jesus  Maria,  Jos<S  Jesus,  Adelaida, 
Maria  Los  Angeles,  and  Gabriela;  grantee  of  Chiniles  rancho  '46.  v.  669. 
B.  (Jose"  Jesus),  soldier  at  S.  F.  '32-3;  sentenced  for  stealing  horses  at 
Mont.  '35.  iii.  674;  at  Sonoma,  age  28,  in  '44;  grantee  of  Las  Putas  '43,  and 
Yacuy  '46.  iv.  672;  v.  669.  B.  (Jos<5  de  los  Reyes),  nat.  of  Cal.,  son  of 
Nicolas,  b.  about  1787;  sold,  at  S.  F.  '19-29,  sergt  from  '30;  also  employed 
as  a  teacher  at  S.  F.  in  '23.  ii.  591,  584;  iii.  Ill,  701;  in  '31-5  sec.  of  ayunt. 
at  S.  Jos<5.  iii.  729-30;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose";  wife  Maria  S.  Bernal;  children, 
Domingo  b.  '22,  Francisco  '26,  Fernando  '28,  Encarnacion  '30,  Demesio  '33, 
Madelina  '34,  but  there  were  several  others  older;  in  '42  grantee  of  S.Vicente 
rancho.  iv.  673.  In  June  '46  while  on  his  way  to  visit  his  son  at  Sonoma  the 
old  man  was  murdered  at  S.  Rafael  by  Fremont's  men.  v.  171-4.  B.  (Jose 
de  los  Santos),  son  of  Jose"  Reyes;  sergt  S.  F.  comp.  at  Sonoma  '40-2.  iii. 
702;  iv.  678;  grantee  of  Malacomes  rancho  '43.  iv.  671-3;  in  '46  alcalde  at 
Sonoma,  v.  124,  154,  159,  668;  in  '55  a  witness  in  the  Santillan  case.  B. 
(Maria  de  la  Luz),  mar.  to  Joaq.  Soto  1803,  the  1st  marriage  at  S.  Jose",  ii. 
138.  B.  (Martin),  sold,  at  Sonoma  '42.  B.  (Nasario),  corporal  at  S.  F.  '19- 
24.  B.  (Nicolas),  settler  at  S.  F.  1777-1800.  i.  297,  716;  wife  Gertrudis 
Peralta,  children  Gabriela,  Maria  de  la  Luz,  Jose"  de  los  Reyes,  Nasario, 
Nicolas,  Juan  Jose',  ace.  to  S.  Josd  padron  of  1793.  B.  (Nicolas),  son  of  pre 
ceding;  sold,  at  S.  F.  '19-30;  grantee  of  Milpitas  '34.  iii.  712;  regidor  at 
S.  Jose"  '36-7,  iii.  730;  at  S.  Jose"  '41.  age  51,  wife  Gracia  Padilla,  children, 
Jose  b.  '18,  Nicolds  '22,  Francisco  '26,  Jose"  '28,  Antonio  '31,  Mariano  '34, 
Agustin  '36.  The  murder  of  his  brother  Reyes  and  the  plundering  of  his 
cattle  by  the  battalion  in  '46,  the  later  lynching  of  his  brother  Demesio,  the 
continued  struggle  writh  squatters  and  land  lawyers,  in  which  all  his  property 
was  stripped  from  him,  drove  the  old  man  to  madness;  and  several  of  his  sons 
also  became  insane.  He  died  in  '63.  B.  (Rudesindo),  ment.  in  '42.  iv.  240. 
B.  (Santiago),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  37;  wife  Maria  Rosario  Valencia,  child 
Maria  Josefa.  B.  (Sixto),  soldier  in  S.F.  comp.  '38-42;  grantee  of  Las  Putas 
'43.  iv.  672. 

Berry,  1848,  from  Or.,  one  of  the  1st  miners  at  Grass  Valley.  Nev.  Co. 
Hist.,  52,  64.  B.  (Daniel  K.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  from  Mo.  with  his  family. 


BERRY— BIDWELL.  719 

v.  529;  served  in  Co.  C,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  fr.  '48  one  of  the  1st  settlers  of 
Suisun  Valley,  where  he  still  lived  in  'GO.  B.  (James  Richard),  1836,  Irish 
man  who  had  lived  long  in  .Span,  provinces,  a  great  traveller  and  a  man  of 
many  accomplishments;  grantee  of  Puuta  de  Reyes  in  '36.  iii.  71*2;  iv.  118; 
owner  of  lots  at  S.F.  '41-4.  iv.  669;  v.  679;  at  Sonoma  in  '44,  aged  52.  I  find 
no  later  record  of  him.  Bertodano  (Cosme),  1794-6,  Span.  com.  of  the  Valdcs, 
Activa,  Aranzazu.  i.  523-4,  540.  Bertran  (Luis),  Mex.  at  Mont.  '36,  age  40, 
wife  Tomasa  Carrillo.  Bertrand  (Emile),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Boston  (Thos),  1847,  at  N.  Helv.,  with  family;  apparently  an  immig.  v. 
556.  Bestor  (Norman  S.),  1846,  assistant  to  Lieut  Emory  with  Kearny's 
force,  v.  337;  at  Mont.  Feb.  '48;  had  a  store  at  Coloma  '48-9.  Sherman. 
Beuseman  (Chris.  M.),  1817,  Prussian  in  the  Russ.  service,  noble  of  the  4th 
class;  inr  of  the  Chirikof,  and  Baikal,  '11-12,  '25-8.  ii.  298,  312,  648;  iii.  146. 
Beverley  (McKenzie),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  murderer  of  Dornte;  later  a 
desperado  at  large.  ,'.  586,  646,  663,  676,  684. 

Bianchi  (Nicholas),  1834-5,  mr  of  the  Rom.  iii.  384.  Bicholl  (John), 
1843,  Amer.  in  charge  of  Sutter's  cattle  at  Hock;  naturalized  '44.  iv.  400; 
name  written  'Bignol'  and  also  'Rignoll.'  Bickmore  (Gilbert),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Biddle  (James),  1847-8,  corn,  of  the  Pac.  squadron  U. 

5.  N.   on  the  Columbus,  v.  437-8,  450,  577.       Bideler  (Thos),  1836,  Amer., 
doubtful  name  at  Los.  Ang.       Bidilton  (John),  1828-9,  Engl.  catholic  at  Mont. 

Bidwell  (John),  1841,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  born  in  1819,  who  went  with  his 
parents  to  Penn.  and  Ohio;  a  school-teacher  in  Ohio  and  Iowa;  an  immig.  from 
Mo.  to  Cal.  in  the  Bartleson  party.  For  an  account  of  this  party,  including 
much  about  Bidwell  personally,  and  about  his  diary  sent  east  and  published 
as  A  Journey  to  California,  now  of  great  rarity,  see  iv.  266-76,  279,  346-7.  I 
have  the  original  bond  signed  by  Thos  G.  Bowen  in  B.'s  favor  on  Nov.  18,  '41. 
He  entered  Sutter's  employ,  and  in  '42-3  wras  in  charge  of  the  Ross  estate  at 
Bodega,  iv.  186,  233,  665,  679;  in  '43-4  at  Hock  farm.  I  have  much  of  his 
original  corresp.  of  these  and  later  years.  In  '44,  visiting  Mont,  with  a  recom 
mend,  from  Sutter  to  the  gov.,  he  obtained  naturalization  papers  and  a  grant 
of  the  Ulpinos  rancho.  iv.  674.  In  return  Bidwell  was  active  in  support  of 
Micheltorena,  going  south  with  Sutter's  army,  being  taken  prisoner  at  the 
'battle'  of  Cahuenga,  and  even  having  something  to  say  40  years  later  in  de 
fence  of  that  most  unwise  movement  of  the  foreigners,  iv.  366,  479-83,  485- 

6,  508.   Returning  to  N.  Helvetia,  he  continued  in  Sutter's  service  as  agent  and 
clerk,  being  the  writer  of  portions  of  the  N.  Helv.  Diary,  and  his  movements 
from  day  to  day  being  recorded  in  other  portions;  also  grantee  of  the  Colus 
rancho  in  '45.  iv.  516,  671.  His  travels  in  the  valley  and  foothills  were  exten 
sive,  and  he  had  many  narrow  escapes  from  making  the  grand  discovery  of 
gold.  Early  in  '46  he  made  arrangements  to  open  a  school  at  Mont. ,  Larkin^s 
Doc.,  iv.  54;  but  circumstances  occurred  to  prevent  this.  He  did  not  at  first 
take  an  active  part  in  the  settlers'  revolt,  being  a  Mex.  citizen  and  apparently 
not  warmly  in  sympathy  with  this  most  senseless  filibusterism;  but  he  was  at 
one  time  in  charge  of  the  prisoners  at  the  fort,  and  in  July  was  sec.  at  the  for 
mal  organization  at  Sonoma,  v.  100,  125,  128,  179.  He  went  south  with  Fre 
mont;  was  put  in  com.  of  S.  Luis  Rey  in  Aug.,  and  made  a  perilous  trip  by- 
sea  from  S.  Diego  to  S.  Pedro  for  supplies  during  the  Flores  revolt;  ranking 
as  capt.  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  and  serving  as  quartermaster  with  rank  of  major 
under  Stockton  in '46-7.  v.  286,  317-18,324-5,  361,  385,  420,  620-2.  Return 
ing  to  the  Sacramento,  Bidwell  continued  his  labors  as  Sutter's  agent  and 
surveyor  in  different  parts  of  the  valley  until  the  discovery  of  gold,  when  he 
became  the  pioneer  miner  on  Feather  River,  where  Bidwell's  Bar  was  named 
for  him.  Of  his  mining  experience,  as  of  his  official  career  in  later  years,  I  shall 
have  occasion  to  say  something  in  vol.  vi.-vii.  of  this  work.  Becoming  owner 
of  the  Arroyo  Chico  ranchos  granted  to  Dickey  and  Farwell,  he  made  here  his 
permanent  home,  site  of  the  town  of  Chico  from  '60,  becoming  a  man  of  great 
wealth,  and  one  of  the  most  prominent  agriculturists  of  the  state.  He  was 
chosen  as  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention  of  '49,  though  not  serving;  a 
senator  in  the  1st  legislature  of  '49-50;  a  delegate  to  the  national  democratic 


720  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

convention  of  '60  at  Charleston;  appointed  brigadier-gen,  of  militia  in  '63  by 
Gov.  Stanford;  delegate  to  the  national  union  convention  in  '64;  and  a  mem 
ber  of  congress  '64-7,  being  in  '75  a  defeated,  non-partisan,  anti-monopoly 
candidate  for  gov.  of  Cal.  But  it  is  to  the  agricultural  and  industrial  develop 
ment  of  his  county  and  state  that  he  has  given  his  chief  attention,  and  it  is 
his  success  in  this  direction  that  has  evidently  given  him  most  satisfaction. 
His  record  is  in  all  respects  that  of  an  honorable  as  well  as  successful  man,  one 
of  the  chief  testimonials  in  his  favor  being  the  flimsy  nature  of  the  inevitable 
charges  made  against  him  as  a  candidate  for  office.  His  position  as  the  lead 
ing  representative  of  his  class,  that  of  immigrant  farmers,  will  be  questioned, 
as  his  success  will  be  begrudged,  by  none.  His  California  in  '41-ti,  a  MS.  of 
233  psges,  was  dictated  for  my  use  in  '77,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
valuable  volumes  in  my  collection  of  pioneer  reminiscences.  He  has  also  in 
later  correspondence  furnished  many  useful  items  for  this  register.  In  '68  he 
married  Miss  Annie  Kennedy  of  Washington,  D.C.;  has  no  children;  still  re 
siding  at  Chico  in  '85. 

Biggerton  (Susan),  1845,  illegally  married  at  Sac.,  so  wrote  Leidesdorff.  iv. 
587.  'Big  Jim,'  1830,  Irish  trapper  of  Young's  party,  killed  by  Higgins. 
iii.  174.  Biggs  (Matthew  H.),  1848,  mining  man  from  Valparaiso  with  let 
ters  from  Atherton;  named  also  by  Brooks  at  Mormon  diggings. 

Bigler  (Henry  W.),  1847,  Virginian  of  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  478,  493,  495. 
His  father  was  formerly  a  Methodist  preacher,  moving  to  Mo.  in  '38.  After 
the  mustering-out  of  the  bat.,  B.  entered  Slitter's  employ,  and  was  one  of  the 
men  working  at  the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was  found.  His  Diary  of  a  Mor 
mon,  copied  by  himself  in  '72,  is  not  only  an  excellent  narrative  of  the  march 
of  the  battalion — one  of  Tyler's  chief  authorities — but  is  one  of  the  best 
authorities  extant  on  details  of  the  gold  discovery.  Soon  after  the  mining  ex 
citement  began  Bigler  returned  to  Utah,  where  he  still  lived  at  St  George  in 
'81.  Biglcy  (John),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot;  witness  in  a  lawsuit  of  '65. 

Bihler  (Win),  1848,  German  butcher  from  Baltimore  round  the  Horn;  fol 
lowing  his  trade  at  S.  F.  '48-50;  on  a  Sonoma  rancho  '51-9;  on  a  Lakeville 
rancho  '59-80,  being  a  large  land-owner,  giving  particular  attention  to  the 
breeding  of  blood  stock.  Sonoma  Co.  Hist. 

Bill,  several  men  known  only  by  this  name,  most  of  whom  cannot  be  iden 
tified,  and  none  of  the  others  requiring  notice.  Billings  (Orson),  1847,  Co. 
B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  'Billy  the  Cooper,'  1845,  Engl.  sailor  from  a  whaler 
at  Mont.;  killed  at  the  Natividad  light  in  Nov.  '46.  iv.  587;  v.  371.  Ace.  to 
Swan,  his  full  name  was  never  known  in  Cal. 

Bines  (Robert),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons,  (v.  232-47. )  Bingham  (Eras- 
tus),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  B.  (George),  1842,  somewhat  doubt 
fully  recorded  as  a  boy  on  one  of  Com.  Jones'  vessels  at  Mont.;  returning  to 
Cal.  in  '49;  policeman,  miner,  saloon-keeper,  and  soldier  to  '79,  when  he  lived 
at  Vallejo.  Solano  Co.  Hist.,  332-3;  iv.  341.  B.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  Binley  (John),  1847,  Mormon  of  Kearny's  return  escort,  v.  453,  492. 

Bird  (David  T.),  1844,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Kelscy  party  from  Or.  iv.  444- 
5,  453.  Also  called  David  S.  and  David  F.  In  '45  one  of  Slitter's  men  in  the 
Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  486;  perhaps  the  Burt  arrested  by  Castro  at  S.  Josa 
in  July  '46.  v.  136;  later  lieut  of  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sonoma  in  Oct. 
v.  361.  He  settled  in  Yolo  Co.,  and  was  still  at  Woodland  in  '79.  B.  (Win), 
1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  '81  at  Paris,  Id.  Birnie  (James),  18o7, 
Scotch  officer  of  the  H.  B.  Co.  at  Vancouver,  who  came  on  the  Llama  to  buy 
cattle,  iv.  85-6,  90.  In  '47  his  name  appears  in  a  S.  F.  list  of  uncalled-for  let 
ters.  B.  (Robert),  1832,  Amer.  who  got  a  passport  in  Aug. 

Birnie  (Robert),  1841,  son  of  James,  born  in  Or.  '24;  came  on  the  Cowlitz 
as  clerk  for  Rae.  iv.  217,  279;  left  the  vessel  and  H.  B.  Co.  at  Honolulu  in 
'42,  but  returned  and  worked  as  clerk  at  Sta  B.  and  S.  F.,  and  supercargo  of 
the  Jv.an  Jos6  till  '45;  his  part  in  the  capture  of  Slitter's  gun  '44.  iv.  483;  in 
Or.  '45-7,  returning  to  Cal.  '48;  clerk  for  Forbes  at  N.  Almaden  '49-50.  After 
engaging  in  mining,  farming,  and  various  other  occupations,  Birnie  became  a 
real  estate  agent  at  Oakland,  where  he  still  lived  in  '72  with  his  wife  and  three 


BIRNIE— BLASDELL.  721 

daughters.  He  gave  me  a  narrative  of  his  Personal  Adventures.  Bishop  (Ste 
phen  A.),  184G,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  (v.  «°»3G).  Eissie,  1848,  named  as 
a  Frenchman  hanged  at  Hangtown  in  Jan.  '49  for  robbery  on  the  Stanislaus 
in  '48.  Black,  1827,  named  as  one  of  the  Jed.  Smith  party,  iii.  160.  B. 
(David),  1847,  with  the  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  a  step-son  of  Capt.  Brown. 
B.  (James),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  lots  at  S.F.,  or  this  may 
have  been  the  following. 

Black  (James),  1832,  Scotch  sailor  left  sick  at  Mont,  in  Jan.,  age  about 
25.  v.  408.  Other  accounts  represent  him  as  having  deserted  at  3.  F.  In  apply 
ing  for  naturalization  in  Sept.  '43  he  claimed  10  years'  residence.  For  a  year 
or  two  he  hunted  otter  with  Mclntosh,  being  named  in  Larkin's  books  from 
'34.  A  witness  at  Sonoma  in  '36;  met  by  Edwards  near  S.  Rafael  in  '37.  iv.  83. 
About  '40  he  perhaps  settled  on  the  Jonive  rancho,  which  after  his  naturaliza 
tion  and  marriage  in  '43  was  formally  granted  him  in  '45.  iv.  117,  671;  named 
in  a  Sonoma  list  of  '44  as  34  years  old;  2d  alcalde  of  S.  Rafael  in  '45.  iv.  677. 
B.  seems  to  have  taken  no  part  in  the  political  troubles  of  '45-6.  About  '48  he 
exchanged  his  Jonive  estate  for  that  of  Nicasio,  where  he  spent  the  rest^of  his 
life.  He  was  a  judge  in  '50,  and  assessor  in  '52-3;  evidently  a  man  of  indus 
trious  habits  and  good  character  for  one  of  his  class,  though  a  hard  drinker  in 
the  later  years.  Died  in  '70,  leaving  a  large  estate  about  which  there  was 
much  litigation  resulting  from  an  attempt  to  break  his  will.  His  first  wife 
was  Agustina  Sais,  who  died  in  '64,  leaving  a  daughter,  Mrs  Burdell,  who 
was  living  in  '80.  In  '65  he  married  the  widow  Pacheco,  who  survived  him. 
Black  (Joseph),  1845,  hatter  at  N.  Helv.  '45-7;  often  named  in  the  Diary,  iv. 
587;  lot  owner  at  S.  F. ;  on  the  1st  jury  at  S.  Jose*  '48;  perhaps  his  name  was 
'Block;'  or  there  may  have  been  another  Block.  B.  (Wm),  1814,  com.  of  the 
Raccoon,  ii.  272,  304,  373. 

Blackburn  (Wm),  1845,  Virginian  cabinet-maker  bom  in  1814;  overl. 
immig.  in  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  iv.  576,  587.  He  went  to  work  at  Sta 
Cruz  as  a  lumberman,  being  a  witness  at  the  trial  of  Williams  for  killing 
Naile  in  April  '46.  v.  671;  but  after  serving  a  while  in  Famitleroy's  dragoons, 
he  joined  the  Cal.  Bat.  and  was  made  2d  lieut  of  Co.  A,  artillery,  v.  361,  435. 
Returning  to  Sta  Cruz,  but  also  obtaining  a  lot  at  S.  F.,  B.  opened  a  store; 
and  served  '47-9  as  alcalde  by  the  governor's  appointment,  v.  641-2;  being 
also  county  judge  in  '50  after  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines.  The  decisions 
of  his  court  are  famous  for  their  originality;  but  if  technically  somewhat 
irregular,  they  were  always  in  accord  with  common  sense  and  justice.  He  is 
said  to  have  built  a  schooner  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '48.  v.  581;  and  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  convention  of  '49,  though  not  serving;  claimant  of  the  Aras- 
tradero  rancho.  iv.  655.  Blackburn  was  an  intelligent,  shrewd  fellow;  honest 
and  straightforward  in  his  dealings;  always  jovial  and  popular  whether  drunk 
or  sober;  in  a  small  way  a  leader  among  his  companions.  After  '51  he  gave 
up  politics  and  gave  his  attention  to  agriculture,  first  to  raising  potatoes,  for 
which  he  got  a  premium  at  the  N.  Y.  fair,  and  later  to  fruit  culture,  his 
orchard  being  for  many  years  one  of  the  chief  attractions  of  Sta  Cruz.  He 
died  in  '67,  leaving  a  widow.  Several  of  his  brothers  came  to  Cal.  after  '48. 

Blair  (ChasD.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  B.  (Nicholas),  1847, 
ditto;  d.  at  Los  Ang.  '55.  B.  (Wm),  1836,  doubtful  name  in  Taylor's  list, 
from  N.  Mex.  Blaisdle,  1837,  doubtful  name  at  Pt  Reyes. 

Blake  (B.),  1828,  agent  of  a  Manila  firm  at  Mont.  B.  (Geo.  C.),  1846, 
com.  of  H.  B.  M.  S.  Juno.  v.  579.  B.  (Homer  C.),  1847,  officer  on  the  U. 
S.  Prcble;  commodore  '79;  died  '80.  B.  (Wm),  1832,  doubtful  record  of  a 
carpenter  in  Solano  Co.  '69-77.  iii.  408. 

Blanca  (J.),  1841,  mr  of  theAyacucho.  iv.  563.  Blanchard.  1848,  at  S. 
F.  from  Honolulu  in  Nov.  on  the  Currency  Lass.  B.  (Ira),  1848,  in  the 
mines;  furnished  gold  specimens  to  Gov.  Mason;  corporal  of  S.  F.  guards. 
B.  (Wm),  1811,  mr  of  the  Catherine,  ii.  96,  267.  Blanco,  at  S.  D.  and  Los 
Ang.  '36-46.  B.  (Juan),  1798.  i.  606.  B.  (Miguel),  at  S.  Gabriel  '46.  B. 
(Thos),  grantee  of  land,  Mont.  '44.  iv.  656.  Blanks,  see  'Banks.' 

Blasdell  (Lewis),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  B.  (Wm),  1842,  German 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  II.  4G 


722  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

at  Mont,  on  the  California  from  Honolulu;  permitted  to  land;  a  blacksmith 
age  39.       Blast  (Thomas),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  a  trader. 

Blea  (Rafael),  1840,  at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Bernardino.  Blecksmith,  (Leo 
pold),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Blevins  (Alex.),  1843,  doubtful 
newspaper  mention. 

*  Blind  Tom,'  1833,  Engl.  sailor  at  S.  Jose".  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.  Blind- 
enberg  (L.  B.),  1832-3,  mr  of  the  Friend,  iii.  382.  Blinn  (John),  1836,  mr 
of  the  Loriot  '36-7.  iv.  105;  mr  of  the  Clementina  '39  and  pass,  on  the  Alciope. 
iv.  100,  102;  mr  of  the  Maryland  '41,  in  which  year  he  died.  iv.  207,  567. 
Blirkin  (Wm),  1840,  doubtful  name  in  Farnham's 'list  of  arrested  foreigners. 
Bliss  (Robert  S.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Block,  see  'Black.' 

Bloomfield  (Wm),  1840,  one  of  the  exiled  foreigners,  iv.  18.  Blossom 
(J.  W.),  1848,  at  S.  F.  from  Honolulu  on  the  Sagadahoc.  'Blue>  Jacket,' 
1846,  nickname  of  one  of  the  guard  at  Sutter's  Fort.  v.  125. 

Blume  (Fred.  Gustavus),  1842,  German  surgeon  of  the  whaleship  Alex. 
Barclay  at  Sauzalito  Dec.  '42-March  '43.  iv.  341.  Late  in  '46  he  came  back 
to  Cal.  on  the  Currency  Lass  from  Honolulu  with  a  stock  of  goods  sold  at  S. 
F. ;  and  again  in  April  '47  on  the  Gen.  Kearny,  this  time  to  stay,  opening  a 
store  at  Sonoma  with  M.  J.  Haan.  In  '48  he  moved  to  a  rancho  in  the  Bodega 
region,  near  Freestone  and  Bloomfield — the  latter  named  for  him — where  iii 
'49  he  married  the  widow  Maria  Ant.  Caceres  de  Dawson.  Both  were  living 
in  '80  without  children.  Dr  B.  held  several  local  offices,  and  is  postmaster  at 
Freestone  in  '85.  His  portrait  is  found  in  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.,  280.  Blury 
(Arthur  de),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232-47). 

Boardman  (John),  1843,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Chiles- Walker  party,  iv. 
392,  400;  witness  to  a  doc.  at  Sonoma  '47.  *  Bob.'  or  Juan  Crist6bal,  1816, 
the  pioneer  negro,  left  by  Capt.  Smith  of  the  Albatross,  ii.  248,  277,  393. 
'Bob, 'Irish  servant  of  Colton  at  Mont.  '48,  who  made  his  fortune  in  the 
mines.  '  Bob,'  a  tattooed  Marquesan  in  the  mines,  ment.  by  Buffum.  Bobo, 
(Zarah),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  (v.  336).  Bocalon  (Agustin),  1808, 
com.  of  the  Concepcion.  ii.  87.  Bochon  (Procopi),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499).  Bode  (Nicholas  F.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518). 

Bodega  y  Cuadra  (Juan  Francisco),  1775,  Span,  lieut  in  com.  of  the  explor 
ing  vessel  Sonora,  discovering  and  naming  Bodega  bay.  i.  241-3,  518;  ii.  81; 
in  1779  com.  of  the  Favorita.  i.  329;  in  1792-3,  com.  of  the  S.  Bias  naval  es 
tablishment,  and  commissioner  to  settle  the  Nootka  troubles  with  England, 
visiting  Cal.,  and  dying  in  '93.  i.  506,  509-12,  519-20,  522-4,  539,  682.  See 
also  Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  i.  Bodie  (Waterman  S. ),  vaguely  alluded  to  as  having 
come  in  '48.  Bogart  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Boggs  (Albert  G.),  1846,  son  of  Lilburn  W.,  and  overl.  immig.  with  his 
father  and  brothers  (v.  526);  later  a  prominent  citizen  of  Napa,  and  county 
treasurer;  still  living  in  '81.  B.  (Guadalupe  Vallejo),  son  of  Wm  M.,  born 
at  Petaluma  Jan.  4,  '47,  often  named  incorrectly  as  the  1st  child  of  Amer. 
parents  born  in  Cal.  B.  (Lilburn  W.),  1846,  Kentuckian,  b.  in  1798;  overl. 
immig.  with  wife  and  8  children,  v.  528.  He  lived  many  years  in  Mo.,  where 
he  was  a  very  prominent  man,  as  pioneer,  trader,  and  public  officer,  being 
elected  gov.  of  the  state  in  '36.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  expulsion  of 
the  Mormons,  to  whose  vengeance  is  attributed  a  later  attempt  to  murder 
him  which  was  very  nearly  successful.  Spending  the  winter  at  Petaluma  and 
settling  at  Sonoma  he  engaged  in  trade  with  Scott,  and  was  appointed  alcalde 
to  succeed  Nash  from  '47.  v.  433,  609-10,  668-9,  681;  holding  the  office  till 
'49,  and  being  elected  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention,  though  not 
serving.  In  '52  he  moved  to  Napa,  where  he  died  in  '61.  His  first  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Silas  Bent,  and  the  second,  who  accompanied  him  to  Cal.,  a  grand 
daughter  of  Daniel  Boone,  dying  in  Napa  in  '80  at  the  age  of  '97.  A  good  sketch 
of  Ex-gov.  Boggs'  life  is  found  in  the  Napa  Co.  Hist. ,  373 ;  and  a  portrait  in  Mene- 
fte's  Sketchbook,  264.  Many  of  his  descendants  still  live  in  Cal.,  but  respect 
ing  most  of  them  I  have  no  definite  information. 

Boggs  (Wm  M.),  1846,  son  of  Lilburn  W.,  b.  in  Mo.  '26;  member  of  the 
same  immigrant  party,  of  which  he  was  captain  during  part  of  the  journey — 


BOGGS-BONIFACIO.  723 

his  bridal  tour,  be  having  married  Sonora  Hicklin  just  before  the  start.  He 
took  some  slight  part  in  the  final  campaign  of  the  war  against  Sanchez  in  '46- 
7.  v.  383;  and  after  an  adventurous  career  in  the  mines  settled  at  Napa,  where 
in  '7-  he  wrote  for  me  his  Reminiscences  of  early  life  in  Mo.,  his  father's  life, 
the  trip  to  Cal.,  and  his  experiences  in  '46-8.  His  Trip  across  the  Plains,  in  the 
newspapers,  covers  nearly  the  same  ground.  He  has  occupied  several  official 
positions,  and  has  raised  a  family  of  five  sons — Guadalupe  V.,  Lilburn  W.,  Jr., 
Angus,  Jefferson,  and  Win,  and  a  daughter,  to  whose  education  special  care 
has  been  devoted,  several  of  them  being  teachers.  Bohorques,  see  '  Bojorges. ' 

Boinger  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Bois  (Juan),  1828, 
mr  of  the  Wilmantic.  iii.  149.  Boissd  (Gabriel),  1798,  Boston  sailor  at  S. 
Diego,  i.  645,  654.  Bojorges — more  properly  written  Bohorques — (Angel), 
at  S.F.  '37-9;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  33.  B.  (Bartolo),  soldier  at  S.F.  '19;  invd- 
lido  '22-41;  regidor  at  S.  Jose  '24-5;  elector  at  S.F.  '35.  ii.  605;  iii.  704; 
grantee  of  Laguna  de  S.  Antonio  '45,  and  claimant  '54.  iv.  673.  B.  (Gerardo), 
at  S.F.  '37.  B.  (Hermenegildo),  soldier  of  the  S.  Jos6  escolta  1797-1800.  i. 
556.  B.  (Ignacio),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '35-42;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  26. 
B.  (Jos6  Ramon),  corporal  of  the  Sta  Clara  escolta  1776-7;  inval.  at  S.  Jose", 
1790-1821.  i.  296-7,  306,  478;  his  wife  was  Francisca  Romero;  died '22.  B. 
(Juan),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '23-31;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  35.  iv.  363.  In  '77  at 
Sta  Clara  he  gave  me  his  Recuerdos  of  Ind.  campaigns.  B.  (Pedro),  settler 
at  S.  F.  1791-1800;  regidor  at  S.  Jose"  1810.  i.  716;  ii.  134.  B.  (Pedro),  at 
S.  F.  '37;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  24. 

Bolan  (A.  J.),  1845,  at  gutter's  '45-6,  ace.  to  the  N.  Helv.  Diary;  iv.  578. 
Bolanos  (Francisco),  1595,  one  of  Cermenon's  men  at  Pt  Reyes;  also  with  Viz 
caino  in  1602.  i.  96,  98.  Bolbeda  (Louis),  1826,  French  trapper  of  Jed. 
Smith's  party,  who  rem.  in  Cal.  iii.  160,  176. 

Bolcof  (Jose1  Antonio),  1815,  the  earliest  Russian  settler;  native  of  Kam 
chatka,  who  left  his  vessel  at  Mont.,  age  about  20.  ii.  274,  393.  In  '17  he  was 
baptized  at  Soledad.  or  at  least  had  his  Greek  church  baptism  'ratified;'  in  '22 
married  to  Candida  Castro,  and  perhaps  made  a  trip  to  Mex.  ii.  479;  in  '24 
arrested  for  smuggling,  and  from  that  time  often  named  in  local  records  of 
Branciforte  and  Sta  Cruz.  ii.  519,  522,  627;  iv.  117,  544;  in  '29  named  as  a 
shoemaker  of  good  conduct;  in  '31  obtained  lands;  naturalized  in  '33;  alcalde  at 
Brancif.  '34,  also  '39-42,  '45-6.  iii.  695-7;  iv.  662-4;  v.  57,  641-2;  being  also  in 
charge  of  the  ex-mission  from  '39;  grantee  of  the  Refugio  rancho  '41.  iv.  655. 
In  the  Brancif.  padron  of  '45  B.  is  named  with  his  wife  and  11  children  as  fol 
lows:  Amadeo  b.  '25,  Francisco  '27,  Juan  '29,  Encarnacion  '32,  Guadalupe 
'36,  Josefa  '39,  Carmen  '37,  Jose"  Ramon  '40;  Jose"  Dolores  '41,  Maria  Ant.  '42, 
and  Maria  de  los  Angeles  '44.  He  took  no  part  in  the  political  troubles  of 
'45-7,  but  in  '48  engaged  in  mining  with  his  sons,  being  very  successful;  but  not 
content  to  let  well  enough  alone,  and  imbibing  somewhat  too  freely  the  new 
epirit  of  progress,  the  old  man  fell  a  victim  to  sharpers,  gradually  lost  his  lands 
and  money,  and  died  in  poverty  in  '66.  I  have  no  record  of  his  sons  after  '45. 

Boles,  see  'Bowles.'  Bollon  (Jose"  Maria),  1834,  Portuguese  at  Mont. 
Bolton  ( James  R.),  1847,  trader  at  Mazatlan,  having  some  commercial  relations 
with  Cal. ,  which  country  he  visited  for  the  first  time  in  June  '47  on  the  Lady 
Shaii}  Stewart.  In  later  years  he  became  known  as  the  principal  claimant  for 
the  Mission  Dolores  estate  in  the  famous  Santillan  case;  in  '85  a  capitalist  re 
siding  at  S.  F. 

Bon  (John),  1829,  mr  of  the  Wilmington,  iii.  149.  'Bonaparte,'  1836, 
Frenchman  with  Yount  in  Napa  Val.  Bond  (Thos),  1833,  named  as  one  of 
Walker's  party,  iii.  391.  B.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499.) 
Bonechu  (Louis),  1824,  French  vineyardist  at  L.  Ang.  '40,  age  57,  claiming 
to  have  been  16  years  in  Cal.  B*ones  (John),  1821,  Irish  carpenter  at  S. 
Miguel  '29-30,  31  years  old,  and  9  years  in  Cal.  ii.  444;  possibly  'Burns.' 

Bonifacio  (Juan  B.),  1822,  Italian  or  Austrian  who  landed  from  the  John 
JBeyfj  with  the  governor's  permission  and  was  employed  by  Hartnell  as  steve 
dore,  ii.  478;  an  illiterate,  honest  fellow  about  24  years  old,  who  married  Car 
men  Pinto  in  '27;  naturalized  in  '29;  2d  in  com.  of  the  comp.  extranjera  '32, 
iii.  221,  223,  225;  died  about  '34,  leaving  a  widow  and  3  children. 


724  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Bonilla  (Jose"  Mariano),  1834,  Mex.  lawyer  and  teacher,  who  came  with  the 
H.  &  P.  colony;  implicated  in  the  Apal.itegui  revolt,  but  not  sent  away.  iii. 
263,  286.  A  man  of  the  same  name  was  member  of  the  Cal.  junta  in  Mex.  '25- 
7.  iii.  3.  A  young  man  of  27  on  his  arrival,  well  educated  at  the  Colegio 
Nacional;  teacher  at  Sta  B.  '35.  iii.  657;  clerk  and  sec.  in  dif.  public  offices 
'30-40.  iii.  463,  605,  685;  admin,  of  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  auxiliary  juez  '42.  iv. 
331,  657-8;  grantee  of  Huerhuero,  or  Huerfano,  rancho  in  '42-4.  iv.  655-6; 
partisan  of  Micheltorena  in  '45;  sec.  and  appointed  fiscal  of  the  tribunal  supe 
rior,  iv.  532;  juez  and  alcalde  at  S.  Luis  '46-8,  being  at  one  time  arrested  by 
Fremont,  v.  638-9,  375;  sub-prefect  '49;  later  county  judge,  district  attorney, 
and  supervisor..  Bonilla  was  a  man  who  always  commanded  respect,  though 
not  always  in  sympathy  with  the  Californians,  and  one  whose  advice,  by  rea 
son  of  his  superior  education,  was  always  in  demand.  In  '37  he  married 
Dolores,  daughter  of  Inocente  Garcia,  who  in  '78  gave  me  the  Bonilla  collec 
tion  of  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.  He  died  in  '78.  B.  (Patricio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Bonnet,  1844,  rar  of  the  Lion  '44-5.  iv.  567;  iii.  382-3;  also  in  '46;  possibly 
in  '35.  Bonney  (Jarvis),  1845,  Amer.  immig.  of  Grigsby-Ide  party,  with  his 
family,  iv.  578,  580;  v.  526.  He  buried  two  children  at  N.  Helv.  March  '46, 
ami  in  April  went  to  Or.,  where  he  was  in  June.  B.  (Truman),  1845,  prob. 
r,  brother  of  .Jarvis,  whom  he  accomp.  to  Cal.  and  to  Or.  with  his  family,  v. 
578.  He  also  lost  a  son  at  N.  Helv. ;  and  his  daughter  was  married  in  Feb.  '46 
to  A.  Sanders.  Next  year  a  man  named  Bonny,  very  likely  one  of  this  family, 
was  met  on  his  way  alone  from  Or.  to  the  states.  Bryant,  137.  Bonny- 
castle  (John  C.),  1847,  lieut  and  adj.  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  503;  'later  lieut  of  4th  U. 
S.  infantry  '48-61;  at  Louisville,  Ky,  '82.  Bons  (Wm),  1840,  arrested  at 
Branciforte,  having  no  carta.  Boiisall — or  Bonsell — (Jacob),  1848,  owner  of 
a  ferry  on  the  S.  Joaquin  with  Doak. 

Booker  (Henry),  1844,  Amer.  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  '44-5  at  Mont.; 
living  on  the  Sac.  '46.  Tustin.  Joining  the  Bears,  he  was  the  messenger  who 
carried  Ide's  proclamation  to  Mont.  Later  in  the  year  he  went  south  with 
Frdmont;  was  probably  one  of  Gillespie's  garrison  at  L.  Ang. ;  with  Mer- 
vine's  force  defeated  at  S.  Pedro;  one  of  Stockton's  men  at  S.  Diego;  one  of 
the  party  sent  to  reenforce  Kearny;  and  finally  killed  at  S.  PascuaL  iv.  453; 
v.  110,  159,  346.  Perhaps  no  other  man  in  Cal.  had  so  varied  an  experience 
in  this  most  eventful  year. 

Booth  (J.),  1847,  atS.  F.  on  the  Currency  Lass  from  Honolulu.  B.  (Wm), 
1847,  said  to  have  settled  at  Sta  Clara  with  his  family.  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist. 
Borbosa,  settler  at  Mont.  1800.  i.  679.  Borden.  1847,  mr  of  the  Bowditch. 
v.  576.  Borel,  1847,  at  N.  Helvetia.  Borenback  (Antoine),  1847,  Co.  F, 
3d  artill.  (v.  518),  ace.  to  Lancey;  not  on  the  rolls.  Borgas  (Jose  M.),  grantee 
of  Pajaro  in  '43  (Vargas  ?). 

Borica  (Diego),  1794,  Span,  colonel,  gov.  of  Cal.  from  Oct.  '94  to  Jan.  16, 
1800;  dying  at  Durango  in  July  1800.  See  i.  530-3  and  726-30,  with  inter 
vening  pages,  passim,  for  the  events  of  Borica 's  rule;  also  list  of  auth.  in  vol. 
i.  He  was  one  of  the  .ablest  and  best  rulers  the  country  ever  had,  always 
striving  for  progress  in  different  directions,  avoiding  controversy,  and  person 
ally  interesting  himself  in  the  welfare  of  all  classes;  a  jovial  bon-vivant, 
knight  of  Santiago,  and  man  of  wealth.  His  wife,  who  accompanied  him  to 
Cal.,  was  Dona  Magdalena  de  Urquides.  Bork  (Louis),  1845,  Engl.  who  got 
a  pass  for  Sonora  at  Los  Ang.  B.  (Manuel),  1845,  ditto. 

Boronda  (Jose"  Canute),  son  of  Corp.  Manuel  B.  and  his  wife  Gertrudis 
Higuera,  b.  at  S.  F.  1792;  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  from  1812  in  the  escolta  of 
S.  Antonio,  S.  Miguel,  and  S.  Juan.  ii.  232;  in  the  S.  F.  comp.  '26-7;  in  '28 
alcalde  of  Branciforte.  ii.  627;  wife  Francisca  Castro,  children  Maria,  Con- 
cepcion,  Antonia,  Juan  Jose",  and  Francisco;  grantee  of  land  in  Mont,  district 
'43.  iv.  656;  juez  at  S.  Juan  B.  '44.  iv.  661.  In  '78  he  was  living  with  his 
daughter  Concepcion — grantee  of  the  Potrero.  iv.  655 — near  S.  Luis  Obispo, 
and  dictated  for  me  his  Notasoi  old-time  adventures,  ii.  339,  446.  B.  (Jose" 
Eusebio),  perhaps  a  brother  of  Canute,  in  '36  majordomo  of  the  Verjeles 
rancho.  iii.  679;  age  26,  wife  Josefa  Buelna,  children  Jos6  de  los  Santos  and 


BOROND  A— BOTTS.  725 

Maria  del  Carmen;  in  '49  grantee  of  Rinconada  del  Zanjon.  iii.  G78,  and  juez 
aux.  '41.  iv.  Goo;  still  living  at  Salinas  in  77,  but  kisApuntes  Higtdrico*  was 
very  brief  and  unimportant.  B.  (Jose"  Manuel),  prob.  son  of  Manuel,  at 
Salinas  rancho  '35-6,  being  juez  de  campo.  iii.  674,  678;  age  33,  wife  Juaua 
Cota,  children  Juan  de  Mata  b.  '21,  Carlota  '22,  Josefa  '25,  Isabel  '28,  Ascension 
'30,  Franciso  '31,  Juan  '33,  Jose  Manuel  '36,  grantee  of  Los  Laurelesin  '39.  iii. 
6(i7 ;  and  perhaps  of  Tucho  in  '35.  iii.  679;  still  living  in  '50.  B.  (Juan  de  Mata), 
juez  at  S.  Carlos  '46;  named  as  the  man  who  killed  Capt.  Burroughs  at  Nativi- 
dad.  v.  370,  637;  son  of  Jose"  Manuel.  B.  (Manuel),  corporal  and  carpenter, 
teacher  at  S.  F.  and  Mont.  17GO-181S.  i.  64.3;  ii.  78,383,427.  B.  ('Tia'), 
woman  who  kept  a  little  shop  at  Mont.  1811-36,  perhaps  a  sister  of  Manuel, 
ii.  4-20,  614;  iii.  454-5. 

Borrego,  1822,  Mex.  priest  who  came  as  a  companion  of  Can6nigo  Fernan 
dez;  not  of  the  best  reputation;  perhaps  a  nickname,  ii.  458.  Borris  (James 
Win),  1823,  New  Yorker  whose  father  was  Eugl.  and  mother  Dutch;  baptized 
in  '24  and  employed  by  Capt.  de  la  Guerra  as  a  physician  for  the  troops  at 
Sta  B.  ii.  495,  526.  Very  likely  his  name  was  Burroughs. 

Boscana  (Geronimo),  1806,  Span,  friar  who  served  in  the  south  until  his 
death  at  S.  Gabriel  in  '31;  a  man  of  learning,  whose  treatise  on  the  Ind. — 
Chlniijchinlck — was  published  later,  but  whose  conduct  was  not  in  all  respects 
exemplary.  Biog.  iii.  641-2;  ment.  i.  list  of  auth.;  ii.  123,  159-60,  345-8, 
555-6,  366,  394,.  488,  517,  567,  655;  iii.  96,  102,  310,  351;  iv.  344-5.  Bosco 
(John^,  1847,  with  the  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469),  in  the  fam.  of  Capt.  Hunt.  Bose 
(Geo.  A.),  1848,  German  farmer  in  Sta  Clara  Val.  76.  Bosque  (Thomas), 
1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  L.  Ang. '47.  Bostwick  (James  C. ),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  Botaires  (Pascual),  1846,  Cal.  claim  of  $36  (v.  462). 
Botello  (Joaquin),  tailor  instructor  at  Mont.  1792-1801.  i.  615;  ii.  174. 

Botello  (Narciso),  1833,  Mex.,  native  of  Alamos,  Sonora,  who  came  with 
John  Forster  by  land,  and  again  with  James  Johnson  in  '34,  age  24.  Erro 
neously  named  as  sec.  at  Los  Ang.  in  '26.  ii.  560.  At  first  B.  tended  Rice's 
billiard-saloon,  and  soon  opened  a  grocery  at  L.  Ang.  Sindico  of  the  ayunt. 
'35;  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  from  '36,  taking  a  prominent  part  in  many  public  mat 
ters,  especially  in  the  southern  opposition  to  Alvarado  in  '36-8.  iii.  419,  518- 
19,  550,  555,  558,  565-6,  635-6;  sec.  of  prefecture  '39-43,  of  the  tribunal  su 
perior  '42,  and  grantee  of  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iiL  605,  640;  iv.  626,  632 
-3;  vocal  of  the  assembly  '43-6,  taking  a  leading  part  in  all  deliberations  of 
that  body,  also  one  of  the  lessees  of  S.  Buen.  mission  '45,  iv.  361,  410-11,  425, 
495,  521,  540,  553,  558,  645;  active  against  the  Amer.  invasion  June- Aug.  '46, 
and  also  as  assemblyman  and  sec.  of  Gov.  Flores  in  '46-7,  but  did  not  go  with 
F.  to  Mex.  as  he  wished  to  do.  v.  37-8,  50,  264,  321-2,  408,  625;  grantee  of 
La  Cie"nega  '46.  In  '48-50  B.  made  several  not  very  successful  attempts  at 
gold-mining,  also  engaging  in  trade  at  L.  Ang.  and  S.  Juan  B. ;  in  later  years 
justice  of  the  peace  and  notary  public.  He  was  a  man  of  good  abilities  and  fair 
education;  always  a  partisan  of  his  country,  Mexico,  against  Cal.  and  the  U. 
S.,  as  also  of  the  south  against  the  north.  In  78,  living  at  the  Sta  Maria 
rancho  near  S.  Diego  in  great  poverty  at  the  age  of  63,  Botello  dictated  for  me 
his  Anales  del  Sur,  a  very  valuable  narrative  of  the  political  and  other  com 
plications  of  his  Cal.  experience.  He  had  no  family. 

Botero  (Pablo),  1801,  prospective  settler  at  Branciforte.  ii.  171.  Botiller 
(Anastasio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  B.  (Francisco  and  Vicente),  ditto.  B.  (Joa 
quin),  teacher  at  Los  Ang.  '30.  ii.  564.  B.  (Jose"  Ant.),  at  Los  Ang.  '19,  and 
S.  Antonio  rancho  '29.  ii.  354,  616;  in  '36  at  Mont.,  age  50,  wife  Maria  de  la 
Luz  Morales,  child.  Jose"  de  Jesus  b.  '14,  Peregrino  '24 — employed  by  Larkin 
as  a  courier  '46— Jose"  Joaq.  '26.  B.  (Jose  del  Carmen),  1842.  iv.  653.  B. 
(Xarciso),  courier  '46.  v.  72.  Botta  (Paolo  Emilio),  1827,  Ital.  scientist  on 
the  IJerofs  '27-8;  author  of  Osservazioni.  i.  list  of  auth.;  ii.  551;  iii.  128-30. 
Bottene,  1846,  mr  of  the  Cabinet  at  S.F. 

Botts  (Charles  T.),  1848,  Virginian,  who  came  on  the  Matilda  with  an  ap 
pointment  as  U.S.  naval  storekeeper  at  Mont.  I  have  the  letter  of  introd.  to 
Larkin  which  he  brought  from  Corn.  Sloat,  as  well  as  many  naval  account* 


726  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

signed  by  B.  He  went  to  the  mines  with  Colton;  was  a  member  of  the  consti 
tutional  convention  in  '49;  member  of  a  leading  law  firm  in  S.F.  from  '50;  from 
'08  a  Sacramento  journalist,  publishing  the  Standard;  state  printer  in '01;  also 
district  judge  of  Sac.  district.  After  the  war  he  spent  some  years  in  the  south, 
but  returned  to  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Cal.,  residing  chiefly  at  Oak- 
laud,  where  he  died  in  '84  at  the  age  of  75.  His  wife,  who  outlived  their  chil 
dren,  died  a  few  years  before  her  husband;  but  B.  left  two  granddaughters, 
daughters  of  Dr  Aylette  of  Stockton.  Judge  Botts  was  a  brother  of  John  M. 
Botts,  the  famous  Virginian  politician,  and  was  himself  a  politician  of  the  better 
sort,  a  successful  lawyer  of  marked  ability,  and  a  citizen  of  wide  influence. 

Bouchaltz  (Theodore),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  Mariposa '83. 
T'ouchard  (Hypolite),  1818,  French  com.  of  the  Buenos  Aires  insurgents  on 
the  Cal.  coast.  See  ii.  220-49,  252,  348,  383,  389.  Nothing  is  known  of  his 
earlier  or  later  career.  Bouchet  (Louis),  1828,  French  cooper  with  Mex. 
passp.  at  Mont.  28-9.  ii.  558;  iii.  178;  owner  of  a  vineyard  with  W.  L.  Hill 
at  Los  Ang.;  naturalized  in  '31,  and  soon  married;  one  of  the  vigilantes  '36 
(iii.  430);  met  by  Mofras  in  '41,  who  calls  him  Win,  also  called  Bauchet  and 
Bauchot  in  some  records.  He  signed  a  proclamation  against  Castro  in  '46;  and 
ace.  to  Los  Ang.  Co.  Hist.,  33,  died  Oct.  '47;  but  I  find  his  name  in  an  origi 
nal  list  of  '48.  Boudinet  (W.  E.),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  Bouet  (Jean), 
1848,  French  trader  at  Los  Ang.  age  30.  Doubtful  record.  Boulanger  (Fran 
cis),  1847,  Co.  B,N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Bousol,  1846,  came  to  S.  Jose  Valley. 
Hall.  Bouzet  (E.  de),  1846,  com.  of  the  French  corvette  Brillante.  v.  576. 

Bowden  (John  H.),  1848,  from  Honolulu;  kept  a  bakery  and  owned  a  lot  at 
S.F.  Bowen  (Asa  M. ),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336),  who  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  S.  Pascual,  on  which  he  furnished  me  in  '76  a  Statement.  Still 
at  S.F.  '84-5,  and  in  serious  trouble  with  the  officers  of  justice.  Bowen  (Thos 
G.),  1834,  Amer.  trapper  from  N.  Mex.;  settled  at  S.  Jos<5  from  '36.  iii.  117; 
iv.  412.  He  kept  a  distillery,  and  his  name,  variously  written,  appears  in  Lar- 
kin's  books  and  other  records  from  year  to  year;  one  of  Graham's  riflemen  '36 
(iii.  457);  grantee  of  Canada  de  S.  Felipe  in  '39,  having  been  naturalized  and 
married,  iii.  677,  711;  arrested  but  not  exiled  '40.  iv.  17;  in  '41,  being  a  S. 
Jose"  trader  age  '33,  with  one  child,  he  became  security  for  some  of  the  Bartle- 
soii  immig.  iv.  275,  684,  686;  failed  in  business  '44;  signed  the  call  to  foreign 
ers  '45.  iv.  599.  I  find  no  record  of  him  after  '46.  B.  (Thos),  1846,  prob.  a 
oon  of  the  preceding,  named  by  Fremont  as  a  wild  young  fellow  of  S.  Jose1, 
whose  mother  owned  land  at  the  mission.  B.  ( Wm),  1844-5,  sailor  from  the 
Sterling  at  Mont.  iv.  587.  B.  (Wm  J.),  1847,  came  from  Honolulu  on  the 
Currency  Lass;  later  miner,  and  lumberman  at  Bodega;  part  owner  of  the  Sa- 
blne,  making  several  voyages,  married  at  Sidney.  In  '82  he  had  for  many  years 
been  a  resident  of  Berkeley.  Very  likely  same  as  preceding. 

Bowers  (James  H.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  later  hotel-keeper  at 
Stockton;  died  at  S.  F.  '70.  Bowing  (Henry),  1847,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
reenlisted  at  Los  Ang.  Bowles  or  Boles  (Joseph),  1838,  Amer.  on  Larkin's 
books  at  Mont. ;  somewhat  prominent  in  the  Graham  affair  of  '40,  and  exiled 
to  S.  Bias,  but  came  back  in  '41  after  a  visit  to  N.Y.  to  urge  his  claim  for 
damages,  iv.  18,  31,  33,  119.  On  the  Alert  at  Sta  B.  '42;  perhaps  at  N.  Helv. 
'47.  B.  (Samuel),  1848,  overl.  immig.  with  Allsopp,  whose  partner  he  was 
in  a  S.  F.  boarding-house  till  '50;  when  he  went  to  the  mines.  Bowman 
(Joaquin,  Joseph,  or  Gilbert),  1826,  Kentuckian  trapper  of  Jed.  Smith's  party. 
ii.  558;  iii.  155,  160,  176;  settled  at  S.  Gabriel  as  a  miller,  and  still  lived 
there  in  '44  at  the  age  of  63. 

Boy  (John),  1847,  owner  of  lots  at  S.  F.  Boyce  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  D, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Salt  Lake  City  '82.  Boyd  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm. 
Bat.  B.  (Geo.),  1848,  perhaps  at  S.  F.  B.  (R. ),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 
Boyer,  1848,  mr  of  the  Perseverance,  v.  579.  Boyers  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  E,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  F.  '82.  Boyle  (Dr),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  immig. 
iv.  578.  B.  (Henry  G.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  481,  496;  in  Utah  '82, 
chaplain  of  the  legislature.  B.  (James),  1846,  Amer.  carpenter  at  Mont.  '46-8. 

Brackenberry  (Benj.  B. ),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  ( v.  409).       Brackenridge 


BRACKENRIDGE— BRANNAN.  727 

(J.  D.),  1841,  "botanist  of  U.  S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241-2,  245.  Brackett  (John 
Ely),  1847,  lieut  2d  U.  S.  artillery;  capt.  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  y.  504;  com.  of  the 
Sonoma  garrison  '47-8.  v.  609-10, 007,  009;  later  a  lawyer,  being  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  '49-50,  and  major-gen,  of  Cal.  militia.  He  died  at  Rock  Island, 
111.,  Jan.  '55.  His  son  or  brother — for  I  have  lost  the  reference — Col  Albert 
G.  Brackett,  com.  of  the  mil.  district  of  Nevada  'CO,  furnished  me  in  76  a 
Sketch  of  the  1st  Reg.  N.  Y.  Vol.,  and  several  other  MSS.  containing  useful  in 
formation.  See  i.  list  of  auth.  Bradford  (Win),  1840,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Warren. 

Bradley  (Thomas  Westly),  1843,  Tennesseean  imrnig.  from  Mo.  in  the  Chiles 
party,  iv.  392,  400;  employed  a  while  by  Sutter,  but  in  '44-9  lived  in  Napa 
Valley,  joining  the  Bears,  v.  Ill;  but  not  apparently  going  south  with  the 
battalion,  and  marrying  Rebecca  Allen  of  Mo.  in  Dec.  '46.  From  '49  he  lived 
in  Contra  Costa  county,  and  in  '85  was  still  on  his  farm  near  Lafayette  with 
a  large  family.  Of  his  six  sons,  James  Warren  was  b.  in  '47  and  John  Willard 
in  '48;  there  were  4  daughters,  3  of  them  married  before  '85.  Portrait  in  Con 
tra  Costa  Co.  Hist.,  296.  Bradley,  1841  (?),  a  man  who  accompanied  Brooks 
— Four  Months,  etc. — in  his  gold-hunting  tour  of  '48,  being  named  on  nearly 
every  page;  claimed  to  have  been  in  Cal.  eight  years,  to  have  been  an  officer 
of  volunteers  in  the  war,  and  to  be  a  friend  of  Capt.  Folsom.  iv.  279. 

Bradshaw  (John),  1827,  one  of  the  best  known  Boston  traders  on  the 
coast;  master  of  the  Franklin  in  '27-8,  of  the  Pocahontas  '30-2,  and  of  the 
Lufjoda  '34-5.  Often  in  trouble  with  the  authorities  011  account  of  his  smug 
gling  exploits,  as  elsewhere  narrated,  ii.  551;  iii.  132-4,  147-8,  165-7,  176-7, 
210,  3S2-3.  Capt.  B.  never  returned  to  Cal.  after  '35.  but  I  have  his  letter  to 
Capt.  Cooper  in  '36;  and  a  letter  of  Jan.  '84  from  his  daughter,  Mrs  H.  E. 
Roundj^,  informs  me  that  he  died  at  his  home  in  Beverley,  Mass.,  May  '80,  at 
the  age  of  94.  B.  (Julian),  1845,  overl.  immig.  in  the  Grigsby-Ide  party; 
bonds  given  by  Yount;  prob.  went  to  Or.  in  '46.  iv.  526,  578.  B.  (Samuel), 
1848,  in  the  mines  with  Brooks;  formerly  carpenter  on  a  whaler.  B.  (Win 
D.),  1846,  lieut  Co.  D,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  361;  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $132  (v.  462). 
Brady,  1848,  with  Newell  &  Gilbert.  B.  (James),  1846,  at  N.  Helv.  in  Jan.; 
perhaps  same  as  preceding.  B.  (James),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 
B.  (John  R.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.;  died  at  Stockton  after  '50. 

Braham  (A.),  1845,  atN.  Helv.;  prob.  'Bruheim,' q.v.  Bralee  (Thomas), 
1846,  Engl.  sailor  disch.  from  the  Savannah;  a  resid.  of  Mont,  and  Carmelo 
Val.,  except  2  years  at  the  mines,  to  :77  and  later,  being  a  dairyman,  with 
two  sons  and  a  daughter.  Braley  (Albert),  1845,  mate  on  the  Morea. 

Branch  (Francis  Ziba),  1831,  trapper  of  the  Wolf  skill  party  from  N.  Mex. 
iii.  387,  405;  a  nat.  of  N.  Y.  After  a  few  years  of  hunting  he  opened  a  store 
and  boarding-house  at  Sta  B. ,  though  often  engaging  in  a  hunt,  to  keep  up 
memories  of  old  times.  He  married  Manuela  Carlon  in  '35.  iv.  117;  and  the 
padron  of  '36  shows  that  he  had  then  one  son.  Selling  his  store  in  '37,  he  ap 
plied  for  naturalization — obtained  in  '39 — and  got  a  grant  of  the  Sta  Manuela 
rancho  near  S.  Luis  Obispo.  iii.  679;  iv.  655;  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his 
life,  a  rich  man  of  good  repute.  He  died  in  '74  at  the  age  of  72,  leaving  many 
children  and  grandchildren.  His  portrait  is  given  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  hist., 
216.  Branda  (Juan),  at  Sonoma  '44. 

Brander  (Win),  1833,  Scotch  carpenter,  29  years  old,  at  Mont.,  his  name 
appearing  often  on  Larkin's  books  and  other  records  in  '33-45.  iii.  409;  ar 
rested  but  not  exiled  in  '40.  iv.  17;  got  a  carta,  and  in  '41-2  was  a  lumber 
man  near  Sta  Cruz.  In  Oct.  '45  he  \vas  found  dead  on  Amesti's  rancho,  be 
lieved  to  have  been  killed  by  Ind.  iv.  543. 

Branham  (Benj.  F.),  1846,  son  of  Isaac  and  overl.  immig.  at  the  age  of 
one  year;  sheriff  of  Sta  Clara  Co.  '85.  B.  (Isaac),  1846,  Kentuckian  immig. 
(v.  526),  with  his  wife  Amanda  A.  Bailey  and  son  Benj.  F.,  settling  at  S. 
Jose",  where  he  was  a  member  of  the  town  council  '46-7.  v.  664;  and  where 
he  still  lived  in  '81.  Portrait  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hint. ,  304.  He  had  a  son  Charles 
b.  '54,  and  a  daughter  Mary  b.  '60;  besides  4  children  born  before  he  came  to 
Cal.  Branisan  (Floria),  1846,  pass,  on  the  Gitijmzcoana  from  Callao.  Banks 
(Robert),  18-18,  visited  S.  F.  from  Honolulu  on  the  Julian.  Braunan  (Peter), 


728  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

1846,  Irish  bricklayer  who  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  at  the  Natividad  fight? 
later  worked  at  his  trade;  in  the  mines  '48;  soon  after  drowned  at  S.  F.  Swan. 
Perhaps  his  name  was  Brennan. 

Brannaii  (Samuel),  1846,  Mormon  elder  and  chief  of  the  colony  sent  from 
N.Y.  on  the  Brooklyn.  See  full  account  of  the  colony,  v.  544  et  seq.;  mention 
v.  471,  644-5.  B.  was  born  at  Saco,  Me,  in  '19;  learned  the  printer's  trade  in 
Ohio  from  '33;  travelled  as  a  printer  through  many  parts  of  the  country;  and 
from  '42  published  the  N.  Y.  Messenger  and  later  the  Prophet,  as  organs  of  the 
Mormon  church.  Of  his  conversion  and  early  experience  as  a  latter-day  saint 
not  much  is  known,  the  subject  being  avoided  both  by  himself  and  his  old 
associates;  but  he  was  clearly  a  leading  spirit  in  the  church,  and  was  just  the 
man  to  take  charge  of  the  Californian  scheme.    There  is  no  good  reason  to 
doubt  his  devotion  to  the  cause,  but  it  was  his  firm  intention  to  build  up  his 
own  fortunes  with  those  of  his  sect;  he  was  greatly  displeased  with  President 
Young's  change  of  plans  respecting  Cal. ;  and  having  failed  during  a  visit  to 
Salt  Lake  to  modify  the  president's  views,  it  required  but  few  years  to  divest 
himself  entirely  his  of  old-time  religious  fervor  and  become  an  apostate.  Mean 
while,  at  S.  F.  he  was  a  leading  spirit  from  the  first,  preaching  eloquently  on 
Sundays,  publishing  the  Star,  buying  town  lots,  taking  part  in  political  con 
troversies,  working  zealously  for  the  advancement  of  the  town's  educational 
and  other  interests,  always  aggressive  but  liberal  in  his  views,  showing  no 
signs  of  sectarianism.    For  mention  in  this  part  of  his  career  '46-7,  see  v. 
494,  649-51,  666-8,  681-2.  In  '47  he  established  the  firm  of  C.  C.  Smith  & 
Co.  at  Sac.,  later  Brannan  &  Co.,  in  which  Mellus  &  Howard  and  Wm  Stout 
were  partners.  The  immense  profits  of  his  store  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in 
'48-9,  with  his  mining  operations  at  Mormon  Island,  and  the  increase  of  S.F. 
real  estate,  made  him  a  little  later  the  richest  man  in  Cal.   Of  his  career  after 
'48  something  will  be  found  in  vol.  vi.  of  this  work ;  also  in  my  Popular  Tri 
bimals,  B.  having  been  prominent  in  connection  with  the  vigilance  committees. 
I  do  not  attempt  even  to  outline  his  most  remarkable  career  as  capitalist  and 
speculator.  In  many  parts  of  the  state  and  even  beyond  its  limits  he  acquired 
immense  interests,  showing  in  their  management  the  ability  and  energy  so 
characteristic  of  the  man.  He  probably  did  more  for  S.F.  and  for  other  places 
than  was  effected  by  the  combined  efforts  of  scores  of  better  men;  and  indeed, 
in  many  respects  he  was  not  a  bad  man,  being  as  a  rule  straightforward  as  well 
as  shrewd  in  his  dealings,  as  famous  for  his  acts  of  charity  and  open-handed 
liberality  as  for  his  enterprise,  giving  also  frequent  proofs  of  personal  bravery. 
In  '59  he  purchased  the  Calistoga  estate,  in  connection  with  the  improvement 
of  which  his  name  is  perhaps  most  widely  known.  Here  he  established  a  dis 
tillery  on  a  grand  scale,  and  here  in  '68  he  received  eight  bullets  and  nearly 
lost  his  life  in  a  quarrel  for  possession  of  a  mill.  Meanwhile  he  had  given  him 
self  up  to  strong  drink;  for  20  years  or  more  he  was  rarely  sober  after  noon; 
and  he  became  as  well  known  for  his  dissolute  habits  and  drunken  freaks  as 
he  had  been  for  his  \vealth  and  ability.  Domestic  troubles  led  to  divorce  from 
the  wife  married  in  '44,  who  with  their  child  had  come  with  him  in  '46  and 
borne  him  other  children  in  Cal.;  division  of  the  estate  was  followed  by  un 
lucky  speculations,  and  Brannan's  vast  wealth  melted  gradually  away.  In  the 
days  of  his  prosperity  he  had  liberally  supported  the  cause  of  Mexico  against 
the  French  invasion  and  its  tool  Maximilian,  and  just  before  1880  he  obtained 
in  return  a  grant  of  lands  in  Sonora,  embarking  with  somewhat  of  his  old  en 
ergy  in  a  grand  scheme  of  colonization,  which  has  thus  far  proved  a  total  fail 
ure.  For  the  last  year  or  two  down  to  '85  Brannan  has  lived  at  Guaymas  or  on 
the  frontier,  remarried  to  a  Mexican  woman,  a  sorry  wreck  physically  and 
financially,  yet  clear-headed  as  ever  and  full  of  courage  for  the  future.  Thou 
sands  of  pioneers  in  Cal.  remember  this  erratic  genius  with  the  kindliest  of 
feelings,  and  hope  that  he  may  yet  add  a  brilliant  closing  chapter  to  the  record 
of  one  of  the  most  remarkable  characters  in  California!!  annals. 

Brant  (Henry),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  583.  Brasher  (S.  M.), 
1841,  mid.  on  the  St  Louis.  Brass  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
reenlisted  at  Los  Aug.  Brasseau  (Chas),  1847,  at  N.  Helv.  Braun  (Jean 


BRAUN— BREWER.  729 

Louis),  1831,  Frenchman,  26  years  old,  from  N.  Hex.  perhaps  with  Wolfskill 
or  Jackson,  iii.  387.  Braun  (Philip),  1847,  Co.  H7  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 
Braunc  (Chas  J.  W.),  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  583,  587;  ac 
cidentally  burned  to  death  in  El  JDorado  Co.  '79. 

Bravo  (David),  soldier  at  Mont.  '30,  age  43.  B.  (Juan  de  Dios),  1832, 
in  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221;  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '35.  iii.  635 
B.  (JuanN.),  1842-5,  sub-Iieut  of  the  batallou  fijo.  iv.  289.  B.  (Manuel), 
1842,  ditto,  iv.  289.  B.  (Marcelino),  inval.  at  Brancif.  1799.  i.  571. 

Bray  (Edmund),  1844,  Irish  immig.  in  the  Stevens  party,  age  37.  iv.  445, 
453.  He  was  employed  by  Sutter  from  '45,  serving  in  the  Micheltorena  cam 
paign,  iv.  486;  went  to  the  mines  in  '48.  He  was  disabled  by  a  fall  in  '56,  and 
in  '72  had  been  for  6  years  in  the  Sac.  county  hospital,  where  he  wrote  for  me 
his  Memoir,  an  excellent  narrative  of  the  journey  overland.  B.  (Edward), 
1847,  mr  of  the  Henry,  v.  578;  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  Brazier  (Richard),  1847, 
sergt  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  prob.  did  not  come  to  Cal.  Breager,  with 
a  party  of  trappers  between  '32  and  '40.  iii.  392. 

Breck  (James  Win),  1829-30,  Boston  man  who  perhaps  visited  Cal.  on  a 
whaler,  and  possibly  remained  at  that  time,  ii.  573,  iii.  179,  though  some  say 
he  came  back  from  Honolulu  in  '37  to  become  a  permanent  resid.  of  Sta  B., 
where  he  married  and  had  many  children;  still  living  in  '76  at  the  age  of  76. 
Also  named  as  owner  of  a  rancho  near  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  as  an  otter-hunter  in 
'41-5.  Information  about  him  is  very  unsatisfactory.  Breckenridge  (Thomas 
E.),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men,  serving  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  and  as  one  of  the 
Sta  B.  garrison  '46.  v.  306,  453,  583;  had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462)  of  $20,  and  was 
at  Washington  May  '48  to  testify  at  the  court-martial. 

Breen  (Patrick),  1846,  Irishman  who  came  to  Amer.  in  '28,  and  from  Iowa 
overland  in  the  Donner  party  (v.  530-44,  where  all  the  members  of  this  fam 
ily  are  named),  with  his  wife  Margaret  and  7  children,  the  whole  family  sur 
viving  the  perils  of  that  terrible  journey.  Breen's  original  Diary  of  tie  Donner 
Party  is  one  of  the  most  highly  prized  treasures  of  my  Library.  The  Breens 
lived  at  Murphy's  on  the  Cosumnes  till  Sept.  '47,  then  at  S.  Jose  till  Feb.  '48, 
when  they  settled  at  S.  Juan  B.  Here  Patrick  died  in  '68  and  his  widow  in 
'74.  Portraits  and  biog.  sketches  of  the  family  in  McGlasharis  Donner  Part:/. 
The  Breens  have  always  been  regarded  as  honest,  hard-working  people.  B. 
(Edward  J.),  1846,  son  of  Patrick.  His  sufferings  on  the  overland  trip  were 
aggravated  by  a  broken  leg;  living  at  S.  Juan  in  '85  with  2d  wife  and  5  chil 
dren.  B.  (Isabella),  1846,  infant  daughter  of  Patrick;  married  Thos  McMa- 
hon  '69;  at  Hollister  '85.  B.  (James  F.),  1846,  son  of  Patrick,  b.  in  Iowa 
'41;  educated  at  Sta  Clara  college;  lawyer  at  S.  Juan  B.  He  has  been  district 
attorney,  assemblyman,  county  judge,  and  from  '79  superior  judge  of  S.  Be- 
nito.  Married  in  '70,  and  living  in  '85  with  wife  and  two  children.  B.  (John), 
1846,  oldest  son  of  Patrick,  14  years  old,  and  strongest  of  the  family  except 
the  mother,  yet  barely  escaping  death.  In  the  mines  at  Mormon  Isl.  '48,  and 
in  the  winter  built  a  house  where  Placerville  stood  later.  Returning  to  S. 
Juan  and  buying  the  old  residence  of  Gen.  Castro,  he  married  a  daughter  of 
Ed.  Smith  in  '52,  and  in  '85  still  lived  there  with  wife  and  9  children.  In  his 
Pioneer  Memoirs,  Breen  has  contributed  an  interesting  narrative  of  80  p.  to 
my  collection.  B.  (Patrick,  Jr),  1846,  son  of  Patrick,  9  years  old  on  arrival; 
a  farmer  at  S.  Juan,  married  in  '65,  and  living  in  '85  with  wife  and  4  chil 
dren.  B.  (Peter),  1846,  son  of  Patrick,  a  child  in  '46;  died  unmarried  in  '70. 
B.  (Simon  P.),  1846,  son  of  Patrick;  living  '85  at  S.  Juan  with  wife  and  2 
children.  B.  (Wm  M.),  1848,  son  of  Patrick,  b.  at  S.  Juan;  died  74,  leaving 
a  widow  and  child. 

Brenard  (Sam.),  1848,  named  as  one  of  the  murderers  of  the  Reed  family. 
v.  640.  Brenerd  (T.),  1848.  at  Mont.  Brennan,  see  'Brannan.'  Bressak, 
1845,  at  Mont.  Brestone  (Robert),  1838,  named  in  Larkin's  Accts.  Bret- 
ely  (Jose),  1841,  at  Sta  B. 

Brewer  (Charles),  1832,  mr  of  the  Victoria,  iii.  384.  A  Boston  man  of  the 
well-known  firm,  of  Peirce  &  B.  at  Honolulu.  Revisited  Cal.  in  '79  with  his 
daughter;  living  at  Jamaica  Plains,  Mass.,  at  the  age  of  80  in  '84,  when  he 


730  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

also  printed  for  his  family  a  small  vol.  of  Reminiscences,  of  which  he  presented 
a  copy  for  my  collection.  B.  (C,  2d,  G.  W.,  and  H.  B.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Honolulu.  Brewerton  (Geo.  D.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.,  trans,  to  Co. 
K.  v.  504;  went  east  in  '48  with  Carson's  party  to  N.  Mex.  (see  Brewertoris 
Hide,  in  i.  list  of  auth.);  later  lieut  1st  U.S.  infantry;  colonel  in  78;  living 
in  N.Y.  '79.  Brewster,  1829,  said  to  have  been  master  of  the  whaler  Al- 
vins  (?).  B.  (F.  M.),  1848,  on  the  Julian. 

Brian  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Briant  (John  S.), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  reenlisted  at  Los  Ang.  Bridger  (James), 
1835  (?),  noted  trapper  of  the  plains  and  mountains.  It  is  not  clear  that  he 
visited  Cal.  before  '49,  but  he  is  likely  to  have  done  so.  iii.  413.  Bridges 
(J.  C.),  1843,  Kentuckian  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  Hastings  party;  employed 
by  Sutter  and  perhaps  by  Smith  at  Bodega,  but  died  in  the  winter  of  '43-4. 
iv.  390,  390,  400,  Brieu  (D.  L.),  1847,  asst  surg.  U.S.  Columbus. 

Briggs  (1846),  in  Sutter's  employ.  B.,  1832,  mr  of  the  Phoebe,  reported 
as  dead  the  same  year.  B.  (C.  P.),  1844,  sailor  at  S.F.  from  the  Morea.  iv. 
453;  later  in  Leidesdorff's  employ;  and  perhaps  one  of  the  Bears  in  '46  (v. 
101);  but  all  seems  to  rest  on  his  own  statement  in  '72.  He  was  perhaps  the 
P.  A.  Briggs  who  joined  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  at  S.  Jose  in  Nov;  and  the 
C.  P.  A.  Briggs  married  at  S.F.  '47  to  Catherine  Coombs.  (See  i.  list  of  auth.) 
B.  (Calvin  T.),  1837  (?),  overl.  immig.,  nat.  of  Vt,  died  '68,  aged  60.  Soc. 
Pion.,  records;  also  reported  to  have  come  in. '32  on  a  whaler,  to  have  been  a 
trapper  on  the  coast,  and  later  resid.  of  S.  Joaquin.  S.  F.  Examiner,  iii.  408. 
B.  (Castor,  or  Caspar),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  F.  '74-82.  B. 
(Charles),  1847,  settler  at  Benicia;  B.  &  Russell,  lumber  dealers,  v.  672.  B. 
(Francis),  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  men;  in  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  one  of 
Talbot's  garrison  at  Sta  B.  iv.  583;  v.  316.  B.  (Geo.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Isa 
bella,  v.  511.  Briggs,  1848,  of  sloop  Stockton  running  from  S.F.  to  Sonoma. 
v.  646.  Brigham  (E.  R.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Brincken  (Wil- 
helm),  1840,  one  of  the  Graham  exiles  who  did  not  return,  iv.  18.  Bringas 
(Luis  M.),  ment.  in  connection  with  J.  M.  Herrera's  trial  '27.  iii.  61-2. 
Brinsmadc  (A.  A.),  1848,  at  S.  F.  August-Sept.,  treasurer  S.  F.  guards. 

Brionea  (Antonio),  corporal  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  killed  by  Ind.  i.  315.  B. 
(Antonio),  soldier  and  Ind.  fighter  1810;  smuggler  '20-1.  ii.  91,  411,  440-1, 
564.  B.  (Canute),  S.  F.  militia  '37.  B.  (Desiderio),  ditto;  at  S.  F.  '41; 
wounded  by  Ind.  '39;  juez  de  campo  S.  Jose"  '43.  iv.  76,  685.  B.  (Felipe), 
regidor  at  S.  Jose"  '20.  ii.  378;  on  S.  Mateo  rancho,  elector  S.  F.  '35.  iii.  704; 
killed  by  Ind.  '40.  iv.  76.  B.  (Gregorio),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '16-27.  ii. 
371;  militiaman  S.  F.  '37;  alcalde  contra  costa  '35.  iii.  704;  regidor  S.  F.  '36. 
iii.  705;  alcalde  S.  Mateo  '38.  iii.  705;  owner  of  lots  at  S.  F.  '41-5.  iv.  669;  v. 
683;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  47;  juez  at  S.  Rafael,  and  grantee  of  Baulines  '46.  iv. 
C77;  v.  669-70.  B.  (Juana),  mentioned  as  a  widow  at  S.  F.,  and  also  as  the 
wife  of  Apolinario  Miranda,  noted  for  her  kindness  to  sick  and  deserting  sail 
ors;  had  an  adobe  house  in  the  North  Beach  region  in  '36;  owner  of  lot  '41-5. 
iii.  709;  iv.  669;  later  claimant  for  Purisima  rancho,  Sta  Clara  Co.  iii.  712; 
still  living  at  Mayfield  '78  at  a  very  advanced  age.  B.  (Manuel),  soldier  at 
S.  Juan  B.  before  1800.  i.  558.  B.  (Manuela  Valencia  de),  widow  at  S.  Jose" 
'41,  age  47;  children,  Ramon  b.  '13,  Desiderio  '16,  Isidora  '20,  Casimiro  '24, 
Felipa  '18,  Maria  Ant.  '27,  Angela  '30,  Encarnacion  '32,  Marcelino  '34,  Vicente 
'36,  Carmen  '38.  B.  (Marcos),  soldier  at  Soledad,  inval.  at  Brancif.  1791- 
1800.  i.  499,  571;  comisionado  at  Brancif.  1812.  ii.  390;  still  living  at  S.  Jos<§ 
'41,  a  native  of  Sinaloa,  age  87.  B.  (Pablo),  in  Marin  Co.  and  Sonoma  from 
'37,  prob.  son  of  Gregorio.  B.  (Ramon),  soldier  at  S.F.  '37,  '44. 

Bristler  (John),  1846,  bugler  in  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Bris- 
tow  (Elijah),  1845,  an  old  Kentuckian  at  N.  Helv.  iv.  578;  an  overl.  immig. 
and  called  by  some  a  Mormon.  J.  H.  Brown  says  that  B.  came  with  himself 
and  in  the  Grigsby-Ide  party.  Wintering  at  the  fort,  where  he  was  badly 
hurt  by  being  thrown  from  a  horse,  he  went  to  Or.  in  '46.  v.  526;  where  he 
died  hi  '72.  Hist.  Or.,  i.  568-9.  Britton,  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  Dec.,  perhaps 
an  error.  B.  (W.  P.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Brizzee  (Henry  W.), 
1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  at  L.  Ang.;  in  Arizona  '82. 


BROADHURST— BROWN.  731 

Broadhurst  (Stephen),  1848,  overl.  iminig.  from  Mo.  with  his  wife;  in  Mer 
ced  Co.  73.  Brock  (Elisha  E.),  1848,  Virginian,  overl.  immig.,  accomp.  by 
his  family;  a  miner  on  the  Yuba;  farmer  at  Sta  Clara,  and  from  '62  near  Gil- 
roy,  where  he  died  in  '09.  His  widow,  Eliza  S.  Day,  survived  him:  there  were 
9  children,  3  of  them  boni  in  Cal.  B.  (Hiram),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7  (v.  358); 
in  S.  Joaq.  Valley  '48.  Brockee  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
drowned  in  Stanislaus  Riv.  '47.  Broder  (Andrew  H.),  1847,  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. 
rolls.  Brohan  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol. ;  died  at  Stockton  '50. 

Brolaski  (Henry  Lyons),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv. 
267,  270,  275,  342;  at  Mont.  Feb.  '42,  but  soon  sailed  for  Callao,  from  which 
place  he  writes  in  '44  to  Larkin  and  T.  H.  Green.  He  succeeded  his  brother 
in  business  at  Callao  for  three  years  from  '44;  at  St  Louis  Sept.  '48,  anxious  to 
come  to  Cal.  and  establish  a  saw-mill;  but  said  to  have  been  living  in  Mo.  as 
late  as  '70.  He  sometimes  signed  Brolaskey.  Brooks  (S.  S.),  1848  (?),  store 
keeper  at  Colima.  El  Dorado  Co.  Hist.  Brooker  (Alex.  V. ),  1846,  at  S.  Jose" ; 
in  '47  digging  a  cellar  for  Larkin  at  S.F.  Brookey,  overl.  immig.  with  Bry 
ant,  v.  528;  inent.  by  Sherman  as  a  worthless  fellow  at  S.F.  '47;  prob.  same  as 
preceding.  Brookman  (Israel),  1846,  doubtful  mention  as  a  Bear  Flag  man 
living  in  '62.  Brooks  (Chas  W.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  B.  (Ed 
ward  J. ),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  B.  (Geo. ),  1848,  passp.  froin  Honolulu.  B. 
(H.  L.),  1848,  ditto.  B.  (J.  Tyrwhitt),  1848,  Engl.  physician,  who  came  by 
sea  from  Or.,  and  made  a  tour  in  the  mines;  author  of  Four  Months  among  the 
Gold-Finders.  B.  (Wm  S.),  1847,  on  the  U.S.  Preble;  later  in  govt  employ 
at  S.F.  and  Mare  Isl.,  where  he  was  in  '79;  twice  married  with  8  children. 
Sola  no  Co.  Hist.,  334. 

Brotchie  (Wm),  1837,  Engl.  master  of  the  Cadborb,  Llama,  Nereid,  and 
Coiditz,  on  ths  coast  '37-42,  in  service  of  H.  B.  Co.  from  Vancouver,  iv.  101, 
105,  564.  Brothers  (P.),  to  Honolulu  from  S.  F.  on  the  Francisea.  Brough- 
ton  (Wm  Robert),  1792,  com.  of  the  H.  B.  M.  S.  Chatham;  and  of  the  Prov 
idence  1796.  i.  510-13,  538-9,  685;  author  of  Voy.  of  Discov.  to  the  North  Pac. 
Ocean,  Lond.  1804.  B.  (Sam.  Q.),  1846-7,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Brower 
(Geo.),  1845,  at  Mont,  from  N.  Y.  Browett  (Daniel),  1847,  sergt  Co.  E, 
Mono.  Bat.  (v.  477);  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8  as  carpenter  and  boat-builder; 
killed  by  Ind.  on  his  way  to  Utah  July  '48.  v.  496. 

Brown,  1793,  mr  of  an  Engl.  vessel,  i.  514,  705.  B.,  1803,  mr  of  the 
Alexander,  ii.  12,  15-17,  94,  103,  108,  130,  144.  B.,  1831,  deserter  from  the 
Fanny.  B.,  1845,  cook  for  Sutter  from  Oct.  B.,  '46-8,  often  named  at  N. 
Helv.;  may  be  the  preceding  or  one  or  more  of  the  following.  B.,  1848, 
came  with  Peter  J.  Davis;  family.  B.,  1848,  mining  at  Coloma.  B.,  1847, 
from  Honolulu  to  S.  F.  on  the  Guipuzcoana.  Brown  (Albert),  1844,  Arner. 
28  years  old  at  S.F.  B.  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  '82  at 
Lynne,  Utah.  B.  (Benj.),  1832,  named  in  a  board  bill  at  Mont. 

Brown  (Charles),  1833,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  b.  in  '14,  who  deserted  from  the 
whaler  Helvetius  at  S.  F.  iii.  409,  382;  ii.  590-1.  In  later  years  Brown  always 
claimed  to  have  come  in  '29;  but  the  archive  evidence  is  conclusive  against 
the  statement,  both  himself  and  his  comrade  deserters  testifying  in  early 
years  and  in  different  doc.  that  they  came  in  '33,  to  say  nothing  of  the  fact 
that  the  Helvetius  does  not  appear  in  the  lists  of  '29.  He  lived  for  a  time  at 
Pinole  with  Felipe  Briones;  served  P.  Quijas  at  S.  Rafael;  went  to  Sonoma 
with  the  H.  £  P.  colony;  got  a  land  grant  in  '34  in  Napa  Valley,  which  he 
sold  to  Capt.  Stokes,  iii.  712;  was  severely  wounded  in  an  Ind.  exped.  to  the 
north,  iii.  360;  and  worked  at  shingle-making  for  Geo.  Yourit— all  this  by 
his  own  account  before  the  end  of  '35,  but  most  of  these  events  are  prob. 
antedated.  The  1st  original  evidence  of  his  presence  is  a  permission  to  cut 
timber  given  by  Vallejo  in  May  '37;  in  '38  he  was  baptized  by  P.  Quijas 
as  Carlos  de  Jesus,  and  about  the  same  time  married  a  daughter  of  Antonio 
Garcia  of  S.  «*Tose;  arrested  in  '40  but  not  exiled,  being  at  that  time  at  work 
in  the  redwoods  of  Sta  Clara  Co.  iv.  9,  17,  23;  naturalized  in  '41,  claiming  9 
years'  residence;  in  '44  named  in  a  S.  F.  list,  owning  a  lot  at  the  mission,  iv. 
676,  673;  in  '45  took  part  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign  by  exchanging  him- 


732  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

self  as  a  prisoner  for  Manuel  Castro,  iv.  487.  To  about  '49  he  lived  on  a 
rancho  near  Searsville,  and  later  at  the  Mission  Dolores,  where  in  '78  he  gave 
me  his  narrative  of  Early  Events,  and  where  he  died  in  '83  at  the  age  of  G9. 
His  second  wife  was  Rosalia  de  Haro,  widow  of  A.  A.  Andrews,  who  survived 
him  with  several  grown  children,  and  who  I  think  still  lives  in  '85.  Brown 
(Uhas),  1845.  iv.  587;  real  name  'Dittmann,' q.v.  B.  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  E, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  B.  (Chas),  1848,  at  Sta  Cruz  '81.  S.  J.  Pioneer. 

Brown  (Ebenezer),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Mont.  '48. 
B.  (Edmund  Lee),  1847,  sergt  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  495;  reenl.  at  Los  Aug.; 
a  Virginian  who  remained  in  Cal. ;  alcalde  at  S.  Diego  and  in  charge  of  the 
mission  '47-8.  v.  618-20;  claimant  for  Laguna  de  Santos  Calle  rancho.  iv.  671; 
died  at  Davisville  '72  age  68. 

Brown  (Elam),  1846,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  b.  in  1797,  moving  to  Mass.,  Ohio,  111., 
Mo. ,  and  finally  overland  to  Cal.  with  his  children  in  a  party  of  which  he 
was  captain,  v.  528.  He  went  to  Sta  Clara;  served  in  Aram's  comp.  (v.  378); 
was  named  for  the  proposed  legis.  council  in  '47.  v.  433;  bought  the  Acalanes 
rancho.  iii.  711;  and  was  juez  of  the  contra  coata  in  '48.  v.  662.  In  '49  he  was 
a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention,  and  also  of  the  first  two  legisla 
tures.  From  '48  to  '85,  being  now  88  years  old,  Brown  has  lived  on  his  Contra 
Costa  farm,  a  rich  man  and  respected  citizen.  His  second  wife,  married  in  '47, 
was  Mrs  Margaret  Allen,  who  died  in  '84  at  the  age  of  89.  His  daughter  Mar- 
geline  became  the  wife  of  Napoleon  B.  Smith,  and  was  still  living  in  Contra 
Costa  Co.  '85.  His  sons  were  Thomas  A.,  Warren  J.,  and  Lawrence  M.  The 
Contra  Costa  Co.  Hist.,  515,  contains  Brown's  reminiscences  of  his  overland 
trip  and  Californian  experience,  in  which  as  is  common  with  '46  immig.,  an 
exaggerated  importance  is  attached  to  the  Sanchez  campaign  of  Sta  Clara.  See 
also  list  of  auth.  vol.  i.  Brown  (E.),  1S48,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Brown  (Francis),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  B.  (Geo.),  1844, 
Amer.  sailor  on  the  Admittance,  discharged  sick  in  '45.  B.  (James),  1847, 
capt.  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.;  left  behind  in  N.  Mex.,  but  came  to  Cal.  by  the 
Truckee  route  before  the  end  of  '47.  v.  477,  482,  494;  delivered  an  oration  at 
a  battalion  reunion  at  Salt  Lake  City  '55.  B.  (James),  1847,  returned  with 
Stockton  or  Fremont;  a  witness  at  Washington  Jan  '48.  v.  454;  possibly  same 
as  preceding.  B.  (James),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  B.  (James 
S.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.;  in  Sutter's  employ;  at  the  Coloma  mill  when 

fold  was  discov.;  at  Salt  Lake  City  '82.       B.  (James),  1837,  named  in  Lar- 
in's  books;  cook  on  the  California  in  '40.       B.  (Jeffery),  1836,  on  Larkin's 
books  '36-40;  arrested  at  Los  Aug.  in  '40.  iv.  14,  118. 

Brown  (John),  1828  (?),  Swede  known  as  Juan  Flaco  or  'lean  John,'  and 
famous  for  his  ride  from  Los  Aug.  to  Mont,  with  despatches  in  '46.  iii.  173; 
v.  303-4.  He  claimed  to  have  come  on  a  Mex.  vessel  in  '28  after  an  adventu 
rous  career  in  the  Engl.  navy  and  the  service  of  Bolivar  in  S.  Amer. ;  also  to 
have  been  one  of  Graham's  men  in  '36-7  (iii.  457),  and  one  of  Sutter's  men  in 
the  campaign  of  '44-5  (iv.  476) ;  he  died  at  Stockton  in  '59.  I  find  no  original 
evidence  of  his  presence  before  '46;  bnt  there  was  a  John  Brown  on  Larkin's 
books  '37-9;  a  Jean  Louis  Braun  at  Los  Ang.  '36;  and  a  John  '  Moreno, '  Dutch 
sawyer  at  S.F.  '42.  B.  (John),  1804,  negro  deserter  from  O'Cain's  ship  at 
S.D.;  sent  to  S.  Bias.  ii.  26.  B.  (John),  1825-7,  mr  of  the  Joven  Tartar  (?). 
iii.  149.  B.  (John),  1846,  Co.C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  B.  (John),  1847, 
Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  Utah  farmer  '81.  B.  (John  G.),  1841,  in  U.S. 
ex.  exped.  iv.  241. 

Brown  (John  Henry),  1843-5,  Engl.  sailor  who  came  to  Amer.  about  '30, 
wandered  westward,  and  about  '40  went  to  live  with  the  Cherokee  Ind.  In 
'43,  with  a  party  of  Cherokee  fur-traders  under  Dan  Coodey  the  half-breed,  he 
crossed  the  country  by  the  Humboldt  and  Truckee  route,  spending  the  winter 
at  what  was  later  Johnson's  rancho — not  visiting  Sutter's  fort,  though  some 
of  the  Ind.  did  so — returning  in  the  spring  of  '44  eastward,  and  meeting  the 
Stevens  party  (iv.  445)  on  the  way.  After  many  adventures  in  the  great  basin 
and  Texas,  Brown  came  back  to  Cal.  in  '45  with  the  Grigsby-Ide  party  (iv.  578). 
All  this  rests  solely  on  his  own  statement;  but  there  is  little  doubt  that  he 


BROWN— BRUNER.  733 

came  overland  in  '45,  in  a  party  that  was  with  the  Grigsby-Ide  part  of  the  way, 
end  about  which  there  is  much  confusion  that  I  am  unable  to  clear  up  (iv. 
578,  587).  He  may  have  been  the  B.  employed  by  Sutter  as  cook  in  Oct.  '45; 
but  the  1st  definite  record  is  that  of  his  departure  from  N.  Helv.  for  S.F.  Jan. 
14,  '46.  At  S.F.  he  was  a  well-known  character  as  bar-tender  and  hotel-keeper 
'40-50.  At  1st  with  Ridley;  kept  the  Portsmouth  House  from  Oct.  '46;  the 
City  Hotel,  cor.  Kearny  and  Clay  streets,  sometimes  known  as  Brown's  Hotel, 
at  different  times  in  '47-50;  nominal  owner  of  a  dozen  city  lots  or  more  in  '48. 
A-.  672,  680.  In  Dec.  '46  he  married  Hetty  C.,  daughter  of  E.  Ward  Pell,  and 
in  April  '47  advertised  her  as  having  left  him;  but  he  soon  married  again 
and  had  children  by  his  2d  wife.  In  '50-81  he  lived  at  Sta  Cruz,  and  then  re 
turned  to  S.F.,  where  in  '85  he  keeps  a  grocery,  being  75  years  old.  John 
Henry  is  one  of  those  who  claim  '  to  know  more  than  any  other  live  man '  about 
early  times  in  S.F. ,  and  one  of  these  days  he  is  going  to  publish  what  he  knows, 
thus  gaining  no  end  of  fame  and  money.  He  gave  me,  however,  some  useful 
items.  B.  (J.  H.),  1847-8,  made  a  trip  to  Honolulu  on  the  Mary  Ann,  re 
turning  in  Dec.  '48;  perhaps  same  as  the  preceding. 

Brown  (Lawrence  M.),  1846,  son  of  Elam;  died  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  '77, 
leaving  a  widow  and  2  children  still  living  in  !85.  B.  (Martin),  1845,  immig. 
from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party;  probably  returned  to  Or.  '46.  v. 
572,  526.  B.  (Philip),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.F.  v.  676.  B.  (R.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Honolulu.  B.  (Richard),  1845-7,  a  Delaware  Ind.  of  Fremont's  comp. 
B.  (Robert),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  B.  (Robt),  1828,  'Roberto 
el  Baleado,'  a  horse-thief  operating  in  Cal.;  the  reference  may  be  to  Peg-leg 
Smith  or  to  Juan  Flaco.  B.  (Sam.),  1946,  overl.  immig.  of  German  descent 
who  in  '47  built  houses  for  Larkin  at  Benicia.  v.  671;  in  Napa  Valley  '48;  went 
to  Or.  about  '50,  becoming  a  farmer  at  French  Prairie,  and  a  candidate  for 
the  state  senate  in  '66.  B.  (Talbot),  1844,  Amer.  at  Mont.,  who  got  a  pass 
port  for  one  year.  B.  (Thomas),  1839*  named  in  Larkin's  books  '39-40;  said 
to  have  come  in  '34.  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.  Atlas. 

Brown  (Thomas  A.),  1847,  son  of  Elam,  b.  in  111.  '23,  overl.  immig.  to  Or. 
'43,  who  visited  Cal.  '47.  In  '48  he  came  to  Cal.  to  stay,  settling  at  Martinez 
in  '49.  In  Or.  a  surveyor;  in  Cal.  at  1st  miner  and  trader;  holding  several 
town  and  county  offices,  and  becoming  a  lawyer;  married  in  '51  to  Caroline 
Camron.  County  judge  '56-64,  and  '74-80;  assemblyman  '65-8;  candidate 
for  U.  S.  senate;  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Contra  Costa  from  '80;  still 
living  '85,  with  wife  and  3  sons.  Portrait  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  Hist. ,  56.  B. 
(Warren  J.),  1847,.  son  of  Elam,  b.  in  111.  '26;  started  with  his  father  in  '46, 
but  was  left  sick  at  Ft  Bridger  and  went  to  Or.,  coming  to  Cal.  in  Sept.  '47. 
Lumberman  and  miner  '47-8;  storekeeper  '49-50  at  Martinez,  where  he  lived 
till  71,  having  married  Laura  A.  Hastings  in  '54.  He  held  the  offices  of 
county  surveyor,  assemblyman,  and  sheriff.  From  75  he  lived  on  a  farm  at 
Lafayette,  where  he  was  still  in  '85;  no  children.  B.  (Wm),  1844,  sail-maker 
on  the  Vandalia,  implicated  in  a  robbery.  B.  (Wm),  1847,  witness  at  Wash. 
in  Fremont  court-martial  Jan.  '48;  perhaps  went  easii  with  F.  or  Stockton,  v. 
454.  B.  (W.  B.),  1847,  in  list  of  letters  S.  F.  B.  (WmH.),  1847,  N.Y.Vol., 
under  another  name;  at  Oakland  74.  B.  (W.  H.),  1841,  acting  lieut  on  U.S. 
St  Louis.  B.  (Win  W.)>  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenlisted. 

Brownell  (Russell  G. ),  1847,  musician  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  ( v.  469).  Brown 
ing  (John  W. ),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Brownlea  (J.  J.),  1841,  assist 
surg.  on  U.  S.  St  Louis. 

Bruce  (David),  1845-^7,  sail-maker  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth.  Brucon  (John), 
1840,  Amer.  deserter  from  the  Morse,  age  19,  at  S.  F.  Bruen  (John  H  ),  1847, 
perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another  name;  died  at  S.  Isidro  78.  Bruheim 
(Adolf),  1842,  German,  age  21,  who  came  on  the  California  from  Honolulu  as 
servant  to  a  passenger,  being  permitted  to  remain,  iv.  341;  went  to  N.  Helv.; 
employed  by  Cordua  on  Feather  River  '45-6;  and  named  as  one  of  the  1st 
Donner  relief  party,  v.  539;  no  record  of  him  after  '47,  but  I  think  he  lived 
at  S.  F.  in  later  years  under  another  name.  Bruner  (Christian),  1846,  overl. 
immig.  with  his  wife  and  brother;  employed  by  Sutter  '47,  also  owning  a  lot 


734  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

at  S.  F. ;  in  '57  at  S.  F.  he  was  sentenced  to  state  prison  for  11  years  for 
murder  committed  when  in  liquor.  S.  F.  Herald.  B.  (Jacob),  1846,  brother 
of  the  preceding;  settled  at  Sonoma.  Brunson  (Clinton  D.),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Utah  '81.  Brusle  (Jackson),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  Contra  Costa  Co.  '54.  B.  (Wash.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol. 

Bryan  (Abner),  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  '45-6;  iv.  578,  587;  testified  before  the 
land  com.  after  '50.  I  am  informed  by  D.  L.  Adams,  whose  mother  B.  mar 
ried,  that  he  is  still  living  '85  in  Sta  B.  Co.  B.  (J.  W.),  1847,  farmer  in  Sta 
Clara  Co.  '47-76;  a  native  of  Mo.  B.  (Wm),  1848,  at  Monterey;  perhaps 
'Bryant.'  Bryant  (A.),  1847,  acting  mr  of  the  U.  S.  Jpale. 

Bryant  (Edwin),  1846,  nat.  of  Mass.,  and  a  journalist  of  Ky,  who  came 
overland  at  the  head  of  a  party,  v.  527-36.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  en 
listing  men  for  the  Cal.  Bat.,  in  which  he  served  as  lieut  of  Co.  H.  v.  359. 
361;  alcalde  of  S.  F.  Feb.-May  '47,  also  lot-owner,  v.  648,  676;  returned 
east  with  Gen.  Kearny,  and  testified  at  the  Fremont  court-martial,  v.  452, 
456,  543.  He  came  back  across  the  plains  in  '49,  and  was  for  4  or  5  years  a 
prominent  citizen,  property  owner,  and  politician;  also  visited  Cal.  several 
times  after  he  went  east  to  live;  died  at  Louisville,  Ky,  in  :69  at  the  age  of 
64.  His  What  I  Saw  in  Cal.,  published  just  after  his  1st  visit,  is  a  standard 
authority  on  events  of  '46-7.  B.  (Nathaniel  C.),  1846,  mid.,  acting  master 
of  the  U.  S.  Dale.  B.  (Stephen),  1842,  Amer.  cook  on  the  schr  California. 
B.  (Wm),  1846,  overl.  immig.  accompanied  by  his  wife  Lucy  Ann.  v.  528;  at 
Benicia  '47-8,  where  he  built  houses  for  Larkin.  v.  672;  in  the  mines  from  end 
of  '48,  and  died  of  cholera  in  '50.  According  to  testimony  in  later  litigation, 
he  was  the  owner  of  Mare  Island,  living  on  it  in  '47-8.  His  widow  married  a 
man  named  Grissoin,  and  in  '77  was  living  in  Sonoma  Co.  Bryen  (Geo.),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  v.  336. 

Buchalas,  1846,  doubtful  name  of  an  immig.  v.  529.  Buchanan,  1845, 
Amer.  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  iv.  572,  587;  per 
haps  at  N.  Helv.  '47-8.  B.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.;  at  Manti, 
Utah,  '82.  B.  (John  C.),  1846,  Kentnckian immig.  with  Bryant's  party,  v. 
528;  of  the  firm  McDonald  &  B.  at  S.F.,  auctioneers,  Jan.-May  '48;  owner 
of  many  city  lots;  alcalde's  clerk  '47.  v.  648,  651,  676,  682-3.  Perhaps  a 
resid  of  S.  F.  in  later  years.  B.  (McKean),  1846,  nat.  of  Penn.,  purser  of 
the  U.  S.  .Dale  '46-7;  died  in  Mass.  '71;  father  of  the  actor  of  the  same  name. 
Buck  (Nicholas),  1847,  sail-maker  on  the  U.  S.  Independence.  Buckbee 
(Flavius),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Buckelew  (Benj.  R.),  1846,  New  Yorker  and  overl.  immig.  with  Hoppe 
and  Harlan.  (v.  526);  kept  a  jewelry  and  watch-maker's  shop  at  Clark's  Point 
S.  F.  '47-8,  being  also  publisher  of  the  Californian,  owner  of  many  lots,  and 
member  of  the  town  council,  v.  648-9,  658,  672,  684.  He  was  interested  in 
several  newspapers  and  was  engaged  in  trade  after  '49.  Claimant  of  the  Pt 
Quintin  rancho.  iii.  712;  and  owner  of  part  of  the  Nicasio  rancho.  Died  in 
Marin  Co.  '59  at  the  age  of  37,  leaving  a  family.  Buckland  ( Alondus  D.  L. ), 
1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  family,  v.  546;  one  of  the  founder's  of  New 
Hope  on  the  Stanislaus,  which  he  was  the  last  to  leave,  settling  at  Stockton 
in  '47-8,  and  later  builder  of  the  Buckland  House  in  S.  F.  B.  (Hannah  D.), 
1846,  mother  of  Alondus.  v.  546;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot;  in  Utah  '84.  Buckle 
(Robert),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  a  lot  at  S.  F. 

Buckle  (Samuel),  1821-3,  Engl.  sailor  and  laborer  at  Mont.  '29,  claiming 
6  years'  residence,  age  28;  in  '33  a  contractor  to  furnish  lumber;  in  '40-1  de 
scribed  as  an  Engl.  sawyer,  age  45,  and  residence  19  years;  naturalized  in  '41, 
when  he  lived  at  Branciforte,  having  been  baptized  as  Jose"  Samuel,  often 
called  Manuel,  and  his  name  being  written  also  Boc,  Bocle,  Bockel,  Bokle, 
Bugle,  and  Buchel.  ii.  445,  495;  iii.  180.  In  '45  named  in  the  Brancif.  padron 
as  a  bachelor  aged  50.  No  more  is  heard  of  him  by  the  name  of  Buckle;  but 
he  seems  to  have  been  the  Samuel  Thompson  who  appears  often  in  Larkin 's 
books  and  corresp.  as  a  lumberman  at  Sta  Cruz  from  '33  to  '48.  The  news 
papers  tell  us  how  Samuel  sailed  for  many  years  in  search  of  his  brother  Wm,  but 
gave  up  the  search  and  settled  at  Mont. ,  soon  meeting  his  brother  accidentally 


BUCKLE-BUFFUM.  735 

at  Sta  Cruz;  but  about  dates  and  details  of  this  strange  meeting  there  is  much 
confusion.  Nor  have  I  any  clew  to  the  motive  of  the  two  for  using  two  names, 
Buckle  and  Thompson.  Samuel  died  at  the  house  of  Chas  Martin  in  the  Sta 
Cruz  Mts  in  '72. 

Buckle  (Wm),  1823,  baptized  as  Jose"  Guillermo,  brother  of  Samuel,  at 
Mont.  '29,  age  25,  and  married;  also  claiming  16  years'  residence  in  ;39,  when 
he  was  naturalized,  having  moved  with  his  brother  to  Branciforte  and  obtained 
the  grant  of  La  Cabonera  in  '38.  ii.  495;  iii.  677;  in  '43  he  signed  a  doc. 
against  Graham,  iv.  356,  and  obtained  a  license  to  build  a  vessel  of  35  tons. 
In  '45  he  is  named  in  the  Brancif.  padron  as  42  years  of  age;  wife  Antonia 
Castro,  children  Guillermo  b.  '33,  Jose"  Ant.  '35,  Maria  Teresa  31,  Maria 
Sebola  (?)  '36,  Francisco  '38,  Guillerma  '39,  Josefa  '40,  and  Maria  Jesus  '44— 
all  b.  at  Branciforte.  It  was  at  his  house  that  Henry  Naile  was  killed  in  '46. 
v.  641.  There  is  no  later  record  of  Buckle,  but  Wm  Thompson  appears  in 
Larkin's  accounts  und  other  records  from  '33  to  '47;  was  one  of  the  foreigners 
arrested  in  '40;  and  was  2d  juez  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '46.  He  died  about  '59.  ii.  479; 
iii.  4C9;  iv.  17;  v.  641.  Buckler,  1845,  a  settler  in  the  Sac.  Val.  Buckley 
(Newman),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  a  book  agent  in  Sprihgville, 
Utah,  '82.  Buckner  (Thos  M.),  1848,  Kentuckian  miner  from  Or.;  at  Span 
ish  Dry  Diggings,  El  JUorado  Co.,  '82.  Budington,  1843-4,  mr  of  the  Wm 
C.  Nye.  iv.  570;  in  Conn.  '82.  Budd  (Chas  K.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  in  Sonoma  '68.  Buel  (Frederic),  1841,  said  to  have  visited  Mont,  by 
sea  before  '46.  Oakland  Home  Jour. ,  Nov.  1,  '73;  said  also  to  have  served  after 
graduation  at  Yale  on  the  whaler  Brafjanza.  Wood's  Rc.colL,  39;  and  this  ves 
sel  was  on  the  coast  in  '41.  v.  279.  B.  was  a  presbyterian  clergyman,  agent 
for  the  Amer.  Bible  Soc.  on  the  Pac.  coast  for  20  years;  d.  at  Oakland  '73. 

Buelna  (Antonio),  Mex.  soldier  before  1780;  in  the  Soledad  escolta,  settler 
at  S.  F.,  holder  of  a  rancho  near  Mont,  before  1801.  i.  499,  683,  716,  734;  ii. 
171;  teacher  at  Mont,  and  S.  Jose"  1818-21,  '29.  ii.  378-9,  427,  603,  613.  B. 
(Antonio),  perhaps  son  of  the  preceding,  also  a  soldier  at  one  time,  possibly 
confounded  with  his  father  or  another  Antonio  in  some  records;  member  of 
the  diputacion  from  '28.  iii.  36,  41-3,  50,  63;  alcalde  of  Mont.  '31.  iii.  187, 
194,  212,  672;  dip.  again  in  '35-9;  com.  of  S.  Jose  troops  in  Alvarado's  revolt, 
sent  to  the  south  as  comisionado  '37.  iii.  291,  454-5,  457,  460,  469,  481,  491, 
506,  585,  692;  grantee  of  S.  Gregorio  aud  S.  Francisquito  in  '39.  iii.  678,  713; 
in  com.  of  exped.  against  Ind.  and  foreigners  '39-40.  iv.  22,  256.  In  '41  at 
S.  Jose1,  age  50,  wife  Concepcion  Valencia,  children  Juan  b.  '16,  Concepcion 
'38;  juez  de  paz  at  Sta  Clara  '41-2.  iv.  6S3-6;  but  died  in  '42.  Though  some 
what  prominent  as  shown  above,  B.  was  a  very  ignorant  and  commonplace 
man.  B.  (E.),  prob.  son  of  Ant.,  and  claimant  of  S.  Gregorio  in  '52.  iii.  678. 
B.  (Fe"lix),  resid.  of  S.  Jos6  from  '37;  2d  alcalde  '39,  '44,  '45.  iii.  731;  iv.  685; 
in  '41,  age  27,  wife  Bernarda  Sepiilveda,  child.  Juliana  and  Maria;  '46  2d  juez. 
v.  664;  sub-prefect  '49;  moved  to  Mont.  '54.  He  furnished  a  Narration  for  my 
use  in  76.  B.  (Joaquin),  brother  of  Antonio,  writer  of  various  verses;  comi 
sionado  at  Brancif.  1818.  ii.  244-5,  390;  teacher  at  S.  Jose"  '21.  ii.  603;  alcalde 
or  juez  auxiliar  at  Brancif.  '26,  '32,  '38-9.  ii.  627,  696-7;  grantee  of  Sayante 
rancho  '33.  iii.  679;  sec.  ayunt.  '36.  iii.  697;  juez  aux.  at  Pilarcitos,  Refugio, 
etc.  '40-2,  '46.  iii.  676;  iv.  653;  v.  637.  B.  (Jose"  F.),  elector  at  S.  Jose"  '43. 
iv.  361,  685.  B.  (Jose"  Ramon),  grantee  of  Potrero  y  Rincon  de  S.  Pedro 
'38.  iii.  678;  alcalde  at  Brancif.  '45.  v.  664;  age  30,  wife  Rafaela  Perez,  child. 
Guadalupe,  Matilde,  and  Juan.  B.  (Juan),  at  S.  F.  and  Mont,  from  '26.  ii. 
612;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  49,  wife  Ascension  Bernal,  child.  Trinidad,  Antonia 
M.,  Francisco,  and  Alta  Gracia.  B.  (Maria  Antonia),  teacher  at  Mont.  '18- 
24.  B.  (Ramon),  soldier  before  1780;  settler  at  Los  Ang.  from  '93-1819;  regi- 
dor  in  1802.  ii.  1 10,  349-50,  354.  Buenaventura  (Jose"),  1829,  Irishman,  fam 
ily  name  not  known;  at  Los  Ang.  with  certif.  of  good  character,  age  47. 

Buffin,  1845,  possibly  in  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  but  prob.  went  to  Or.  iv. 
578-9.  Buffum  (Edward  Gould),  1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  having 
been  previously  connected  with  the  N.  Y.  Herald.  After  his  discharge  went 
to  the  mines  in  '48,  and  in  '49-50  was  a  reporter  on  the  Alta,  serving  also  as 


736  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

sec.  of  various  public  meetings.  Then  he  went  east  and  published  his  Six 
Months  in  the  Gold  Mines,  Phila,  1850.  Returning  to  Cal.  '53,  he  rejoined  the 
Alta  corps,  acting  at  times  as  editor,  notably  during  the  time  of  the  vigilance 
com.  of  '06;  member  of  the  legislature  '55;  went  in  '57  to  Paris,  where  he  wrote 
letters  for  the  Alta  and  N.  Y.  Herald,  and  where  he  committed  suicide  in  '67, 
at  the  age  of  about  45.  He  was  a  man  of  good  character  and  abilities.  Buhne 
(H.  H.),  1847,  Danish  mate  of  the  Clementine,  who  came  back  in  '49,  and  from 
'50  was  a  pioneer  of  Humboldt  Co. ,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82  with  wife  and 
5  children,  a  prominent  man  of  business.  Portrait  in  Uumb.  Co.  Hist.,  164. 
Bujan  (Antonio),  1844,  a  militiaman  at  S.  F.,  called  Buyano,  aged  25,  and 
Mex.,  but  he  was  a  foreigner  who  came  earlier,  perhaps  in  '42,  witness  in  the 
Santillan  case;  in  later  times  he  kept  a  wayside  inn  and  saloon  in  Visitacion. 
Valley,  S.F.,  where  he  still  is  perhaps  in  '85. 

Bull  (James  H.),  1844,  at  S.  F.  Bull,  1848,  mr  of  the  Olga.  Bullard, 
1846,  owner  of  a  Los  Ang.  rancho  (?).  Bullen  (Newell),  1846,  of  the  Morm. 
col.  with  wife  and  3  children,  v.  546;  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot  '47.  v.  680;  died 
in  Utah,  where  his  family  resided  '84.  Bullock  (Ezekial),  1847,  Co.  E,  NY. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  F.  '74-82.  B.  (James  D.),  1848,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  War 
ren.  Bultice  (Vincent),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  died  before  '82. 

Bund  (John),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Hawkeye,  Calaveras  Co. 
71-4.  Bunker  (Benj.),  1841,  gunner  on  the  U.  S.  St  Louis,  and  in  J47  on 
the  Independence.  B.  (Alex.),  1822,  mr  of  the  Ontario,  ii.  474.  B.  (Ed 
ward),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  a  bishop  in  Utah  '82. 

Burch  (Chas  H.),  1846,  claimant  for  supplies  to  Fremont  (v.  462)  to  the 
extent  of  $39;  at  N.  Heir.  '47-8;  went  to  Or.  and  ret.  in  '48.  Burger 
(Chas),  German  of  the  Donner  party  wrho  died  in  the  mts.  v.  531,  534. 
Burgeman  (Emil),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Burgess,  1846,  immig. 
with  Bryant;  perhaps  did  not  come  to  Cal.  B.  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  B,  N. 
Y.Vol.,  transf.  to  Co.  G  (v.  499);  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot.  v.  676;  went  to  Hon 
olulu  on  the  Julia  '47,  ret.  in  '48;  at  Honolulu  71.  B.  (Thos  H.),  1845, 
Kentuckian  immig.  in  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  578,  587;  joined  the  Bears, 
with  Ford  at  Olompali  in  '46.  v.  167;  Cal.  claim  of  $35  (v.  462);  went  south 
with  Frdmont;  with  Gillespie  at  Los  Ang.,  and  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  347,  350;  at 
N.  Helv.  '47-8.  Burhell  (Richard),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting 
at  S.  Jose".  Burke  (Jas),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.;  died  on  the  Stanislaus  '51. 

Burke  (James  W.),  1824,  Irish  trader  from  S.  Amer.  on  iheJoven  Tartar, 
who  settled  at  Sta  B.  in  '28,  ii.  526,  573,  being  then  30  years  old.  His  name 
— often  Santiago  and  Walter — appears  often  in  commercial  and  other  records 
from  '30;  married  Josefa  Boronda,  and  in  '36  had  6  children,  being  then  regi- 
dor  and  an  applicant  for  lands,  iii.  426,  654.  Still  living  at  Sta  B.  76,  but 
seems  to  have  died  a  year  or  two  later.  Burkins  (James),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 
U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Burling  (Joseph),  1795,  Irish  sailor  at  Sta  B.  desir 
ing  to  remain,  but  sent  to  Spain  '96.  i.  538-40. 

Burnett  (Horace),  1848,  nephew  of  Peter  H.,  with  whom  he  came  from 
Or.  and  engaged  in  mining.  B.  (Peter  H.),  1848,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  b.  in  1807; 
a  trader  and  lawyer  in  Tenn.  and  Mo.;  overl.  immig.  to  Or.  in  '43;  farmer, 
member  of  legislature,  and  judge  of  supreme  court  in  Or.;  came  to  Cal.  by 
land  after  the  discov.  of  gold,  and  worked  in  the  mines  for  a  month  or  more 
in  '48.  In  Dec.  he  came  to  N.  Helv. ,  and  became  agent  for  young  Slitter  in 
settling  the  captain's  complicated  business  and  the  sale  of  town  lots,  thus 


paying  off  old  debts  and  laying  the  foundation  of  a  handsome  fortune.  His 
family  came  from  Or.  in  May  '49,  and  his  management  of  Sutter's  business 
ceased  in  July.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  public  meetings  to  secure  a  state 
govt;  went  to  S.  F. ;  was  made  judge  of  the  supreme  court;  sold  half  his 
Sacramento  property  for  $50,000;  moved  to  S.  Josd;  and  was  finally  elected 
governor  of  Cal. — all  before  the  end  of  '49.  He  was  one  of  the  luckiest  men 
of  the  time.  Resigning  his  office  in  Jan.  '51,  he  devoted  himself  mainly  to 
the  management  of  his  private  business,  practising  law  to  a  limited  extent, 
residing  at  S.  Jose  except  in  '52-3  at  Sac.  and  several  long  visits  to  the  east. 
He  was  judge  of  the  supreme  court  in  '57-8;  in  '60  published  The  Path  Wiuck 


BURNETT-BURTON.  737 

Led  a  Protestant  Lawyer  to  the  Catholic  Church;  and  from  '63  was  president  of 
the  Pacific  Bank  at  S.F.  His  Recollections,  in  MS.,  were  copied  for  my  Library 
in  '78  and  published  in  '80.  Still  living  in  '85,  possessing  great  wealth  and  a 
good  reputation.  Burnett  has  never  been  credited  with  any  brilliant  abilities, 
nor  charged  with  any  great  weakness;  lacking  force  and  decision  in  official 
positions;  an  honest,  industrious,  kind-hearted,  diplomatic,  lucky  man;  of 
many  but  harmless  whims  in  private  life.  His  wife  died  in  '58;  but  he  has 
several  sons  and  a  married  daughter. 

Burnie,  1829,  mr  of  the  Ann.  iii.  146.  Burns  (Daniel  M.),  1840  (?),  sec. 
of  state  in  '80;  native  of  Tenn.,  age  49  in  '79;  said  in  newspaper  sketches  to 
have  come  to  Cal.  at  the  age  of  10.  iv.  120;  his  name  is  in  a  list  of  letters 
at  S.  F.  in  '48.  B.  (James),  1840,  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  foreigners. 
B.  (John),  1830,  Amer.  atS.  Miguel,  iii.  180;  joined  the  comp.  extranjcra  in 
'32.  iii.  221;  was  perhaps  the  John  Byrnes  on  Larkin's  books  '34.  B.  (P.  T.), 
1847,  in  Slitter's  employ  at  N.  Hclv.  B.  (Wm),  1839,  Engl.  who  came  with 
Sutler,  iv.  119,  138;  in  '40  he  asked  for  a  pass  to  quit  N.  Helv.  and  settle  at 
Sta  Cruz;  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  foreigners,  iv.  17.  Burques  (Pedro), 
soldier  at  the  Colorado  Riv.  pueblos  1780-1,  killed  by  Ind.  i.  359,  302. 

Burr  (Chas  C.),  1846,  of  the  Morm.  colony  with  wife  and  child,  one  child 
having  died  at  sea.  v.  546;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  '47.  v.  678;  in  Utah  '84.  B. 
(Nathan),  1846,  of  the  Morm.  col.  with  wife,  father  of  Chas.  C. ;  died  in 
Utah  before  '84.  v.  546.  Burrell  (Chas),  1846,  sailor  on  the  U.  S.  Dale,  long 
a  resident  of  S.  F.  in  later  years.  B.  (Cuthbert),  1846,  at  Gilroy  '78. 

Burroughs  (Chas),  1846,  apparently  an  immig.  of  this  year;  prominent  in 
raising  men  for  the  Cal.  Bat.,  in  which  he  seems  to  have  ranked  as  captain — 
or  perhaps  was  to  have  been  made  captain.  Chief  in  com.  at  the  fight  of  Nati- 
vidad,  where  he  was  killed  in  Nov.  v.  3GO,  363-71.  Beyond  the  part  that  he 
took  in  this  affair,  and  his  general  reputation  as  a  brave  and  popular  man, 
though  a  gambler,  nothing  seems  to  be  known  of  him.  His  name  is  often  writ 
ten  Burns  and  Burrows,  and  it  is  not  sure  that  his  name  was  Charles  or  that 
he  came  in  '46.  B. — or  Borris — (Wm),  Amer.  doctor  at  Sta  B.  1823-4.  ii. 
495,  576.  Burrows,  1841,  from  Or.  with  wife  and  child  in  Emmon's  party 
of  the  U.S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  278. 

Burt,  1846,  doubtful  name  of  a  man  captured  with  Weber  by  Castro,  v. 
136;  probably  'Bird,' q.v.  B.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Bur 
ton  (E.  F.),  1848,  memb.  of  N.Y.  territorial  pioneers  '78.  Upham's  Notes. 

Burton  ( Henry  S.),  1847,  lieut-cclN.Y.  Vol.,  and  for  a  time  in  com.  at  StaB. 
v.  503,  511,  513,  630-1 ;  in  com.  of  the  exped.  to  La  Paz  '47-8.  v.  583.  He  was 
a  graduate  of  West  Point  and  lieut  of  Co.  F,  3d  artill.,  of  which  he  took  com. 
as  capt.  on  the  mustering-out  of  the  regt.  v.  515,  520.  He  remained  several 
years  in  Cal.,  and  was  collector  of  customs  at  Mont.  '48-9.  He  was  promoted 
to  major  in  '61,  and  in  '65  to  brevet  brigadier-gen.,  dying  in  R.I.  '69.  His  wife, 
who  survived  him  with  two  children,  was  Dona  Amparo  Ruiz  of  Lower  Cal., 
whose  father  and  grandfather  were  prominent  in  the  early  annals  of  the  penin 
sula,  and  who  has  gained  some  literary  as  well  as  social  distinction.  Bur 
ton  (B.),  1847,  lieut  who  raised  and  commanded  a  volunteer  cavalry  comp. 
at  Mont,  in  April,  v.  449,  521,  636.  I  am  unable  to  say  who  he  was.  B. 
(James),  J.  B.  &  Co.  ment.  at  Mont,  in  connection  with  naval  stores.  B. 
(James  C.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Burton  (John),  1825  (?),  Amer.,  who  at  S.  Josd  in  '29  claimed  to  have  come 
as  master  of  the  Juan  fiatfey,  lost  at  S.  Diego,  and  to  have  been  3  years  and 
5  months  in  Cal. ;  a  native  of  Provincetown,  who  left  home  in  '22;  then  40  years 
old.  iii.  29,  147.  In '30  a  farmer,  also  engaged  in  trade,  ii.  602;  generally  said 
to  have  arrived  in  '30;  married  in  '31  Juana  Galindo;  often  named  in  various 
records  from  this  time;  regidor  of  S.  Jos6  '37.  iii.  730;  arrested  in  '40  as  a 
formality,  but  not  exiled.  In  '41,  age  48,  children  Jose"  Miguel,  Juan,  and  Sil- 


HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  II. 


733  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Mont.       B.   (Joseph),  1848,  Boston  man  age  30,  who  came  from  Honolulu 
in  Aug.  and  died  at  S.F.  in  Oct. 

Burton  (Lewis  T.),  1831,  Tennesseean  from  N.  Mcx.  with  the  Wolfskill 
party,  v.  386,  405;  settling  at  Sta  B.,  and  engaging  in  otter-hunting,  trade,  and 
finally  farming,  iv.  117.  In  '30  he  described  himself  as  a  catholic  bachelor, 
24  years  old,  in  business  with  Branch;  in  '39  he  married  Maria  Antonia,  daugh 
ter  of  Cdrlos  Carrillo;  naturalized  in  '42.  Larkin  gave  him  a  high  character  in 
his  Notes  of  '45;  and  he  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $400  in  '46  (v.  462),  304.  He  be 
came  a  wealthy  merchant  and  ranchero;  claimant  for  the  Jesus  Marfa  and 
Chamizal  ranchos.  v.  655,  677;  and  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '79.  A  second  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Josd  Ant.  Carrillo. 

Bush  (Richard),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Bushane  (Leandro), 
1847,  died  at  N.  Helv.,  formerly  a  corporal  at  the  fort,  and  apparently  an 
Ind. ;  Otith  B.  also  died.  Bustamante  y  Guerra  (Jose1),  1791,  com.  of  the 
Atrevida  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Buten  (Wm),  1845,  doubtful  name 
of  an  Amer.  in  a  Branciforte  padron,  age  37.  Butler,  1846,  bugler  in  Cal. 
Bat.  v.  374.  Butler  (Amos),  1847,  at  S.  F.  from  Astoria  on  the  Henry;  in 
list  of  letters  '48.  B.  (Nathaniel),  1847,  at  Mont.  July. 

Butron  (Felipe),  named  in  '40  in  connection  with  the  Graham  affair,  iv.  6; 
leader  in  a  proposed  attack  on  Mont.  '45.  iv.  515,  being  then  a  capt.  of  aux. 
cavalry;  in  '46  a  lieut  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  v.  3CO;  in  '47  lieut  in  an  exped.  against 
Ind.  v.  662.  B.  (Juan  de  Dios),  soldier  in  Mont.  comp.  '36,  age  31.  B. 
(Manuel),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  1775,  married  to  a  neophyte,  and  the  1st 
grantee  of  land.  i.  311,  608,  610,  683;  a  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1786.  i.  477.  B. 
(Manuel),  prob.  son  of  preceding,  grantee  of  Alisal  '28,  and  of  Natividad  '30, 
'37.  ii.  616,  664,  677;  in  '36  living  at  Natividad,  a-e  58,  wife  Maria  Ignacia 
Higuera,  children  Josefa  b.  1806,  Nicolas  '21,  Ramona  '21,  Manuel  '24.  B. 
(Ramon),  son  of  Manuel,  claimant  for  Natividad.  iii.  677.  B.  (Sebastian), 
settler  before  1800;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  01. 

Butteriield  (Jacob  K.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Taylorville, 
Utah,  '81.  Butters  (Thomas),  1841,  Engl.  sailor  disch.  from  the  Leonor; 
Bidwell  mentions  a  Thos  Battus  at  Bodega  about  the  same  time.  Button 
(Montgomery),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morrn.  Bat. 

Buzzell  (Joseph  Willard),  1841  (?),  deserter  from  the  whaler  Orizaba  at 
Halfmoon  Bay,  spending  some  time  with  Graham  at  Sta  Cruz,  later  a  trapper 
at  N.  Helv.,  till  he  went  to  Or.  in  '43,  where  he  married — apparently  one  of  the 
Kelsey  family.  This  is  his  own  statement  in  newspaper  sketches,  iv.  279.  In 
'44  he  came  from  Or.  in  the  Kelsey  party,  v.  444;  served  Sutter  in  the  Mich- 
eltorena  campaign;  signed  the  call  to  foreigners  at  S.  Jose  '45.  iv.  599;  and 
worked  for  Leidesdorff  at  S.  F.  His  name  often  appears  in  the  N.  Helv. 
.Diary,  and  occasionally  in  records  of  Mont,  and  S.  Josd.  A  daughter  Ellen  is 
said  to  have  been  born  at  N.  Helv.  '45.  In  '46-7  B.  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat. 
,(v.  358),  under  Fremont,  Gillespie,  Mervine,  and  Stockton  in  the  south.  Re 
turning  he  went  to  Stockton  with  Weber,  acquiring  land  on  which  the  town 
stood  later,  and  building  a  cabin.  Tinkham,  Carson,  etc.  A  son  was  born  '47. 
S.  J.  Pion.  His  name  appears  at  Sutter's  fort  '47-8;  daughter  Lizzie  Agnes 
born  at  Stockton,  Sept.  '48.  Still  living  in  '60;  ace.  to  Yolo  Co.  Hint,  drowned 
at  Halfmoon  Bay  a  few  years  before  '79. 

Bybee  (Henry  G.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  B.  (John),  1847, 
ditto.  Byers,  1847,  at  Honolulu  from  Mont,  on  the  Maria  Helena.  B. 
(Josiah  Stoddart),  1846,  applicant  for  land  at  S.  Jose';  a  mid.  on  the  U.  S. 
Congress.  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.,  331.  Byrens  (Allen  T.),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U. 
S.  Dale,  at  S.  Jose",  Dec.  Byrnes  (Ed. ),  1834,  Irish,  in  Mont.  list.  B.  ( Wm), 
.1848,  at  Honolulu  from  S.  F.';  declined  to  serve  as  alcalde  at  S.  Jose",  v.  662. 

Caamaiio  (Jacinto),  1792,  Span.  com.  of  the  Aranzazu,  engaged  in  northern 
coast  explor.  i.  509-11;  Hist.  N.  W.C.,  i.  207  et  seq.;  com.  of  the  Princena  in 
1797  and  of  the  Concepcion  1798.  i.  540,  543-4.  Caatrell  (John),  1846,  cloubt- 
.ful  name  .in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  Caballer,  see  'Cavalier.' 

Caballero  (Andre's  A.),  1781,  lieut  of  the  escort  to  Cal.  and  return  to 


CABALLERO— CALLAGHAK  739 

Sonora.  i.  342.  C.  (Felix),  1833,  Dominican  friar  of  L.  Cal.;  a  famous  mis 
sionary  of  the  frontier,  who  crossed  the  line  to  Cal.  '23,  '29,  '33,  and  doubtless 
on  other  occasions,  ii.  486,  507;  iii.  96,  557.  C.  (Francisco),  Sta  B.  ranchero 
'45.  C.  (Maria  Antonia),  grantee  of  Sisquoc  in  '33.  iii.  656.  Cabello  (Mar 
tin  S.),  1834,  Mex.  revenue  officer  with  the  H.  &  P.  colony;  receptor  in  charge 
of  S.  Diego  custom-house  '34-8;  prob.  left  Cal.  about  '38.  iii.  267,  377,  499- 
501,  609,  613;  iv.  98;  Cabiner,  1846,  mr  of  the  Isaac  Howland. 

Cabot  (Juan),  1805,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  30  years  in  Cal.,  chiefly  at 
S.  Miguel,  retiring  to  his  college  in  1835.  Biog.  in  iii.  683-4;  ment.  i.  list 
auth.;  ii.  123,  149,  159-60,  325,  327,  331,  375,  384-6,  393,  536,  620,  622,  655; 
iii.  92,  96,  169,  309.  C.  (Miguel),  1836,  nephew  of  the  two  friars,  who  came 
to  Cal.  to  receive  the  stipend  due  Fr.  Pedro  after  his  death.  C.  (Pedro), 
1804,  Span,  friar,  brother  of  Juan,  who  served  32  years  in  Cal.,  chiefly  at  S. 
Antonio,  dying  at  S.  Fernando '36.  Biog.  iii.  645-6;  ment.  ii.  152,  159-60,  385, 
394,  621-3,  655;  iii.  92,  96,  418,  686.  Cabott  (F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hono 
lulu.  Cabrera  (Agapito),  at  Sta  Ine"s  college  '44.  iv.  426.  C.  (Pedro), 
Peruvian,  juez  de  polic/a  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  v.  626. 

Cabrillo  (Juan  Rodriguez),  1542,  Portuguese  discoverer  of  Cal.,  who  died 
at  the  Sta  B.  islands  in  Jan.  1543.  See  full  account  of  the  voy.  of  exploration. 
i.  69-81;  also  Hist.  N.  Mex.  States,  i.  133. 

Cace  (Henry  P.),  1845,  nat.  of  R.  I.  at  Mont;  perhaps  'Case.'  Caceres 
(Francisco),  Span,  ex-sergt  of  dragoons,  who  was  regidor  at  Mont,  in  '28-29. 
ii.  612;  iii.  51,  53;  and  in  '31  the  only  Span,  in  S.  F.  district,  iii.  399,  699. 
He  is  named  as  a  resid.  and  house-owner  of  S.F.  from  '38,  being  sindico  in  '39. 
iii.  705;  v.  684.  He  died  at  Freestone  in  '48  at  the  age  of  76.  His  wife  was 
Anastasia  Boronda  who  died  in  '49.  The  children  were  Antonia,  Francisco, 
Carmen,  Guadalupe  Antonio,  Julian,  Rafaela,  Giro,  Helena,  and  Teresa;  all 
dead  before  '85  except  Giro  and  Francisco.  The  latter  is  named  in  a  Sonoma 
list  of  '44  as  18  years  old.  The  daughter  Antonia  married  James  Dawson  '40, 
and  Dr  Fred.  Blume  in  '49,  dying  in  '80  without  children.  She  was  the  'grantee 
and  claimant  of  Pogolomi  rancho.  iv.  672.  Cacho  (Rafael),  grantee  of  S. 
Ger6nimo  rancho  '44.  iv.  673. 

Cade  (Jonathan),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  col.  with  wife.  v.  546;  perhaps  his 
name  was  Kincaid;  sergt-at-arms  in  S.  F.  council  '49;  but  died  in  Utah. 
Cadel — or  Kadel — (Peter),  1846,  said  to  have  arrived  in  July;  at  N.  Helv. 
from  S.  Rafael  and  Sonoma  '47-8;  lot-owner  S.F.  '47;  died  at  Oakland  '75,  age 
61.  G.  (Tobias),  1847,  lot  at  S.  F.;  at  N.  Helv.  '48.  Cadena  (Antonio), 
1836,  Mex.  corporal  in  Hidalgo  bat.  at  Mont,  age  30;  tried  for  murder,  iii. 
675.  Cady  (Chas  L.),  1845  (?),  said  to  have  been  in  Lake  Co.  as  a  hunter, 
being  also  there  in  '75.  Lakeport  Bee;  iv.  587;  in  '46-7  member  of  the  -2d  Don- 
ner  relief,  v.  539;  estab.  a  mail  service  July  '47  bet.  S.  F.  and  Sac.  via  Sauza- 
lito  and  Sonoma.  Calif ornian,  July  24th;  kept  a  store  at  Coloma  with  Shan 
non  '48-9.  El  Dorado  Co.  Hist.,  177.  Cahill  (Martin),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Stockton  '71-82. 

(ialder  (Lawsou  M.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Caldwell  (Arthur 
S.  C.),  1346,  overl.  immig.  in  Young's  party  with  family,  v.  529;  wife  Mar 
garet,  son,  and  three  daughters;  in  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Mont.  Nov.  (v.  358); 
bought  a  house  at  S.  Jose"  '48.  Pico,  Doc.,  i.  140;  named  as  a  wealthy  citizen 
in  '60.  C.  (Colohill),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan;  Cal.  claim  of  $3 
(v.  462);  prob.  son  of  preceding,  or  possibly  the  same.  C.  (Matthew),  1847, 
Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  Utah  farmer  *'S2.  Calheart  (Seth),  1827,  mr  of 
the  Massachusetts,  iii.  148.  Calkin  (Milo),  1846,  house  lately  occupied  by 
him  rented  to  another  Jan.  '47.  Calkins  (Ed  R.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  ree'nl.  at  Los  Ang.  C.  (Sylvanus),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat. 

Call  (Daniel),  1816,  Amer.  carpenter,  age  17,  who  landed  from  the  Atala 
at  Sta  B.,  where  in  ;36  he  had  a  wife  and  two  children,  ii.  248,  282,  393. 
Callaghan,  1846,  three  brothers  in  the  Los  Ang.  region,  iv.  495;  their  names 
as  signed  to  a  doc.  of  June  '46  seem  to  be  'Ein,'  'Epli,'  and  'Geral,'  but  it  ap 
pears  that  2  of  them  were  Evan  and  Isaac.  They  served  under  Gillespie,  and 
were  among  the  chino  prisoners,  v.  314;  in  '47  one  was  in  charge  of  S.  Buen. 


740  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

mission,  being  juez  de  paz  in  '48.  v.  634:  and  another  had  some  petty  position 
at  S.  Pedro.  Ace.  to  B.  D.  Wilson,  Evan  C.  came  to  Cal.  in  '44.  C.  (James), 
1847,  drowned  at  S.  F.'ol;  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  N.Y.Vol.,  but  not  on 
the  rolls.  C.  (John),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.  F.;  still  there  '50.  Callahan 
(Carolus  B.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  C.  (Thos  W.),  1847, 
Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  400);  rec-nl.  at  Los  Ang.  Callegan,  1769,  com.  of  the 
8.  Jose,  lost  on  the  voy.  to  Cal.  i.  124.  Callender  (Mills  L.),  1847,  Co.  K, 
N.Y.Vol.;  lots  at  S.  F.  '47-8.  v.  679;  sec.  of  town  council  '48;  still  there 
'52-4;  d.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  '71  (?).  Callis  (Eulalia),  1783,  wife  of  Gov.  Pedro 
Pages,  i.  389-93,  487. 

Calvin  (Vincent),  1844,  overl.  immig.  of  Stevens  party,  iv.  445;  at  N. 
Helv.  and  S.  Josd  '45-8.  Calzada  (Jose^Ant.),  1787,  Span,  friar  who  served 
27  years  in  Cal.,  being  founder  of  Sta  Lie's,  where  he  died  1814.  Biog.  ii.  3G8; 
ment.  i.  388,  459,  575,  577,  664-5;  ii.  28-9,  123,  159,  394.  Calzado  (Dioni- 
sio),  at  Branciforte  1803.  ii.  156.  Calzado  (Jose"),  1798.  i.  606. 

Cam  (Isidro),  1830,  New  Yorker,  age  26,  whose  only  known  exploit  was 
to  fight  with  Leandry  about  a  dog,  for  which  he  served  a  month  in.  the  chain- 
gang  at  Mont.  Camacho,  com.  of  transport  vessel  1783-90.  i.  444.  C., 
killed  at  Jamul  '37.  iii.  614.  C.  (Anastasio),  soldier  at  S.  Diego  1775.  i.  255. 
C.  (Tomas  M.),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  363.  Cama- 
reno  (Nicolas),  settler  at  S.  F.  1791-1800.  i.  716.  Camarrillo  (Juan),  1834, 
Mex.  who  came  prob.  with  the  H.  &  P.  col.  (iii.  259);  trader  at  Sta  B.,  where 
he  was  slndico  and  juez  at  different  times  '40-6.  iii.  655;  iv.  490,  631,  642; 
moved  to  S.  Buen.  '59,  where  he  became  owner  of  the  Calleguas  rancho.  He 
died  '80,  at  the  age  of  68;  his  wife  was  Martina  Hernandez,  married  in  '40;  and 
he  left  7  children,  one  of  his  daughters  being  the  wife  of  Jose  Arnaz.  Portrait 
in  Sta  B.  Co.  Hist.,  392. 

Cambon  (Pedro  Benito),  1779,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  F.,  but 
was  founder  of  S.  Gabriel  and  S.  Buen.,  retiring  to  his  college  '91.  Biog. 
i.  712;  ment.  i.  173,  176,  179-81,  187-9,  193-4,  285-6,  246,255,271,  287,289- 
90.  292,  297,  329-30,  352, 373,  376,  378,  382,  388,  399,  469,  473,  575-6.  Cam- 
buston  (Henri),  1841,  Frenchman  from  Mex.,  who  became  a  teacher  at  Mont. 
iv.  279;  married  Gabriela  Soberanes;  fined  for  smuggling  '44.  iv.  566;  quarrel 
at  Mont,  with  Prefect  Castro  '46.  v.  34;  at  the  military  junta,  v.  61;  grantee 
of  land  iii  Butte  Co.  v.  675.  A  man  of  some  ability,  but  often  in  trouble  on 
acct  of  intemperate  habits;  witness  in  the  Limantour  case;  sent  to  the  Stock 
ton  insane  asylum  about  '56,  where  he  died  4  or  5  years  later.  Camero 
(Manuel),  1781,  mulatto  settler  at  Los  Aug.;  regidor  in '89.  i.  348-9,461. 
Cameron,  1848,  at  Slitter's  Fort.  C.  (James),  1845,  doubtful  record  of  an 
overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  C.  (John),  1847, Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (John), 
real  name  of  John  'Gilroy,'  q.v. 

Camp,  1837,  of  the  Willamette  cattle  comp.  iv.  85.       C.  (J.  G.),  1847,  Co. 

B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).       Campa  y  Cos  (Miguel),  1775,  Span  friar  of  L.  Cal. 
1769-73,  who  was  chaplain  of  Heceta's  exped.  at  Mont,  and  on  the  north 
coast  '75.  i.  122-3,  194,  235,  240-2,  247.  • 

Campbell,  1806,  otter-hunter,  ii.  40-1.  C.  (Anthony),  1840,  Engl.  sailor 
disch.  from  the  Fly  at  S.  F.,  and  killed  by  Ind.  near  Sta  Clara  on  his  way  to 
Mont.  April  '41.  iv.  120,  280,  684,  680.  C.  (Benj.),  1846,  Kentuckian  set 
tler  at  Sta  Clara,  building  a  saw-mill  on  Campbell's  Creek  in  '47-8;  still  liv 
ing  in  '76.  C.  (Colin),  1840,  Scotch  sailor  at  Mont.  iv.  120;  presbyterian 
sawyer  at  Aptos  '41-2.  C.  (James),  1846,  sailor  of  the  Congress  in  Stock 
ton's  bat.,  wounded  at  the  Mesa  Jan.  '47.  v.  395.  C.  (James  T.),  1847,  Co. 
E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  F.  '53.  C.  (JohnG.),  1844,  one  of  Frdmont'smen; 
also  in  '45;  Cal.  Bat.  Co.  A.  iv.  437,  583.  C.  (Jonathan),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  C.  (Patrick),  1846,  sailor  on  the  Cytme,  in  Stockton's  bat., 
wounded  at  S.  Gabriel  Jan.  '47.  v.  395.  C.  (Joseph  T.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U. 
S.  dragoons,  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346.  C.  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol. 

C.  (Richard),  1827,  said  to  have  come  from  N.  Orleans  to  S.  Diego,  iii.  102. 
C.   (Reuben  P.),   1848,  lieut  of  Graham's  dragoons,  v.  522.       C.  (Samuel), 
1833  (?),  accredited  to  this  year  by  the  newspapers,  and  said  to  have  been  a 


CAMPBELL— CAPLES.  741 

rich  merchant  of  S.  F.;  d.  Red  Bluff  70.  iii.  409.  C.  (Samuel),  1847,  Co.  E, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  C.  (Thomas),  1846,  Kentuckian  overl.  immig.  from 
Mo.  with  his  wife  ami  her  parents  and  brothers  named  \Vest.  v.  528.  Known 
as  Major  C.  on  the  trip;  one  of  Burroughs'  men  at  Natividad  (v.  363);  and 
went  south  with  the  Cal.  Bat. ;  surveyor  at  S.  Jose",  and  member  of  the  council 
'47.  v.  i>64;  in  the  mines  '48-9;  later  resid.  of  S.  Jos<§  to  '77  and  later.  C. 
(Wm),  1842,  said  to  have  been  killed,  iv.  686.  C.  (Wm),  1846,  apparently 
overl.  immig.  and  perhaps  a  brother  of  Thomas;  came  to  S.  Jose"  with  his 
family;  surveyor  '47.  v.  664.  In  Tulare  '83,  age  90,  veteran  of  1812  and  battle 
of  N.  Orleans;  2  sons.  C.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  deserted, 
and  was  hanged  in  Dec.  '48  at  S.  Jose"  for  robbery  and  attempted  murder,  v. 
663-4.  C.  (Wm),  1848,  overl.  with  Lawton  and  Johnson;  editor  of  Sierra 
Democrat  and  clerk  of  legislature  '56;  county  judge  of  Sierra  to  '63;  district 
attorney  at  Virginia  City,  dying '76.  Nevada  Transcript,  Jan.  28, '76.  Campo, 
see  '  Fernandez '  del  C.  and  '  Perez '  del  C. 

Cane"  (Vicente),  1825,  Span,  sailor  landing  from  the  Asia  at  Mont.  iii.  51, 
92-3;  permitted  to  remain  and  marry  in  '28;  grantee  of  S.  Bernardo  rancho 
'40;  admin,  and  juez  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '40-1.  v.  657,  683.  Canedo  (Dolores), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  C.  (Geronimo),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1812.  ii.  350.  C. 
(Jos6),  soldier  and  corp.  '23-4.  ii.  555-6.  C.  (Jose"),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32, 
wife  Luisa  Valenzuela.  C.  (Jose"),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  age  58,  wife  Maria, 
children  Antonia  b.  '26,  Felipe  '28,  Juliana  '31,  Juan  '37,  Leonardo  '43.  C. 
(Jose"  Maria),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41-6.  iv.  626;  age  36,  wife  Feliciana.  C. 
(Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  C.  (Juan  K),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626.  C. 
(Manuel),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado,  i.  363.  C.  (Rafael),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46.  C.  (Silvestre),  ditto.  Caiiete  (Joaquin),  sent  to  escort  Gov.  Fages' 
wife  to  Cal.  1783.  i.  390. 

Canfield  (Cyrus  C.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  also  lieut  of  the 
reenl.  men.  v.  495;  collector  of  the  port  of  S.  D.  '48.  v.  619;  acquitted  on  trial 
for  passing  counterfeit  money,  v.  610-11.  C.  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Phil.  '82.  C.  (0.  F.),  1847,  in  Sonoma  Co.  '50-77.  Sonoma 
Co.  Hist. ,  102.  Canian  (Wm),  1832,  doubtful  name  of  a  mr  of  the  California. 
Caiiizares  (Jose"),  1769,  pilotin  who  kept  a  diary  of  Rivera's  exped.  to  Cal.; 
com.  of  S.  Antonio  '74,  of  S.  Cdrlos  '76,  being  an  explorer  of  S.F.  bay  and 
planner  of  the  presidio;  again  at  Mont.  '84;  com.  of  Aranzazu  '89.  i.  132,  136, 
208,  225,  246,  287,  289,  329,  410-11,  438,  441,  444.  Cann  (Dan.  M.),  1847, 
Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v.  518).  Lancey,  not  on  roll.  Cannell  (John),  1847,  lot  at 
S.F.  Cannifax  (Abstrum  R.),  1847,  contractor  at  mission  S.  Jose"  to  make 
shingles  for  Larkin.  Cannon  (Manena),  1840,  one  of  the  Mormons,  who  prob. 
did  not  come  to  Cal.  v.  517.  Cano  (Gil.),  com.  de  policia  at  Mont.  '36.  iii. 
675;  Mex.,  age  23,  wife  Josef  a  Soto,  children  Rafael,  Maria,  Luisa,  Nicolas. 

Cantan  (Gustavus  A. ),  1847,  lot  at  S.F.  Cantua  (Dolores),  soldier  of  S.F. 
comp.  '19-27;  ment.  in  '18.  ii.  232.  C.  (Guadalupe),  in  '36  at  the  Guadalupe 
rancho,  Mont,  district,  age  51,  wife  Carmen  Castro,  children  Josefa  b.  '18, 
Gracia  '29,  Ramon  '31,  Ramona  '33;  majordomo  and  juez  de  campo  '35-6;  in 
'41  grantee  of  S.  Luisito  near  S.  Luis  Ob.  iii.  674-7;  iv.  656.  C.  (Ignacio), 
settler  at  S.F.  1791-1800.  i.  716.  C.  (Juan  Ign.),  son  of  Vicente,  wounded 
at  the  Natividad  fight  '46.  v.  307.  C.  (Julian),  at  S.  Isidro  rancho  '36,  age 
40,  wife  Isabel  Ortega,  child.  Manuel  b.  '16,  Manuela  '20,  Faustina  '22.  C. 
(Manuel),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '32-9;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  25;  in  Sutter's  ser 
vice  '45;  militia  alferez  killed  at  Olompali*'46.  v.  166.  C.  (Manuel),  son  of 
Julian,  at  S.  Jos<§  '50.  C.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46;  connected  with  the 
Flores  revolt,  a  good  judge  of  aguardiente,  nicknamed  'governor'  for  a  time. 
v.  308,  331.  C.  (Pablo),  soldier  of -S.F.  comp.  at  Sonoma  '42.  C.  (Vicente), 
majordomo  at  Patrocinio  (Alisal),  '36,  age  45,  wife  Juana  Soto,  child.  Juan 
Ign.  b.  '28,  Juan  Maria  '31,  Maria  Ant.  '33,  Carmen  '36;  juez  de  campo  and 
auxiliar  '35,  '39,  '41.  iii.  674-5;  iv.  653;  grantee  of  rancho  nacional  '39.  iii. 
677;  admin.  Soledad  '39-40.  iii.  691;  Cal.  claim  (v.  462)  of  $3,661  in  '46;  still 
in  Mont.  dist.  '50.  Cantwell  (Thos),  1847,  in  S.  Diego  district.  Caples 
(James),  1847,  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. 


742  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Carabajal  (Rafael),  at  Los  Aug.  '48.  Carabanas  (Nicolds),  corp.  of  the  S. 
Juan  Cap.  escolta  1776.  i.  303.  Carabantes  (Agustin),  settler  at  Los  Ang. 
1807.  ii.  350.  C.  (Salvador),  at  Sta  B.  1797.  Carbajal,  surg.  of  the  Prin- 
cesa,  1786.  i.  397.  C.  (Josefa),  wife  of  Surgeon  Davila,  d.  S.F.  1780.  i.  468. 
Carbit  (Thos),  1847,  said  to  have  come  with  the  N.Y.  Vol.,  but  not  on  the 
roll;  d.  Oregon  City,  Gal.  '61,  age  35.  S.  F.  Herald. 

Card  (Geo.  H.),  1840,  nat.  of  R.  I.,  mate  of  a  trader — probably  the  A lert — • 
on  the  coast  '40-2;  returned  in  '48;  wrote  newspaper  articles  on  his  Cal.  ex 
periences;  d.  at  Stockton  after  '68,  age  74.  iv.  120,  136.  Cardenas  (Josd), 
1825,  officer  of  the  Asia;  mr  of  the  Rover  '26.  iii.  25-G,  120.  C.  (Melchor), 
sirviente  at  S.F.  1777r  i.  297.  Cardwell  (Henry),  1848,  sheriff  at  Los  Ang. 
v.  626;  perhaps  same  as  following.  C.  (Herman  C.),  1844.  nat.  of  Vt  (or 
Va),  who  came  to  Cal.  on  a  whaler,  settling  at  Los  Ang.  perhaps  in  '46;  in 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  having  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462)  under  name  of  H.  H.  C.;  in 
the  mines  '48-9;  memb.  of  1st  legisl.  '49-50;  seriously  injured  in  '50  by  a  fall 
from  his  horse;  d.  at  Los  Ang.  '59,.  I  find  little  about  him  except  in  newspaper 
sketches.  Cariaga  (Saturnine),  grantee  of  Real  de  las  A*guiias  '44.  iv.  655. 
Carl  (John),  1847,  at  S.  Buen.  Carlon,  soldier  killed  in  1790.  i.  465.  C. 
( Josd),  invalido  at  Sta  B.  '32.  C.  (Seferino),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp. ;  grantee 
of  Arroyo  Grande  rancho  '41.  iv.  655;  one  of  this  family  was  the  wife  of  F. 
Z.  Branch.  Cdrlos,  neophyte  leader  of  rebels  at  S.  Diego  1775-6.  i.  253, 
286.  Carlton,  1848  (?),  later  a  judge  in  Tuolumne  Co.;  d.  '55.  Carltoii 
(W.  H.),  1848,  clerk  for  A.  J.  Graysou,  S.F.  Carmen  (Jos6  del),  Ind.  chief 
killed  '44.  iv.  409. 

Carmichael  (Lawrence),  1833,  Scotch  trapper  from  N.  Mex.,  who  went  to 
Or.  '34  with  Young  and  Kelley.  iii.  388,  409;  returned  to  drive  a  band  of  cat 
tle  to  the  Willamette  '37.  iv.  85;  and  again  came  back  on  the  Nereid  via  Hon 
olulu  '38.  iv.  105;  and  settled  at  S.  Jose1.  He  was  one  of  the  exiles  of  '40, 
but  returned  in '41  with  a  pass  and  a  claim  for  $7,000  damages  for  interrupted 
business,  iv.  18,  32-3,  116.  His  name  often  appears  in  the  records  from  '41; 
in  '45  one  of  the  party  capturing  Prefect  Castro,  iv.  487;  in  July  '46  had 
trouble  with  Henry  Naile  about  a  house;  in  Aug.  sec.  of  the  juez  at  Sta  Cruz. 
v.  641 ;  and  later  in  '46  shot  by  a  party  of  Mex.  for  the  alleged  reason  that  he 
was  bearer  of  despatches  for  the  Amer. ,  but  very  little  is  known  of  this  affair, 
of  which  I  find  no  contemporary  record. 

Carnes  (Henry  S.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  collector  of  the 
port  of  Sta  B.  '48.  v.  575;  later  a  member  of  the  legisl.,  district  judge,  and 
postmaster  at  Sta  B.,  where  he  lived  in  '79;  at  S.  Buen.  '82.  C.  (Thos), 
1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  drowned  at  Stockton  '51.  Carnicer  (Balta- 
sar),  1797,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Carlos  and  retired  in  1808. 
Biog.  ii.  147;  merit,  i.  500?  561,  577,  686;  ii.  7,  149,  159-60. 

Carpenter  (Benj.),  1845,  Amer.  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman 
party;  prob.  went  back  to  Or.  '46.  iv.  572,  576.  C.  (Chas  R.),  1847,  Co.  F, 
N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  died  in  Cuba  '60.  C.  (Isaac),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  C.  (John),  1845,  named  as  a  captive  exchanged  for  Manuel  Castro, 
iv.  487,  doubtful.  C.  (Lemuel  or  Samuel),  1832,  Amer.  from  N.  Mex.  iii. 
388,  408;  accredited  to  '31  and  '33  in  two  lists  of  '36;  prob.  came  in  winter  of 
'32-3;  22  years  old  in  '36,  28  in  '40;  had  a  soap-factory  on  the  S.  Gabriel  River 
and  a  vineyard  in  co.  with  Chard;  one  of  the  vigilantes  '36,  and  not  arrested 
'40;  served  '45  against  Micheltorena.  iv.  495;  in  '48  had  an  orchard  near  S. 
Buen.  Claimant  for  Sta  Gertrudis  '53.  iii.  634;  where  on  account  of  financial 
troubles  he  committed  suicide  in  '59.  C.  (Roman),  1840,  named  on  Larkin's 
books;  perhaps  the  'Roman  carpenter'  or  'Roman  the  carpenter.'  C.  (Wm), 
1841,  doubtful  record  at  Los  Ang.  C.  (Wm  M.),  1848,  physician  at  N. 
Hclv.,  room-mate  of  P.  H.  Burnett.  Carpentier,  memb.  of  legisl.  '55,  ac 
credited  to  '48  in  the  Chart. 

Carr  (Overton),  1841,  lieut  U.  S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241,  567.  C.  (Griffith), 
1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Sonoma.  C.  (Stephen),  1847,  Co. 
A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Stanislaus  Co. '49.  Carranza  (Domingo),  1798, ^Span. 
friar,  who  served  at  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Luis  Rey,  retiring  in  1810.  Biog.  ii.  108; 


CARRAXZA— CARRILLO.  743 

meat.  i.  4CS,  577;  ii.  154-5,  159-60,  107.  Carrasco  (Jose"  M.),  Sonoran  at 
Mont.  '30,  age  39,  single;  at  Mont,  and  other  places  to  '47.  C.  (Juan),  1701, 
com.  schr  Ilorcasitas.  i.  493.  C.  (Juan),  uat.  of  Buenos  Aires,  insane,  found 
dead  at  Arroyo  Mocho  '38.  iii.  732.  Carreaga  (Saturnino),  1845,  juez  at  S. 
Juan  13.  iv.  002;  see  'Caviaga,'  prob.  the  same  man. 

Carrigan  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Carriger  (Daniel  S.), 
1S40,  Cat.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Sonoma,  C.  (Nicholas),  1840,  Tennes- 
seean  immig.  from  Mo.  with  family,  v.  528;  his  father  died  and  a  daughter 
was  born  on  the  journey.  He  served  in  the  Sonoma  garrison  and  as  mail-car 
rier  from  Sonora  to  S.  Rafael  during  the  war;  a  miner  in  '48-9;  farmer  at 
Sonoma  from  '50,  where  he  still  lived  in  'SO,  aged  04,  with  9  living  children. 
I  obtained  from  him  a  brief  Autobiography;  portrait  in  SonomaCo.  Hist.,  312; 
a  son,  Dav.  W.,  was  born  in  '47.  Carrillo,  sirviente  at  Sta  Cruz  1795.  i.  490. 

Carrillo  (Anastasio),  son  of  Jose"  Raim.,  b.  at  Sta  B.  1788;  sergt  distin- 
guido  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.,  named  in  connection  with  many  Ind.  exped.,  etc. 
lolS-SO.  ii.  235,  334,  301,  528-9,  501,  572;  iii.  78,  103;  comisionado  in  charge 
of  Los  Ang.  '18-25.  ii.  350,  559;  member  of  the  dip.  '27-8;  habilitado  '27, 
'29-34.  ii.  572;  iii.  30-42,  03;  '31-G  alf<§rez  of  the  comp.  iii.  650-1,  281;  in 
'32  his  family  consisted  of  his  wife  Concepcion  Garcia  and  child.  Micaela, 
Manuela,  Soledad,  Francisco,  and  Luis;  his  other  sons  being  Guillermo  and 
Raimundo;  commisionado  to  secularize  Sta  B.  '34.  iii.  346,  657;  in  '33  retired 
from  the  army  on  full  pay;  in  '37  com.  to  treat  with  Alvarado,  majordomo 
at  S.  Fernando,  grantee  of  Pt  Concepcion.  iii.  519,  647,  055;  '38  comisario 
sub.  at  Sta  B.  549,  651;  memb.  of  dip.  '39-40.  iii.  590;  grantee  of  Cieneguita 
'45.  iv.  642;  sub-prefect  '45-6.  iv.  631,  641.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  Don 
Anastasio  was  a  prominent  man  of  Sta  B.,  where  he  still  lived  after  '50. 

Carrillo  (Carlos  Antonio  de  Jesus),  son  of  Jose"  Raimundo,  b.  at  Sta  B. 
1783;  soldier  in  the  Mont.  comp.  from  1797,  and  soldado  distinguido  from 
'99;  named  as  clerk  in  a  murder  trial  1806.  ii.  191;  sergt  of  the  Sta  B.  comp. 
from  '11  to  about  '25,  taking  an  active  part  in  defensive  operations  against 
Bouchard  in  '18  and  the  rebel  Ind.  in  '24.  ii.  236-7,  275-6,  361,  363,  492,  534, 
537,  572.  Quitting  the  military  service,  Don  Carlos  was  partido  elector  in  '27, 
and  memb.  of  the  dip.  '28.  iii.  33,  41,  140,  572;  being  in  '30  elected  member 
of  congress  for  '31-2,  and  working  earnestly  in  Mex.,  if  we  may  judge  by 
his  own  corresp.,  for  the  interests  of  his  country,  iii.  50,'  214,  232-5,  260,  311- 
13,  319,  398.  He  worked  particularly  in  favor  of  the  missions,  drawing  his 
inspiration  from  Capt.  de  la  Guerra;  and  also  in  the  interest  of  Calif ornian  as 
against  Mex.  officers.  One  of  his  speeches,  the  Exposition  sobre  el  Fondo  Pia- 
doso,  was  the  first  production  of  a  native  Californian  printed  in  book  form. 
Back  in  Cal.,  he  was  grantee  of  the  Sespe  rancho  '33,  was  memb.  of  the 
dip.  '34-5,  and  was  made  comisionado  for  the  secularization  of  S.  Buen.  in 
'36.  iii.  240,  249-50,  258,  342,  353,  421,  488,  549,  656,  660-1;  iv.  40.  He  was 
a  warm  supporter  of  Alvarado's  revolutionary  govt  in  '36,  and  not  as  has  been 
often  said  a  leader  of  the  southern  opposition,  iii.  490-2.  In  '37,  however,  his 
brother  obtained  for  him  in  Mex.  an  appointment  as  gov.;  and  Don  Carlos, 
making  Los  Ang.  his  capital,  strove  ineffectually  in  '37-8  to  assume  the  gov 
ernorship,  which  Alvarado  very  properly  refused  to  surrender.  This  interest 
ing  but  somewhat  ridiculous  episode  of  Cal.  history,  with  its  attendant  mili 
tary  campaigns,  is  fully  recorded  in  iii.  534-81,  594,  012,  614, 631,  699;  iv.  47, 
81,  89.  In  '43-5  he  was  member  of  the  junta,  and  in  '45  grantee  of  Sta  Rosa 
Island,  iv.  157,  361,  495-6,  521,  547,  643;  Cal.  claim  of  §14,000  '46-7.  v.  467; 
memb.  of  the  Sta  B.  ayunt.  '49.  Carrillo  died  in  '52  at  the  age  of  69.  In  person 
Don  Curios  Antonio,  like  most  of  his  brothers  and  cousins,  was  large  and  of 
magnificent  presence;  distinguished  for  his  courteous  and  gentlemanly  man 
ners.  In  all  Cal.  there  was  no  more  kind-hearted,  generous,  popular,  and  in 
offensive  citizen  than  he.  For  public  life  he  was  much  too  timid  and  irresolute; 
as  congressman  he  was  but  the  mouth-piece  of  his  brother-in-law  Capt.  de  la 
Guerra;  as  politician  and  aspirant  for  the  governorship  he  was  the  softest  of 
wax  in  the  hands  of  his  astute  brother  Jose"  Antonio;  as  military  leader  in 
the  burlesque  child's-play  warfare  of  '38  he  cut  but  a  sorry  figure;  yet  every- 


744  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

body  understood  his  character  and  he  had  no  enemies.  His  wife  was  Josefa 
Castro,  who  died  in  '53;  his  sons  Jose",  Pedro  C.,  and  Jos6  Jesus;  his  daughters 
Josefa  wife  of  "Wm  G.  Dana,  Encarnacion  wife  of  Thos  Robbins,  Francisca 
wife  of  A.  B.  Thompson,  Manuela  wife  of  John  C.  Jones,  and  Antonia  wife 
of  Lewis  Burton.  Carrillo  (Dolores),  at  Sonoma,  age  20,  in  '44. 

Carrillo  (Domingo  Antonio  Ignacio),  son  of  Josu  Raimundo,  b.  at  S.  Diego 
1791;  soldado  distinguido  in  S.  Diego  comp.  from  1807;  cadet  from  1809; 
prosecutor  in  a  case  of  '11.  ii.  341,  345.  In  '18  he  had  left  the  service,  and 
Capt.  de  la  Guerra  wished  to  send  him  to  Mex.  for  a  few  years;  but  failing  in 
this  had  him  restored  as  sold,  disting.  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.,  and  in  '21  he  was 
transf.  as  cadet  to  S.  Diego.  Ment.  in  '24-9  at  S.  D.,  sometimes  as  revenue 
col.  and  habilitado,  promoted  to  alfe"rez  in  '27.  ii.  536,  543,  547,  572;  iii..  41, 
134,  141.  In  '30  he  was  transf.  to  Sta  B.,  where  he  was  elector,  acting  com., 
and  a  supporter  of  Victoria,  ii.  572;  iii.  50,  99,  223:  in  '34  prom,  to  lieut,  ad 
min,  of  Purisima,  and  grantee  of  Las  Virgenes.  iii.  346,  349,  634-5,  650-1, 
665-6.  In  '36  com.  at  Sta  B.,  and  though  having  trouble  with  Gov.  Chico, 
opposed  Alvarado  unlike  other  Barbarenos,  and  was  removed  from  the  com. ; 
but  in  '38  he  opposed  Carrillo.  iii.  422,  436,  485,  503,  565.  I  find  no  record  of 
Don  Domingo  after  '37,  and  cannot  give  the  date  of  his  death.  His  wife,  mar 
ried  in  1810,  was  Concepcion,  sister  of  Pio  Pico;  his  sons  Joaquin,  Jos6  An 
tonio,  Francisco,  Alejandro,  and  Felipe;  daughters  Maria  wife  of  Jose"  M. 
Covarrubias,  Angela  wife  of  Ignacio  del  Valle,  and  Antonia.  His  widow  in 
78  gave  me  a  small  col.  of  Doc.  Hist.  Cal,  remnant  of  the  family  archives, 
including  no  less  a  paper  than  the  original  treaty  of  Cahuenga.  C.  (Fran 
cisco),  son  of  Anastasio,  who  died  young.  C.  (Francisco),  son  of  Domingo; 
married  Dorotea  Lugo.  C.  (Guillermo),  1769,  corporal  of  the  S.  D.  comp., 
and  later  sergt;  died  in  1782.  i.  301-2,  314,  452.  I  do  not  know  that  he  left 
any  descendants.  C.  (Guillermo),  son  of  Anastasio;  married  Manuela  Ortega; 
still  living  in  '79. 

Carrillo  (Joaquin),  nat.  of  Lower  Cal.,  for  22  years  a  soldier,  part  of  the 
time  at  S.  Diego,  where,  having  retired  from  the  service,  he  lived  with  his 
family  in  '27.  He  was  probably  a  cousin  of  Jose"  Raimundo,  but  I  find  no  in 
formation  about  his  parentage.  It  is  related  that  he  played  wrell  on  the  violin, 
and  was  once  put  in  the  stocks  by  Com.  Rifiz  because  he  was  too  long  tuning 
his  instrument  for  a  favorite  air.  The  romantic  marriage  of  his  daughter  to 
Capt.  Fitch  in  '27  is  recorded  in  iii.  140-4;  marriage  of  another  daughter  to 
M.  G.  Vallejo  '32.  iii.  472.  In  '35  he  tried  to  get  a  grant  of  the  S.  D.  mission 
estate;  and  the  same  year  his  wife  called  upon  the  gov.  to  prevent  his  sale  of 
the  garden  given  to  their  children  by  Com.  Ruiz,  their  godfather,  iii.  617.  I 
suppose  he  died  before  '40.  His  widow  W7as  Maria  Ignacia  Lopez,  who  in  ;41 
was  grantee  of  the  Cabeza  de  Sta  Rosa  rancho  in  Sonoma  Co.  iii.  673;  and 
for  whom  was  built  about  this  time  the  1st  house  in  the  Sta  Rosa  region. 
Among  the  sons  were  Joaquin,  Julio,  and  Jos6  Ramon;  daughters,  Josefa  wife 
of  Hen.  D.  Fitch,  Francisca  Benicia  wife  of  M.  G.  Vallejo,  Maria  de  la  Lnz 
wife  of  Salvador  Vallejo,  Ramona  wife  of  Romualdo  Pacheco  and  later  of  John 
Wilson,  Juana,  and  Felicidad  who  was  claimant  of  part  of  the  Sta  Rosa  es 
tate  and  wife  of  Victor  Castro.  C.  (Joaquin),  son  of  Joaquin,  at  Sonoma 
'44,  age  24;  grantee  of  Llano  de  Sta  Rosa  the  same  year,  for  which  he  was 
later  claimant,  iv.  673;  first  settler  in  Analy  township.  In  '46  2d  alcalde  of 
Sonoma,  imprisoned  by  the  Bears,  v.  129,  157,  162. 

Carrillo  (Joaquin),  son  of  Domingo,  who  seems  to  have  been  a  cadet  in  the 
Sta  B.  comp.  '28.  ii.  576;  in  '35  or  a  little  later  he  married  his  cousin  Manuela, 
daughter  of  Anastasio;  maj.  and  later  admin,  of  Purisima.  iii.  353-4,  612, 
666;  grantee  of  Lompoc  '37.  iii.  655;  juez  at  Sta  B.  '40-2,  being  proposed  for 
sub-prefect,  iii.  655;  iv.  641-2;  in  '45  lessee  of  Sta  Lie's,  suplente  in  assembly, 

frantee  of  Mision  Vieja  de  Purisima,  and  S.  Carlos  de  Jonata.  iv.  540,  553, 
58,  643,  647;  in  '46  juez  and  assemblyman,  and  purchaser  of  Stalne"s.  v.  38, 
321,  561,  635.  He  was  appointed  prefect  in  '49,  was  subsequently  county 
judge,  and  was  district  judge  for  a  dozen  years  from  '52,  being  a  man  of  broad 
views  and  good  sense,  and  though  not  speaking  English  and  knowing  but  little 


CARRILLO.  745 

of  legal  technicalities,  he  had  good  advisers  and  left  a  good  reputation.  He 
died  in  '68.  C.  (Jose"),  son  of  Carlos  Antonio,  ment.  in  '29  as  prospective  mr 
of  a  Cal,  schr.  iii.  140;  also  ment.  in  '31.  iii.  535;  grantee  of  Las  Pozas  '34. 
iii.  G55;  took  some  part  in  the  political  troubles  of  '37-9.  iii.  556,  580;  capt. 
of  auxiliary  cavalry  and  acting  com.  at  Sta  B.  '45-6.  iv.  538-9,  641;'  v.  35. 
Still  living  in  '50  and  later.  His  wife  was  Catarina  Ortega,  by  whom  he  had 
4  children  before  '37;  his  2d  wife,  and  widow,  was  Dolores  Dominguez,  who 
in  '78  gave  me  what  were  left  of  Don  Jose"s  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  including  sev 
eral  valuable  papers. 

Carrillo  (Jose"  Antonio  Ezequiel),  son  of  Jose"  Raimundo,  b.  1796  at  S.F.; 
said  to  have  been  a  teacher  at  S.  Diego  in  1813  and  later,  ii.  344;  house-lot 
at  Los  Aug.  '21.  ii.  562;  member  of  dip.  '22-4;  governor's  sec.  '26;  alcalde  of 
Los  Ang.  '27-8;  elector  in  '29-30,  but  defeated  for  congress,  ii.  462,  513,  536, 
560-1,  563-4;  iii.  7,  13,  50,  63,  95.  In   '31,  having  a  quarrel  with  Alcalde 
Sanchez,  and  being  arrested  and  exiled,  he  became  a  leading  instigator  of  the 
movement  against  Gov.  Victoria,  iii.    196-7,  203-4,  206-8,  630,  652;  in  '32 
favored   Pico   against   Echeandia.  iii.  218;  in   '33-4  suplente  congressman, 
member  of  the  dip.,  and  alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  iii.  242,  246-50,  258,  275,  327, 
342,  366,  373,  635,  637,  644.  In  ;35-6  C.  was  in  Mex.  as  member  of  congress; 
otherwise  as  1st  vocal  of  the  dip.  he  would  have  been  gov.  ad.  int.  instead  of 
Castro  in  '35;  and  might  in  '36-7  have  given  a  more  formidable  aspect  to  the 
southern  opposition  to  Alvarado.  iii.  258,  291-2,  299.  He  came  back  at  the 
end  of  '37,  and  from  that  time  to  the  beginning  of  '39  engaged  in  fruitless 
efforts  to  rule  Cal.  by  making  his  brother  Don  Carlos  gov.,  being  more  than 
once  a  prisoner,  and  on  one  occasion  spending  some  months  in  captivity  at 
Sonoma,  where  by  his  diplomatic  skill  he  wellnigh  won  over  Gen.  Vallejo  to 
his  cause,  iii.  534-45,  547-9,  551,  555,  558-9,  564,  566,  570-1,  573,  578,  580; 
memb.  of  the  dip.,  ministro  of  the  tribunal  superior,  believed  to  be  engaged 
in  various  plots  '40-3.  iii.  602,  604-7,  632;  iv.  193,  282,  284,  296,  319;  in  '43- 
4,  grantee  with  his  brother  of  Sta  Rosa  Isl.,  capt.  of  Los  Ang.  defensores,  and 
not  very  active  openly  in  opposition  to  Micheltorena.  iv.  351,  407,  462,  475, 
643;  but  finally  induced  in  '45  to  join  the  revolutionists,  iv.  491-3,  509,  522. 
Under  the  new  administration  in  '45,  after  declining  the  appointment  of  1st 
justice  of  the  tribunal,  C.  become  lieut-col  of  militia,  comaiidante  de  escua- 
dron,  and  com.  principal  of  the  southern  line.  In  this  capacit^y  as  representa 
tive  of  Gen.  Castro  in  the  south  he  became  a  northern  partisan  in  the  sectional 
quarrels,  and  wras  banished  to  the  frontier  by  Gov.  Pico.  iv.  520,  523,  531-2, 
538-41.  Returning  in  '46  he  joined  Castro  at  Sta  Clara,  as  mayor-gen,  of  the 
Cal.  forces,  and  retreated  to  the  south  in  July.  v.  39,  41,  53,  105,  134-5.  In 
Flores'  revolt  C.  was  2d  in  com. ,  defeating  Mervine,  and  frightening  Stockton 
away  from  S.  Pedro;  then  engaging  in  a  plot  against  Flores,  but  resuming  his 
allegiance  for  the  final  struggle  against  the  invaders,  and  finally  signing  the 
treaty  of  Cahuenga  as  Mex.  commissioner  in  Jan.  '47.  v.  309,  318-20,  324, 
331-3,  391,  404-5.  In  '49  he  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention, 
and  this  would  seem  to  have  been  the  end  of  his  public  life.  He  died  at  Sta 
B.  in  '62.  His  1st  wife  was  Estefana  Pico,  and  his  second  Jacinto  Pico,  both 
sisters  of  Don  Pio.  A  daughter  married  Lewis  T.  Burton,  but  I  know  nothing 
of  any  other  children.  Thus  Don  Jose"  Antonio's  name  was  constantly  before 
the  Cal.  public  for  over  25  years.  He  was  a  man  of  remarkable  natural  abili 
ties  for  the  most  part  unimproved  and  wasted.  Slight  modifications  in  the 
conditions  and  his  character  might  have  made  him  the  foremost  of  Califor- 
nians — either  the  best  or  worst.  None  excelled  him  in  intrigue,  and  he  was 
never  without  a  plot  on  hand.  A  gambler,  of  loose  habits,  and  utterly  careless 
in  his  associations,  he  yet  never  lost  the  privilege  of  associating  with  the  best 
or  the  power  of  winning  their  friendship.  There  was  nothing  he  would  not  do 
to  oblige  a  friend  or  get  the  better  of  a  foe;  and  there  were  few  of  any  note 
who  were  not  at  one  time  or  another  both  his  foes  and  friends.  No  Califor- 
nian  could  drink  so  much  brandy  as  he  with  so  little  effect.  A  man  of  fine 
appearance  and  iron  constitution;  of  generous  impulses,  without  much  princi 
ple;  one  of  the  few  original  and  prominent  characters  in  early  Calif ornian 


746  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

annals.  C.  (Josd  Antonio),  son  of  Domingo,  at  school  in  Lima  '29;  grantee 
of  Lorapoc  '37  and  Purisima — misioii  vieja — '45;  also  in  charge  of  S.  Miguel,  iii. 
G55;  iv.  G43,  GGO;  his  wife  was  Felicidad  Gutierrez. 

Carrillo  (Jose"  Raimundo),  1769,  mit.  of  Loreto,  who  came  as  a  soldier  and 
rose  to  be  capt.,  dying  in  1809.  He  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  Car 
rillo  family,  which  must  be  considered  in  several  respects  the  leading  one  in 
Cal.,  by  reason  of  the  number  and  prominence  of  its  members  and  of  their 
connection  by  marriage  with  so  many  of  the  best  families,  both  native  and 
pioneer.  The  captain's  wife  was  Tomasa  Ignacia  Lugo;  his  sons  and  some  of 
his  grandsons  are  named  in  these  pages;  his  only  daughter,  Maria  Antonia, 
married  Capt.  Jose"  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega.  See  biog.  ii.  99-101;  ment.  i. 
403,  406,  551-2,  665,  079-82,  692-3,  701;  ii.  28,  30,  116-19,  140,  143-4,  174. 
He  signed  his  name  Raymundo,  dropping  the  Jose.  C.  (Jose*  Ramon),  son 
of  Joaquin  (of  S.  Diego),  who  in  '44  was  at  Sonoma,  age  21,  having  come  north 
with  his  mother  a  few  years  before.  In  '46  he  was  an  officer  in  Padilla's  band 
of  Californians  who  captured  and  killed  Cowie  and  Fowler  during  the  Bear 
revolt,  v.  160-4.  It  was  claimed  by  himself  and  friends,  then  and  later,  that 
the  murder  was  committed  against  his  protest  or  without  his  knowledge,  and 
I  have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  he  was  in  any  way  responsible  for  that  un 
fortunate  occurrence.  He  joined  Castro's  force  as  lieut.,  and  with  him  went 
south,  taking  part  with  his  countrymen  in  the  last  campaigns  of  the  war  '46-7. 
v.  30S,  312,  325,  329,  331,  351,  388,  617;  and  remained  in  the  south.  He  was 
a  rough  and  reckless  fellow,  often  in  bad  company,  but  not  regarded  as  a  bad 
man  by  those  who  knew  him  best.  He  was  tried  by  the  courts  and  by  the 
vigilantes  for  murder,  and  acquitted;  but  soon,  in  May  '64,  he  was  shot  from 
behind  the  trees  at  Cucarnonga.  Whether  this  murder  was  committed  by  a 
vigilante  not  pleased  with  the  verdict,  by  some  avenger  of  the  Sonoma  vic 
tims,  or  by  a  private  foe,  was  never  known.  C.  (Jose"  Ramon),  at  Sta  B. 
'44;  grantee  of  Matzultaquea  rancho  '45.  iv.  496,  635.  Perhaps  same  as  pre 
ceding;  if  not,  I  have  no  idea  who  he  was.  C.  (Juan),  soldier  of  the  S.F. 
coinp.  at  Sonoma  '41. 

Carrillo  (Julio),  son  of  Joaquin,  brother  of  Ramon,  who  came  north  with 
his  mother  about  '40,  and  in  '44  is  ment.  in  a  Sonoma  list  as  19  years  of  age. 
In  '46,  going  to  visit  his  brother-in-law,  Gen.  Vallejo,  a  prisoner  at  Suttcr's 
Fort,  Don  Julio  was  himself  thrown  into  prison  for  several  months,  v.  124, 
128,  298-9;  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $17,500,  most  of  which  was  disallowed,  v. 
467.  From  '49  he  was  a  resident  of  Sta  Rosa,  where  he  was  the  owner  of  a 
large  tract  of  his  mother's  rancho.  iv.  673;  but  like  most  of  his  countrymen 
lost  his  land.  Still  living  at  Sta  Rosa,  '85,  in  poverty,  but  a  man  of  good  re 
pute.  C.  (Luis),  son  of  Anastasio;  married  Refugio  Ortega;  2d  alcalde  of 
Sta  B.  '47.  v.  631;  died  in  early  times.  C.  (Maria  del  Espiritu  Santo), 
grantee  of  Loma  del  Esp.  Sto  rancho,  Mont.  dist.  '39.  iii.  677.  I  am  unable 
to  say  who  she  was. 

Carrillo  (Mariano),  1769,  brother  of  Guillermo,  uncle  of  Jose*  Raim.,  had 
a  brother  Raimundo  who  never  came  to  Cal.;  their  parents  were  Juan  Car 
rillo  and  Efigenia  Millar.  Came  as  a  corp.  and  d.  as  alferez  in  1782;  had  no 
family.  Biog.  i.  385-6;  ment.  252-3,  304,  315-16,  335-40,  426-7.  C. 
(Pedro  C.),  son  of  Carlos  Antonio,  educated  at  Honolulu  and  Boston;  arrested 
at  Sta  B.  by  Castro  '38.  iii.  555,  569;  grantee  of  Alamos  y  Aj,ua  Caliente,  and 
Camulos  '43,  and  S.  Diego  Isl.  '46.  iv.  634,  642;  v.  619;  elector  at  Los.  Ang. 
'45.  iv.  540;  receptor  at  S.D.  '46.  v.  618-19.  In  the  troubles  of  '46-7  Don 
Pedro  favored  the  Americans  from  the  first,  and  was  made  collector  at  S. 
Pedro,  S.  Diego,  and  finally  at  Sta  B.  v.  267,  287,  402,  446,  572,  626,  631; 
alcalde  of  Sta  B.  '48.  v.  586-7,  631,  611.  He  was  town  surveyor  of  Sta  B.; 
and  later  justice  of  the  peace  at  Los.  Ang.,  where  he  still  resides  in  '85.  In 
'77  he  allowed  me  to  copy  his  col.  of  Doc.  Hint.  Cal.,  including  his  father's 
original  commission  as  gov.  His  wife  was  Josefa  Bandini,  and  there  are  sev 
eral  sons  and  daughters. 

Carrillo  (Raimundo),  son  of  Anastasio;  clerk  at  Sta  B.  mission  '35,  and 
admin.  '36-8.  iii.  657-8;  sub-prefect  '39-40.  iii.  634-5;  iv.  15,641;  secretary 


CARRILLO-CARTER.  747 

of  juez,  '41.  iv.  632,  641;  in  '41  grantee  of  S.  Miguel  rancho.  iv.  643;  in  '43 
juez  at  Sta  B.  and  grantee  of  Nojoqui.  iv.  642-3;  capt.  of  defeusores  '49.  iv. 
407:  suplente  of  sup.  court,  and  elector  of  StaB.  '45.  iv.  532,  540;  in  '46  com. 
at  Sta  B.  v.  330,  400,  630.  He  was  alcalde  of  Sta  B.  in  '49,  and  still  lived 
there  in  '50  and  later.  His  wife  was  Dolores  Ortega,  and  there  were  several 
children.  Carrillo  (Ramona),  daughter  of  Joaquin;  grantee  of  rancho  at  S. 
Luis  Ob.  '41.  iv.  655;  later  Mrs  Wilson;  still  living  in  '85.  C.  (Tomas  M.), 
1848,  named  by  Brooks  as  a  robber  shot  by  Bradley.  C.  (Vicente),  soldier  of 
S.F.  comp.  at  Sonoma  '41-2.  C.  (W.),  1841,  nat.  of  L.  Gal.;  in  Sonoma 
Co.  '51-77.  Carrion  (Manuel),  1837,  Frenchman  at  Sta  Cruz  desiring  to 
rnarry.  iv.  118.  C.,  several  of  the  name  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Carson  (Christopher),  1830(?),Kentuckian  trapper,  guide,  and  Ind. -fighter, 
born  in  1809,  who  claimed  to  have  come  to  Cal.  with  Ewing  Young,  and 
very  likely  did  so.  i:.i.  175,  180.  At  any  rate,  he  came  in  '44  as  guide  and 
hunter  with  Frdmont;  and  again  with  the  same  officer  in  '45.  iv.  437,  583. 
His  acts  in  '46,  in  connection  with  F.'s  operations  at  Gavilan  in  thd  Sac.  Val 
ley,  on  the  Or.  frontier,  in  the  S.  Rafael  campaign  of  the  Bear  revolt,  are 
mentioned  in  v.  3,  6,  24-5,  94,  121,  127,  171-2,  175.  Going  south,  he  was  sent 
cast  with  despatches  in  Aug.,  but  met  Kearny  in  N.  Mex.  and  returned  with 
him,  taking  part  in  the  S.  Pascual  fight,  and  subsequently  serving  in  the  Los 
Ang.  campaign,  v.  216,  236-7,  350,  417.  In  March  '47  he  was  again  sent  to 
Washington  with  despatches,  accompanying  Lieut  Beale.  At  Wash,  he  was 
appointed  lieut — though  the  appointment  was  not  confirmed — and  sent  back 
to  Cal.,  arriving  in  Dec.,  returning  in  '48,  and  then  settling  in  N.  Mex.  Again 
in  '53  he  came  to  Cal.  with  a  flock  of  sheep.  In  N.  Mex.  he  was  farmer, 
hunter,  and  guide;  an  Ind.  agent  from  '54;  colonel  and  brevet  brigadier-gen,  of 
volunteers  at  the  end  of  the  war  of  '61-5.  He  died  sit  Ft  Lyon,  Colorado,  in 
'68,  at  ths  age  of  59.  His  first  wife  was  an  Indian  woman,  by  whom  he  had 
a  daughter;  the  2d  wife  was  Josefa  Jaramillo,  who  bore  him  3  children. 
Peters'  Life  and  Adven.  of  Kit  Carson  was  published  in  '59;  Abbott's  Christo 
pher  Carson  in  '76.  Kit  Carson  was  a  small,  wiry  man,  of  undoubted  bravery 
and  skill  in  all  that  pertained  to  his  profession,  comparatively  quiet  in  man 
ner,  and  somewhat  less  garrulous  and  boastful  than  many  of  the  frontiersmen; 
yet  the  difference  between  him  and  others  of  his  class  in  character  and  skill 
was  by  no  means  so  marked  as  has  been  represented  in  eulogistic  biog.  sketches. 
No  one,  however,  begrudges  Kit  the  fame  his  biographers  have  given  him. 
It  is  their  custotn,  ignoring  faults,  to  concentrate  in  one  trapper  all  the  virtues 
of  his  class  for  dramatic  effect.  Carson's  statements  on  his  Cat.  experience  were 
not  noticeable  for  their  accuracy;  his  connection  with  the  Haro-Berreyesa  mur 
der — though  he  doubtless  obeyed  orders — is  not  creditable;  and  I  suppose  his 
influence  to  have  had  much  to*  do  with  Fremont's  stupid  folly  of  the  Gavilan, 
and  Kcarny's  disaster  at  S.  Pascual. 

Carson  (James  H.),  1847,  nat.  of  Va;  sergt  in  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  v.  519-20; 
in  the  mines  '48;  an  active  prospector,  who  gave  his  name  to  several  'dig 
gings,'  and  whose  little  baok — Early  Recoil,  of  the  Mines — was  pub.  at  Stock 
ton  in  '52.  He  died  in  '53,  his  wife  and  child  arriving  a  little  later,  but  return 
ing  to  the  east.  C.  (John),  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '46;  went  to  U.S.  C.  (Jose 
Manuel,)  1840,  at  S.  Gabriel  with  a  Sonora  pass  to  visit  Cal.  C.  (Lindsay), 
1847,  settler  in  Russ.  Riv.  Valley;  still  there  after  '56.  Son.  Co.  Hist.,  358. 
Carson  (Moses),  1832,  brother  of  Kit,  from  N.  Mex.  with  Ewiug  Young,  iii. 
388,  408.  He  remained  for  some  time  in  the  Los  Ang.  region,  and  in  '36  ob 
tained  a  certif.  of  10  years'  resid.  in  Mex.  Territory  and  4  in  Cal.,  being  then 
31  years  old.  In  '45  he  went  north  to  take  charge  of  Capt.  Fitch's  Russ.  Riv. 
rancho;  joined  the  Bears  in  '46,  and  was  the  messenger  who  announced  the 
capture  of  Sonoma  at  N.  Helv. ;  also  in  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  and  had  a  Cal. 
claim  of  $653,  not  allowed  ( v.  462).  After  his  discharge  he  returned  to  Healds- 
burg,  but  soon  after  '50  recrossed  the  continent  and  soon  died.  C.  (Richard), 
1847,  sup.  of  the  Confederation,  v.  577.  Carstens  (H.),  1848,  German  said 
to  have  come  this  year;  in  S.  Mateo  Co.  '59-78. 

Carter,  1825,  mr  of  the  Jura.  iii.  147.       C.,  1845,  a  physician  at  N.  Helv. 


748  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

'45-6.  iv.  580;  perhaps  Geo.  C.,  1848,  mr  of  the  KameTiamehallL;  of  C. 
&  Davis  at  S.F.;  perhaps  Joseph  0.  C.  (David),  1848,  at  Mont,  from  Bos 
ton  \vith  letters  from  J.  C.Jones.  C.  (Geo.),  1845,  immig.  apparently  of 
the  Giigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  578,  587;  perhaps  the  G.  S.  Carter  who  served  in 
the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  C.  (Geo.),  1843,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  330). 
C.  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (Henry),  1831,  mr  of  the  Wm 
Little,  iii.  384.  C.  (J.  B.),  1846,  lieu t  on  the  Savan no. h.  C.  (John),  1844, 
Amer.  sailor  from  the  Tasso;  landed  sick  at  S.D.  iv.  453;  sent  to  Mont,  en 
the  Admittance;  aided  by  the  consul,  and  shipped  in  '46.  C.  (John),  1847, 
Co.  K.  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (Joseph  0.),  1831,  Amer.  mr  of  the  Volunteer 
and  Harriet  Blanchard  '31-3,  and  of  the  Easselas  '36-8.  iii.  382,  384,  405; 
iv.  105,  141.  His  wife  and  child  often  accomp.  him  on  his  voy.  bet.  Cal.  and 
the  islands.  Went  to  Boston  on  the  Altiope  in  '40.  iv.  100;  d.  at  Honolulu 
about  '51.  His  son  Henry  A.  Carter  was  Hawaiian  min.  at  Wash,  '84.  Also 
called  J.  D.  and  John  O. ;  possibly  more  than  one  man.  C.  (Philo  J.),  1847, 
Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  at  Los  Ang.  C.  (R.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  C.  (R.R.),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah. 

Cartney  (Barthol.),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.F.  Cartwright,  1841,  mr  of  the 
Sapphire,  iv.  568.  C.  (H.  B.),  1848,  at  Benicia.  Yuba  Co.  Hist.,  86.  Carver 
(M.M.),  1848,  Kentuckian  from  Or.,  and  member  of  the  const,  convention 
'49.  Gary  (Lewis),  1848  (?),  in  Colusa  '80;  said  to  have  come  by  the  isthmus 
in '48.  Col.  Co.  Hist.,  81.  Cdsares,  see  'Caceres.'  Casarin,  see  'Jimeno  C.' 

Case  (A.  L.),  1841,  lieut  U.S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241.  C.  (B.  A.),  1847,  nat. 
of  Conn.;  settler  at  Sta  Cruz;  died  in  Mendocino  '71.  His  wife,  Mary  Amney 
of  Vt,  taught  at  Sta  Cruz  '48,  and  still  lived  there  in  '80.  Casement  (Wm), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Casey  (Michael),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (Neil),  Co.  B,  N.Y. Vol.  Cash  (A.),  1837,  mr  of  the  Har 
vest,  iv.  104.  C.  (James  H.),  1844,  Amer.  sailor  from  a  whaler  at  Mont.  iv. 
453;  enlisted  Nov.  '46  in  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.,  and  was  wounded  at  Natividad. 
v.  371;  mentioned  also  in  '48.  C.  (John  C.),  1847,  lieut  of  marines  on  the 
Columbus.  Casper  (Win  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  Utah 
farmer  and  col  of  militia  '81.  Cassel  (John),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.,  not 
on  roll.  Cassidy  (Hugh),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v.  518).  Cassin  (John 
W.),  1846,  sergtCo.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  338);  went  east '49,  but  returned 
from  Washington  Ter.  '52,  settling  in  Tuolumne;  a  farmer  in  Tehama  '62-77, 
the  time  of  his  death.  Castauares  (Gregorio),  regidor  at  Mont.  '44.  iv.  653. 
C.  (Jose),  juez  de  campo  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  674. 

Castanares  (Jose"  Maria),  1833,  Mex.  from  Puebla;  clerk  for  the  admin, 
of  customs  Rafael  Gonzalez,  whose  daughter,  Ana  Maria,  was  his  wife;  29 
years  old  in  '36,  when  his  amours  with  Ildefonsa  Herrera  were  the  basis  of  a 
causa  celebre  at  Mont.  iii.  436-9.  He  was  a  handsome  fellow,  but  arrogant  in 
manner.  He  went  to  Mex.  a  little  later,  but  in  '40  came  back  on  the  Catalina. 
iv.  31;  in  '42  fiscal  and  ministro  suplente  of  the  tribunal,  iii.  605;  iv.  299, 
296;  in  '43  grantee  of  the  Arroyo  de  los  Calzoncillos  rancho.  iv.  671;  in  '44 
lieut-col  of  the  defensores  and  a  supporter  of  Micheltorena.  iv.  405,  407,  509, 
654;  in  '45  sent  to  Mex.  by  Gen.  Castro  on  a  mission  of  which  little  is  known, 
and  never  returned,  iv.  530,  601 ;  v.  32.  In  '47  he  appears  as  a  colonel  in  the 
Mex.  army.  C.  (Manuel),  1840,  brother  of  Josi§  Maria,  who  came  from 
Mex.  to  take  charge  of  the  Mont,  custom-house,  but  became,  instead,  sec.  of 
the  prefecture  '40-2.  iii.  675;  iv.  31,  626,  652;  in  '42  sent  to  Mex.  by  Alva- 
rado  as  a  commissioner,  returning  with  appointment  as  admin,  of  customs; 
also  fiscal  of  the  tribunal,  iv.  283-5,  296,  312,  339,  341,  352,  563;  in  '43  still 
admin,  of  customs,  elector  for  Mont.,  grantee  of  Mariposas,  and  finally 
elected  member  of  congress,  iv.  355,  357,  361,  377,  386,  672.  His  labors  in 
congress  '44-5,  as  shown  by  his  Coleccion  de  Documentos  published  in  '45,  are 
recorded  in  iv.  412-18,  431,  449-50,  457,  524-5;  v.  32.  He  never  returned  to 
Cal.,  but  in  later  years  gave  testimony  in  the  Limantour  case,  which  was 
pronounced  false  by  Judge  Hoffman.  He  was  a  man  of  some  ability,  and  more 
popular  than  his  brother.  I  think  his  family  came  and  went  with  him. 

CastaHeda  (Juan),  1837,  Mex.  capt.,  nat.  of  Texas,  and  com.  of  the  L.  Cal. 


CASTAftEDA-CASTRO.  749 

frontier,  who  came  to  Cal.  with  Jose"  Ant.  Carrillo,  and  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  mil.  operations  to  support  Carlos  Carrillo  in  '38,  until  captured, 
iii.  540,  549-50,  553-5,  509,  001.  In  '39  he  was  made  sec.  of  the  com.  gen., 
and  sent  on  a  mission  to  Mex.  by  Vallejo.  iii.  599;  iv.  285;  returned  in  '42 
with  Micheltorena,  or  at  least  about  the  same  time;  in  '43-6  not  much  is 
heard  of  him,  but  he  was  the  grantee,  as  was  claimed,  of  several  pieces  of  land, 
having  a  lot  at  S.F.  iv.  352,  609,  671;  v.  41,  561,  605,  680.  After  '50  a  wit 
ness  in  land  cases.  A  man  of  good  manners,  fair  education,  and  little  force. 
Castillero  (Andrea),  1830,  Mex.  capt.  of  the  L.  Cal.  frontier  comp.,  who 
came  to  Mont,  apparently  with  Gov.  Chico;  at  the  downfall  of  Gutierrez  he 
was  not  exiled,  but  chose  to  go  away,  perhaps  to  Mex.  iii.  460-3;  in  '37  he 
came  back  as  a  comisionado  of  the  Mex.  govt  and  induced  Alvarado  to  sub 
mit  to  centralism,  being  at  once  sent  back  to  Mex.  to  work  for  Alvarado's 
interests,  iii.  521,  526-31,  572,  624.  Successful  again,  he  returned  to  Cal.  in 
'38.  iii.  574-6;  iv.  101;  in  '39  was  grantee  of  Sta  Cruz  Isl.,  and  went  to  Mex. 
as  congressman  and  habilitado-gen.  of  the  Cal.  companies,  iii.  582,  590, 
650;  iv.  66,  100,  102,  143.  In  '45  he  came  back  once  more  as  a  comisionado 
of  the  govt  to  prepare  for  the  reception  of  Mex.  troops  and  defence  against 
Amer.  invaders,  iv.  528,  535,  537,  602-3,  006,  614;  v.  17.  It  was  at  this  time 
that  Castillero  found  and  denounced  the  famous  New  Almaden  quicksilver 
mine,  for  which 
He  was  sent 
till  after 
of  '49-01,  during  which  he  resided  chiefly  in  Mex. 

Castillo  (Ambrosio,  Enrique,  Gabriel,  Jose"  M.,  Loreto,  and  Manuel),  at  Los 
Ang.  '46.  C.  (Felipe),  Sonoran  cigar-maker  and  trader,  age  25,  who  took  part 
in  the  Apaldtegui  revolt  at  Los  Aug.  '35.  iii.  282-5;  went  to  Son.  but  returned 
in  '45.  iv.  572;  grantee  of  Valle  de  S.  Felipe,  and  sent  overland  with  de 
spatches  to  Son.  '46.  v.  332,  619.  C.  (Jose'),  juez  aux.  Mont.  '44.  iv.  653. 
C.  (Jose  Maria),  soldier  at  S.  Jose'  mission  1797-1800.  i.  556.  C.  (Jose* 
Maria),  regidor  at  Mont.  '31-2.  iii.  672-3.  C.  (Francisco),  sec.  to  sub-prefect 
at  Sta  B.  and  to  prefect  at  Los  Ang.  '39-40.  iii.  640,  654-5.  C.  (Pedro  del), 
Mex.  infantry  sergtfrom  S.  Bias  about  '25;  elector  at  S.F.  '27.  ii.  592;  regidor 
Mont.  '33.  iii.  673;  receptor  of  customs  at  S.F.  '33-6;  iii.  377,  700.  C. 
(Xicanor  de  Jesus  Garnica  del),  1842,  came  from  N.  Mex.  in  a  colony,  and 
after  a  short  stay  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  came  to  Mont.,  living  later  at  S.  Jose",  and 
finally  near  Salinas,  where  in  '77  he  gave  me  some  Recuerdos  of  events  in  '44-6. 
Castillo  Bueno  (Juan),  1602,  sergt  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  Castillo 
Negrete  (Francisco  Javier),  1834,  came  from  Mex.  with  the  H.  &P.  col.;  sin- 
dico  and  sec.  of  ayunt.  at  Mont.  '35;  sec.  of  Gov.  Chico;  grantee  of  Quien 
Sabe  and  Sta  Ana  ranchos  '36;  either  exiled  with  Gutierrez  or  sent  by  Chico 
as  an  agent  to  Mex.  a  little  earlier  in  '36.  See  iii.  466;  also  263, 426,  674,  678. 
C.  N.  (Luis),  1834,  Span,  lawyer,  brother  of  Fran.  J.,  who  also  came  with  the 
colony  as  district  judge  of  Cal. ;  a  bitter  opponent  of  Alvarado's  govt,  who 
went  away  voluntarily  with  Gutierrez  in  '36;  a  poet  as  well  as  lawyer;  later 
gov.  of  L.  Cal.;  died  in  '43.  Biog.  iii.  463-6;  ment.  iii.  263,  267,  277,  372, 
415,  480,  484,  486-7,  534,  586.  Castle(John),  1845,  deserter  from  the  Hope- 
wdl,  at  S.  Diego.  Casto  (James),  1847,  Co.  D.,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Cas- 
ton  (Geo.  R.),  1847,  Co.  D.,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Castro.  Except  in  the  case  of  a  few  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  name,  no 
attempt  is  made  here  to  follow  the  complicated  connections  of  this  family  or 
group  of  families,  doubtless  the  most  numerous  in  Cal.  ^Castro,  in  a  S.F. 
padron  '44,  age  25.  C.  ( Agustiu),  son  of  Mariano,  at  Las  Animas  '36,  age  24. 
C.  (Albino),  son  of  Francisco  M.,  age  16,  in  '41;  d.  without  issue  before  '52. 
C.  (Angel),  sub-maj.  of  S.  Juan  B.  '35.  iii.  692;  at  S.F.  del  Rosario  rancho 
'36.  iii.  678;  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  45,  wife  Isabel  Butron,  child.  Ramon  b.  '16, 
Guadalupe  '20,  Jose"  '23,  Josefa  '30,  Concepcion  '32,  Juana  M.  '31,  Jose"  Joaq. 
'33,  Josefa  '34;  ment.  '40.  iv.  6;  in  '42  grantee  of  Los  Paicines,  and  com.  of  a 
militia  comp.  at  S.  Jose"  and  Brancif.  iv.  655,  683,  686;  juez  at  S.  Juan  B.  '44, 
'46;  family  insulted  by  Fremont's  men.  iv.  561;  v.  9,  640;  tax-payer  in  Mont. 


750  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


C.  (Antonio),  perhaps  son  of  Ant.  Maria,  or  in  some  items  there  may  be  con 
fusion  bet.  him  and  his  father  and  others;  regidor  of  Mont.  '30-1.  ii.  612;  iii. 
212,  672;  comis.  of  S.  Antonio  mis.  '31.  iii.  307,  687;  ale.  at  Pajaro  '35.  iii. 
674;  supl.  juez  at  S.  Juan  B.  '39,  '46.  iii.  693;  v.  640.  C.  (Antonio),  pos 
sibly  the  same,  or  the  son  of  Fran.  M.,  at  S.  Jose  '41,  age  41,  wife  Barbara 
Soto,  child.  Francisca  b.  '24,  Concepcion  '28,  Jose"  de  Jesus  '29,  Maria  S.  '30, 
Gabriela  '12,  Jose"  '36,  Jose"  Ant.  '39.  C.  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Joaquin, 
at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  16.  C.  (Bias),  son  of  Jos6  Ant.,  at  S.  Antonio  rancho  '36, 
age  20.  C.  (Cdiidida),  wife  of  Jose"  Bolcof.  ii.  479;  grantee  in  '39,  with  her 
sisters,  of  Refugio  rancho. 

Castro  (Carlos),  bro.  of  Francisco,  Ignacio,  and  Mariano;  maj.  at  Sta  Cruz 
'12.  ii.  388;  supl.  of  the  dip.  '22-4.  ii.  462,  543-4;  sindico  at  S.  Jose"  '28,  also 
supl.  vocal  '28-9.  ii.  605;  iii.  42-3;  in  '34  grantee  of  Las  Llagas  rancho,  Sta 
Clara  Co.  iii.  674,  677,  712;  where  he  lived  in  '36,  age  60,  nat.  of  Cal.,  wife 
Maria  del  Rosario  Garcia;  supl.  vocal  of  junta  '39.  iii.  590.  Don  Carlos  is 
described  as  an  eccentric  old  fellow,  who  tempered  his  hospitality  by  an  affec 
tation  of  abusing  his  guests.  By  a  padron  of  '41  he  was  a  Sonoran,  age  '62, 
while  his  wife  was  a  year  younger  than  in  '36!  C.  (Carlos),  ment.  at  S.  Luis 
Rey  '39.  iii.  625.  C.  ('Chanate'),  see  'C.  (Manuel).'  C.  (Crisanto),  son  of 
Mariano,  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  11.  C.  (Cruz),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  28.  C. 
(Evaristo),  son  of  Jose",  at  Las  Animas  '38,  age  22.  C.  (Felipe),  prob.  son  of 
Mariano,  soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  26.  C.  (Francisco),  piloto  and  master  of 
transport  vessels  1776-8.  i.  287,  266,  328. 

Castro  (Francisco  Maria),  nat.  of  Siiialoa,  b.  1775;  prob.  bro.  of  Carlos, 
Ign.,  and  Mariano;  for  43  years  artill.  soldier  and  corp. ;  settler  at  S.F.  before 
1800,  in  which  year  he  was  alcalde,  i.  716,  718.  In  '22  elector,  member  of  clip., 
ale.  at  S.  Jose*  (?).  ii.  454,  462,  584,  604;  in  '23  explor.  exped.  north  of  bay, 
and  grant  of  the  S.  Pablo  rancho,  renewed  in  '34,  where  Don  Francisco  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  ii.  497-9,  594-5,  664;  iii.  713;  vocal  and  elector  '25,  '27. 
ii.  592;  iii.  17-18.  Duhant-Cilly,  Viaggio  ii.  88-9,  says  that  Don  Francisco 
was  of  French  descent;  I  find  110  other  evidence  of  this  fact,  or  of  any  direct 
relationship  to  the  other  Castros.  He  died  in  '31,  leaving  a  widow,  Gabriela 
Berreyesa,  who  died  in  '51;  7  sous — Alvino,  Antonio,  Gabriel  Vicente,  Jesus 
Maria,  Joaquin  Isidro,  Juan  Jose",  and  Victor;  4  daughters — Maria  de  Jesus 
who  d.  before  '52  without  issue,  Maria  Gregoria  who  married  Jose"  Ramon 
Estrada  and  died  without  issue  before  '52,  Francisca  who  married  Joaq. 
Moraga  and  died  before  '52  leaving  5  children,  and  Martina  the  wife  of  Gov. 
Alvarado.  iii.  593,  679.  The  San  Pablo  estate  was  left  half  to  the  widow  and 
half  to  the  11  children,  and  by  deaths  and  the  mother's  will  Dona  Martina  C. 
de  Alvarado  became  owner  of  15-22.  But  the  lawyers  got  in  their  work  in  the 
distribution,  and  the  whole  family  has  been  kept  in  a  state  of  landed  poverty 
by  litigation,  which  in  '85  is  not  entirely  at  an  end.  C.  (Francisco),  son  of 
Guillermo,  at  Mont. ,  '36-41,  age  4-7.  C.  (Fran. ),  son  of  Juan  Jose",  at  S.  Jose" 
'41,  age  8.  C.  (Fran.),  son  of  Rafael,  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  20.  C.  (Fran.), 
son  of  Simeon,  at  Mont.  '36,  age  4.  C.  (Fran.),  Cal.  claim  of  $3,045  in  '46. 

Castro  (Gabriel  Vicente),  sou  of  Francisco  M.,  resid.  at  S.  Pablo;  elector 
at  S.F.  '35.  iii.  704;  sergt  in  militia  comp.  '37;  juez  de  campo  '43.  iv.  685; 
ment.  in  '44.  iv.  463;  lawsuit  '47.  v.  663.  C.  (Guadalupe),  bro.  of  Rafael 
and  Juan  Jose"  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  30,  single;  juez  de  paz  '43.  iv.  663.  C. 
(Guad.),  son  of  Angel,  age  16  in  '36.  C.  (Guad.),  son  of  Joaquin,  at  Brancif. 
'28;  claimant  of  S.  Andre's  rancho  '52.  iii.  678.  C.  (Guad.),  son  of  Juan  Jose", 
at  Brancif.  '45,  age  19.  C.  (Guillermo),  prob.  son  of  Carlos,  at  Las  Llagas 
'36.  iii.  677;  lieut  of  S.  Jose"  militia  '37.  iii.  732;  grantee  of  S.  Lorenzo  rancho 
'38-41.  iii.  711,  713;  iv.  673;  in  '38  surveyor  at  S.  Jose",  iii.  730;  in  ?41  at  his 
rancho,  age  31,  wife  Luisa  Peralta,  child.  Juan  b.  '31,  Francisco  '34,  Jose" 
Ramon  Simon  '34,  Concepcion  '35,  Encarnacion  '46,  Loreto  '37,  Luisa  '38;  in 
'41-4  juez  of  the  contra  costa.  iv.  684-5;  in  '45  suplente  min.  of  the  sup.  tri 
bunal,  iv.  532. 


CASTRO.  731 

Castro  (Ignacio),  bro.  of  Cdrlos,  Fran.,  and  Mariano;  soldier  of  S.F.  1780; 
settler  at  S.  Jose"  1786;  alcalde  1799,  1804,  '9,  '10.  i.  477-8,  716;  ii.  134; 
perhaps  the  same  man  who  was  drowned  near  Mission  S.  Jose  in  '17.  ii.  382. 


F.  militia  '37.  C.  (Jesus  M.),  son  of  Juan  Jose",  at  Brancif.  '28,  age  13. 
C.  (Joaquin),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  1777;  wife  Martina  Botiller;  settler  at  S. 
Jose  1790,  etc.  i.  478,  617;  perhaps  the  same  who  owned  the  Buenavista 
rancho  near  Mont.  '95,  and  obtained  La  Brea  1801-2.  i.  683;  ii.  171,  664. 
C.  (Joaquin),  invalido  soldier  and  settler  at  Brancif.  from  1799.  i.  571;  mar 
ried  Maria  Ant.  Amador;  maj.  of  Sta  Cruz  '18.  ii.  244-5;  fined  '27.  jii.  627; 
in  '28  at  Brancif.,  a  widower,  child.  Guadalupe,  Ignacio,  Joaquin,  Vicenta, 
Daria;  Rafael,  and  Juan  Jose"  were  apparently  his  sons;  there  had  also 
been  a  daughter  PUcida  de  Jesus,  b.  1803;  ment.  in  '30.  ii.  627;  alcalde 
'31.  iii.  696-7;  grantee  of  S.  Andres  rancho  '33.  iii.  678.  C.  (Joaquin),  son 
of  preceding;  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  25,  wife  Eusebia  Valencia,  child.  Jose"  and 
Marcelina.  C.  (Joaquin),  prob.  son  of  Joaq.  of  '95;  at  La  Brea  '36,  age  41; 
at  S.  Jose1  '41,  age  47;  wife  Maria  Ine"s  Sepulveda,  child.  Mariano  b.  '21, 
Antonio  M.  '23,  Lugarda  '28.  C.  (Joaquin  Isidro),  son  of  Francisco  M.  ;  re- 
gidor  at  S.F.  '35.  iii.  704;  lieut  of  the  civic  comp.  '37.  iii.  701;  grantee  of  El 
Sobrante  '41.  iv.  673-4;  ment.  '41-3.  iv.  199,  684,  686;  Cal.  claim  of  $8,516  (v. 
462)  in  '46;  claimant  for  S.  Pablo,  and  executor  of  his  father's  estate,  iii.  713. 
Castro  (Jos<§),  son  of  Jose"  Tiburcio,  b.  about  1810;  at  school  in  Mont.  '15- 
20.  ii.  429;  his  1st  public  service  seems  to  have  been  as  sec.  of  the  Mont. 
ayunt.  in  '28.  ii.  612;  though  in  these  years  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  in 
the  records  between  him  and  his  father,  both  called  generally  Jose.  Arrested 
by  the  rebels  of  '29.  iii.  69,  89;  sec.  in  '30,  also  arrested  again  for  expressing 
contempt  for  the  Mex.  iii.  49-50;  ii.  612.  Besides  being  engaged  to  some  ex 
tent  in  otter-hunting  '31-4,  Castro  was  still  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  '31,  also  named 
as  comisionado  to  secularize  S.  Miguel,  and  a  member  of  the  dip.  which  Vic 
toria  refused  to  convene,  iii.  186  et  seq.,  307,  374,  394,  684-5;  7th  vocal  of 
the  dip.  '33.  iii.  246,  249-50,  291;  3d  vocal  in  '35,  but  acting  as  1st  in  the 
absence  of  the  1st  and  2d,  and  thus  acting  gov.  Sept.  '35  to  Jan.  '36.  iii.  298- 
300,  414-16,  426;  also  comisionado  at  S.  Juan  B.  in  '35.  iii.  692.  He  took 
part  in  the  troubles  with  Gov.  Chico.  iii.  424,  440;  and  in  Oct.  -Nov.  '36  was 
Alvarado's  chief  supporter  as  mil.  com.  in  the  overthrow  of  Gutierrez,  iii. 
453-75.  From  Nov.  5th,  the  downfall  of  G.,  he  was  com.  gen.  of  Cal.  to  Nov. 
29th,  and  gov.  —  as  presid.  of  the  dip.  —  to  Dec.  7th;  then,  as  lieut-  col  of  civic 
militia  —  under  Vallejo,  who  remained  at  the  north  as  com.  gen.  —  he  went 
south  to  take  charge  of  Alvarado's  cause  in  the  complicated  campaigns  of 
'37-8.  iii.  493,  501,  503,  505,  509-10,  520-1,  522-3,  526,  546,  551-6,  558-62, 
577-8,  580,  582;  claiming  also  a  grant  of  Yerba  Buena  Isl.  in  '38.  iii.  713.  In 
'39  he  was  commissioned  by  the  Mex.  govt  as  capt.  of  the  Mont.  comp.  iii. 
584,  671;  was  vocal  of  the  junta,  one  of  the  terna  for  gov.,  and  grantee  of  S. 
Justo  rancho;  and  prefect  of  the  Mont,  district  '39-40.  iii.  584-6,  588,  590, 
603-4,  675,  678;  iv.  75.  In  '40  Castro  arrested  the  foreigners  and  went  with 
them  to  S.  Bias,  being  tried  by  court-martial  and  acquitted  in  Mex.,  and  re-  . 
turning  to  Cal.  in  '41.  iv.  6,  11-35,  37,  193,  202-4;  mention  in  '41-3  as  capt,  ' 
promoted  to  lieut-col  in  '42,  member  of  the  junta,  etc.  iv.  282,  292,  295,  313, 
339,  357,  360-2,  364,  652;  in  '44  lieut-col  of  the  defensores,  and  sent  to  estab 
lish  a  frontier  garrison  in  the  S.  Joaq.  Val.  iv.  407-9;  a  leader  in  the  revolt 
against  Micheltorena  '44-5,  and  after  M.'s  overthrow  became  com.  gen.  of 
Cal.  iv.  458,  460,  463,  483,  485,  488-510;  his  official  acts  in  '45,  controversy 
with  Gov.  Pico,  precautions  against  foreign  invasion,  tour  in  the  north,  treat 
ment  of  immigrants,  etc.  iv.  518-45,  556,  558-60,  589-90,  601,  603,  606-7, 
652;  continuation  of  the  controversy  in  '46,  troubles  with  Fremont  and  the 
Bears,  negotiations  with  Larkin,  operations  at  Sta  Clara,  and  retreat  to  the 
south  in  July.  v.  5-53,  60-1,  72,  78-100,  105-9,  132-3,  185,  230-3,  245,  637, 
661,  675;  final  operations  in  the  south,  negotiations  with  Stockton,  and  flight 


752  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

to  Mex.  Aug.  '46.  v.  261-78,  407-9.  Don  Jose"  came  back  to  Cal.  from  Sina- 
loa  in  '48,  v.  585-6,  640,  6/8,  and  lived  as  a  private  citizen  at  Mont,  and  S. 
Juan  till  '53,  when  he  went  again  to  Mex.,  being  made  sub-jefe  politico  and 
mil.  com.  of  the  L.  Cal.  frontier  from  about  '56.  In  '60,  while  holding  this  office, 
he  was  killed  in  a  drunken  brawl — or,  as  some  say,  assassinated — by  one 
Manuel  Marquez.  His  widow,  Modesta  Castro,  was  still  living  in  Cal.  as  late 
as  '77.  Thus,  Jose'  Castro  was  the  most  prominent  of  his  name  as  a  public  man. 
No  Californian  has  been  so  thoroughly  abused  as  he  in  what  has  passed  for 
history.  It  should  be  stated  at  the  outset  that  nine  tenths  of  all  that  has  been 
said  against  him  by  American  writers  has  no  foundation  in  truth.  Of  his  con 
duct  in  the  sectional  quarrels  of  '45-6,  there  is  not  much  to  be  said  in  his 
favor,  except  that  it  was  somewhat  less  discreditable  than  that  of  his  oppo 
nent,  Pico;  but  with  his  acts  in  the  contest  with  the  settlers  and  the  U.S.  little 
fault  can  be  justly  found.  He  did  not  maltreat  the  exiles  of  '40,  as  charged 
by  Farnham  and  others.  He  did  not  break  his  pledge  to  Fremont  in  the  spring 
of  '46,  nor  did  he  do  any  of  the  absurd  things  attributed  to  him  in  connection 
with  the  Gavilan  affair;  but  his  conduct  was  far  more  honorable,  dignified, 
and  consistent  than  that  of  Fre'mont.  He  did  not  threaten  to  drive  the  immi 
grants  back  into  the  snows  of  the  Sierra,  but  treated  them  with  uniform 
kindness;  nor  did  he  incite  the  Ind.  to  burn  Sutter's  grain-fields.  In  the 
southern  negotiations  of  August  he  bore  a  much  more  honorable  part  than  did 
Com.  Stockton.  He  was  not  a  very  able  man,  but  with  ten  times  his  ability 
and  resources  no  resistance  could  have  been  offered  to  the  U.S. ;  he  was  not  a 
very  brave  man,  but  he  showed  no  cowardice  in  the  operations  of  '46.  Indeed, 
his  record  as  a  public  man  in  Upper  Cal.  was,  on  the  whole,  not  a  bad  one. 
He  had  much  energy,  was  popular  with  most  classes,  was  true  to  his  friends, 
and  as  a  public  officer  fairly  honest.  About  his  private  character  chere  is  great 
difference  of  opinion  among  competent  witnesses,  native  and  foreign,  who 
knew  him  well.  He  must  have  had  some  good  qualities,  yet  it  ?s  clear  that  he 
had  some  very  bad  ones.  He  was  addicted  to  many  vices,  and  when  drunk, 
especially  in  the  later  years,  was  rough  to  the  verge  of  brutality;  yet  a  kind- 
hearted  man  when  sober.  Of  commonplace  abilities  and  education,  in  most  re 
spects  inferior  to  such  men  as  Vallejo,  Bandini,  Alvarado,  and  Carrillo,  he 
was  yet  by  no  means  the  cowardly,  incompetent  braggart  that  he  has  been 
generally  painted.  Castro  (Jos£),  sirviente  at  S.F.  mis.  1777.  i.  297.  C. 
(Jose),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  in  '36  at  Las  Animas,  age  39,  wife  In<§s 
Robles,  child.  Evaristo  b.  '14,  Juana  '21,  Estefana  '23,  Salvador  '26;  prob.  a 
son  of  Mariano.  C.  (Jose"  Antonio),  nat.  of  Sinaloa;  at  S.  Antonio  rancho 
'36,  age  50,  wife  Merced  Ortega,  child.  Bias  b.  '16,  Mariano  '18,  Rudesindo 
'20,  Estefana  '21,  Bautista  '23,  Emiliana  '24,  Blanca  '25,  Manuel  '28,  Francisco 
'29,  Perseverancia  '30,  Tomas  '31,  Juan  '32,  Ventura  '34.  iii.  678;  grantee  of 
Lornas  Muertas  and  Estanislao  '42-3.  iv.  655,  672;  in  S.  Jose"  dist.  '50.  C. 
(Jose"  Ant.),  son  of  Mariano,  at  S.  Josd  '41,  age  14.  C.  (Jose"  Ant.),  son  of 
Rafael,  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  18.  C.  (Jose  Ant.),  son  of  Simeon,  at  Mont.  '36, 
age  6.  C.  (Jose"  Ignacio),  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  '28,  wife  Ricarda  Rodriguez, 
child.  Jose"  Ramon  b.  '37,  Jose"  Simon  '39,  Maria  '44.  C.  (Jose"  J.),  at  S.  Jos6 
'39.  iii.  731.  C.  (Jose"  Jesus),  son  of  Antonio,  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  12.  C. 
•(Jose1  Joaquin),  son  of  Angel,  age  3,  '36.  C.  (Jose"  Manuel),  son  of  Juan  Jose, 
at  Brancif.  '45,  age  21.  C.  (Jose1  Maria),  son  of  Rafael,  at  Branoif.,  age  22, 
in  '45;  witness  in  the  Santillan  case.  C.  (Jose"  Ramon  Simon),  son  of  Gui- 
llermo,  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  7.  C.  (Jose"  Saturnino),  soldier  at  S.F.  '19-22. 

Castro  (Jos6  Tiburcio),  son  of  Macario,  nat.  of  Sinaloa,  who  came  to  Cal. 
prob.  before  1800;  perhaps  the  man  ment.  1801,  '16.  ii,  152,  371.  He  was  a 
soldier,  and  finally  a  corporal.  In  '19  alcalde  of  S.  Jose",  having  a  rancho  in 
that  vicinity,  ii.  378;  suplente  or  vocal  of  the  dip.  '22,  '24,  '27.  ii.  462,  510- 
11,  612;  iii.  36;  alcalde  of  Mont.  '27.  ii.  612;  in  '28-9,  memb.  of  dip.  and 
partido  elector,  ii.  613;  iii.  '41-4;  ale.  '29.  ii.  612;  iii.  69,  73;  vocal  '31,  tak 
ing  part  against  Victoria,  iii.  187,  189;  comisionado  for  Soledad  '31.  iii.  307, 
690;  grantee  of  Sauzal  rancho  '34,  '45.  iii.  679;  maj.  and  admin,  at  S.  Juan 
B.  '35-6.  iii.  354,  692;  memb.  of  the  junta  dip.  '39.  iii.  590;  prefect  of  the 


CASTRO.  7C3 

1st  disk  in  '40,  succeeding  his  son.  iii.  652,  656,  675-6.  His  wife  seems  to 
have  been  an  Alvarez;  but  I  have  no  record  of  any  children  except  Jose  and 
the  wife  of  Santiago  Moreno,  nor  of  the  date  of  his  death.  Don  Tiburcio  was 
a  man  of  little  ability  and  still  less  education,  but  of  excellent  character.  C. 
(Juan),  had  a  son  in  the  Mont,  school  '46.  C.  (Juan),  son  of  Guillermo,  S. 
Jose"  dist.  '41,  age  10.  C.  (Juan  Bautista),  son  of  Jose"  Ant.,  at  S.  Antonio 
rancho  '36,  age  13;  perhaps  the  alf<§rez  of  aux.  cavalry  at  Mont.  '45-6  of  same 
name.  v.  41.  C.  (Juan  B.),  son  of  Simeon,  b.  '35;  in  later  years  a  prosper 
ous  ranchero  at  Castroville,  where  he  still  resides  in  '85.  C.  (Juan  Jose"), 
son  of  Francisco  M. ;  militiaman  S.F.  '37;  grantee  of  Y.  B.  Isl.  '38;  in  '41  in 
8.  Jose"  dist  (at  S.  Pablo),  age  38,  wife  Petra  Bernal,  child.  Maiseta  (?)  b.  '28, 
Magin  '30,  Francisco  '33,  Jose"  Maria  and  Narcisa  '38;  grantee  of  El  Sobrante 
and  other  lands  in  the  contra  costa  '41,  '44.  iv.  671;  living  in  '52;  d.  before 
'S2,  the  date  of  his  widow's  death.  C.  (Juan  Jose"),  bro.  of  Rafael  and  Gua- 
dalupe,  at  Brancif.  '2&,  wife  Manuela  Juarez,  son  Manuel;  regidor  '33.  ii.  627, 
696;  in  '45  at  Brancif.,  age  38,  wife  (2cl)  Rita  Josefa,  child.  Jose"  Manuel  b. 
'24,  Guadalupe  '26,  Trinidad  '28,  Jesus  Maria  '32,  Jose"  Domingo  '33,  Carmen 
'34,  Amoina  (?)  '36,  Angustias  '42.  C.  (Juan  Maria),  at  Mont.  '36,  age  14; 
Mrs  M.  Castro  de  Estrada  was  apparently  his  sister.  C.  (Leandro),  son  of 
Simeon,  b.  '34;  in  later  years  ranchero  near  Castroville;  still  living  '85.  C. 
(Luis),  Span,  soldier  who  left  the  Aquiies  at  Sta  B.  iii.  27,  51-2;  at  S.  Gabriel 
'28-9,  60  years  old,  single,  of  good  conduct.  C.  (Luis),  at  Los  Ang.  '46,  pos 
sibly  the  preceding. 

Castro  (Macario),  native  of  Sinaloa,  soldier  from  1778,  who  came  to-Cal. 
in  1784;  was  corp.  of  the  S.  D.  comp.  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '85-7;  and  at  S.  Jose1 
and  Soledad  '90-4,  being  comisionado  of  S.  Jose"  '92-4.  i.  479,  499,  716; 
sergt  from  '94.  i.  680;  frequent  mention  '95-1800,  in  con.  with  Ind.  afi'aiYs 
and  explor.  exped.  i.  548-9.  552,  558-9,  683,  list  auth. ;  inval.  and  comis 
ionado  at  S.  Jose"  1788-1807,  and  a  prominent  citizen  in  many  respects,  ii. 
16,  132,  134-5,  140-1.  I  find  no  record  of  him  after  1807.  His  wife,  who 
came  with  him  to  Cal.,  was  Maria  Potenciana  Ramirez;  their  children  were 
Jose"  Tiburcio,  Agapito,  Simeon,  Mariano,  Maria  de  Jesus,  Maria  Dolores, 
and  Carmen,  all  born  before  1793.  Don  Macario,  as  the  grandfather  of 
Jose"  and  Manuel,  may  be  regarded  as  the  most  prominent  among  the  Castro 
founders.  C.  (Magin),  son  of  Juan  Jose",  S.  Jose"  dist.  '41,  age  11.  C. 
(Manuel  de  Jesus),  son  of  Simeon,  b.  '21;  sec.  and  collector  at  Mont.  39.  iii. 
675;  sec.  of  the  prefecture  '42-3.  iv.  652.  He  was  prime  mover  in  the  revolt 
against  Micheltorena,  taking  an  active  part  throughout  in  '44-5,  being  once 
captured  and  exchanged,  and  finally  comisionado  to  make  a  treaty,  iv.  458-9, 
462-8,  486-7,  500-509.  Under  the  new  admin,  he  was  made  prefect  of  the 
Monterey  district  in  '45,  being  also  made  lieut  of  the  Mont,  comp.,  and 
taking  a  most  prominent  part  in  public  affairs,  as  representative  of  the  civil 
authority  and  supporter  of  Gov.  Pico  against  Gen.  Castro  in  the  north,  iv. 
533,  536-7,  606,  652.  In  '46,  besides  being  promoted  to  capt.  of  the  Sta  B. 
comp.,  getting  a  land  grant,  having  a  Cal.  claim  of  $10,000,  and  continuing 
his  services  as  prefect,  v.  636-7,  he  took  a  prominent  and  honorable  part  in 
the  troubles  with  Fremont,  v.  4,  12.  17;  quarrel  with  Cambuston.  v.  34; 
efforts  for  defence  against  the  settlers  and  the  U.  S.  v.  41,  45,  56,  131,  134-5; 
sent  south  in  July  as  comisionado  to  effect  a  reconciliation  bet.  the  general 
and  gov.  v.  136,  143-4,  261;  left  in  com.  at  Los  Ang.  on  Gen.  C.'s  departure 
in  Aug.,  but  there  is  doubt  whether  he  was  one  of  the  officers  captured  and 
paroled  by  Stockton's  men.  v.  266,  282,  361.  On  the  outbreak  of  Flores'  re 
volt  in  Oct.  Castro  was  put  in  com.  of  the  northern  division  and  commanded 
in  the  Natividad  campaign,  v,  321,  361-72,  639;  flight  to  Mex.  with  Flores 
'47.  v.  407-9.  In  Mex.  Don  Manuel  continued  his  military  services  for  sev 
eral  years,  and  in  '49  was  put  in  com.  of  the  frontier  comp.  of  L.  Cal.,  in  place 
of  Andre's  Castillero,  taking  charge  of  the  military  colony  of  Santo  Tomas 
till  '52,  when  he  had  to  yield  to  Castillo  Negrete.  See  Hist.  North  Mex. 
States,  ii.  Since  '52  Castro  has  resided  for  the  most  part  in  S.F.  down  to  '85, 
never  becoming  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  often  interested  in  IJex.  colonisation- . 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  II.  48 


754  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

schemes,  and  ranking  as  colonel  in  the  Mex.  army — perhaps  brevet  general 
in  the  last  years.  He  was  never  married.  Don  Manuel  was  an  abler  man 
than  his  cousin,  the  general,  and  his  public  record  in  Cal.  down  to  '47  was 
in  most  respects  an  excellent  one.  True  to  his  country's  cause,  with  no  sym 
pathy  for  foreign  filibusters,  he  exerted  himself,  for  the  most  part  in  vain,  to 
heal  foolish  dissensions  between  Calif,  chiefs  and  direct  their  force  against 
the  invaders.  Of  his  later  record  not  so  much  can  be  said  in  praise.  Various 
'  ways  that  are  dark '  are  popularly  attributed  to  him,  and,  while  charges  are 
doubtless  exaggerated,  it  is  possible  that  he  has  yielded  somewhat  to  tempta 
tions  offered  by  land  litigation,  politics,  dislike  of  the  Yankees,  and  chronic 
impecuniosity.  But  at  least  he  has  contributed  grandly  to  the  store  of  mate 
rial  for  Cal.  history.  The  Castro,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  in  3  vols,  is  a  most  im 
portant  collection  ot  original  papers  presented  by  him  in  '75;  and  a  few  years 
later  he  contributed  a  still  larger  and  richer  col.  of  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  with  im 
portant  L.  Cal.  material — somewhat  unwillingly,  it  is  true,  some  of  my  assist 
ants  having  to  adopt  the  policy  of  'fighting  the  devil  with  fire;'  and  finally 
I  obtained  his  Relation  de  Alia  CaL,  none  the  less  valuable  because  after  it 
had  been  written  at  my  expense  one  of  my  wicked  collaborators  had  to  steal 
a  copy  for  my  use.  C.  (Manuel),  brother  of  the  preceding,  b.  in  '24;  nick 
named  'Chanate;'  capturer  of  despatches  in  '46.  v.  235;  perhaps  the  same 
who  married  the  widow  of  Wm  R.  Garner,  and  a  tax-payer  at  Mont.  '50. 
C.  (Manuel  R.),  soldier  of  the  Mont.  comp.  from  '36,  sergt  from  '38;  alferez 
from  '46.  iii.  671;  v.  41;  went  to  Mex.  with  Gen.  Castro,  continued  in  mil. 
service,  and  in  '51  was  at  Sto  Tomds  on  the  frontier.  C.  (Manuel),  son  of 
Juan  Jose",  at  Brancif.  '28;  perhaps  same  as  the  preceding.  C.  (Manuel), 
son  of  Jos6  Ant.;  at  S.  Antonio  rancho  '36,  age  8.  C.  (M.),  sentenced  to 
presidio  '45.  iv.  654.  C.  (Maria  Encarnacion),  wife  of  Stirg.  Davila  1782.  i. 
468.  C.  (Maria  de  Los  Angeles),  wife  of  J.  L.  Majors;  grantee  of  Refugio 
'39.  iii.  678. 

Castro  (Mariano),  apparently  bro.  of  Carlos  and  Francisco  M.,  and  perhaps 
cousin  of  Macario;  came  to  Cal.  before  1800,  in  1801  went  to  Mex.  and  ob 
tained  a  grant  of  La  Brea,  or  Las  Ananas,  rancho  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  about 
which  he  had  considerable  trouble  later,  though  the  grant  was  conf.  in  '35. 
ii.  7,  153,  163,  171,  594,  603,  673,  676,  711;  alcalde  at  S.  Jose"  '27,  '30.  ii.  605-6. 
He  died  before  '35.  His  wife  was  Josefa  Romero,  living  at  La  Brea  '36,  age 
55,  with  her  sons  Agustin  b.  '12  and  Vicente  '18.  One  of  their  daughters, 
Lugarda,  married  Thos  Doak  in  '20.  ii.  277.  I  think  another  daughter,  Maria, 
was  the  wife  of  Carlos  Ant.  Carrillo.  There  were  4  children  in  1801.  C. 
(Mariano),  son  of  Macario;  probably  the  same  who  in  '41  lived  at  S.  Jose",  age 
57,  wife  Trinidad  Peralta,  child.  Mercedes  b.  '13,  Angela  '17,  Ignacio  '21, 
Jose"  Ant.  '27,  Josefa  '28,  Crisanto  '30,  Susana  '32;  grantee  of  S.  Ramon  '33, 
and  Solis  '35,  and  of  land  in  Mont.  dist.  '39  (Rufina  C.  being  cl.  of  2  of  these 
ranchos  and  prob.  his  daughter),  iii.  679,  713;  juez  depolicia  '42,  '44.  iii.  512; 
iv.  685.  Perhaps  the  same  man  was  one  of  the  three  of  that  name  who  voted 
at  S.  Josd  in  '50,  or  the  Mont,  tax-payer  of  the  same  year,  .or  the  claimant  for 
Refugio  rancho  in  '52;  or  some  of  these  items  may  apply  to  one  of  the  follow 
ing.  C.  (Mariano),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '19-22.  C.  (Mariano),  son  of  Joa- 
quin,  at  La  Brea  '36,  age  15.  C.  (Mariano),  son  of  Jose  Ant.,  at  S.  Antonio 
rancho  '36,  age  18.  C.  (Mariano  I. ),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  ;19-22.  C.  (Mar 
tina),  grantee  of  Shoquel  '33,  and  Palo  de  Yesca  '34,  and  claimant  '52.  C. 
(Matias),  settler  at  the  Colorado  pueblos  1780-1.  i.  359.  C.  (Miguel),  sol 
dier  '30,  ii.  660.  C.  (Miguel),  alferez  of  aux.  cavalry  Mont.  '45;  Cal.  claim 
$174  in  '46.  C.  (Modesta),  wife  of  Gen.  C.,  grantee  of  Canada  de  los  Osos, 
•'44.  iv.  655.  C.  (Pedro),  son  of  Simeon,  at  Mont.  '36,  age  8.  C.  (Prime), 
at  Las  Animas  '36,  age  60. 

Castro  (Rafael),  son  of  Joaquin,  juez  de  campo  at  Brancif.  '32.  iii.  696; 
grantee  of  Aptos  '33.  iii.  676;  sindico  '34.  iii.  696;  alcalde  aux.  and  juez  '36, 
'42-3.  iii.  663,  697;  in  '45  officer  of  election,  iv.  664,  then  living  at  Brancif. , 
age  40,  wife  Soledad  Cota,  child,  Jose  Maria  b.  '23,  Francisco  '25,  Jos£  Ant. 
'27,  Vicente  '35,  Maria  '31,  Maria  de  los  Angeles  '33,  Rafaela  '35,  Angustias 


CASTRO— CERMEftoN.  755 

'44.  He  died  at  Aptos  in  78.  Newspaper  notices  of  his  death  give  his  age  as 
78,  state  that  he  was  formerly  a  soldier  and  capt.  before  '30 — doubtless  an 
error — and  that  he  had  11  children,  8  of  them  living  in  '78.  Don  Rafael,  like 
his  brothers,  was  an  industrious  and  prosperous  ranchero  of  good  repute, 
not  meddling  much  in  politics.  C.  (Ramon),  sou  of  Angel,  age  20  in  '36. 
C.  (Rudesindo),  son  of  Jose"  Ant.,  at  S.  Ant.  rancho  '36,  age  16.  C.  (Salva 
dor),  son  of  Jose",  at  Las  Animas  '36,  age  10;  '46  memb.  of  S.  Jose"  council, 
v.  664;  claimant  of  S.  Gregorio  '52.  C.  (Ramon),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  24. 

Castro  (Simeon),  full  name  Jos6  Simeon  Juan  Nepomuceno,  son  of  Macario, 
b.  in  1784  at  Sta  B. ;  soldier  of  the  Mont.  comp.  1809;  grantee  of  BolsaNueva 
y  Moro  Cojo  '25  and  later,  ii.  615,  664,  672,  677;  regidor  at  Mont.  '33-4,  '37. 
iii.  673,  675;  in  '36  at  Mont.,  age  52,  wife  Maria  Antonio  Pico,  child.  Juana 
b.  '17,  Manuel  J.  '22,  Manuel  '24,  Maria  Antonio  '26,  Pedro  '28,  Jose"  Ant. 
'30,  Francisco  '32,  Leandro '34,  Juan  B.  '35.  In '38-9  alcalde  at  Mont.  iii.  577, 
675;  in  '41  juez  de  paz,  and  grantee  of  Tucho.  ii.  616;  iv.  653,  656;  in  '42 
grantee  of  Aiio  Nuevo.  iv.  655.  He  died  about  '42.  His  widow  was  the  claim 
ant  for  Bolsa  Nueva  and  Corral  de  Padilla  in  '52.  iii.  677;  continued  to  live 
at  Mont. ;  and  died  in  '84.  C.  (Vicente),  son  of  Mariano,  at  Las  Animas  '36, 
age  18.  C.  (Victor),  son  of  Francisco  M.,  ment.  '36  in  connection  with  Ind. 
affairs,  iv.  71;  militiaman  '37;  grantee  of  Mare  Isl.  '40-1.  iii.  712;  iv.  672; 
in  '41  living  at  S.  Pablo,  age  24,  wife  Luisa  Martinez  (daughter  of  Don  Igna- 
cio),  child  Jose";  juez  de  campo  '43.  iv.  685;  ment.  '44,  '46.  iv.  473;  v.  105; 
Cal.  claim  (v.  462)  of  $12,912.  Still  a  resid.  of  Contra  Costa  Co.  '85.  In  early 
troubles  with  the  Ind.  as  well  as  in  later  contests  with  the  squatters,  Don 
Victor  has  repeatedly  shown  himself  to  be  a  brave  and  determined  man.  His 
second  wife  was  Felicidad  Carrillo,  and  the  third  an  American.  Caswell  (J. 
F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Catala  (Magin),  1794,  Span,  friar,  who  had  previously  been  chaplain  at 
Nootka,  and  who  served  at  Sta  Clara  for  36  years,  till  his  death  in  1830.  Cer 
tain  miraculous  powers  were  popularly  attributed  to  Fray  Magin,  and  on  the 
strength  of  these,  I  suppose,  the  preliminary  steps  for  his  beatification  were 
taken  by  the  church  in  '84.  Biog.  in  ii.  600-1;  ment.  in  i.  523,  556-7,  576,  587, 
638,  719-20,  723:  ii.  137,  159,  394,  577,  655;  iii.  96,  351.  Catalan  (Benito), 
1796,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Antonio  till  his  retirement  in  1800  on  ac 
count  of  insanity,  i.  577,  689.  Catharte,  (?)  1823,  mr  of  the  Massachusetts. 
ii.  492.  Catlin  (Geo.  W. ),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Catts  (Samuel 
A.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  nat.  of  Md;  resid.  of  Stockton  74-84; 
Caulfield,  (David),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  C.  (Patrick),  1847,  ditto.  Ca 
valier  (Jose"),  1771,  Span,  friar,  founder  of  S.  Luis  Ob.,  where  he  served  till  his 
death  in  1789.  Biog.  i.  469;  ment.  i.  173,  176,  188,  196,  299,  388.  Caveli  (J.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Cavenecia  (Jose"),  1814;  master  of  the  Lima 
ship  Tayle;  of  the  S.  Antonio  in  '17.  ii.  222,  271,  282-3,  271.  Cayuelas, 
1790-1820,  several  of  the  name  prob.,  soldier,  corp.,  settler  at  S.F.  and  S.  Jose", 
and  invalido  at  Mont.,  in  trade  and  known  as  '  Tio.'  Francisco  C.  waain  '28 
a  Span,  invalido,  age  80.  i.  478,  610,  690,  716;  ii.  383,  420;  iii.  51. 

Ccballos  (Ignacio),  alcalde  at  S.  Jose"  '32.  Cebet  (Pierre  Jean),  1831, 
Frenchman  who  got  a  carta  in  Oct.  prob.  '  Chevrette,'  q.  v.  Cecil  (B.),  1847, 
advertises  for  a  lost  pocket-book  bet.  S.F.  and  S.J.  C.  (T.  M.),  1846,  car 
penter  of  the  Savannah,  who  built  Fort  Stockton  at  Mont. ;  prob.  same  as 
preceding.  Ce"lis  (Eulogio),  1836,  Span,  supercargo  in  Virmond's  employ, 
who  was  on  the  Lconor  in  '36,  and  perhaps  on  the  Catalina  earlier,  as  he  cer 
tainly  was  in  '41-2;  often  named  in  various  records  '36-42  and  later,  iii.  146, 
381,  428-9;  iv.  198,  237,  564.  Ce"lis  made  Los  Ang.  his  home;  was  one  of 
the  grantees  of  the  S.  Fernando  estate  in  '46;  had  a  famous  claim  for  cattle 
furnished  to  Fremont;  and  to  '48  and  later  was  a  wealthy  man  of  business 
well  known  in  all  parts  of  Cal.  v.  365,  396,  435,  448,  561,  580,  627,  630.  He 
went  to  Spain  in  '53  and  died  in  '68.  His  wife  was  Josefa,  daughter  of  Luis 
Ant.  Arguello,  who  came  back  to  Cal.  after  her  husband's  death.  Three  sons, 
the  eldest  P^ulogio,  still  live  at  Los  Ang.,  I  think,  in  '85;  two  sons  and  two 
daughters  remained  in  Spain.  Cermeflon  (Sebastian  Rodriguez),  1595,  Span. 


75S  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

voyager  at  Pt  Reyes,  who  prob.  gave  the  name  S.  Francisco — later  trans 
ferred  to  another  bav — to  his  anchorage,  i.  89,  96-7.  Cervantes  (Andres), 
Mex.  artill.  &ergt  at"  Mont.  '29-86.  iii.  69,  74,  671;  age  48  in  '36,  wife  En- 
carnacion  Alcivar,  of  Tepic.  C.  (Cruz),  Mex.  majordomo  at  Tucho  rancho 
'36,  age  40,  wife  Filomena  Arroyo,  child.  Ancleta  b.  '31,  Celedouia  '33,  Tco- 
dosio  '35;  grantee  of  S.  Joaquin  or  Rosa  Morada  '36,  for  which  he  was  claim 
ant  in  later  years,  iii.  678-9.  C.  (Pablo  V.),  soldier  killed  by  Ind.  on  the 
Colorado  1781.  i.  363.  Cesena  (Ramon  S.),  1846,  resid.  of  Sta  Clara  Co.  '81; 
a  Mexican. 

Chabolla,  juez  of  S.  Juan  B.  '46.  v.  359,  640.  C.  (Anastacio),  soldier  of 
S.F.  comp.  '23-31;  nat.  of  Cal.;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  31,  wife  Josefa 
Higuera,  child.  Jose"  Ant.  b.  '35,  Fernando  '37,  Jose"  J.  '39,  Angel  Maria  '40; 
in  '44  grantee  of  Sanjon  de  Moquelumnes.  iv.  673;  d.  before  '53.  Maria  C., 


tefana  '35,  Antonia  '38,  Auisez  (?)  '39;  juez  de  policia  '43.  iv.  685;  claimant 
for  Y.  B.  '53.  C.  (Gervasio),  at  S.  Josa  '41,  age  '37,  wife  Miguela  Linares, 
child.  Juan  b.  '33,  Francisco  '38,  Marcos  '39.  C.  (Jose  de  la  Cruz),  son  of 
Marcos,  b.  1796  at  S.F.;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  wife  Maxima  Vasquez,  child.  Jose"  de 
la  Cruz  b,  '24,  Tomasa  '30,  Soledad  '35,  Juana  '37,  Nemesio  '41.  C.  (Luis), 
son  of  Marcos;  sindico  of  S.  Jose"  '31,  '35,  '43.  iii.  729-30;  iv.  685;  in  '41,  age 
48,  wife  Guadalupe  Romero.  C.  (Marcos),  Span,  soldier,  corp.,  and  set 
tler  at  S.F.  before  1800;  alcalde  1796-7.  i.  716,  719;  his  wife  was  Teresa 
Bernal;  child,  in  '93,  Pedro,  Salvador,  and  Luis.  C.  (Pedro  Regalado),  son 
of  Marcos,  b.  S.F.  1789;  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  in  '30  sindico  of  S. 
Jose",  ii.  606;  in  '34  alcalde,  iii.  329-30;  in  trouble  '37-8.  iii.  525,  573;  juez 
de  campo.  '41,  '44.  iv.  684-5;  age  47  ace.  to  padrou  of  '41,  wife  Gertrudis 
Ortega,  child.  Jose"  Miguel  and  Josefa  b.  '30,  Jose"  de  Jesus  '35,  Alejandro 
'36,  Salvador  '37,  Maria  '38,  Teresa  '39;  alcalde  in  '46.  v.  662.  Still 
a  resid.  of  S.  Jose  in  '60. 

Chace  (Henry  P,),  1843,  nat.  of  R.  I.,  at  Mont,  and  Los  Ang.  '45-6,  bound 
to  Sonora;  on  Pion.  Soc.  roll  as  having  arr.  in  Oct.  '43.  iv.  400.  Chaden 
(Charles),  1845,  Amer.  at  Brancif.,  age  36,  wife  Mary,  also  Amer.,  child. 
S.  Dionisio  b.  '31,  Matilde  '34,  Josefa  '36,  Tomas  '38,  Maria  '40,  Elisa  '42.  I 
don't  think  this  was  the  man's  real  name,  but  cannot  identify  him.  Chadwick 
(W.),  1822-5,  mr  of  the  Plowboy.  ii.  479;  iii.  148.  Chaffield,  1848,  mr  of 
the  Sdbine.  v.  580.  Chaland  (Fred.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  Independence. 

Chamberlain  (John),  1839,  Irish  blacksmith  who  came  on  the  California 
from  Acapulco,  having  deserted  from  a  whaler  on  the  Mex.  coast,  iv.  119; 
worked  at  his  trade  at  Mont.,  was  arrested  in  '40,  and  though  not  exiled  was 
obliged  to  make  shackles  for  the  other  prisoners,  iv.  9,  17,  2:4,  28;  on  Lar- 
kin's  books  to  '41 ;  a  little  later  went  to  the  Sac. ;  naturalized  in  '44  and  got 
a  grant  of  Socayac.  iv.  674;  enlisted  in  Gantt's  com.  for  Sutter's  campaign  of 
'45,  but  on  account  of  illness  did  not  go  south,  iv.  486;  married  in  Jan.  '46 
to  Nancy  Hess — only  one  of  some  19  similar  contracts  on  his  part  as  popular 
tradition  has  it — and  soon  went  to  Or.  v.  526.  But  he  returned  after  18  or 
20  years,  and  in  '77  was  working  at  his  trade  at  Mont.,  where  he  dictated  his 
Memoirs  for  my  use,  and  where  I  think  he  still  lives  in  '85.  C.  (John), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  8.  dragoons  (r.  336).  C.  (Levi),  1840,  on  the  Don 
Quixote  at  Mont.  iv.  103.  C.  (Ventura),  1841,  on  the  Jdven  Carolina. 
Chamisso  (Adelbert  von),  1816,  naturalist  of  Kotzebue's  exped.,  and  author 
of  Reise  and  Remark*  with  inform,  on  Cal.  ii.  279-81,  309-11,  372-3,  420. 
Champion,  1848,  came  on  a  vessel  from  Honolulu  ace.  to  his  later  testimony. 
Champlain  (Win  M.),  1844,  from  N.  Y. ;  doubtful  newspaper  record. 

Ghana  (Claude),  1846,  French  cooper,  who  came  to  N.  Orleans  in  '39,  to 
Mo.  '41,  and  overland  to  Cal.  in  '46.  He  worked  for  Sutter;  was  one  of  the 
earliest  gold-miners  in  '48;  became  owner  of  the  Nemshas  rancho  on  Bear 
River,  iv.  672;  long  a  resident  of  Wheatland,  where  he  died  in  '82  at  the 
age  of  71.  I  suppose  the  original  name  was  'Chanon, '  as  indeed  it  is  writ- 


GHANA— CHARD.  757 

ten  in  the  N.  Tlelv.  Diary.  Chance  (Dr),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  lived  at 
Mont,  and  Stockton  till  '50  or  later,  then  went  to  Texas,  but  returned,  and 
was  in  southern  Cal.  '69;  S.  F.  Examiner.  Chancey  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  F, 
3d  U.  S.  artillery  (v.  518).  Chandler  (David  W.),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of 
the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  267,  270,  27'5,  279;  interested  at  Benicia  '47.  v.  672; 
went  to  Honolulu,  but  came  back  in  '48.  I  have  no  later  record  than  his  letter 
at  S.F.  Nov.  '48,  but  he  is  said  to  have  died  in  Cal.  C.  (John  A.),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Boston  '82.  C.  (Ralph),  1847,  mid.  on  the 
U.S.  Independence.  C.  (Wm),  1848,  lot-owner  at  S.F. 

Chapel  (Geo.),  1840,  one  of  the  exiles  to  San  Bias  who  came  back  in  '41  and 
settled  in  the  Sia  Cruz  redwoods,  iv.  18,  33,  37,  120;  in  '45  on  the  Brancif. 
pudion  as  English,  age  27,  wife  JosefaSoto,  child.  Manuel  b.  '40,  Jose  C.  '44; 
at  Mont.  '47.  Chapin  (Geo.),  1847,  of  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  wounded  by 
Ind.;  perhaps  same  as  following.  C.  (Samuel),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  C. 
(Sam.  M.),  1847,  blacksmith  at  Mont.  '47-8.  Chapman  (Charles),  1847, 
worked  for  Leidesdorff;  witness  in  the  Limantour  case  '54,  residing  at  S.F., 
age  30.  C.  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  lieut  of  the  U.S.  Independence  and  Columbus. 

Chapman  (Joseph),  1818,  Amer.  carpenter  and  blacksmith,  one  of  Bou 
chard's  insurgeutes — impressed  into  that  service  at  the  Sandwich  Isl.,  as  he 
claimed — taken  prisoner  at  Mont.,  and  soon  finding  a  home  in  the  south,  ii. 
229,  248,  292,  393.  Foster,  First  American  in  Los  Angeles,  tells  a  most  in 
teresting  but  inaccurate  story  of  his  capture  at  Sta  B.  by  Lugo.  In  '20  Joseph 
was  employed  at  Sta  Lie's,  where  in  '21  he  built  a  grist-mill,  and  obtained  from 
Gov.  Sola  the  king's  amnesty  to  Anglo- Amer.  prisoners,  ii.444;  then  he  went 
to  S.  Gabriel  to  build  another  mill.  ii.  568;  and  was  baptized  at  S.  Baen.  in 
'22  as  Jos6  Juan,  being  married  the  same  year  at  Sta  Ines  to  Guadalupe  Or 
tega,  by  whom  he  had  five  children,  ii.  479.  In  '24-6  he  bought  a  house  at  Los 
Aug.  and  got  a  piece  of  land,  where  he  planted  a  vineyard  of  4,000  vines,  ii. 
526;  but  still  continued  to  do  odd  jobs  at  the  missions,  being  a  jack-of-all-trades, 
who  apparently  could  make  or  repair  anything  that  was  needed.  He  was  a 
great  favorite  of  the  friars,  especially  F.  Sanchez,  who  declared  it  a  marvel  that 
one  so  long  in  the  darkness  of  baptist  faith  could  give  such  example  of  true 
catholic  piety  to  older  Christians.  In  '29,  armed  with  certificates  from  lead 
ing  men  of  all  classes,  and  defying  the  world  to  find  any  fault  with  his  record, 
he  asked  for  naturalization,  which  he  got  in  '31,  having  meanwhile  built  a 
schooner  and  served  on  occasion  as  surgeon,  ii.  558;  iii.  140,  209,  363,  382. 
His  age  in  '29  is  variously  given  as  33  to  48;  he  himself  seems  to  say  he  was 
33  or  34  in  '22,  but  is  now  48.  He  soon  moved  to  Sta  B.,  where  in  '36,  age  52, 
he  lived  with  wife  and  5  children;  in  '38  grantee  of  S.  Pedro  rancho.  iii.  656; 
is  ment.  in  '45,  and  by  Bryant  in  '47  as  living  near  S.  Buen.;  but  seems  to  have 
died  in  '48  or  '49.  Jjwe  and  Foster.  His  widow  was  claimant  for  the  rancho 
'52;  and  I  think  some  of  his  descendants  still  live,  '85,  in  Ventura  Co.  Among 
all  the  earliest  pioneers  of  Cal.  there  was  no  more  attractive  character,  no  more 
popular  and  useful  man,  than  Joseph  Chapman  the  Yankee.  C.  (Juan),  at 
Los  Ang.  '45;  perhaps  a  son  of  Joseph.  C.  (Manuel),  1844,  one  of  Fremont's 
men.  iv.  437.  C.  (Thos),  1833,  rnr  of  the  Charles  Eyes,  iii.  381.  Chaquette 
(Heman),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Charbonneau  (Jean  B.),  1847, 
guide  to  the  Morm.  Bat.  v.  483;  in  '48  alcalde  at  S.  Luis  Key.  v.  621,  623. 

Chard  (Win  Geo.),  1832,  New  Yorker  from  N.  Mex.  with  Alexander,  Car 
penter,  etc.  iii.  388,  408;  at  Los  Ang.,  where  he  had  a  vineyard,  till  '36,  ap 
pearing  in  several  records  and  being  one  of  the  vigilantes  (iii.  430);  in  '37 
naturalized,  being  then  at  Sta  B.,  protestant,  age  27,  a  trader  on  the  coast. 
The  same  year  went  north  to  the  Sta  Cruz  region,  apparently  with  Graham's 
comp.,  and  his  name  often  appears  on  Larkin's  books  from  '37.  In  '40,  living 
at  Brancif.,  he  was  exiled  to  S.  Bias,  but  returned  in  '41,  and  next  to  Graham 
was  loudest  in  his  demands  for  justice  and  damages,  until  the  courts  spoiled  his 
little  game  by  showing  his  Mex.  citizenship,  iv.  17-18,  24,  31,  33,  39-40,  116. 
In  '43-5  C.  had  a  store  and  sailor  boarding-house  at  Mont,  in  partnership  with 
Josiah  Belden;  in  '44  he  got  a  grant  of  Las  Flores,  Tehama  Co.,  on  which  he 
put  his  cattle  in  '45.  iv.  671;  earlier  in  '45  he  signed  the  call  to  foreigners  at 


758  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

S.  Jose",  iv.  599;  in  '45-7  he  was  employed  by  Andres  Castillero  to  work  the 
New  Almaden  mine;  but  before  the  end  of  '47  he  settled,  apparently,  on  his 
Tehama  rancho,  where  he  still  lived  in  '58,  and  where  he  died,  I  think,  about 
'80.  His  wife  was  a  Californian  of  the  Robles  family,  who  died  in  '72.  The 
family  seems  to  have  resided  at  Sta  Clara  for  some  years  after  Chard  went  to 
Tehama.  Stephen  Chard,  a  son  of  Win  G.  was  still  in  'SO  and  later,  a  pros 
perous  farmer  of  Tehama. 

Charlefoux,  1837,  Canadian  from  N.  Mex.  in  com.  of  a  party  of  '  Chagua- 
nosos,'  or  Shawnees,  who  were  trappers,  soldiers,  traders,  or  horse-thieves — 
whichever  profession  might  be  most  profitable  at  the  time — in  '37-40.  He  aided 
Dandini  and  the  sureuos  against  Alvarado  in  '37.  iii.  495,  518,  520;  iv.  118. 
Charles,  1846,  in  Slitter's  employ,  and  guard  over  the  Sonoma  prisoners  '46-7. 
v.  125.  Charley,  1845,  Delaware  Ind.  of  Fremont's  party.  '45-7.  Charles 
(Michael),  1826,  Irish  blacksmith  who  landed  sick  from  a  whaler;  at  Mont. 
'40,  age  57.  iii.  176.  Charles  (Joseph),  1844,  sailor  on  the  California,  wit 
ness  at  Mont.  Charquin,  rebel  neopli.  of  S.F.  1793.  i.  709. 

Chase  (Charles),  1846,  on  the  1st  jury  at  Mont.  v.  289.  C.  (C.),  1846, 
fleet  surgeon  on  the  Savannah;  perhaps  same  as  preceding.  C.  (Hiram), 
1847,  Co.  J,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  C.  (Hiram  B.),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Morm  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Utah  '81.  C.  (Sam.),  1844,  Engl.  with  a  pass,  for  a 
year  at  Mont.  C.  (Sam.),  1847,  at  Gutter's  July;  at  Mont.  Dec.;  in  '48  in 
charge  of  Larkin's  rancho  on  the  Sac.,  but  soon  quit  farming  for  the  mines. 
C.  (S.  M.),  1846,  doubtful  record  of  a  Bear  Flag  man,  at  Sonoma  in  '62.  C. 
(S.U.),  1845,  New  Yorker  of  quaker  parentage,  who  came  west  in  :38,  crossed 
the  plains  to  Or.  '43,  and  came  to  Cal.  '45  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  iv. 
572,  577,  587.  After  visiting  Sta  Cruz  and  Mont,  he  ret.  to  the  Sac.,  and  went 
to  Or.  in  '46;  came  back  to  the  mines  '48-9;  later  a  farmer  in  Solano  and 
Napa;  about  '66  settled  in  Yolo,  where  he  still  lived  inCapay  Val.  '79.  Never 
married.  Portrait  in  Yolo  Co.  Hist.,  26.  Chaseagre?(J.),  1833-5,  rnr  of  the 
Mariquita.  iii.  383.  Chatard  (Fred.),  1847,  lieuton  the  U.S.  Independence. 
Chath'eld,  1848,  mr  of  the  Sabine.  Chatozo  (Pedro),  named  by  Lancey  as 
builder  of  a  mill  at  N.  Almaden  '24.  Chaudiere  (H. ),  1835,  mr  of  the  Grange. 
iii.  382.  Chauncey  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518),  ace.  to 
Lancey,  but  not  on  the  roll;  at  Livermore  '48. 

Chavarria  (Nicolas),  1818,  S.  Amer.  of  Bouchard's  insurgents,  captured  at 
Mont.,  and  remained  in  Cal.  ii.  227,  230-2,  241;  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '28-31. 
Chavez  (Jose"  Ant.),  1833,  Mex.  brought  to  Cal.  by  Gov.  Figueroa,  whose 
natural  sou  he  is  supposed  by  many  to  have  been;  tax  collector  at  Mont.  '43. 
iv.  653;  one  of  the  prime  movers  in  the  movement  against  Micheltorena  '44, 
also  sec.  of  ayunt.  iv.  588-9,  653;  grantee  of  Cienega  del  Gavilaii  '43,  and 
Pleito  '45.  iv.  655;  celador  at  Mont.  '46.  v.  570.  Pie  took  part  in  various 
military  operations  of  '46  as  lieut,  being  sent  by  Castro  to  Fremont's  camp  at 
Gavilan.  v.  11;  and  later  the  captor  of  Larkin  and  2d  in  com.  at  Natividad, 
where  he  was  wounded,  escaping  capture  a  few  days  later  by  being  hidden  in 
bed  between  two  well-known  ladies  of  Mont.  v.  362,  364,  366-72.  Leaving 
Cal.  in  '48,  v.  585-6,  he  went  to  S.  Bias,  and  was  later  prominent  with  Man 
uel  Castro  on  the  L.  Cal.  frontier.  Chavez,  1818,  painter  at  S.  Juan  B.  ii. 
3S6.  C.  (Jose),  1798,  i.  606.  C.  (Julian),  supl.  alcalde  Los  Ang.  '38.  iii. 
G.JG;  regidor  '46-7,  and  grantee  of  Las  Animas  '46.  v.  625-7.  C.  (Mariano), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Chavira  (Jose),  1798,  i.  606.  Chavira  y  Lerma  (Josefa), 
wife  of  Pedro  y  Gil,  1781.  i.  451.  Chavon,  1847,  mr  of  the  Adelaide. 

Check,  1816,  on  the  Lydia,  arrested  at  Sta  B.  ii.  275.  Cheney  (Zacheus), 
1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.'  (v.  469).  Chever  (Henry),  1846,  nat.  of  Mass., 
who  had  lived  long  in  Valparaiso  and  Manila;  ace.  to  his  brother's  statement 
v/as  mr  of  the  Hannah,  v.  578;  but  he  seems  to  have  come  to  S.F.  from  Hon 
olulu  on  the  Elizabeth;  had  a  lot  at  S.F.  '46;  member  of  the  firm  J.B.  McClurg 
&  Co.  at  Los  Ang.,  dissolved  Feb.  '48;  also  connected  with  Ward  &  Smith 
'47;  and  later  with  Hastings  &  Co.  atColoma.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
Yuba  City;  at  S.F.  '51-3  in  poor  health;  died  in  Napa  Val.  '54,  leaving  no 
family.  His  brother  Edward  E.  was  in  Cal.  '49-54,  and  again  '83-5.  Chev- 


CIIEVRETTE— CHRISTIAN.  759 

rettc  (Pierre  J. ),  1832,  signed  roll  of  the  comp.  extranjera.  iii.  221.  Chi- 
chester  (Chas),  1848,  overl.  immig.  with  Allsopp;  went  to  the  mines.  C. 
(Henry  T.),  1£47,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  deserter.  Chico,  ind.  chief 
killed  1781.  i.  466. 

Chico  (Mariano),  1836,  Mcx.  col  and  menib.  of  congress  from  Guanajuato, 
appointed  gov.  of  Cal.  Dec.  '35,  arriving  in  April  '30  on  the  Leaner,  and  as 
suming  his  office  May  2d.  He  encountered  a  bitter  prejudice  against  Mex. 
rulers,  and  his  position  was  made  so  uncomfortable  by  an  unmanageable  di- 
putacicn  and  other  soi-disant  opponents  of  centralism  that  he  was  virtually 
forced  to  depart  in  Aug.,  his  rule  ending  July  31st.  He  was  a  man  of  fair 
abilities  and  good  education;  by  no  means  the  villain,  fool,  or  madman  that 
the  Californians  generally  represent  him;  but  he  was  fussy,  conceited,  and 
gifted  with  no  tact  for  making  friends  or  overcoming  obstacles.  He  also  scan 
dalized  Mont,  society  by  bringing  a  mistress,  Dofia  Cruz,  whom  he  introduced 
as  his  niece.  On  his  rule,  see  iii.  420-44,  also  ment.  iii.  300,  399,  652-3,  G70; 
iv.  44-7,  72,  82-3,  1C2,  104-5,  112.  In  '43-4  Don  Mariano  was  gov.  of  Aguas- 
calientcs,  where  he  is  said  to  have  written  many  verses,  making  himself 
somewhat  popular  socially,  though  less  so  than  his  wife,  Dofia  Ignacia  Alegre. 
Gonzalez,  Jlist.  A<juas.  128-30.  In  '40  he  was  com.  gen.  of  Guanajuato.  Chie- 
nes  (Alex.),  1842,' mr  of  thcPrimawra.  iv.  568.  Childers  (Morris  Pv.),  1845, 
Anicr.  carpenter  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  iv.  572;  prob.  went 
back  in  '46.  iv.  520;  but  visited  S.F.  in  '47  on  the  Henry  horn  Astoria.  C. 
(Moses),  1843,  said  to  have  crossed  the  plains  and  to  have  been  in  Amador 
Co.  '48.  Amador  Co.  Hist.,  182;  perhaps  a  vague  ref.  to  the  preceding.  Childs 
(Mark  D.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons;  wounded  at  the  Mesa  Jan.  '47.  v. 
395;  name  also  given  Mark  A.  Child. 

Chiles  (Joseph  B.),  1841,  Kentuckian  b.  1810;  in  Mo.  from  '30;  took  part 
in  the  Florida  war  '38;  and  in  '41  came  overl.  to  Cal.  with  the  Bartleson 
party,  iv.  207,  270,  275,  279.  After  visiting  Monterey,  Sonoma,  and  other 
parts  of  the  country,  and  obtaining  from  VaJcjo  the  promise  of  a  mill  site, 
he  returned  east  in  '42  for  the  mill.  iv.  276,  342.  In  '43  ho  came  back  with 
the  party  that  bears  his  name,  one  portion  of  the  party  under  Walker  taking 
a  southern  route  and  being  obliged  to  leave  Chiles'  mill  on  the  way.  iv.  392- 
5,  G79.  In  '44  he  was  grantee  of  Catacula  rancho  in  NapaVal.  iv.'671;  ment. 
also  iv.  448,  453;  in  '45  dgns  bonds  for  some  of  the  new  immigrants,  iv.  581. 
I  do  not  find  any  definite  record  that  he  joined  either  the  Bears  or  the  Cal. 
Bat.  in  '46,  though  he  may  have  done  so,  and  certainly  aided  Fremont  with 
supplies  and  information,  v.  297-8.  He  went  east  in  '47,  prob.  as  guide  and 
hunter  in  Stockton's  party,  v.  454;  was  at  Washington  to  testify  at  the 
Fremont  court-martial;  and  in  '48  made  his  3d  overl.  trip  to  Cal.  at  the  head 
of  a  party,  v.  557,  which  included  his  own  family  of  a  son  and  3  daughters, 
his  wife  having  died  in  '37.  The  son  was,  I  suppose,  the  Kit  Chiles  named  in 
Yolo  Co.  Hist.,  74,  as  having  settled  at  Washington  in  '48;  the  daughters  were 
Fanny  wife  of  Jerome  Davis,  Elizabeth  wife  of  Daniel  Brown,  and  Mary,  Mrs 
Tully.  Colonel  Joe  Chiles,  as  he  is  familiarly  known,  married  M.  G.  Garnett 
in  '53;  and  has  resided  in  Napaayd  Lake  counties  down  to  '85,  I  think,  a  fa 
mous  hunter  notwithstanding  his  years,  and  a  good  citizen.  A  brief  narrative 
of  his  Visit  to  Cal.  in  '41  was  furnished  by  him  in  '78.  Chinook  (Wm),  1845, 
Ind.  of  Fremont's  party,  one  of  the  Sta  B.  garrison,  iv.  583.  Chipmaii 
( Walter),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.,  at  Cedar  Springs,  Mich.,  '83.  .Chiron, 

1837,  in  Fetit-Thouar's  cxped.,  surveying  S.F.  Bay.  iv.  149. 

Choquet  (Diego),  1770,  mr  of  the&.  Antonio,  i.  287,  301.  Choris  (Louis), 
1810,  artist  with  Kotzebue;  author  of  the  Voyage,  Pittorrcsque.  ii.  281,  372. 
Christian  (Chas),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499),  under  another  name. 
C.  (ChasW.  H.),  1848,  in  charge  of  S.F.  school  Dec.  Calif ornian.  C.  (John), 

1838,  one  of  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias,  not  known  to  have  returned,  iv.  18.       C. 
(Kail),  1840,  mr  of  the  Catalina.  iv.  31.       C.  (W.  A.).  1848,  purser  U.S.N., 
at  S.F.  on  the  Lady  Adorns.       C.  (Win.  H.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
brig.-gen.  in  war  of  '61-5;  at  Los  Ang.  '71;  at  Utica,  N.Y.,  '74-82;  perhaps 
the  Chas  and  Chas  W.  H.  meiit.  above.   A  man  of  the  same  name  was  at  S. 


760  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Jose"  in  '50.  Christiancy  (James),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232-47). 
Christie  (H.),  1848,  left  Honolulu  for  S.  F.  C.  (John  G.),  1847,  at  S.F.  on 
the  Currency  Last*  from  Hon.;  at  Mont.  '48.  Chulte,  in  Sutler's  employ  '47; 
perhaps  an  Ind.  Chumazero  (Ignacio),  at  Sta  Cruz  1794.  i.  496.  Church 
(HadenW.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  C.  (Wm  S.),  1843,  Amer. 
carpenter  from  Sandwich  Isl.,  who  died  at  the  house  of  Temple  at  Los  Ang. 
'43,  his  effects  being  sold  Jan.  '44.  iv.  400.  C.  (Wm  S.),  1841,  mate  of  the 
Maryland,  who  took  com.  on  the  return  from  Mazatlan  to  Hon.  '42.  Capt. 
Peirce  says  he  saw  him  at  S.F.  in  '49;  else  he  would  appear  same  as  preced 
ing.  Churchman  (T.),  1848,  worked  for  Sutter  on  his  mill  from  May. 
Chute,  1847,  convicted  of  manslaughter  at  S.  Jose",  v.  663. 

Cibrian  (Bias),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '27-33;  his  wife  was  Paula  Mesa, 
living  at  Mont.  '36,  age  28,  child.  Francisco  b.  '23,  Maria  de  la  Cruz  '27,  Jose" 
PruJencio  '30.  Jose"  Bias  '32,  Refugio  '34,  Jose"  Estanislao  '36.  C.  (Carmen), 
wife  of  Cornciio  Bernal,  resid.  at  S.F.  mission  from  '38  and  earlier  to  '67  and 
later.  C.  (Eusebio),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  41;  at  S.F.  mission  '46;  witness 
in  Santillan  case.  C.  (Francisco),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '39-43.  iv.  667;  at 
S.  Josd  '50.  C.  (Gabriel),  at  S.F.  '55,  age  36.  C.  (Leocadio),  soldier  and 
settler  of  1791-1800.  i.  499,  416.  C.  (Maria  Rosa  Pacheco  de),  widow,  at 
S.  Jcs<5  '41,  age  '44,  child.  Isidro  b.  '22,  Ignacio  '24,  Eusebia  '27,  Florencio 
'30,  Jose"  Manuel  '32,  Carlos  '33,  Encarnacion  '40.  C.  (Pablo),  settler  at  S. 
F.  1791-1800.  i.  716.  Ciel,  1838,  doubtful  name  at  Sta.  B.  Cimental, 
(Cris.),  reg.  at  Mont.  1805.  ii.  156.  Cins,  see  'Zinns.'  Cipre"s  (Marcelino), 
1795,  Spun,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Antonio  and  S.  Luis  Ob.  till  his  death  in 
1810.  Biog.  ii.  148;  ment.  i.  576,  689;  ii.  23,  28,  50,  147,  151-2,  159-60,  191. 
Cipriano,  Ind.  associate  of  Estanislao  '29.  iii.  110;  perhaps  the  same  who 
died  in  '78  in  the  region  of  N.  Almaden  at  the  age  of  100  or  more. 

Clamp  (Richard),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Chinese  Camp, 
Cal.  '71-82.  Clap  (Curtis),  1840,  mr.  of  the  Alciope;  sup.  of  the  Califor 
nia  '42-3;  a  Boston  and  Sandw.  Isl.  trader,  iv.  100,  564.  Clapin  (Joseph), 
1846,  corp.  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Clapp  (Chas  D.),  1847,  Co. 
D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  died  in  Australia  after  '50.  Clar  (Juan),  1836, 
Span,  of  Minorca;  translator  and  keeper  of  the  archives,  well  known  in  S.F. 
'49-84;  said  to  have  visited  Cal.  as  early  as  '36  as  prof,  of  mathematics  on  a 
man-of-war,  and  again  with  Com.  Jones  in  '42.  He  died  at  S.F.  '84.  Clare 
(Wm),  1847,  Co,  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518);  an  Engl.  who  joined  the  comp. 
at  Valparaiso;  served  as  clerk  in  Col  Mason's  office,  but  like  most  of  his 
comrades  deserted  for  the  mines  in  '48.  Said  to  have  inherited  a  fortune  later 
and  to  have  settled  down  at  Liverpool. 

Clark,  1836,  mr  of  Ionic,  iv.  104.  C.,  1845,  in  Slitter's  army.  iv.  486. 
C.,  1847,  mr  of  the  Vesper,  v.  580.  C.,  1847,  'Father  Clark,'  said  to 
have  celebrated  his  49th  birthday  at  S.  Diego,  in  '72,  25  years  and  6  mo. 
after  his  arrival.  S.  D.  World.  C.,  1847,  left  Hon.  for  S.F.  on  the  Eveline. 
C.  (Albert),  1847;  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  C.  (Daniel),  1848,  Irish 
immig.  to  Or.  of  earlier  years,  who  came  to  the  Cal.  mines  '48-50,  going 
back  to  Or. ,  where  he  has  been'  a  well-known  citizen.  Hist.  Or. ,  i.  468.  C. 
(Daniel  P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  680;  at 
S.  Diego  from  '71,  where  he  died  '79.  C.  (E.  St  Clair),  1847,  sec.  U.  S.  Co- 
Iambus.  C.  (Francis),  1843,  doubtful  immig.  of  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  390. 
C.  (Francis  C.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  shot  on  Merced  Riv.  '53. 

Clark  (Francis  D.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  nat.  of  N.  Y.;  a 
miner  in  '48-9;  in  '49-55  trader,  ferryman,  and  justice  of  the  peace  in  S. 
Joaquin;  N.Y.  city  trader  '55-60;  major  and  mil.  sec.  in  the  war  of  '61-5; 
and  later  a  business  man  of  N.  Y.  city.  Clark  has  been  sec.  and  one  of  the 
most  active  members  of  the  N.Y.  society  of  Cal.  Pioneers;  and  has  particu 
larly  interested  himself  in  keeping  awake  memories  of  pioneer  times  by  the 
publication  of  rolls  of  surviving  comrades  of  '47  in  '71  and  '74;  and  finally 
by  The  First  Regiment  of  N.  Y.  Volunteers,  bringing  the  record  down  to  'S3. 
See  v.  503,  et  seq.  That  work  also  contains  the  author's  portrait.  His  Pioneer 
of  '4?  is  a  somewhat  minute  narrative  of  his  experience  in  '47-55.  I  have 


CLARK-CLOUD.  761 

followed  his  record  of  the  N.  Y.  Vol.  with  a  few  corrections  and  additions. 
C.  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (Geo.  S.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  409).  C.  (H.),  1847.  sup.  of  the  Eveline.  C.  (John),  1847,  Co.  G, 
N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  an  Irishman,  drowned  at  S.F.  '54.  C.  (John Case),  1843, 
said  to  have  visited  the  coast  on  a  man-of-war,  iv.  400;  miner  from  '49;  at 
Red  Bluff  a  few  years  from  '57;  at  S.  Diego  from  'G9  to  his  death  in  '73. 
C.  (John  N.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  bro.  of  Francis  C. ;  miner  and 
painter,  at  Stockton  '71-4;  died  in  Fresno  Co.  '79.  C.  (Joseph),  1847.  Co. 
A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G9).  C.  (Lorenzo),  1847,  lieut  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477; 
tanner  in  Utah  '81.  C.  (M.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  C.  (Nicholas), 
184G,  at  Sutter's  Fort;  one  of  the  2d  Donner  relief,  v.  540;  portrait  in  Mc- 
Clashan,  184;  living  in  '79.  C.  (Obed),  1822-3,  mr  of  the  Gideon,  ii.  474, 
492.  C.  (Ransom),  1844.  perhaps  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  437;  at  S.  Jose"  '50. 
C.  (Riley  P.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4C9);  reenl.  at  Los  Aug.  C. 
(Smith  Douglas),  1845,  Engl.  with  a  passp.  for  Sonora.  C.  (Sophia P.),  1846, 
one  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  576;  prob.  Mrs  King  at  Ogden  '84.  C.  (Terence), 
1848?  an  early  settler  at  Sonora.  C.  (Win),  1823-6,  mr  of  the  Thos  Now- 
Ian.  ii.  492,  519;  iii.  149. 

Clark  (Wm  Squire),  1846,  nat.  of  Md,  b.  in  1807.  grandson  of  Abraham  C. 
signer  of  the  declaration  of  independence;  educated  in  Ohio;  a  business  man 
in  the  south  and  west;  and  an  overland  imtnig.  of  '46  (v.  526).  He  came  di 
rectly  to  S.F.,  and  served  apparently  under  Marston  in  the  Sta  Clara  campaign. 
Obtaining  a  lot  at  what  was  named  for  him  Clark's  Point — which  lot  is  still 
owned  by  him  40  years  later — he  built  a  warehouse  and  a  wharf,  driving  the 
first  piles  in  the  bay.  In  '47-8  he  was  not  only  one  of  the  most  prominent 
business  men  in  town,  becoming  the  owner  of  dozens  of  city  lots,  but  he  was  a 
member  of  the  council,  president  of  public  meetings,  and  otherwise  active  in 
public  affairs,  v.  648,  650,  652-4,  656,  678,  680,  685.  I  know  of  no  foundation 
for  Gen.  Sherman's  statement  that  Clark  was  a  Mormon,  v.  547.  In '48  he  was 
a  successful  miner,  but  soon  returned  to  S.F. ,  where  his  land  investments  made 
him  eventually  a  millionnaire.  He  married  Alice  A.  Duncan  in  '68,  and  in  '70 
went  to  live  at  S.  Jose",  where  he  still  is  in  '85,  with  a  son,  Wm  S.,  Jr,  and  4 
daughters.  He  wrote  his  Recollections  for  my  use  in  '85,  and  in  an  interview 
gave  me  many  details  of  old  San  Francisco.  C.  ( W.  W. ),  1847,  mr  of  a  whaler. 

Classen  (John  C.),  1848,  Pion.  Soc.  roll.  Claudio,  1837,  leader  of  hostile 
Ind.  S.  Diego,  iii.  614.  Clausen  (Win),  1847,  musician  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499).  Clavell,  1844,  officer  on  H.B.M.S.  Modeste.  Clawson  (JohnR.), 

1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  at  Los.  Ang.       Claviter  (Edward), 

1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu;  resid.  of  Mt  Eden,  Alameda  Co.   '49-78;  at  Ala- 
meda  from  '78  to  his  death  in  '84. 

Clayton  (Charles),  1848,  nat.  of  Engl.,  who  came  to  the  U.S.  in  '42  and 
crossed  the  plains  to  Or.  in  '47,  coming  to  Cal.  in  April  '48  on  the  Henry. 
After  a  year  in  the  mines  he  opened  a  store  at  Sta  Clara,  where  he  also  held 
local  offices.  From  '53  he  become  a  prominent  commission  merchant  in  S.F., 
filling  also  with  credit  the  offices  of  supervisor,,  member  of  the  legislature,  sur 
veyor  of  the  port,  and  member  of  congress.  He  married  Hannah  Morgan  in 
'54;  and  still  resides  in  S.F.  in  '85,  age  60.  Clements,  1845,  at  S.  F.,  N. 
Helv.,  and  again  at  S.F.  with  a  family;  seems  to  have  gone  east  with  Clyman 
in  '46.  iv.  526,  578.  Name  also  written  Clemence,  Clement,  and  Clemens. 
Wm  demons  is  named  in  one  list  as  a  member  of  the  Stevens  party  of  '44,  and 
was  perhaps  the  same,  though  he  may  have  gone  first  to  Or.  Clements  (Lam 
beth  B.),  1S47,  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  comp.  not  known;  lot  at  S.F.  '47;  at 
S.F.  '54;  at  Soquel  '74.  Cleveland  (Richard  J.),  1803,  owner  and  1st  officer 
of  the  Lelia  Byrd;  involved  in  smuggling  exploits;  author  of  a  Narrative. 
ii.  10-14,  21,  102-3.  Clifford  (Corntlius),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  at  S.  Juan  B.  after  1850.  C.  (J.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  C. 
(0.  G.),  1848,  ditto.  Cliit  (James),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469):  reenl. 
at  Los  Ang.  C.  (Robert),  1847,  lieut  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  lieut  of  the 
rccnl.  comp.  v.  495;  alcalde  of  S.  Diego  '47-8.  v.  491,  618-19.  Clipper, 
doubtful  name-of  a  corporal  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  Cloud  (J.  H.),  1847,  major 


7G2  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

and  paymaster  U.S.A.,  who  came  with  the  Morm.  Bat.  v.  483,  440;  killed  at 
Sutter's  Fort  Aug.  3d  by  a  fail  from  his  horse.  Clough  (Wrn),  1837,  named  in 
Larkin's  accounts. 

Clyman  (James),  1845,  Virginian  who,  after  an  adventurous  career  as  sur 
veyor  ajid  trapper  in  the  great  west,  came  overland  to  Or.  in  '44,  and  to  Cal. 
the  next  year  as  a  leader  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  v.  572-4,  587.  He 
travelled  over  the  country  as  far  as  Monterey;  spent  the  winter  hunting  in 
the  Napa  and  other  valleys,  v.  17;  and  in  the  spring  of  '46 — after  a  union 
with  Fremont's  comp.  had  been  declined,  v.  23 — returned  to  the  states  over 
land,  meeting  the  Donner  and  other  parties  on  the  way.  v.  526.  He  came  back 
to  Cal.  in  later  years,  and  lived  at  Napa  till  his  death  in  '81,  at  the  age  of  84. 
Colonel  Clyman 's  Note-book,  a  MS.  diary  of  his  wanderings  of  '44-6,  is  one  of 
the  most  complete  and  important  records  of  its  class  in  my  library.  Clymari'a 
Diary  is  an  abridgment  of  the  same,  with  a  few  documentary  additions. 
Ciymer,  1842,  with  Com.  Jones  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  321. 

Coates  (Geo.),  1846,  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.  Juan 
Oct.;  prob.  same  as  the  following.  C.  (James),  1843,  Amer.  shoemaker, 
farmer,  tanner,  and  overl.  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  300. 
Naturalized  '44,  then  living  at  AJont.;  in  '45  a  lieut  in  Sutter's  force,  at  one 
time  a  prisoner,  iv.  486,  500;  in  '46  perhaps  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  as  above;  in  '47 
lot-owner  at  S.F.,  tanner  at  N.  Helv.,  and  finally  moving  to  a  house  on  Amer. 
River.  I  ha~se  no  later  record  than  March  '48,  when  Coates  was  seriously  in 
jured  by  a  fall  from  his  horse,  being  also  robbed  of  §300.  Cobb,  1S40,  on 
the  Don  Quixote  from  Hon.  iv.  103.  C.  (Chas),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lots; 
same  name  in  S.F.  directory  of  '52. 

Cochran  (Thos),  1845,  nat.  of  N.C.,  who  crossed  the  plains  to  Or.  '43,  and 
came  to  Cal.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  iv.  572,  574,  587.  Named  at  N. 
Helv.  several  times  in  '45-8;  in  '49  built  a  hotel,  the  1st  building  at  Cache- 
ville;  an  eccentric  man,  who  in  '51  suddenly  departed  for  Australia.  Cocket 
(C.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Cocks  (Henry),  1846,  English  marine  on 
the  U.  S.  Dak,  who  after  his  disch.  in  '48  lived  at  Mont,  and  married  a 
daughter  of  Fraaicisco  Garcia,  moving  in  '53  to  the  S.  Bernab6  rancho,  or 
Cock's  station,  of  which  he  \vas  the  claimant,  iv.  655,  679.  In  '66  he  went 
with  the  telegraph  exped.  to  Alaska  and  Siberia;  had  an  appointment  on  the 
Tule  River  Ind.  reservation;  accomp.  Wheeler's  explor.  exped.  on  the  Colo 
rado;  and  in  '75  was  living  near  his  old  place  in  Mont.  Co.,  where  he  still  is, 
I  think,  in  '85.  Coe  (John  J.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Coeur 
(Francois),  1846,  with  Kearny's  force,  v.  337. 

Coffelt  (Geo.),  1846,  teamster  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Coffe- 
meyer  (Edward),  1846,  sailor  at  N.  Helv.  '47-8;  member  of  1st  and  4th  Don 
ner  relief,  v.  538,  541.  Coffin  (Ephraim),  1841,  of  U.S.  ex.  exped.;  died  in 
Cal.  iv.  279.  C.  (Henry),  1844,  Amer.  sailor  of  the  Monmouth,  aided  by  the 
consul.  C.  (Ivory),  1846,  seaman  or  marine  on  the  Savannah;  wounded  at 
the  S.  Gabriel  Jan.  9,  '47.  v.  395.  C.  (James),  1835,  mr  of  the  Peor  e*Nada. 
C.  (J.  W.),  1847,  on  a  whaler;  came  back  in  '50;  of  S.  F.  firm  C.  &  Hendry; 
d.  before  '85,  leaving  a  son  and  daughter.  C.  (L.),  1848,  at  S.F.  on  the  Lady 
Adam*  from  Callao.  C.  (Win),  1826,  mr  of  the  Franklin,  iii.  147.  C.  ( Wm), 
1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  C. ,  1847,  mr  of  the  Chart™  Drew.  Coghlan 
(James),  1848,  sailor  on  the  Elizabeth.  Cogswell,  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  Dec. 
Colin  (Moritz),  1847,  musician  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (Philip),  1847,  Co.  D, 
N.Y.Vol. 

Colbath  (Lemuel),  1846,  mate  of  the  Euphemia  '46-8;  a  New  Englander. 
Colbert,  (John),  1834,  Engl.  shipwright,  age  26;  naturalized  '39;  still  at  S.  F. 
'40.  iii.  412.  Cole  (James  B.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.;  at  Springville, 
Utah,  '82.  C.  (John),  1826,  sailor  on  the  Rover.  C.  (Thomas),  1833,  Engl. 
sailor  whose  name  often  appears  in  Larkin's  accounts  of  '33-49.  iii.  409.  Ace. 
to  John  Price,  in  S.  Lui*  Ob.  Co.  //»«*.,  63,  he  deserted  from  the  Kent,  but  I 
have  no  record  of  that  vessel  before  '36.  Cole  was  one  of  Graham's  riflemen  of 
'36-8.  (iii.  457);  arrested  but  not  exiled  '40.  iv.  17;  grantee  of  lands  in  Salinas 
Val.  '42-4.  iv.  656;  in  '44  flogged  by  the  Calif,  for  revealing  to  Micheltorena 


COLE— CONNOR.  703 

the  place  where  certain  powder  and  lead  had  been  buried,  so  says  Swan;  in 
'4.">-(j  often  employed  to  carry  despatches,  v.  29,  235,  also  signing  the  call  to 
foreigners  at  S.  Jose,  iv.  599,  and  accomp.  Lieut  Revere  on  a  hunting  trip. 
Mentioned  by  Revere,  Sherman,  and  Colton,  the  latter  naming  him  as  a  man 
who  stole  a  horse.  His  name  appears  on  the  assessment  rolls  of  '50;  and  ace. 
to  Taylor's  List,  he  died  at  Mont,  in  '58.  Coleman  (Geo.),  1827,  at  Sta  B. 
and  8.  Buen.  '27-8.  ii.  580;  iii.  94,  176.  C.  (Michael),  1845,  overl.  immig. 
of  Grigsby-Ide  party;  bonds  given  by  Wm  Benitz  Nov.  21st;  prob.  went  to 
Or.  in  '46.  iv.  52C,  578.  C.  (Thos),  1847,  carpenter  on  the  U.  S.  Preble. 
Colespedriguez  (Bruno),  1829,  mr  of  the  Rosalia,  iii.  148. 

Colgau  (James  A.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Colima  (Tomas San 
chez),  at  Los  Aug.  '43;  juez  de  campo  '44.  iv.  633;  cl.  for  Sta  Gertrudis  '53. 
iv.  629,  635.  Collie  (Alex.),  1826-7,  surg.  of  H.B.M.S.  Blossom;  made  a 
trip  from  S.F.  to  Mont,  and  back  by  land.  iii.  121.  Colligau,  1847,  attempts 
murder  at  Sta  Cruz.  S.  F.  Star,  Nov.  20th;  perhaps  'Callaghan.'  C.  (Wm), 
1S4G,  sailor  of  the  navy;  at  Mont,  in  July;  went  south  with  the  Cal.  Bat.;  in 
'75  and  later  a  broker  and  politician  of  N.  Y.  City.  Collins  (John),  1847, 
boatswain  of  the  Cyane.  C.  (Napoleon),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.F. ;  perhaps 
the  C.  who  was  wrecked  in  the  bay  and  rescued  by  the  Tasso's  boat.  Alta, 
Feb.  17,  '67.  C.  (Peter),  1842,  in  the  Sta  Cruz  redwoods,  iv.  341;  in  '43 
kept  a  bar  at  Mont. ;  killed  at  Pacheco  Pass  about  '54.  C.  (Robert  H. ),  1 847, 
Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  '82  at  Huntingdon,  Utah.  Colombet  (Clem 
ent),  1844,  Frenchman  who  kept  a  hotel  at  S.  Jose"  '49.  iv.  453;  made  a  for 
tune  in  the  mines,  lost  later  and  regained;  married  a  daughter  of  Thos  Kell; 
in  '6C  at  Warm  Springs,  Alameda  Co.,  age  43;  living  at  S.  Jose"  '81.  Colton 
(Chas  E.),  1847,  servant  to  an  officer  in  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409).  C.  (Patrick), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  C.  (Philander),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.;  a  mason  who  made  bricks  and  worked  on  1st  brick  house  at  S.  Diego. 

Colton  (Walter),  1846,  chaplain  U.S.N.,  who  came  on  the  Congress,  and 
was  alcalde  at  Mont,  in  '46-8;  also  judge  of  the  admiralty;  an  earnest,  kind- 
hearted,  and  sensible  man,  whose  official  and  private  record  in  Cal.  was  a 
most  excellent  one.  In  partnership  with  Robert  Semple,  he  edited  and  pub 
lished  the  California^  the  1st  Cal.  newspaper,  in  '46-7,  making  a  visit  to  the 
mines  in  the  autumn  of  '48,  and  causing  the  erection  of  a  school-house  at  Mont., 
named  for  him  Colton  Hall.  His  Deck  and  Port,,  and  Three  Years  in  CaL, 
published  in  '50,  are  journals  of  his  experience  and  observations,  full  of  inter 
est,  and  justly  regarded  as  standard  works  on  the  annals  of  '46-8.  He  went 
east  early  in  '49,  but  I  have  no  record  of  his  later  career,  v.  254,  288-93,  433, 
COS,  637-8,  658.  Columbo  (A.),  1847,  Amer.  farmer  at  S.  Buen.  Colwell 
(J.),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  immig.  iv.  578. 

Combs  (Abram),  1847,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  with  wife  and  3  child,  v. 
54G;  in  Utah  '84,  his  wife  being  dead.  Comelero  (Pedro),  1836,  Italian  cook 
from  Lima  at  Los  Ang.  Comfort  (Geo.  F.),  1838,  mr  of  the  Ayacucho.  iv. 
101.  Comstock  (Cortey),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Conanse  (Jose),  1791-1800,  visiting  friar  at  S.  Diego,  i.  655.  Concha 
(Juan),  1791,  lieut  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Conde  (Pedro),  1818,  lieut, 
coin,  of  one  of  Bouchard's  vessels,  ii.  226-7.  Condels,  1845,  doubtful  name 
of  an  Amer.  at  Brancif.,  age  24.  Condit  (Jeptha),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat 
(v.  469);  reenl.  at  Los  Ang.  Conduian  (Alex.),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  a 
Frenchman  at  Brancif.,  age  25.  Conejo  (Casimiro),  1798,  i.  606.  Conley 
(James  H.),  1847,  carpenter  on  the  Dale.  Conley  (Marston  F.),  1847,  per- 
laaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another  name.  Conn  (John),  1843,  doubtful  mem 
ber  of  the  Chiles- Walker  party,  iv.  393;  in  '52  claimant  of  aNapaCo.  rancho. 
Connell  (John),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  died  at  sea  bet.  Or.  and  Cal. 
'82.  Connell  (John),  1847,  sergt  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  lot-owner  S.  F. 
v.  685.  Connelly  (Michael),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  resid.  of  Stock 
ton  from  '49  to  his  death  in  '57.  C.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  Conners 
(John),  1844,  said  to  have  arrived  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  iv.  453;  called  Connessby 
Hall.  Conner  (W.E.),  1848.  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Connolly  (Jarnes  H.), 
1846,  carpenter  on  the  U.S.  Dale.  Connor  (James),  1845,  Delaware  Iiid.  of 


764  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Fremont's  comp.  '45-7;  wounded  in  the  service,  iv.  583.  Conover  (Francis 
S. ),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  Conrad  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  atN.  Helv.;  later  mayor  (?)  at  Sonoma.  Clark.  C.  (Edward), 
1844,  on  the  roll  of  the  Pion.  Soc. ;  at  Riverside  '81.  C.  (John  P. )  1847,  Co.  C, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  74;  d.  before  '82.  C.  (Win),  1848,  keeper  of  the 
Colonnade  House  S.F.  v.  683. 

Coock  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v.  518).  Cook  (Chas),  1845,  N. 
Yorker  who  died  suddenly  at  Mont.  iv.  587.  C.  (Geo.),  1844,  Amer.  natu 
ralized  this  year.  iv.  453;  ment.  by  Bryant  as  owner  of  a  rancho  at  S.  Jost% 
'46.  C.  (Goodwin),  1848,  in  Slitter's  employ.  C.  (Grove  C.),  1841,  Ken- 
tuckian  hunter,  and  overl.  immig.  in  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270,  275,  279;  wan 
dering  about  for  a  few  years;  often  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  from  '43; 
naturalized  in  '44;  at  Slitter's  fort  '45  working  on  a  distillery.  His  shooting 
of  a  Walla  Walla  chief  in  July  caused  much  excitement,  iv.  544-5;  v.  300-1; 
and  in  Dec.  he  was  married  by  Sutter  to  Rebecca  Kelsey,  who  presently  had 
some  reason  to  regret  it.  In  '46  Cook  went  to  Yerba  Buena,  and  settled  more 
or  less  at  S.  Jose",  where  he  took  some  slight  part  in  the  mil.  campaign,  was 
member  of  the  council  and  junta,  v.  664,  and  in  '49  was  a  man  of  wealth, 
subsequently  lost.  He  died  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '52.  He  is  described  as  a  man  whose 
wit  and  generosity  went  far  to  counterbalance  some  less  desirable  qualities. 
C.  (Jackson),  1847,  atN.  Helv.;  apparently  Grove  Cook,  q.v.  C.  (James), 
1830,  at  work  on  Cooper's  rancho.  iii.  180;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at 
Mont.  '32.  iii.  221.  C.  (Jonas),  1846,  doubtful  name  of  the  Mormon  col.  v. 
547.  C.  (Manuel),  1830,  Amer.  who  got  a  carta  in  Oct.  C.  (Sam.),  1830, 
mr  of  the  Danube,  iii.  146.  C.  (Win),  1843,  disabled  seaman  of  the  John 
Jay;  aided  by  consul,  and  worked  on  ranches,  but  shipped  late  in  '44. 

Cooke  (Henry  D.),  1847,  sup.  and  part  owner  of  the  Lambayacann  from 
Valparaiso;  also  of  the  Com.  Snubrick;  lot-owner  at  S.F. ;  of  firm  Ruckle  & 
Co.;  a  prominent  business  man  of  S.F.  '49-54;  figuring  later  at  Washington 
in  the  credit  mobilier  and  other  financial  operations;  a  relation  of  Jay  Cooke. 
C.  (Philip  St  George),  1847,  capt  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  who  came  to  Cal.  as  lieut- 
col,  commanding  the  Mormon  Bat.  v.  428,  477,  483-6.  He  was  for  a  time 
commandant  of  the  southern  district,  taking  some  part  in  the  quarrel  with 
Fremont,  v.  437,  440,  445-6;  resigned  his  com.  and  went  east  with  Gen. 
Kearny,  being  a  witness  at  the  Fre'mont  court-martial,  v.  450.  452,  456,  489. 
His  Journal  of  the  march  of  the  Bat.  was  published  by  the  govt.  v.  483;  and 
was  republished  with  additions  by  the  author — then  brevet  major-general  U. 
S.A. — in  '78  as  the  Conquest  of  Cal.  and  N.  Mex.,  a  good  narrative  of  Cooke's 
experiences  and  those  of  his  men,  but  of  no  value  whatever  in  its  assumed 
character  as  a  complete  record  of  the  conquest.  He  also  wrote  Scenes  and  Ad 
ventures  in  the  Army.  It  is  noticeable  that  a  part  of  his  journal  was  lost  in 
Cal.,  and  in  Jan.  '48  was  purchased  by  Sutter  from  an  Ind.  JV.  Helv.  Diary, 
MS.,  164.  Coombs  (Chas),  1824,  cook  on  the  Rover.  C.  (Catherine),  1847, 
married  at  S.F.  to  C.P.A.Briggs.  Star. 

Coombs  (Nathan),  1843,  native  of  Mass,  who  came  to  Or.  overland  in  '42, 
and  to  Cal.  in  the  Hastings'  party  at  the  age  of  about  18.  v.  390,  400.  After 
working  a  while  for  Stephen  Smith,  iv.  396,  he  went  to  Gordon's  place  on 
Cache  Creek,  where  he  won  the  heart  of  Uncle  Billy's  daughter  Isabel,  and 
was  nearly  killed  by  a  grizzly  bear,  also  asking  for  naturalization  in  '44.  In 
'45  he  seems  to  have  served  in  Sutter's  force,  iv.  486,  501 ;  then  married  and 
settled  on  a  Napa  Valley  rancho  purchased  of  Salv.  Vallejo;  took  no  active 
part  in  the  troubles  of  '46;  and  in  '48  laid  out  the  town  of  Napa  on  his  rancho. 
v.  670.  He  became  wealthy,  was  active  in  local  politics,  served  in  the  legis 
lature  of  '55,  was  capt.  of  militia  '63,  but  was  best  known  as  a  patron  of  the 
turf  and  the  owner  of  blood-stock.  Portrait  in  Napa  Co.  Hist.,  42.  He  died  at 
his  Napa  home  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow,  4  sons— Wm,  Nathan,  Frank,  and 
Levi — and  a  daughter,  Eva,  wife  of  John  M.  Coghlan.  Coon  (Win),  1846, 
member  of  the  1st  Douiier  relief,  v.  539.  C.  (Wm),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

'Cooper,  1831,  said  to  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Wolfskill  party,  and 


COOPER.  765 

to  have  died  at  Sta  B.  iii.  387,  405.  C.  (Charles  H.),  1840,  Amer.  exile  to 
S.  B.'as,  who  returned  before  '42  to  urge  his  claim  for  damages,  iv.  18,  33,  120. 
C.  (Daniel,  or  David),  1834,  Amer.  sailor  with  but  one  arm,  possibly  a  rela 
tion  of  Capt.  J.B.R.  Cooper.  I  have  the  original  Boston  passport  to  Daniel 
and  the  Hawaiian  passp.  to  Dav.  of  '34.  He  came  on  the  Ayacucho.  iv.  412; 
his  name  appears  often  in  corresp. ;  mate  of  the  California  in  '40;  died  at  S. 
F.  May  '41  of  apoplexy — which  a  large  quantity  of  aguardiente  had  not  cured. 
C.  (Fernando  M.),  1835,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  '3G-8.  iv.  118;  in  '38  at 
Los  Ang.  signs  a  certif.  as  a  physician.  Prob.  the  same  who  in  '35  embalmed 
the  body  of  Gov.  Figueroa.  iii.  £96.  C.  (Henry),  1836,  named  in  Larkin's 
accounts  '36-43.  iv.  118;  arrested  in  '40.  iv.  17;  called  by  Morris  an  Ind.  at 
Sta  Cruz;  apparently  in  Sutter's  employ  '47.  C.  (J.W.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358);  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  in  Nov.;  perhaps  same  as  following.  C.  (James), 
1846,  kept  a  hotel  at  Sonoma  '48;  ment.  by  Hittell  as  a  rich  man  near  Bcnicia 
in  '60.  C.  (James  IV,  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (John  Burwood), 
1830,  known  as  '  sailor  Jack,'  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  come  to  S.F. 
as  early  as  '24-5,  or  by  others  on  a  whaler  in  '33,  or  in  '36.  iii.  409;  iv.  118. 
Juan  Coopet,  prob.  the  same,  was  an  artilleryman  at  S.F.  in  '30-1;  named  as 
English  at  Mont,  in  '34;  a  N.  York  sailor  and  calker,  age  43,  at  Mont,  in 
'36  in  the  artill.  barracks;  built  houses  at  S.F.  '40,  '44.  v.  683-4;  Engl.  re 
tired  artill.,  ngc  56,  in  S.F.  padron  of  '44;  at  S.F.  also  '45-6,  receiving  some 
votes  for  collector,  v.  295.  Thus  there  may  have  been  two  John  Coopers  at 
least.  John  B.  settled  on  a  S.  Mateo  rancho,  married  a  native,  and  died  in  '62, 
leaving  a  family.  His  monument  at  the  S.F.  mission  cemetery  is  inscribed 
John  Baptist  Burwood  Cooper,  nat.  of  Engl.,  age  68;  his  wife  was  Maria  Ce 
cilia  ,  d,  '53,  age  27;  children  Maria  Jesus  b.  '41,  Agapito,  Juan  B.  Ani- 

ceto,  Narciso  Nievcs,  Maria  Julia  Dolores,  and  Juan  Lorenzo  d.  '61,  age  10. 
Cooper  (John  Bautista  Roger),  1823,  nat.  of  the  Alderney  Isl.,  who  came 
to  Mass,  as  a  boy  with  his  mother,  who  by  a  2d  marriage  became  the  mother 
of  Thos  0.  Larkin.  I  have  his  'protection  paper'  of  1816,  certifying  his  U.  S. 
citizenship,  and  describing  him  as  24  years  old,  5  ft  5  in.  in  height,  with  light 
complex.,  sandy  hair,  and  blue  eyes,  with  a  scar  on  the  left  arm  and  nerves 
of  the  left  hand  contracted.  From  this  deformity  he  was  known  in  Cal.  as 
Don  Juan  el  Manco.  He  came  as  master  of  the  Rover  from  Boston,  selling  the 
vessel  to  Gov.  Argiiello,  and  continuing  to  command  her  on  voyages  to  China 
till  '26.  ii.  492-3,  495,  519-20,  614;  iii.  24,  119,  148.  From  '26  he  became  a 
resident  of  Mont. ,  and  there  is  not  a  year  from  '26  to  '48  in  which  his  name 
does  not  occur  in  many  original  records.  In  '27  he  was  baptized,  his  original 
name  of  John  Roger  being  transformed  into  Juan  Bautista  Roger,  married 
Encarnacion  Vallejo,  became  a  rival  of  Hartnell  &  Co.  in  trade,  and  signed 
bonds  for  Jed.  Smith,  ii.  616;  iii.  128,  158-60.  In  '28  began  his  legal  quarrels 
with  Luis  Argiiello.  ii.  583;  iii.  12;  in  '29  he  bought  for  $2,000  from  Joaq.  de 
la  Torre  the  rancho  of  Bolsa  del  Potrero  y  Moro  Cojo,  or  Sagrada  Familia.  ii. 
615;  and  in  '39  was  naturalized,  being  ment.  besides  in  connection  with  the 
Solis  revolt  and  the  Fitch  romance,  as  well  as  in  commercial  records,  ii.  609; 
iii.  71,  83,  142,  145.  His  business  corresp.  shows  not  only  that  he  was  always 
complaining  of  some  injustice,  but  that  he  often  gave  cause  of  complaint  to 
those  who  traded  with  him.  In  '32  on  the  roll  of  the  comp.  extranjcra.  iii. 
221;  in  '33  licensed  to  hunt  otter,  and  granted  the  Molino  rancho,  Sonoma, 
iii.  394,  712;  regidor  at  Mott.  '34-5.  iii.  673;  in  '36  living  with  wife,  2  chil 
dren,  mother-in-law,  and  her  3  daughters  at  Mont.,  having  also  cattle  and  a 
mill  on  the  Sonoma  rancho  confirmed  to  him  this  year.  iii.  429;  iv.  116;  his 
mill  visited  by  Edwards  '37.  iv.  86.  In  '39  Capt.  C.  resumed  his  seafaring 
life  as  master  of  the  gort  schooner  California,  making  many  trips  in  the  next 
5  years  to  the  Mex.  coast  and  to  the  islands,  of  which  I  have  his  original  Log 
of  the  California,  iv.  102,  282,  289,  346,  361,  563-4;  in  '40  obtained  land  at 
S.F.  and  the  Punta  de  Quintin  rancho,  iii.  706,  712,  v.  683,  but  was  in  trouble 
about  $5,250  which  the  govt  had  owed  him  since  '26;  perhaps  the  Juan  Cooper 
to  whom  the  Nicasio  rancho  was  granted  '44.  iv.  672;  sick  at  Acapulco  at  end 
of  '44;  but  was  back  again  iu  '45,  only  to  depart  for  Peru,  where,  in  '46,  he 


706  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

was  matriculated  as  2d  piloto.  He  visited  Cal.  in  '47,  and  in  '48  seems  to  have 
been  in  com.  of  the  Elizabeth,  wrecked  at  Sta  B.  In  '49  he  commanded  the 
Erdine  on  a  voy.  to  China;  but  soon  quit  the  sea;  was  harbor-master  at  Mont. 
in  '51;  and  was  claimant  for  the  Bolsas,  Molino,  and  El  Sur  ranches,  iii.  G79. 
He  continued  to  live  at  Mont.,  much  of  the  time  on  his  rancho,  till  after  I860; 
and  died  at  S.  F.  in  '72,  in  his  80th  year.  There  were  few  of  the  old  Cal.  pio 
neers  more  widely  known  or  better  liked  than  Capt.  Cooper,  though  as  a 
trader  he  had  some  peculiarities  that,  in  the  earlier  years  particularly,  kept 
him  in  hot  water  with  other  traders  much  of  the  time.  Besides  hundreds  of 
his  letters  scattered  in  dif.  archives,  his  family  papers  fill  several  volumes  of 
the  Vallejo,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal. ,  which  should  properly  bear  his  name.  In  addi 
tion  to  his  Log  of  '39-44,  I  have  also  a  book  of  Accounts  of  '27.  His  widow 
still  lives,  '85,  in  S.F.  His  children  were  Ana  Maria  Guadalupe  b.  '29  wife 
of  Herman  Wohler,  Juan  Baut.  Guillermo  b.  '31,  Henry  B.,  Francisco  G., 
Amelia  (Mrs  Molera),  George  Howard,  and  Wm  Roger  who  died  in  73.  » 

Cooper  (J.  M.),  1846,  gunner  on  the  U.S.  Savannah.  C.  (Luther),  1834, 
named  often  in  Larkin's  accounts  '34-7.  iii.  412.  C.  (Martin),  1835,  Amer. 
at  S.  Luis  Ob. ;  also  on  Larkin's  books  '35-7.  iii.  413.  C.  (Samuel  E.),  1846, 
teamster  of  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  C.  (Sarchel),  1846,  son  of 
Stephen,  miner  at  Park's  Bar  '48;  d.  at  Colusa  '74.  C.  (Sidney),  1831, 
doubtful  record  of  a  trapper  of  Young's  party,  iii.  388. 

Cooper  (Stephen),  1846,  Kentuckian  b.  1797,  moved  to  Mo.  1817,  guide 
and  scout  in  the  Sta  F6  trade  and  various  Ind.  wars,  Ind.  agent  and  member 
of  the  legislature,  who  came  overl.  to  Cal.  as  capt.  of  a  small  party,  v.  528, 
with  his  wife  Melinda  and  6  children.  From  Yount's,  in  Napa  Val.,  he  went 
to  S.F.,  where  in  Feb.  '47  he  presided  over  a  public  meeting  of  citizens  dis 
satisfied  with  the  composition  of  the  proposed  governor's  council.  Star;  y. 
433;  in  the  autumn  settled  at  Benicia.  v.  672-3;  alcalde  in '48.  v.  673;  judge 
of  1st  instance  of  the  Sonoma  district  from  Aug.  '49,  having  also  mined  at 
Park's  Bar  for  a  short  time.  In  '54  went  to  Colusa,  where  he  was  justice  of 
the  peace  for  12  years,  and  where  he  still  lived  in  '80;  went  later  to  Modoc 
Co.,  and  in  '85  lives  at  Winters,  Yolo  Co.  Portrait  in  Yolo  Co.  Hist.,  26;  biog. 
sketch  from  Cooper's  own  statement  by  'F.  S.'in  Colusa  Sun  June  17,  '71. 
Mrs.  C.  died  in  '72  at  the  age  of  71.  Of  the  two  sons,  Sarchel  died  about  '74, 
and  Thos  B.  lives  in  Modoc  Co.  '85;  the  daughters  were  Francis  wife  of  Rob 
ert  Semple  and  later  of  I.  N.  Van  Winkle,  living  in  Oakland  '85,  Susan  wife 
of  John  Wolfskill,  Elizabeth  wife  of  Waller  Calmes,  and  Martha  wife  of 
Amos  Roberts.  In  '71  Maj.  Cooper  had  6  children  and  16  grandchildren  liv 
ing.  C.  (Wm  C.),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party;  prob.  went 
to  Or.  in  '46.  iv.  526,  578. 

Cope  (Wm),  1846,  seaman  of  the  Savannah,  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel, 
Jan.  '47.  v.  395;  perhaps  'Coxe.'  Copeland  (Alex.),  1843,  Amer.  immig.  from 
Or.  in  the  Hastings  party;  got  a  carta  in  Nov.,  calling  himself  a  clerk,  and 
was  employed  by  Stephen  Smith  at  Bodega,  iv.  390,  396;  early  in  '46  at  Sut- 
ter's  Fort;  prob.  identical  with  the  following.  C.  (Andrew),  1846,  lieut  Co. 
B,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  361;  Cal.  claim  of  $82  (v.  462);  A.  M.  Copeland  voted  at  S. 
Jose"  '50.  Copenger  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  G,  N. Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Copey  (John), 
1832,  doubtful  ment.  at  S.F. 

Coppinger  (John),  1835,  prob.  deserter  from  a  British  vessel  at  S.F.  iii. 
413;  said  to  have  been  a  lieut  in  the  British  army  or  navy;  generally  called 
Engl.,  but  Amer.  ace.  to  his  naturalization  papers,  while  Quigley  makes  him 
a  nat.  of  Cork  and  near  relative  of  a  Bishop  Coppinger,  and  in  a  S.F.  padron 
he  appears  as  a  Dublin  sawyer.  On  Larkin's  books  from  '36;  in  '36-8  lieut  of 
Graham's  foreign  comp.  in  Alvarado's  service,  iii.  458-9,  491 ;  naturalized  '39 
and  juez  at  Corte  Madera.  iii.  705;  arrested  but  not  exiled  in  '40,  being  also 
the  grantee  of  Canada  de  Raimundo  in  S.  Mateo.  iii.  711;  iv.  17.  From  '41 
he  seems  to  have  lived  on  the  raucho,  being  included  in  S.F.  padrones,  one  of 
the  defensores  of  the  patria,  30  years  old  in  '42  and  35  in  '44;  aided  Michel- 
torena  in  '45.  iv.  487;  seems  to  have  taken  no  part  in  the  troubles  of  '46  ex 
cept  that  Weber  accused  him  of  giving  inform,  that  led  to  his,  W.'s,  arrest.  I 


COPPINGER— CORONA.  767 

find  no  record  of  him  later  except  an  unintelligible  one  in  S.  Mateo  Co,  Hist., 
4,  that  during  the  war  he  \vas  carried  as  a  prisoner  to  Mex.  where  he  died. 
His  widow  was  Maria  Luisa  Soto,  who  before  '52  married  a  man  named  Greer, 
and  was  a  claimant  of  the  rancho,  living  at  Mayfield  in  late  years. 

Coray  (Win),  1847,  sergt  Co.  B.  Morni.  Bat.  v.  477,  496.  Corcoran,  or 
Corgan  (Geo.  A.),  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Chicago  '82.  C.  (Martin), 
1844,  nat.  of  Nova  Scotia,  who  came  from  Honolulu  as  seaman  on  the  U.S. 
Levant,  iv.  433.  In  '46  he  came  back,  on  the  Savannah  probably,  and  was  one 
of  Bartlett's  party  captured  by  Sanchez  (v.  379),  prob.  the  only  survivor  of 
that  party;  disch.  from  the  navy  in  N.Y. ;  ret.  to  Cal.  '49  and  went  to  the 
mines.  From  '51  he  was  engaged  in  many  kinds  of  business,  chiefly  that  of 
hotel-keeper,  at  S.  F.,  Alviso,  S.  Jose",  and  Sta  Clara,  being  R.R.  agent,  tax 
collector,  and  county  treasurer.  In  '85,  at  the  age  of  61,  wharfinger  at  S.F. 

Cordero,  killed  a't  S.  Buen.  '38.  iii.  554.  C.,  a  leader  in  disturbance  at 
Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  523.  C.  (Ambrosio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  at  Sonoma  '41- 
2.  C.  (Clemente),  Sta  B.  soldier  before  '37.  C.  (Fermin),  settler  at  Brancif. 
1797;  regidor  1802.  i.  569,  639;  ii.  156.  C.  (Francisco),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife 
Petra  Pico,  1  child.  C.  (Jose"),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '34-42.  C.  (Juan),  at 
Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Autonia  Valenzuela  and  7  child.  C.  (Mariano),  1st  marriage 
S.F.,  to  Juana  Pinto  1776.  i.  296.  C.  (Miguel),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife 
Antonia  Jimeno  and  5  children;  maj.  at  Sta  Ine~s  '40-3.  iii.  646-8,  663-4;  at 
Sta  B.  '50.  C.  (Pedro),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Dolores  Quijada  and  4  child.;  juez 
de  paz  '39-40.  iii.  654-5;  grantee  of  Canada  de  Salsipuedes  '44.  iv.  642. 

Cordoba  (Alberto  de),  1796,  Span,  lieut  of  engineers  sent  to  Cal.  to  inspect 
coast  defences,  and  superintend  the  founding  of  Branciforte,  1796-8;  author 
of  an  Informe.  i.  497,  541-2,  545,  565-70,  652,  682,  700,  719.  I  have  other 
engineering  reports  by  him  before  his  visit  to  Cal. 

Cordua  (Theodore),  1842,  German  trader  and  farmer  from  Honolulu  on  the 
California,  after  corresp.  with  Sutter,  whom  he  had  known  before,  iv.  229, 
341.  In  '43  settled  on  Feather  River  near  the  site  of  the  later  Marysville, 
where  Dr  Sandels  found  him  a  fat,  jolly,  whist-loving  man,  popular  with 
everybody.  He  had  a  straw  hut  at  first,  soon  replaced  by  an  adobe  structure, 
the  place  being  named  New  Mecklenburg,  but  better  known  as  Cordua's  ran 
cho.  In  '44  he  was  naturalized  and  got  the  Honcut  rancho.  iv.  671 ;  had  a 
lighter,  the  Yuba,  running  on  the  river,  often  visiting  the  settlements,  and* 
his  name  often  appeared  in  various  commercial  and  other  records  of  the  time. 
Larkin  described  him  in  '45  as  a  man  of  52  years,  with  property,  respectability, 
and  local  influence;  enlisted  in  Sutter's  force,  but  wisely  left  it  on  the  march 
south;  often  named  in  the  JV.  Helv,  Diary  '45-8;  took  no  part  in  the  conflict 
of  '46-7.  In  '48-9  sold  his  land  and  cattle  for  $30,000  and  opened  a  store  in 
the  mines,  where  he  is  said  to  have  lost  his  wealth;  still  in  the  Sac.  Val.  '54; 
but  broken  in  health  as  well  as  property,  he  is  said  by  Gilbert  to  have  returned 
to  the  Sand.  Isl.,  where  he  died. 

Corey,  1846,  mr  of  the  Isaac  Rowland,  v.  578.  C.  (P.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Honolulu.  Corne  (L.  P.),  1840,  sailor  on  the  California.  Cornelio  (D.), 
1828,  mr  of  the  Minerva,  iii.  148.  Corning  (Otto),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499).  Cornwall  (Pierre  B.),  1848,  nat.  of  N.Y.  who  came  overland  and 
made  a  large  fortune  in  trade  at  Sacramento  '48-9  as  member  of  the  firm 
Priest,  Lee,  &  Co.;  from  '59  a  resident  and  prominent  business  man  of  S.F., 
being  at  one  time  president  of  the  Soc.  of  Cal.  Pioneers.  Still  living  in  S.F.,  I 
think,  in  '85.  Cornwell  (Geo.  N.),  Co.  H,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  nat.  of  N.Y., 
who  on  his  discharge,  after  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines,  settled  at  Napa, 
where  as  trader,  farmer,  owner  in  quicksilver  mines,  postmaster,  member  of 
the  legislature,  supervisor,  deputy  sheriff,  and  politician,  he  has  always  been 
a  prominent  man.  He  married  Anna  J.  West  of  N.H.  in  '54,  and  in  '72,  when 
he  furnished  me  a  MS.  Sketch  of  My  Life,  they  had  3  children,  Fannie  L. , 
Clara,  and  Norris,  3  having  died.  Claimant  of  rancho.  iv.  674.  Still  living  at 
Napa  in  '82,  and  I  think  in  '85.  Corona  (Jos<§),  com.  de  policia  S.  Diego  '36 
iii.  616.  C.  (Jose"  M. ),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  C  (Juan  B. ),  com.  policia  (?)  at  S. 
Diego  '36.  iii.  613. 


763  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Coronel  (Antonio  Francisco),  18,34,  son  of  Ignacio,  with  whom  he  came  to 
Cal.  at  the  age  of  17.  His  1st  public  service  seerns  to  have  been  as  sergt  of 
artill.  in  support  of  Carlos  Carrillo  in  '38;  in  '41  applicant  for  a  lot  at  S.  Juan 
Cap.  iv.  620;  in  '43  juez  de  paz  at  Los  Ang.,  and  interventor  at  the  transfer 
of  8.  Fernando,  iv.  633,  039;  in  '45  comisionado  of  the  junta  to  treat  with 
Micheltorena,  and  elector  of  Los  Ang.,  declining  the  sub-prefecture,  iv.  497, 
540,  G33;  grantee  of  Sierra  de  los  Verdugos  '46.  v.  628;  also  taking  part  as 
capt.  in  all  the  southern  military  operations  against  the  U.S.  in  '46-7,  start 
ing  at  one  time  for  Mex.  with  a  flag  taken  from  Mervine  at  S.  Pedro,  and 
narrowly  escaping  capture  by  Kearny's  men  on  the  way.  v.  331-2.  In  '48  he 
was  a  successful  miner;  and  in  later  years  held  many  local  positions,  though 
giving  chief  attention  to  his  vineyard  and  to  agricultural  interests;  county 
assessor  '50  et  seq.;  mayor  in  '53;  member  of  the  council  '54-67;  state  treas 
urer  '67-71.  A  man  of  wealth  and  influence,  still  residing  at  his  Los  Ang. 
vineyard  and  orange  orchard  in  '85.  In  '77  he  dictated  for  my  use  his  Coxas 
de  California,  or  recollections  of  early  events,  a  MS.  of  265  pp.,  and  one  of 
the  best  narratives  of  its  class  in  my  collection.  He  also  gave  me  a  valuable 
col.  of  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.  from  his  family  archives.  C.  (Guillermo),  1842-5, 
sub-lieut  in  the  batallon  fijo.  iv.  289.  C.  (Ignacio),  1834,  Mex.  teacher  who 
with  his  family  came  in  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii.  263.  In  Mex.  Don  Ignacio 
had  been  a  soldier  from  1810  in  the  Span,  army,  being  made  corporal  of  cav 
alry  in  '14,  a  sergt  of  the  Cliolnl&realistas  urbanas  in  '18,  and  prob.  in  '22  was 
retired  with  the  rank  of  alftfrez;  at  least,  he  got  all  the  necessary  certificates, 
including  one  that  he  had  served  the  cause  of  independence  and  had  ceded  all 
his  back  pay  to  the  national  treasury.  Coronel.  Doc.,  MS.  The  failure  of  the 
colony  was  a  bitter  disappointment,  as  his  appointment  of  teacher  at  Solan o 
at  $1,000  per  year  brought  in  no  funds,  and  he  was  even  ordered  to  be  sent 
to  Mex.  for  complicity  in  the  supposed  revolt  of  '35,  but  did  not  go.  iii.  287, 
291.  In  '36  he  was  living  at  Corralitos  rancho,  Mont,  dist.,  age  41,  wife 
Francisca  Romero,  child.  Josefa  b.  '16,  Antonio  '18,  Micaela  '21,  Soledad  '26, 
and  Manuel  '32.  iii.  677.  The  same  year  he  was  named  as  comisionado  to 
secularize  S.  Miguel,  iii.  685;  iv.  46;  and  in  '37  he  went  to  Los  Ang.,  taking 
com.  at  S.  Gabriel,  and  aiding  Carrillo  in  the  campaign  of  Las  Flores.  iii. 
520,  522,  558.  In  '38-9  he  taught  a  school  at  Los  Ang.,  having  also  a  little 
store,  and  serving  as  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  iii.  631,  635-6;  also  sec.  in  '44-7.  iv. 
633-4;  v.  625-6;  grantee  of  La  Canada  '43  and  of  Cajon  de  los  Negros  '46.  iv. 
635;  v.  627,  ministro  suplente  of  the  tribunal  sup.  '45.  iv.  532;  receptor  atS. 
Pedro  '46.  v.  264,  625.  He  died  at  Los  Ang.  in  '62.  C.  (Juan  Ant.),  1769, 
arriero  in  the  1st  exped.  i.  135. 

Correa  (Jose"  M.),  1842,  sub-lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289,  407. 
Cortds  (Anastasio),  com.  dcpoliclaat  S.  Jose";  killed  by  Jose  J.  Castro  '39;  but 
named  as  sub-lieut  of  artill.  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  731,  652.  C.  (Felipe),  invalido 
at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Maria  de  Jesus  Lara.  C.  (Fernando),  Mex.  convict  of  '25. 
iii.  16.  C.  (Juan  Lope),  1796,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Gabriel  and  Sta 
B.,  retiring  in  1805.  Biog.  ii.  120-1;  ment.  i.  577,  588-90,  594,  664,  672;  ii. 
159-60.  Cortis  (Henry),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Corville,  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort  and  New  Mecklenburg,  Corvan  (Toribio 
Gomez  de),  .1602,  com.  of  one  of  Vizcaino's  vessels,  i.  98,  102.  Corwin  (Mrs 
Fanny  M.),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  remained  in  Cal.;  prob.  at 
S.F.  '85.  Cory  (Benj.),  1847,  nat  of  Ohio,  b.  in  '22,  a  physician  who  went 
to  Or.  '47  and  came  to  Cal.  on  the  Henry  in  Nov.;  settled  at  S.  Jose",  but 
went  to  the  mines  in  '48.  A  rumor  that  he  had  found  new  placers  on  the  Mo- 
quelumne  induced  500  men  to  quit  the  old  diggings  and  follow  his  trail,  so 
wrote  Schallenberger  in  Aug.  Member  of  1st  legislature  '49-50;  memb.  of  S. 
Jos6  council  '50-4;  married  Sarah  Ann  Braly  '53;  trustee  of  normal  school 
from  '72;  county  physician  '81.  Still  living  at  S.  Jose"  in  '82  with  8  children. 

Cosio  (Bias),  1820,  mr  of  the  8.  F.  de  Paula,  ii.  293.  C.  (Jose"  Maria), 
sec.  of  the  gov.  '34;  ayud.  de  plaza  at  Mont,  and  fiscal  '36.  iii.  672,  687. 
Costa  (Beruabal),  1836,  Ital.  sailor  at  Los  Ang.  from  Lima,  age  36.  Costan, 
1774,  surg.  on  the  Santiago,  i.  228,  Costans6  (Miguel),  1769,  Span.  alfe"rez 


COSTANSO-COULTER.  709 

and  engineer  who  accomp.  the  1st  exped.  to  Cal.  as  cosmographer,  and  whose 
Ltiario  Jl-iitorico  was  pub.  in  Mex.  1776.  He  was  later  very  prominent  in  his 
profession,  and  I  have  some  of  his  original  reports  relating  to  proposed  de 
fences  in  Cal.  1794-5,  as  well  as  to  the  fortifications  of  V.  Cruz  and  drainage 
of  Mcx. ;  still  living  in  1811,  being  then  a  mariscal  decampo.  i.  128,  131,  130, 
140-1,  147-51,154-5,  168,  171-2,  534-5,  GC2,  G15,  624,  and  list  of  auth.;  Hist. 
Alex.  iv.  134.  Coster  (Antonio),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  16. 

Cot  (Antonio  Jos6),  1820,  Span,  trader  from  Lima,  partner  of  Juan  Ign. 
Mancisidor,  visiting  the  coast  apparently  in  '20;  in  '22  brought  his  family 
from  Lima;  named  in  various  commercial  records  from  '23.  ii.  493.  In  '28  he 
was  required  to  quit  Cal.  as  a  Span,  supposed  to  be  unfriendly  to  Mex.,  and 
after  some  delays  to  arrange  his  business  affairs — perhaps  departing  and  re 
turning  meanwhile — he  sailed  with  wife  and  3  child,  in  '30.  iii.  51.  99.  He 
came  back,  however,  in  '35-6;  is  ment.  in  mission  accounts  of  '40.  iii.  620, 
657;  and  became  a  permanent  resident  at  Los  Ang.,  prominent  in  commercial 
affairs  in  '46-7,  being  the  purchaser  of  S.  Luis  Rey,  and  having  a  claim  for 
supplies  furnished  the  U.S.  v.  435,  464,  467,  561,  620-1.  He  died  at  Sta  B. 
about  '60.  His  wife  was  Mariana  Estevanez  of  Lima.  C.  (Daniel),  at  StaB. 
before  '37,  wife  Bruna  Garcia,  2  child. 

Cota,  see  list,  in  vol.  i.  p.  735,  of  those  of  this  name  before  1800;  infor 
mation  about  this  family  is  very  fragmentary.  C.,  corporal  at  Sta  Lie's  '24. 
ii.  528.  C.  (Antonia  Maria),  cl.  of  Tepusquet,  widow  of  Tomas  Olivera.  iii. 
656.  C.  (Benito),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  C.  (Francisco),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before 
'37;  com.  and  admin,  at  Sta  Lie's  '37-41.  iii.  663-4;  grantee  of  Sta  Rosa  ran- 
cho  '39.  iii.  656;  juez  at  Sta  In6s  '41,  '48.  iv.  646-8;  v.  635;  still  at  Sta  B. 
'50.  His  widow  and  cl.  for  the  rancho  '52  was  Marfa  Jesus  Olivera.  C. 
(Francisco  Atanasio),  elector  at  Sta  B.  '28.  ii.  572;  iii.  44.  C.  (Guillermo), 
corp.  of  the  escoltaat  S.  Fern.  1806-10.  ii.  92,  115,  192;  comisionado  of  Los 
Ang.  '10-17.  ii.  110,  208,  349-50;  sergt  of  Sta  B.  comp.  from  '11.  ii.  361, 
572;  at  S.  Fern.  '32.  ii.  570;  comis.  at  Los  Ang.  '23-5.  ii.  559-61;  alcalde 
'27-9.  ii.  5GO-1;  age  70  in  '39,  still  at  Los  Ang.  C.  (Joaquin),  engaged  in 
revolt  at  Sta  B.  '29.  iii.  78;  wife  Ventura  Ortega.  C.  (Jos6  Manuel),  settler 
at  Los  Ang.  '15;  rcgidor  '32.  ii.  349,  635;  iii.  638;  at  La  Ballona  '39,  age  37. 
C.  (Jose  Maria),  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Antonia  Dominguez,  2  child.  C.  (Josef a), 
widow  of  A.  M.  Nieto,  grantee  of  Sta  Gertrudis  rancho  '34;  at  Los  Ang.  *48. 
C.  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  C.  (Leonardo),  alfe"rez  of  defensores  '45.  iv.  539; 
regidor  of  Los  Ang.  '45-6.  iv.  633;  v.  625;  grantee  of  Rio  de  las  Animas  '46. 
v.  627;  and  operating  against  the  U.  S.  in  S.  Diego  region  as  capt.  v.  325, 
342,  351-2.  C.  (Manuel),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  1800,  and  corp.  of 
the  Sta  Lie's  escolta  '28.  ii.  459,  582;  in  '32  at  Sta  B.,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Valen- 
zuela,  4  child.;  admin.  StaB.  mission  '38-9.  iii.  656-8.  In'39alieut.  iii.  583; 
ment.  in  '47.  v.  617;  father  and  son  of  the  same  name;  see  also  Jose"  Manuel. 
C.  (Marcos),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  C.  (Maria  Isabel),  wife  of  Dolores  Pico;  d. 
'69.  C.  (Mariano),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  1790;  inval.  1819,  when 
he  was  killed  by  Ind.  at  S.  Buen.  ii.  333.  C.  (Martin),  named  in  '36.  iii. 
401.  C.  (Miguel),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Manuela  Ortega,  2  children; 
arrested  in  '41.  iv.  642.  C.  (Pablo  Antonio),  soldier  of  1769-74;  corp.  atS. 
Antonio  '78-9;  sergt  in  com.  at  S.  Buen.  '82-7;  alfe>ez  from  '88;. died  at  Sta 

B.  1800,  age  56.  Biog.  i.  665;  ment.  i.  425,  463,  466,477,  553,  639,  list  auth.; 
ii.  28.   His  wife  was  Rosa  Maria  Lugo;  a  son  Manuel  Ant.  was  b.  1779;  a 
daughter  Maria  do  los  Angeles  was  the  wife  of  Joaq.  de  la  Torre.       C.  (Pa- 
cfilco),  son  of  Valentin,  at  Sta  B.  '48  in  con.  with  the  'canon  perdido.'  v.  588.. 

C.  (Raimundoand  Ramon),  nt  Los  Ang.  T46.       C.  \Roque),  soldier  before  1780;. 
settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  347,  461.       C.  (Simon),  sec.  of  alcalde  at  Soledad 
'26.  ii.  623.       C.  (Valentin),  son  of  Manuel,  juez  aux.  Sta  B.   '33.  iii.  654; 
capt.  of  militia  and  later  of  StaB.  comp.  '36-9,  supporting  Alvarado.  iii_47.4, 
553,  583,  651;  grantee  of  Rio  Sta  Clai*a  rancho  '37.  iii.  655;  in  charge  of.  Sta 
Ines  '42.  iv.  646;  in  '46  resigns  mil.  rank;  sub-prefect  of  Sta  B.  iv.  538;.  v. 
35,  49.   His  wife  was  Luz  Gonzalez. 

Coulter  (John),  1834,  visitor,  perhaps;  at  any  rate,  author  of  a  trashy  book. 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  II.    49 


770  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

of  Adventures  describing  a  visit,  iii.  411.  C.  (Thomas).  1831,  Engl.  visitor 
and  scientist,  who  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  in  ',32,  and  published  valuable 
Notes  on  Upper  Cal.  1  have  his  letter  of  'SJfrom  Guanajuato;  also  a  note  due 
him  sent  for  collection  in  '38.  iii.  221.  406-8.  Coupe  (Geo.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Honolulu.  Courteau  (Philibert),  1844,  perhaps  \v.ith  Fremont  in  1st 
and  2d  exped.  '44,  '45-7;  at  N.  Helv.  '48.  iv.  437,  583.  Named  as  '  Philibert' 
in  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7.  (v.  358).  Coustner  (And.  J.),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  dragoons 
(v.  33G).  Coutan  (Gustavus  J.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Coutts  (Cave  Johnson),  1848,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and  graduate  of  West  Point 
in  '43.  After  serving  in  the  Mex.  war  he  came  to  Cal.  from  Coahuila  with 
Graham's  battalion  as  lieutof  the  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  v.  522.  He  subsequently 
went  with  his  comp.  to  the  frontier  on  boundary-survey  service;  but  in  '51 
resigned  his  commission,  married. Isidora  Bandiiii,  and  settled  at  S.  Diego, 
where  he  served  as  county  judge.  In  '54  he  moved  to  the  Guajome  rancho,  a 
wedding  gift  of  Abel  Stearns  to  Dona  Isidora;  and  there  he  spent  the  rest  of 
his  life,  becoming  rich  in  lands  and  live-stock,  always  popular  and  respected, 
though  as  bitter  in  his  enmities  as  warm  in  his  friendships,  making  Guajonu 
a  centre  of  the  famed  hospitality  of  southern  Cal.  Claimant  also  for  Soledad 
rancho.  iii.  612.  He  gave  me  in  '74  a  copy  of  Ins  Diary  of  the  overland  march 
and  early  experience  in  Cal.,  besides  rendering  other  valuable  aid.  Col  Coutts 
died  in  '74  or  '75,  when  he  was  54 -years  of  age.  His  widow  still  lived  on  the 
rancho  in  '82,  having  8  surviving  children.  Perhaps  the  name  should  be  writ 
ten  'Couts.'  A  good  biog.  sketch  in  S.  Bern.  Co.  Hist.,  196-7.  Couzens 
(John  H.),  1847,  had  a  lot  and  slaughter-house  at  S.F. ;  kept  sheep  on  Yerba 
Buena  Isl.;  owned  a  lot  at  Benicia.  v.  672,  685;  he  went  to  Honolulu  and  re 
turned  in  '48. 

Covarrubias  (Jose"  Maria),  1834,  nat.  of  France,  naturalized  citizen  of  Mex., 
who  came  in  the  H.  &  P.  col.,  intending  to  be  a  teacher,  iii.  263,  412.  In  '3G-7 
com.  for  secularization  of  Sta  In6s.  iii.  663-4;  sec.  of  the  dip.  '37  and  in  '39; 
a  partizan  of  Carrillo  in  the  contest  of  '38.  iii.  549,  556,  569,  580;  in  '39  par- 
tido  elector  at  Sta  B.,  and  sec.  of  the  prefecture  at  Mont.  iii.  590,  675;  took 
part  in  arrest  of  foreigners  '40,  and  accomp.  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias,  going  to 
Mex.,  where  he  rec'tl  a  cross  of  honor  for  services  in  that  city  during  the  dis 
turbances  of  J^uly;  returned  in  '40.  iv.  11,  13,  15,  23,  30,  102.  He  was  grantee 
of  Castac  rancho  in  '43.  iv.  634;  in  '44  sec.  of  the  assembly  and  alcalde  of 
Sta  B.  iv.  410,  642;  in  '45  succeeded  Bandini  as  sec.  of  Gov.  Pico,  and  was 
lessee  of  Sta  Ines.  iv.  490,  519,  523,  531,  553,  558,  647;  sent  as  comisionado 
to  Mex.  in  '46,  also  grantee  of  Sta  Lie's,  v.  32,  210,  561,  632;  at  Sta  Ines  '48. 
v.  589,  635;  being  a  justice  of  the  sup.  court.  In  '49  he  was  a  member  of  the 
constit.  convention,  and  of  the  1st  legislature,  being  4  times  reflected,  and 
county  judge  of  Sta  B.  in  '61.  Covarrubias  died  in  '70  at  the  age  of  69,  leav 
ing  a  family.  His  wife  was  Maria,  daughter  of  Domingo  Carrillo;  his  eldest 
son,  Nicolas,  was  for  a  long  time  sheriff  of  Sta  B.  County. 

Covell  (Hiram),  1834,  mr  of  the  By  Chance,  iii.  381.  Covil  (John  Q.  A. ), 
1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  at  Los  Aug.  Covillaud  (Charles), 
1846,  nat.  of  France,  who  had  lived  in  La  and  Mo.  for  some  years;  oveyl.  im- 
mig.  to  Cal.  (v.  526).  He  is  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary,  '47-8,  being  an 
overseer  at  Cordua's  rancho,  and  later  prospector  on  the  Yuba;  had  a  trading- 
post  at  Cordua's  '48-9  in  partnership  with  his  brothers-in-law,  and  in  '49-57 
the  post  was  at  Sacramento.  Meanwhile,  in  '48,  C.,  with  others,  had  bought 
Cordua's  rancho  at  New  Mecklenburg,  and  here  in  '50  they  laid  out  a  new 
town,  named  Marysville  in  honor  of  C.'s  wife,  Mary  Murphy,  a  survivor  of 
the  Donner  party.  Judge  Stephen  J.  Field,  the  1st  alcalde  of  Marysville, 
gives  an  interesting  account  of  the  founding.  R>>min.,  20  et  seq.  Here  C.  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life,  gaining  an  enviable  reputation  for  his  open-handed  liber 
ality,  and  filling  some  local  offices.  He  died  in  '87  at  the  age  of  51 ;  his  widow 
died  later  in  the  same  year. 

Cowie  (Thomas),  1843,  Amer.  immig.  of  the  Chiles-Walker  party.  From 
Feb.  '44,  when  Walker  applied  for  a  pass  in  his  behalf,  nothing  appears  about 
.him  till  June  '46,  when  he  joined  the  Bears  and  was  killed  by  the  Califoruians 


COWIE— CRISTOBAL.  771 

near  Sta  Rosa.  iv.  392-3;  v.  110,  148,  100-4.  C.  (R.),  1837,  came  from 
Honolulu,  iv.  104.  Cox  (Alex.  J.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  news 
paper  man,  founder  of  the  Sonoma  Bulletin  and  Napa  Importer;  at  Napa  '71- 
80;  in  Meudocino  Co.  '82.  C.  (Amos),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409);  in 
Iowa  '82.  C.  (Henderson),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.;  at  N.  Helv.  '47-8  in 
Slitter's  employ;  killed  by  Ind.  on" the  return  to  Salt  Lake  '48.  v.  496;  prob. 
the  man  called  Henry  W.  by  Bigler.  C.  (Henry),  1846,  mariner  on  the  U.S. 
Dale;  one  of  Marston's  men  (v.  379);  disch.  in  Cal.;  at  Colton,  S.  Bern.  Co., 
'85.  C.  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Slitter's  employ  '47-8. 
C.  (John),  1846.  sergt  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons;  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  340. 
C.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Coxe(Wm),  1847,  wounded 
at  the  S.  Gabriel,  v.  395;  perhaps  'Cope.'  Coyan  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  a  laborer  at  Mont.  '48.  C.  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo  '41-4;  prob.  some  error. 

Crabb  (H.  G.  and  H.  N.),  1848,  at  Honolulu  from  Mont.  Crabb  (Jere 
miah),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  33G).  Crafts  (Albert  B.),  1847, 
Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.F.  '49.  Crafton  (T.),  1845,  boy  in  the  Grigs- 
by-Ide  immig  party,  iv.  578-9,  587.  Craig  (James),  1832,  said  by  Dye  to 
have  crossed  the  mts  with  him  and  to  be  in  S.F.  '69;  doubtful,  iii.  388,  408. 
C.  (John),  1846,  leader  of  an  immig.  party,  who  in  Apr. -May  '47  was  at  N. 
Helv.  preparing  to  return  east  with  a  party,  v.  528.  Star.  C.  (Otto),  1847, 
Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  v.  518.  Crain  (Walter  C.),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U.  S. 
Warren.  Crane,  or  Ne-ta-me-commin,  1845,  Del.  Ind.  in  Fremont's  party; 
killed  on  the  Or.  frontier  '46.  iv.  583;  v.  25.  C.,  1847,  had  a  restaurant  at 
Mont.  C.  (Geo.  W.),  1846,  Virginian  said  to  have  arr.  in  May;  served  in 
the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  miner  in  '48;  became  a  lawyer;  memb.  of  legisl.  from 
Yolo  '50.  and  from  Mont.  '57;  d.  at  S.  Juan  B.  '68,  age  41,  leaving  a  widow 
and  several  children.  All  this  comes  from  his  obituary  as  memb.  of  Soc.  Cal. 
Pion.  C.  (J.  C.),  1848,  on  the  Charles  at  Honolulu  from  Mont.;  in  Cal.  '55. 
C.  (W.  0.),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Warren.  Craven  (James  A.  M.),  1846, 
Kent  on  the  U.S.  Dale;  nat.  of  N.  H.,  and  brother  of  Rear-adm.  C.;  killed  at 
Mobile  '64  in  com.  of  the  monitor  Tecumseh.  Lancty.  Crawford  (Geo.), 
1846,  boatswain's  mate  on  the  U.S.  Cyane:  wounded  at  the  Mesa  Jan.  '47.  v. 
395.  Crawley  (Philip),  1843,  worked  for  Steph.  Smith  at  Bodega  ace.  to  the 
county  histories,  iv.  396. 

Crebbe,  1847,  doubtful  name,  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8.  Creen  (Hugh 
W.),  1847,  purser  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  Creighton  (James),  1848.  at 
Benicia,  prospective  partner  of  Pfister;  vice-pres.  of  S.F.  guards  '48-9;  elected 
to  legisl.  from  S.  F.  '49.  C.  (Johnston  Blakely),  1846,  passed  mid.  on  the 
Dale  and  Lexington  '47;  in  '77-8  com.  of  Norfolk  navy-yard.  Crelis  (Michel), 
1844,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  437. 

Crespi  (Juan),  1769,  Span,  friar  who  came  with  the  1st  exped.  by  land  to 
Cal.  after  17  years  of  missionary  service  in  New  Spain;  wrote  a  diary  of  the 
1st  Vittja  by  land  from  S.  Diego  to  Mont.,  and  several  other  important  diaries 
of  early  years,  i.  list  of  auth.,  also  i.  141,  151,  224,  284,  386;  and  served  13 
years  in  Cal.,  chiefly  at  S.  Carlos,  till  his  death  in  1782.  Biog.  i.  386;  ment. 
i.  121-2,  132-6,  140-4,  148-52,  158,  165,  167-9,  171,  175-6,  183-9,  196,  227, 
231,  284-5,  351,  388.  410,  473-6;  ii.  44.  Crespo  (Manuel),  Mex.  phleboto- 
mist  and  teacher  at  Mont,  from  '29  or  earlier,  ii.  613;  comisionado  of  S.  Car 
los  '31.  iii.  307,  679;  vocal  of  the  dip.  '33.  iii.  246;  in  '35  comisionado  to 
secularize  S.  Antonio,  iii.  354,  687-8.  In  '36  C.  was  living  at  Mont.,  age  28, 
wife  Nicolasa  Velarde,  child.  Tomasa  A.  b.  '19  at  Tepic,  Adelaida  '32,  Man 
uel  '33,  Carolina  '36;  also  vocal  of  the  dip.,  taking  part  in  a  small  way  in  the 
stirring  political  events,  iii.  426,  454-5,  460,  463,  469.  I  have  no  record  of 
him  after  his  arrest  in  !37  for  plotting  against  Alvarado.  iii.  525.  Cretaine 
(Julio),  1846,  at  Los  Ang.;  had  a  claim  for  supplies  of  stationery  and  clothing 
(v.  462).  Creutzfeldt  (F.),  1845,  probably  one  of  Fremont's  men  '45-7, , as 
he  was  in  '48.  iv.  583;  v.  453.  Cristan  (Joseph),  1840,  permitted  to  settle 
at  S.  Juan  Cap.  iv.  626.  Cristen  (C.),  1830,  mr  of  the  Catalina;  doubtful, 
iii.  146.  Cristobal,  neoph.  grantee  of  Ulistac  '45.  C.  (Juan),  or  '  Bob,* 
1816,  negro  settler,  ii.  393. 


772  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Crocker  (David),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Crockett,  184S, 
at  S.F.  from  Hon.  on  the  Racjadahoc.  Cromwell,  1848  (?),  Winters  &  C.,  hotel 
at  Coloma.  Croustead  ( Philip).  1845,  deserter  from  the  JJopewell&t  S.  Diego; 
prob.  '  Crossthwaite,'  q.v.  Crooks  (Stephen),  1847,  apparently  an  overl. 
immig. ;  in  Sutter's  employ  '48.  Crosby,  1847,  mr  of  the  Toulon,  v.  5SO. 
C.  (A.  H.),  1845,  Amer.  carpenter  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Hastings-Semple 
party;  employed  by  Sutter;  prob.  went  back  in  '46.  iv.  686;  v.  526.  C. 
(Edmund  P.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504.  C.  (Thos),  1846,  Co.  C, 
1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Cross  (Alex.),  1848,  S.F.  merchant,  of  C.,  Hob- 
son,  &  Co.  v.  681.  C.  (Geo.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  served  in  theCal.  Bat. 
(v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  in  Oct.;  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '76.  C.  (John),  1846, 
prob.  a  brother  of  Geo.;  in  Cal.  Bat.;  on  1st  jury  at  S.  Jose"  '48.  C.  (John), 
1838,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts.  Grossman  (Gideon),  1847,  Amer.  at  N. 
Helv.  Crossthwaite  (Philip),  1845,  landed  from  a  vessel  at  S.  Diego,  iv.  587; 
ment.  in  '46.  v.  352;  2d  juez  at  S.  D.  '47.  v.  618;  married  Josefa  Lopez  '48, 
also  lessee  of  S.  .Diego  mission,  v.  620;  went  to  the  mines;  memb.  of  ayunt. 
'49-50;  county  clerk  '52;  later  deputy  sheriff;  still  at  S.  D.  '72. 

Crouch  (Henry),  1847,  builder  of  a  house  at  Benicia.  v.  672;  a  Baltimore 
carpenter  who  went  to  the  mines  in  '48.  W.  A.  Crouch  is  also  named  as 
having  settled  at  Benicia '47,  perhaps  another  man.  C.  (Henry  J.),  1841, 
mr  of  the  Rosalind  '41-2.  iv.  196,  568.  Crowell  (Joseph),  1836,  Engl.  sailor 
from  a  whaler  at  Sta  B.  C.  (Wai  H. ),  1835  (?),  nat.  of  Conn.,  somewhat  prom 
inent  from  '49  as  trader  and  local  official  in  Sac.,  S.F.,  Sonoma,  and  Mendo- 
cino;  said  as  a  ship's  boy  to  have  touched  at  S.F.  and  other  points  as  early  as 
'35;  died  at  Ukiah  '69.  Mendoc.  Dem.,  Aug.  6,  '69;  iii.  413.  Crowley,  1846, 
overl.  immig.  with  Boggs.  v.  528.  C.  (Michael),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499).  C.  (Philip),  1846,  Cal.  claim  $50.  (v.  462);  perhaps  'Crawley,'  q.v. 
Crowninshields  (Jacob),  1848,  lot-owner  at  S.F.  Cruceno  (Antonio),  at  Sta 

B.  '32,  wife  Teresa  Verdugo,  5  child.       Cruell  (Robert),  1846,  doubtful  name 
in  Sta  B.  region,  v.  330.       Cruz  (Faustino  Jose"),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i. 
461.       C.  (Jose),  killed  by  Ind.  atPauma  '46.  v.  617.       C.  (Jose"  M.),  grantee 
of  Canada  de   Pinacates  in  '35.  iii.  633.       C.  (Santiago),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

C.  (Tomas),  sirv.  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.       C.  (Trinidad),  convictfromMex.  '29- 
33.       Cruzado  (Antonio),  1771,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Gabriel  for  33 
years  and  died  in  1804.  Biog.  ii.  113;  ment.  i.  173,  176,  181,  196,  223,  299, 
388,  459,  575,  664;  ii.  159-60. 

Cuani  (Keaniu),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.  F.  v.  679.  Cucar  (Thos),  1819, 
Engl.  ii.  293.  Cuculla  (Fran.),  Dom.  friar  of  L.  Cal.,  at  S.  Gabriel  '31-2. 
iii.  311,  641.  "  Cue  (James),  1828,  Engl.  sailor,  age  26,  at  Mont.  '28-9. 
Cuesta,  additional  mention  omitted  by  error  on  p.  704  for  'Arroyo  de  la  Cu- 
esta,'  q.v.  ii.  166,  386,  398,  496,  623;  iii.  92,  96,  664,  681,  683,  691.  Cueva 
(Pedro),  1804,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Jose"  mission  two  years,  being 
wounded  by  the  Ind.  in  1805,  and  retiring  1806.  Biog.  ii  137-8;  ment.  ii.  34, 
107,  109-10,  159-60.  Cuevas,  1834,  mate  of  the  Natalia,  iii.  268.  Cule- 
bras  (Miguel),  1828,  Span,  trader,  who  had  been  a  lieut  in  the  war  of  Indep., 
apparently  not  allowed  to  remain  after  '30.  iii.  51-2.  Cullingham  (James), 
1847,  locksmith  at  Mont.;  name  variously  written.  Culverwell  (Stephen 
S.),  1842,  boy  on  the  United  States  in  Jones'  fleet  at  the  taking  of  Mont.;  liv 
ing  in  S.F.  '85.  iv.  304,  341. 

Cummings  (James),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  C.  (Joseph  W.), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  v.  518.  Cummins  (Thos),  1842,  Amer.  trader 
who  carne  from  Hon.  on  the  Fama  for  his  health,  age  38.  iv.  141,  341;  again 
at  S.  F.  '48.  Cumuchi,  chief  of  horse-thieves  shot  at  Sonoma,  iv.  73. 
Cunningham  (Alex.  S.),  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Fresno  Co.  '82.  C. 
(Stephen),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.  Y.  Vol.  under  another  name.  C.  (Wm  H.), 
1826,  Mass,  man,  mr  of  the  Courier  '26-8,  spending  much  of  his  time  on  shore, 
befriending  Jed.  Smith  and  Pattie,  taking  an  active  part  in  trade  at  all  the 
ports,  and  vainly  attempting  to  establish  himself  on  StaCatalinalsl.  iii.  128, 
146,  154,  165,  176.  In  '31  at  Boston,  but  thinking  of  another  trip  to  Cal. ;  said 
by  Peirce  to  have  been  still  living  in  Mass,  after  '80.  Cupper  (Geo.),  1847, 
at  Hon.  from  Mont,  on  the  Xylon. 


CURIEL— DALTON.  773 

Curiel  (Bernardo),  Mex.  soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  32,  single.  C.  (Fer 
nando),  arrested  '29.  iii.  GO.  Curler  (Anastase),  1830,  French  trapper  of 
Young's  party,  iii.  174.  Curl  (James  D.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
lot  at  S.F.  '47;  at  S.  Jose"  '50,  as  was  Robert  C.  Curman  (Lewis),  1847, 
sergt  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  v.  519.  Curphey,  1847,  mr  of  the  Maria  Helena. 
v.  579.  Currau  (Edward),  1846.  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  C. 
(Michael),  1846,  ditto.  Curren  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
died  in  Cal.  '60. 

Curtis  (Dabney),  1846,  asst  draughtsman  with  Kearny.  Lancey.  C. 
(Dorr  P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  C.  (Foster),  1847,  Co.  D, 
Morm.  Bat.  C.  (Josiah),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  C.  (Jotham),  1846, 
overl.  immig.  with  his  wife;  connected  with  the  1st  Donner  relief,  and 
roundly  abused — with  how  much  of  reason  I  know  not — by  McCutchen  and 
Thornton;  owner  of  a  lot  at  S.F.  '47.  v.  538-9,  678.  C.  (VVm),  1846,  Ken- 
tuckian  in  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Gurus,  1847,  mr  of  the  Europa.  v.  578. 

Gushing,  1843,  sup.  of  the  Admittance,  who  had  much  trouble  with  the 
capt.  and  consignee,  and  was  sent  home.  Thames.  Gushing  (Bela),  1847, 
Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  a  printer  of  Boston;  d.  Sonoma  '48.  Cushman 
(Benj.),  1845,  mr  of  the  Morea.  iv.  567.  C.  (James  and  Stephen),  1837, 
named  in  Larkin's  accounts.  Custer  (John),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons 
(v.  232);  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  settled  near  Napa'48.  Custot  (Octave), 
1837,  Frenchman  who  signed  a  contract  to  take  charge  of  Rafael  Gomez' 
rancho  in  May.  iv.  118;  at  S.  Pablo  '38  trying  to  make  beet  sugar;  later  in 
duced  Vallejo  to  employ  him  to  superintend  this  industry  at  Petaluma  on  a 
larger  scale,  but  failed  to  produce  any  sugar  except  some  cakes  of  an  imported 
article  remelted  to  keep  the  general  in  good  courage.  In  '39  he  joined  Sutter, 
and  for  several  years  was  a  kind  of  superintendent  at  N.  Helv.  iv.  219.  He 
seems  to  have  disappeared  before  '45,  as  his  name  does  not  occur  in  the  N. 
Helv.  Diary. 

Cutler  (John),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).       Cutrell  (Wm  E.), 

1847,  lieut  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  went  to  Sandw.  Isl.,  where  he  married 
and  had  several  children;   returned  to  S.  F.,  where  he  died '68.       Cutting,. 

1848,  doubtful  record  of  a  man  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  from  Ind.  in  '47,  and 
ret.  from  Cal.  in  '48  with  large  quantities  of  gold-dust.  Solano  Co.  Hint. ,  380. 
Cuvellier  (Emil),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Cyrus  (Enoch),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  wife  and  3  sons,  who  settled  in 
Xapa  Valley,  v.  529.  C.  and  two  of  the  sons  died  of  small-pox  in  '53,  and 
the  widow,  Rebecca  Cook,  died  in  73,  age  77,  at  the  farm  near  Calistoga, 
where  the  family  had  lived  since  '50.  C.  (John),  1846,  son  of  Enoch,  b.  in 
111.  '31;  married  Lovina  Graves  of  the  Donner  party  in  '50;» still  living  with 
5  children  near  Galistoga  in  '81. 

Daggett(Ed),  1832,  mr  of  the  Balance,  iii.  381,  D.  (Timothy),  1822-3, 
mr  of  the  Almira.  ii.  474,  492.  Dailey  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
(v.  518).  Daily,  1833,  possibly  in  Walker's  comp.  iii.  391.  Dailey  ami 
Daily,  see  'Daly.'  Dake  (Morris  B.),  1842,  asst  surg.  on  the  United  State*. 
Daleman  (John),  1846,  marine  on  the  Dale;  in  Phil.  '84.  Dall  (John),  1847 
Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  Lancey.  Dally,  1846,  mr  of  the  Golden  Gate. 

Dally  (Henry  J.),  1843,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  who  after  an  adventurous  career  as 
sailor  in  many  parts  of  the  world  landed  at  Mont,  from  the  whaler  Chas  W. 
Morgan,  iv.  400.  He  worked  at  Mont,  for  Kinlock,  Larkin,  and  others;  made 
an  otter-hunting  trip  in  '45;  soon  went  to  S.  Luis  Ob.,  where  he  married  a 
Rodriguez  and  lived— but  for  a  brief  tour  in  the  mines  '48— till  '52,  serving  as 
sheriff  in  '49-51 ;  then  settled  at  Sta  B. ,  where  he  still  lived  in  '78,  age  63.  His 
MS.  Narrative,  besides  an  account  of  his  early  wanderings,  contains  testimony 
on  early  affairs  at  S.  Luis,  especially  in  '46,  v.  375,  and  on  the  acts  of  outlaws 
in  the  south  after  '49. 

Dalton  (Henry),  1843,  Engl.  trader  from  Lima;  sup.  of  the  Soledad.  iv. 
400,  56S.  In  his  Notes  of  '45  Larkin  describes  D.  as  40  years  old,  a  man  of 
property,  intelligence,  and  local  influence;  and  from  that  time  his  name  often 


774  PIONEER  EEGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

appears  in  commercial  records,  his  home  being  at  Los  Ang.  In  '45  he  served 
against  Micheltorena,  bought  land  at  S.  Gabriel,  was  sup.  of  the  Star  of  the 
West,  and  grantee  of  S.  Francisquito.  iv.  495,  548,  568,  035;  in  '46  encargado 
at  S.  Gabriel,  affording  important  financial  aid  to  his  brother-in-law  Gen. 
Flores.  v.  332,  628;  in  '47  purchaser  of  Sta  Anita,  for  which  and  for  Azuza, 
his  permanent  home,  he  was  claimant  in  '52.  v.  628,  633,  635.  Still  living  in 
'80.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  A.  V.  Zamorano.  iii.  561;  and  his  son, 
Henry,  Jr,  was  probably  born  before  the  end  of  '48.  D.  (John),  1844,  mr  of 
the  Julian.  D.  (Wm),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  killed  at  S. 
Pascual.  v.  346. 

Daly,  1842,  doubtful  record  at  Mont.;  perhaps  Nathan.  D.  (Henry), 
1844,  mentioned  at  Mont.  D.  (J.  and  S.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
prob.  one  man.  D.  (Nathan),  1834,  Amer.  named  in  Larkin's  books  '34-40. 
iii.  412;  exiled  in  '40  and  not  known  to  have  returned,  iv.  18,  24.  D.  ( Wm), 
1834(?),  said  to  have  arrived  in  Sta  Clara  Co. ;  arrested  '43,  as  appears  from  a 
letter  of  Forbes  inquiring  about  him  as  a  British  subject;  at  Sutter's  Fort  with 
his  wife  '47;  in  the  mines  '48;  had  a  rancho  on  the  Cosumnes  '49.  Perhaps 
more  than  one  man  of  the  name.  iii.  412.  Dana  (James  D. ),  1841,  mineral 
ogist  of  U.S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241-3.  D.  (Richard  H.,  Jr),  1835,  Boston  sailor 
on  the  Pilgrim;  author  of  the  famous  Two  Years  Before  the  Jfast;  later  an 
eminent  la wyer  and  writer,  iii.  367,  412-13,  613,  652;  iv.  140,  142. 

Dana  (Win  Goodwin),  1826,  nat.  of  Boston,  and  mr  of  the  Waverly  '26-8. 
iii.  118,  149,  154,  176.  Among  his  first  acts  was  falling  in  love  with  Josefa 
Carrillo,  daughter  of  Don  Carlos,  and  he  was  greatly  troubled  at  having  to 
wait  for  baptism  and  naturalization  before  getting  married.  I  have  his  original 
letter  to  Capt.  Cooper  in  '27-8  on  this  subject,  with  a  quaint  intermixture  of 
business  affairs.  He  had  no  objection  to  changing  his  religion  and  country,  but 
damned  the  institutions  that  forced  him  to  lose  time.  However,  he  was  bap 
tized  in  '27,  got  provisional  papers  in  '28,  was  married  to  Dona  Josefa,  age  16, 
the  same  year,  and  in  July  '30  in  a  business  letter  announced  the  birth  and 
death  of  his  2d  child,  cheerfully  adding,  '  We  will  soon  have  enough' — as  they 
did,  21  in  all.  Meanwhile  he  had  engaged  in  trade,  agriculture,  stock-raising, 
and  soap-making,  besides  building  the  schr  Sta  Barbara  and  buying  the  wreck 
and  cargo  of  the  Danube,  ii.  573;  iii.  140,  146.  Every  branch  of  his  business 
was  always  on  the  point  of  going  to  the  dogs,  if  we  credit  the  letters  of  this 
inveterate  grumbler.  One  source  of  revenue  was  the  letting-out  for  a  percent 
age  of  results  of  his  otter  license  tu  foreigners,  who  could  get  no  such  paper. 
Final  naturalization  in  '35;  appraiser  at  Purisima.  iii.  665;  capt.  of  the  port. 
iii.  654;  in  '36  akalde  of  Sta  B.  iii.  483,  654;  iv.  117.  In  '37  he  was  grantee 
of  the  Nipomo  rancho,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  iii.  655,  on  which  he  lived  from  about  '39, 
having  in  '38  rendered  some  aid  to  his  father-in-law  in  his  political  troubles, 
iii.  569.  Sometimes  named  as  a  physician  and  architect.  In  '45  Larkin  gave 
him  an  excellent  character  as  a  man  of  greater  influence  than  any  other  for 
eigner  of  Sta  B.  region.  Ment.  '46.  having  also  a  Cal.  claim,  v.  321,  639. 
Prefect  in  '49;  county  treasurer  in  '51.  Of  his  children  8  died  in  infancy,  one, 
Mrs.  Pollard,  in  '78,  and  in  '83  the  survivors  were  Chas  C.  at  S.  Luis,  Wm  C. 
at  Los  Berros,  and  on  the  home  farm,  John  F.,  Henry  C.,  Frank,  Edward G., 
Fred.  A.,  Adelina  E.,  David  A.,  Eliseo  C.,  and  Samuel  A. 

Daniel,  1824,  Amer.,  surname  not  given,  said  to  have  been  killed  by  Ind. 
at  Sta  B.  ii.  527,  534.  Daniels,  1836,  Boston  cook,  age  26,  with  Angel  Ra 
mirez  at  Mont,  iv.  118;  arrested  in  '40.  Daniels,  1816,  mr  of  the  Colonel. 
ii.  278,  382.  D.  (John),  1839,  Scotch  in  El  Dorado  Co.;  doubtful  date.  iv. 
119.  D.  (Wm),  1846,  nat.  of  Engl.;  overl.  immig.  with  family;  settled  at 
S.  Jose";  known  as  judge;  died  '73,  age  71.  Danti  (Antonio),  1790,  Span, 
friar  who  served  at  S.F.,  retiring  in  1796.  Biog.  i.  712-13;  ment.  i.  388,  474, 
492,  510,  551-2,  552,  575-6,  679,  709,  list  auth.  Dare  (Robert  H.),  1838, 
mr  of  the  Fear  naught  and  of  the  Ayucucho  '39-40.  iv.  101,  103.  Darley 
(Henry  L.),  1846,  at  Mont.  Darlington  (B.  S.  B.),  1841,  lieut  on  the  U.  S. 
8t  Louis.  Darrah  (Decatur),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Darren 
(Henry  E.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.;  drowned  in  the  Sac.  Riv.  '49. 


DAUBENBISS— DAVIS.  775 

Daubenbiss  (John),  1843,  nat.  of  Bavaria,  who  came  to  Amer.  '35  at  the 
age  of  19,  and  found  his  way  westward  by  short  stages  for  7  years,  coming 
overland  to  Or.  in  '42  and  to  Cal.  next  year  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  390, 
400.  After  working  on  mills  for  Smith  at  Bodega,  iv.  390,'  and  Vallejo  at 
Mission  S.  Jose",  he  served  Sutter  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  was  natu 
ralized  and  got  a  grant  of  Coluses  rancho  in  '44.  iv.  671;  in  '45  signed  the  S. 
Jose  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  599;  and  in  '46  carried  despatches  between  Sloat 
and  Fre'mont,  v.  16,  245,  247,  then  going  south  with  the  Cal.  Bat.  to  S.  Diego 
and  Los  Aug.,  but  returning  with  Maddox.  Later  he  reenlisted  in  Co.  F  of 
the  Bat.  to  take  part  in  the  final  campaign.  Returning  to  S.  Jose  early  in  '47, 
he  married  Sarah  C.  Lard  ami  moved  to  his  raiicho  at  Soquel,  where  he  built 
a  flour-mill.  In  partnership  with  John  Hames  '48,  also  going  to  the  mines; 
elected  to  constit.  convention  '49,  though  not  serving.  In  '79  he  had  8  chil 
dren;  prob.  still  living  in  '85.  His  Bioy.  Sketch  contains  many  interesting 
adventures;  portrait  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.  /list.,  26. 

Davalos  (Miguel),  1780-2,  chaplain  of  the  Santiago  and  Princesa.  i.  329, 
378.  D.  (Teresa),  wife  of  liivera  y  Moncada.  i.  364.  Davenport  (Alfred), 
1846,  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Daveson  (Peter),  1841  (?),  nat.  of  the  Ionic 
Isl.,  who  came  in  '41-3,  ace.  to  dif.  authorities,  iv.  279;  signed  the  S.  Jos6 
call  to  foreigners  '45.  iv.  599;  ment.  in  '45-7  in  employ  of  Weber  and  South 
ward;  also  kept  an  inn,  and  went  to  the  mines  in  '48;  still  living  in  '84  at  S. 
Jose".  His  wife  was  a  granddaughter  of  Luis  Peralta.  David  (Alex.),  1845, 
in  Cal.  iv.  587;  perhaps  Davis.  David  (Edward),  1827,  mr  of  the  Isabella 
or  Sarah  and  Elizabeth,  iii.  147.  Davidof,  1806,  lieut  with  Rezanof  at  S.F. 
ii.  68,  70.  Davidson,  1843,  mate  of  the  Admittance,  nat.  of  N.H.;  killed  at 
S.F.  '44  by  falling  from  the  ship's  foretopsail  yard.  Thames.  D.  (Hunter), 
1845,  mid.  on  the  Portsmouth.  D.  (John  W.),  1846,  lieut  1st  U.S.  dragoons, 
who  came  with  Kearny  and  fought  at  S.  Pascual  and  the  later  conflicts  of 
'46-7.  v.  336-7,  340,  343-7,  385-6,  446;  later  col  of  2d  cavalry  and  brevet 
brig. -gen.,  serving  on  the  Pac.  coast  to  '59,  and  dying  in  Minn.  '81.  Davila 
(Agustin),  sec.  to  juez  at  Brancif.  '41-2.  iv.  663;  grantee  of  Corral  de  Cuati 
'45.  iv.  642;  killed  by  Foxen  near  Sta  lues  '48.  v.  611,  631.  D.  (Jose),  1771, 
surg.  of  the  Cal.  forces  at  Mont.  '71-83.  Biog.  i.  668;  ment.  i.  224,  228,  385. 

Davis,  1811-12,  mr  of  the  Isabella,  ii.  93,  267,  269,  282;  possibly  Wm  H., 
Sr.  D.,  1845,  doubtful  memb.  of  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579.  D.,  1846, 
said  to  have  been  mr  of  a  coaster;  later  a  highwayman  known  as  Red  Davis, 
hanged  at  Stockton  about '52.  D.,  1847,  memb.  of  Sonoma  council.  D., 
1848,  two  of  the  name  on  the  Sayadahoc  from  Honolulu.  D.,  1848,  miner 
at  Thompson's  Flat. 

Davis  (Benj.  B.),  1847,  Co.  H,  KY.Vol.  (v.  499);  miner  in  Mariposa;  vol. 
in  war  of  :61-5;  died  at  Merced  Aug.  '78.  D.  (Daniel  C.),  1847,  capt.  Co. 
E,  Morm.  Bat.,  and  of  the  reenl.  comp.;  in  com.  at  S.  Diego,  v.  477,  490, 
495,  617;  accomp.  by  his  wife  and  son,  Dan.  C.,  Jr,  the  latter  being  wounded 
in  a  fight  with  wild  cattle  on  the  inarch  to  Cal.  D.  (David  A.),  1846,  at  S. 
Jos6  in  April;  perhaps  an  immig.  of  '45;  one  of  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v. 
232);  lieut  of  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  361;  in  '47-8  had  a  store  and  ferry  at  Be- 
nicia.  v.  673.  D.  (David  A.),  1847,  Co.  H,  KY.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  deserter 
who  was  hanged  at  S.  Jos<5  for  robbery  and  attempted  murder  in  Dec.  '48.  v. 
663-4.  D.  (Eleazer),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Davis  (Geo.),  1843,  Irish  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  390- 
2,  400.  Married  by  Sutter  to  Lizzie  Sumner,  whose  parents  came  in  the  same 
party;  naturalized  in  '44;  often  named  in  the  N.  llelv.  Diary  '45-6;  later  en 
gaged  in  tanning  and  raising  stock  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region;  in  '60  settled  in  S. 
Luis  Ob.  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  hi  '83.  D.  (Isaac),  1848,  sentenced  for 
larceny  at  S.  F.  Calijonnan.  D.  ( Jerome  C.),  1845,  apparently  one  of  Fr<3- 
mont's  men,  iv.  583,  587,  who  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  358.  It  was 
for  him,  I  think,  that  the  town  of  Davisville  was  named;  still  living  at  Sac. 
in  '7S.  D.  (John),  1828,  Norwegian  carpenter,  age  23,  who  came  from  the 
Sand  w.  Isl.  and  in  '39-6  was  a  resid.  of  Los  Ang.  ii.  558;  iii.  178.  D.  (John), 
1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu;  letters  at  S.F. 


776  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Davis  (John  Cal vert),  1839,  Engl.  ship-carpenter  and  blacksmith,  who  had 
been  a  sailor,  and  for  5  years  on  Mex.  vessels,  probably  touching  in  Cal.  ports 
some  years  earlier;  naturalized,  got  a  lot,  and  built  a  house  and  shop  at  S.F. 
'39.  iii.  705;  iv.  119;  v.  (582-3.  In  Nov.  '41  he  had  built,  in  Napa  Creek,  a 
schr  called  the  Susana,  for  which  he  asked  permission  to  use  the  Mex.  flag, 
and  in  her  made  a  trip  to  Mazatlan  and  back  in  '42-3.  In  records  of  the  time 
he  is  often  mentioned  as  a  Yerba  Buena  blacksmith,  and  was  32  years  old  in 
'42;  formed  a  partnership  with  Rose  and  Reynolds,  and  the  firm  built  houses 
as  well  as  boats,  including  a  mill  for  Salv.  Vallejo  in  Napa  Val.;  corporal  of 
S.F.  defensores  '44,  when  he  got  new  naturalization  papers,  having  lost  the 
original  on  his  trip  down  the  coast.  He  married  a  daughter  of  Geo.  Yount, 
prob.  in  '44,  since  in  April  he  writes  to  Larkin  for  gold  earrings  and  material 
for  a  lady's  dress — all  to  be  kept  a  profound  secret,  though  L.  may  guess  the 
object.  The  same  year  he  built  the  Londresa;  often  named  in  records  of  '44-7, 
being  a  witness  at  the  Rae  inquest  in  '45,  iv.  593,  and  town  treasurer  in  '46. 
v.  648.  I  find  no  later  record  than  Nov.  '47,  and  he  is  said  to  have  died  in 
'48,  committing  suicide,  according  to  Sutter.  His  widow  married  Eugene  Sul 
livan.  He  left  a  son — John  D.,  living  at  Napa '85 — and  2  daughters.  D. 
(Joseph),  1845.  Amer.  sailor  and  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman 
party,  iv.  572,  587.  Lived  for  a  time  at  Gordon's;  served  '46-7  in  Co.  B,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  claimant  for  supplies  to  Fremont,  (v.  462);  called  also  M.  J. 
Davis.  D.  (J.  H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Davis  (Pedro),  1843-5,  Ital.  resid.  of  Mont.  iv.  400.  D.  (Peter),  1848  (?), 
nat.  of  Mass.,  long  a  resid.  of  Loreto,  perhaps  came  to  Cal.  before  end  of  '48; 
Capt.  1).  died  at  Mont.  '53.  D.  (Peter  J.),  1848,  nat.  of  N.C.,  overl.  immig. 
with  family;  miner  on  Feather  River  '48-50;  later  farmer  in  S.  Joaquin;  d. 
in  Humboldt  "73.  His  1st  wife,  Phoebe  Hunter,  died  in  ;49;  in  '73  there  were 
3  surviving  children.  D.  (Robert  G.),  1839,  clerk  on  the  Monsoon,  iv.  105, 
279;  nat.  of  Honolulu,  bro.  of  Wm  H.,  educated  in  Boston.  He  came  back 
on  the  Julia  Ann  with  goods,  which  were  sold  at  S.F.  '41-2.  iv.  566;  later  in 
trade  at  Honolulu,  being  also  Peruvian  consul  and  a  judge;  died  about  '72. 
D.  (Robert  P.),  1848,  nat.  of  Mo.,  overl.  immig.,  miner  and  resid.  of  Coloma 
till  his  death  by  a  fall  from  his  wagon  in  '57.  D.  (Samuel  H.),  1843,  Amer. 
immig.  from  Or.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  390;  prob.  returned  to  Or.  in 
'43-4.  D.  (Sterling),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  D.  (Thos),  1846, 
one  of  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  2,32);  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Jos6 
Nov.  (v.  358);  perhaps  the  'Uncle  Tommy'  Davis  who  died  at  Sta  Cruz  '83. 
A  lumberman  of  same  name  ment.  at  S.  Buen.  '47.  D.  (W.),  1825,  mr  of 
the  Maria  Ester,  iii.  147. 

Davis  (Wm  Heath),  1816  (?),  Boston  ship-master  who,  according  to  the 
statement  of  his  son,  was  owner  and  mr  of  the  Eagle  from  Boston  to  the 
Sandw.  Isl.  about  '14,  for  some  years  in  the  China  trade,  and  visited  Cal. 
accomp.  by  his  wife,  still  on  the  Eagle,  about  '16,  making  other  trips  to  the  N. 
W.  coast  and  perhaps  to  Cal.  I  have  no  record  of  any  such  vessel  on  the  coast, 
and  there  is  probably  some  error  in  the  dates;  indeed,  it  is  not  unlikely  that 
this  was  Capt.  Davis  of  the  Isabella,  1811-13,  whose  presence  on  the  coast  is 
ment.  in  ii.  93,  267,  269,  282.  He  was  related  to  Gen.  Heath,  of  revolutionary 
fame;  and  was  for  years  U.S.  commercial  agent  at  Honolulu.  His  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  Oliver  Holmes,  another  Mass,  ship-master  who  lived  lorg  at  the 
Sandwich  Isl.,  being  at  one  time  gov.  of  Oahu  under  Kamehameha  1st.  An 
other  daughter  of  Holmes  was  the  wife  of  Nathan  Spear.  Capt.  D.  died  at 
Honolulu  in  '23,  leaving  two  sons,  Robert  G.  and  Wm  H.,  both  named  in  this 
register.  D.  (Win  Heath,  Jr),  1831,  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  at  Honolulu  in 
'22,  came  to  Cal.  as  a  boy  on  the  Louisa,  iii.  383,  405;  again  on  the  Volunteer 
in  '33;  and  a  3d  time  on  the  Don  Quixote  in  '38,  iv.  103,  having  meanwhile 
attended  school  and  worked  as  clerk  for  a  Boston  firm  at  Honolulu.  From  '38 
D.  was  clerk  and  manager  for  his  uncle,  Nathan  Spear,  at  S.  F.,  much  of  his 
time  being  spent  in  trading  trips  around  the  bay.  iv.  82,  116,  245,  250-1;  in 
'39  he  commanded  the  '  fleet'  that  took  John  A.  Sutter  and  his  company  up 
the  Sac.  Riv.  to  N.  Helv.  iv.  130-1;  in  '40  was  arrested  as  a  matter  of  form, 


DAVIS— DAY.  777 

but  not  sent  farther  than  the  mission,. though  the  troubles  of  this  year  prob. 
prevented  the  granting  of  his  petition  for  naturalization,  iv.  10,  17.  In  '42  he 
left  Spear's  service,  and  made  a  trip  to  Hon.  as  sup.  of  the  Don  QuixUc,  Capt. 
Paty,  returning  in  '43,  and  in  '43-3  acted  as  agent  at  S.F.  for  the  firm  of  Paty, 
McKinley,  &  Co.  iv.  314,  565;  v.  679;  in  '45  at  Los  Ang.  during  the  Michel- 
torena  campaign,  though  not  a  combatant,  bought  a  lot  at  S.F.,  and  went  to 
Honolulu  on  the  Don  Quixote,  iv.  505,  512:  v.  679.  He  now  formed  a  partner 
ship  with  Hiram  Grimes,  buying  the  Euphemia  with  a  cargo  of  merchandise, 
and  returning  on  her  to  Cal.  in  '46,  from  which  date  he  was  a  prominent  mer 
chant  under  his  own  name  at  S.F.,  owning  several  lots  and  buildings,  but 
spending  much  of  his  time  on  the  vessel,  which  visited  the  islands  and  all  the 
ports,  v.  240,  578,  653,  681,  683.  He  took  but  slight  part  in  political  affairs, 
though  acting  as  inspector  of  elections,  as  school  trustee,  and  in  '49  as  mem 
ber  of  the  town  council,  v.  295,  646,  651-2,  656-7;  Cal.  claim  of  $3,000  in 
'46-7  (v.  462);  in  Nov.  '47  married  Maria  de  Jesus,  daughter  of  Joaquin 
Estudillo.  iv.  305;  v.  686;  in  '48  of  the  firm  Davis  &  Carter;  in  '49  memb. 
of  the  S.F.  guard,  and  vice-president  of  mass-meeting.  His  name  was  given 
to  Davis  street,  S.F.  All  the  records  of  early  times  point  to  Davis  as  an 
honest,  genial,  industrious,  and  successful  merchant,  who  laid  well  the  foun 
dations  of  a  handsome  fortune,  which,  however,  in  one  way  or  another,  slipped 
from  his  grasp  in  the  later  years.  In  '85,  as  for  a  long  time  preceding,  he  re 
sides  at  Oakland  with  his  family.  In  various  private  archives  of  my  collection 
I  have  many  of  his  original  business  letters,  in  personal  interviews  much  use 
ful  information  has  been  obtained  from  him,  and  he  has  besides  dictated  for 
my  use  over  300  pages  of  his  Glimpses  of  the  Past,  which  contains  not  only 
his  own  experiences,  but  hundreds  of  interesting  items  respecting  early  men 
and  times,  especially  on  commercial  methods,  and  social  manners  and  customs 
of  native  and  foreign  pioneers.  His  memory  is  excellent,  and  has  been  re 
freshed  by  frequent  reference  to  his  original  correspondence.  The  value  of  his 
historical  testimony  is  somewhat  impaired  by  a  tendency  to  eulogize  every 
body,  or  to  suppress  in  the  narrative  such  happenings  as  might  call  for  un 
friendly  comment.  If  he  ever  had  enemies,  there  is  no  indication  of  the  fact  in 
his  statements  or  in  any  other  records  that  I  have  seen.  Let  us  hope  that  all 
the  early  Californians  were  as  good  as  he  paints  them.  David  (John  W.), 
1845,  one  of  the  Warren's  men,  lost  in  S.F.  bay  '46.  iv.  587;  v.  384. 

Dawson,  1846,  from  Honolulu  on  the  Euphemia.  D.  (J.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Honolulu.  D.  (Fleurnaye),  1843,  Amer  immig.  of  the  Walker-Chiles 
party,  who  applied  for  a  passport  in  '44.  iv.  392-3.  D.  (James),  1S24(?), 
Irish  sailor  on  the  Rover  in  '26,  who  possibly  came  on  the  same  vessel  in  '23, 
raid  who,  in  Dec.  '41,  at  Sonoma,  asking  for  naturalization,  claimed  a  residence 
of  17  years.  I  have  his  autograph  on  a  contract  to  employ  John  Fuller  in  '39. 
He  married  Maria  Antonia  Caceres  in  '40,  and  settled  on  the  Estero  Ameri 
cano  rancho  near  Bodega.  Quarrelling  with  his  partner  about  the  title,  Dawson 
sawed  their  house  in  two  parts  and  moved  his  half  to  the  Pogoloml  rancho,  for 
a  grant  of  which  he  applied,  but  died  in  Oct.  '43,  and  the  rancho  was  granted 
in  '44  to  his  widow,  who  was  married  to  Fred.  Blume  in  '49.  Though  D.  is 
said  on  good  authority  to  have  died  in  '43.  I  find  records  in  the  archives 
which  seem  to  show  that  he  was  alive  in  July  '44.  iv.  448;  Vallejo  Doc.,  xii. 
55.  D.  (James),  1841,  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270;  also  known 
as  V.  W.  'Cheyenne,' John,  and  'Long  Jim'  Dawson;  said  to  have  been 
drowned  in  the  Columbia  River.  D.  (Nicholas),  1841,  prob.  abro.  of  James, 
also  in  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270,  275,  279.  Known  also  as  'Bear,'  'Berry,' 
and  '  Birny  '  Dawson;  kept  a  store  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '43,  but  closed  it  and  went 
away;  said  to  have  left  Cal.  and  died. 

Day  (Abraham),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  D.  (Benj.},  1831-2, 
perhaps  of  Young's  trappers  from  N.  Mex.  iii.  388,  408;  Amer.  hatter  at 
Mont.  '34-6.  D.  (Edward),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499)  under  an 
other  name.  D.  (Francis),  1840,  naturalized  citizen  at  Brancif. ;  licensed  to 
hunt  otter  '43;  ment.  in  '46.  iv.  120;  v.  23.  D.  (John  S.),  1847,  licut  Co. 
H,  N.Y. Vol.  v.  504;  died  at  Chicago  '51.  D.  (Manuel),  1838,  named  in  Lar- 


778  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

kin's  books.  D.  (Wm),  1832,  Kentuckian  hatter  at  Mont.  '34;  very  !ikely 
one  of  Young's  trappers,  and  perhaps  same  as  Benjamin,  iii.  388,  408.  In  '35, 
keeping  a  iiquor-shop  at  Los  Aug.,  he  stabbed  Abel  Stearns  in  a  quarrel  and 
was  kept  in  prison  a  year.  iii.  631;  ace.  to  the  County  Hist,  died  in  Sonora, 
having  settled  at  Los  Ang.  in  '31. 

Day  lor  (Win),  1835  (?),  Engl.  sailor  said  to  have  left  his  vessel  this  year, 
to  have  entered  Sutter's  service  in  '40-1,  and  to  have  settled  on  the  Cosumnes 
with  Sheldon,  his  brother-in-law,  about  '44.  iii.  413;  iv.  138.  Yates  met  him 
in  '42-3  and  speaks  in  high  praise  of  his  character.  From  '45  he  is  often  named 
in  the  N.  Hdv.  Diary,  having  fights  with  Hess  and  Kampt  in  '4G;  Cal.  claim 
of  $50  in  '4G-7  (v.  462);  Gen.  Kearny  camped  on  his  rancho  '47.  v.  452;  min 
ing  with  Weber  '48;  Iiid.  killed  on  his  rancho  '49.  Placer  Times.  lie  died  of 
cholera  in  '50.  His  widow — originally  Sarah  Rhoads  married  in  '47- — was  mar 
ried  in  '51  to  Wm  R.  Grimshaw,  whose  Narrative,  MS.,  is  the  best  un'ciiorioy 
on  Daylor's  life.  Days  (Wolberton),  1841,  New  Yorker  who  lived  long  in 
Brazil,  hospital  steward  on  U.  S.  ex.  exped.,  who  came  back  to  Cal.  in  '49, 
settling  at  Grass  Val.  iv.  279;  Nevada  Co.  Hist.  Dayton  (W.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Honolulu.  D.  (Wm  J.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenlisted; 
also  called  Willard  Y. 

Deal  (John),  1844,  Amer.  sailor  of  the  Benj.  Morgan,  landed  sick,  aided 
by  the  consul  at  Mont.  '44-5.  Dean  (Geo.  C.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v. 
518);  at  Mont,  to  '49.  D.  (Geo.  C.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409);  at  Vi- 
salia  '74-82,  Clark;  prob.  some  confusion  bet.  him  and  the  preceding.  D. 
(Gilbert  E.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.;  at  Fort  Lee,  N.J.,  '74-82.  D.  (James), 
1837,  at  Mont.  Deas  (James),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Deck  (Au 
gustus),  1846,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  685.  Decker  (Zachariah  B.),  1847,  Co. 
A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Sutter's  Fort  '48;  in  Utah  '81. 

Dedmond  (Joel  P.),  1838  (?),  Amer.  carpenter  who  in  '44,  returning  appar 
ently  from  Honolulu  on  the  Fama,  claimed  a  residence  of  6  years,  obtaining 
naturalization,  a  lot  at  S.F.,  and  the  S.  Juan  rancho  in  the  Sac.  Val.  iv.  119, 
C69,  673,  G83.  He  prob.  served  Micheltorena  under  Sutter;  appears  in  the  N. 
Hdv.  Diary  '45-7;  but  seems  to  have  made  a  trip  to  Honolulu  in  '46.  In  '47 
he  sold  out  his  land  to  Sutter  and  was  employed  at  S.F.  by  Larkin  as  sur 
veyor.  Deflect  (Wm  H.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Deforcl  (Isaac),  1847, 
Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Deitch  (Lewis),  1847,  ditto.  Dekin  (An 
thony),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Deland  (Francis),  1844,  Canad.  immig.  of 
the  Stevens  party,  iv.  445;  perhaps  went  to  Or.,  as  nothing  more  is  known 
of  him,  unless  it  was  'Delone,'  q.v.  Delaney  (Rich.  E.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  493);  d.  S.F.  76.  Delehaye  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol. 

Deleisseques  (Olivier),  1838,  Frenchman  in  Mont,  district,  chiefly  at  S. 
Juan  B.,  '38-47;  possibly  as  early  as  '36.  iii.  469;  iv.  119;  sindico  at  Mont. 
'45.  iv.  653;  purchaser  of  S.  Juan  B.  orchard  '46.  v.  561,  637,  640-1.  lie  had 
a  family,  but  I  know  nothing  of  them  or  him  after  '47.  His  name  is  variously 
written,  Mofras  calling  him  Leyssegues,  which  is  perhaps  the  correct  form. 
He  may  have  come  in  the  colony  of  '34.  Delenau  (Philibert),  1846,  doubtful 
name  of  the  Cal.  Bat.  Delfin,  neoph.  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  iii.  626.  Delgadillo 
(Ignacio),  1829-33,  Mex.  convict.  Delgado  (Cristina),  grantee  of  Rincon  de 
Salinas  rancho  '33.  D.  (Ger6nimo),  1791,  piloto  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i. 
490.  D.  (Ignacio),  1819,  Mex.  alferez  of  the  Mazatlan  comp.  at  Sta  B. ;  prob. 
died  or  left  Cal.  soon  after  '27.  His  wife  is  said  to  have  been  very  skiliul  in 
fine  needle- work,  making  artificial  flowers,  etc.,  and  to  have  taught  her  art 
to  several  Cal.  girls;  perhaps  she  was  the  Cristina  named  above,  ii.  254,  361, 
573,  675.  Delick  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Delone  (Fran 
cis),  1846,  at  N.  Helv.  '46-8,  being  under  arrest  in  June  '46;  also  called  De- 
long;  prob.  same  as  'Deland'  of  '44,  q.v.  Delong  (Wm  F.),  1846,  master 
U.S.N.  in  Marstoii's  force  against  Sanchez,  .v.  380.  ~ 

Demarante  (Manuel),  1836,  Portuguese  skipper  of  S.  F.  mission  launch, 
also  fanner  and  sawyer  who,  in  '41,  asking  for  naturalization,  claimed  a  rcsid. 
of  4^  years  in  Cal.  iv.  118.  Demard,  1848,  doubtful  mention  of  a  Mormon 
preacher  at  S.F.  Demedrion  (Juan  B.),  1834,  Greek  fisherman  at  Mont. 


DEMEDRION— DEWELL.  779 

'34-7;  two  Italians.  Luis  .and  Matias,  with  him.       Demetrius,  1839.  mr  of 
theJSaikal.  iv.  101. 

Den  (Nicholas  Augustus),  1S3G,  Irish  physician  who  came  on  the  Kent, 
landing  in  Dec.  at  Sta  B.,  where  he  became  a  permanent  settler,  often  named 
in  records  of  later  years,  iv.  117-18.  In  '39  not  permitted  to  build  on  his 
lot;  in  '40  applied  for  naturalization,  which  was  prob.  obtained  in  '41; 
soon  married  a  daughter  of  Daniel  Hill.  In  '42  collector  at  Sta  B.,  and  grantee 
of  Dos  Pueblos  rancho.  iv.  G42;  in  '43  grantee  of  S.  Antonio  rancho.  iv.  633; 
in  '4.')  alcalde  of  Sta  B.,  and  with  his  father-in-law  lessee  of  the  mission,  iv. 
420,  £42,  553,  G42,  G44;  v.  558;  in  '4G  grantee  of  S.  Marcos,  Cal.  claim  of  about 
$2,000.  v.  G32-3,  3G5  (462).  Dr  Den  is  said  to  have  been  of  good  family,  and 
became  in  Cal.  a  most  popular  stock-raiser  of  considerable  wealth  and  excel 
lent  reputation.  He  died  at  Sta  B.  in  'G2  at  the  age  of  50;  his  children  were 
Catherine  wife  of  John  Bell,  Mary  wife  of  Thos  More,  d.  '78,  Susan,  Em 
manuel,  Nicholas,  Win,  Alfred,  Alphonso,  and  Augustus.  Portrait  in  Sta  B. 
Co.  JJitit.,  46.  D.  (Richard  Somerset),  1843,  Irish  physician,  bro.  o.'  Nicho 
las  A.,  who  settled  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  400;  ment.  at  Los  Aug.  '46.  v.  3 '4;  pur 
chaser  of  StaB.  mission  estate,  v.  501,  632-3;  Cal.  claim  of  $1,020  (v.  462); 
ir.ent.  in  '47.  v.  365;  cl.  for  S.  Antonio  rancho.  iv.  635.  Living  at  Los  Ang. 
'80.  Deng  (Fred.),  1848,  left  Gen.  Lane's  party  and  settled  at  Yreka. 

Denikc  (Geo.),  1S4G,  baker  and  saloon-keeper  atS.F.  '46-8.  v.  G4G,  684; 
perhaps  correctly  written  'Denecke.'  Deniston  (Garrett  V.),  1847,  mid.  on 
the  U.S.  Independence.  Deiikers  (Chas  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
died  at  Sac.  "71  ('81  ?).  Dennett  (Daniel  Q.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
4G9).  Dennis  (Jemmy),  1831,  doubtful  men.  of  an  Irishman  at  Reed's  rancho, 
Marin  Co.  Dennison  (Nathaniel),  1816,  on  the  Lydla  at  Sta  B.  ii.  275. 

Denniston  (James  G.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  nat.  of  N.  J.; 
twice  a  member  of  the  legisl.  from  S.  Mateo;  died  at  S.F.  '69,  leaving  a,  widow 
and  3  children.  Denny,  1845,  Ind.  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583,  5S7;  per 
haps  killed  on  the  Or.  frontier  '46.  Dent  (Lewis),  1847,  nat.  of  Mo.,  lawyer 
at  Mont. ;  of  firm  D.  &  Martin;  in  '49  member  of  the  constit.  convention,  and 
from  '49  judge  of  the  superior  and  circuit  court;  later  a  lawyer  and  politician 
in  Miss.,  Mo.,  and  Washington;  a  brother-in-law  of  Gen.  Grant.  Died  in  '74 
at  the  age  of  51.  Denton,  1S31-2,  one  of  Young's  trappers,  said  to  have  re 
mained  some  years  in  Cal.  iii.  388,  408.  Denton  (David),  1846,  doubtful 
name  at  Los  Ang.  D.  (John),  1846,  one  of  the  Donner  party  from  111.,  who 
died  in  the  mts.  v.  530,  534.  Deny  (Wm),  1828,  mr  of  the  Vernle.  iii.  149. 
Dcpeaux  (Louis).  1847,  resid.  at  Sta'Cruz  '47-63  ace.  to  his  testimony  in  '65. 
Depen  (Joseph  H.),  1848,  visited  S.F.  on  the  Julian  from  Honolulu. 

Dcppc  (Ferdinand),  1832.  German  supercargo  of  Virmond's  vessels,  often  in 
Cul.  '3J-G;  perhaps  from  '29-30.  iii.  350,  40S,  105,  142.  Said  to  have  made  a 
drawing  of  S.  Gabriel  in  '35.  iii.  G44.  Also  a  naturalist  devoting  his  spare 
time  to  the  collection  of  birds,  plants,  and  shells.  Sailed  with  his  specimens 
on  the  Iiosse'ns  '3G;  and  ace.  to  Vischer  subsequently  devoted  himself  to  hor 
ticulture  in  the  royal  gardens  at  Pottsdam.  David  Spence  is  said  to  have  re 
ceived  a  letter  from  Doppe  at  Berlin  in  '73.  Derby  (J.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Honolulu.  Derosier  (Baptiste),  1844,  one  of  Fremont's  party,  who  wandered 
from  camp  in  Cal.  and  was  not  heard  of  again,  iv.  437,  439. 

Desforges  (Auguste),  1834,  Frenchman  who  came  with  the  H.  £  P.  col. 
from  Mex.  (iii.  249),  though  in  '40,  being  then  a  bachelor,  age  28,  in  the  Mont, 
district,  he  claimed  a  resicl.  of  8  years.  Janssens.  Vida,  32  et  seq.,  his  compan 
ion  in  the  trip  from  S.  Diego  to  Sonoma,  has  much  to  say  of  him.  In  :£3  he 
worked  on  the  Palo  Colorado  rancho;  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  '34-43;  in 
'49  aux.  alcalde  of  S.  Jose".  Despau,  1837,  one  of  the  party  from  Or.  for  cat 
tle,  iv.  85.  Desprairies,  1846,  mr  of  the  Valiant,  v.  580.  Deston  (Geo.), 
1843,  mr  of  the  North  America,  iv.  567.  Devoll  (Philip  H.),  1S:X)  (?),  said 
to  have  been  on  the  coast  on  a  whaler  as  early  as  '30;  resid.  of  Stockton  and 
Sea  Cruz  from  '08.  iii.  180. 

Devvell  (Benj.),  1843,  nat.  of  Ohio,  ovcrl.  immig.  from  Ind.  in  Grigsby- 
Jde  party,  iv.  579,  587.  Spending  the  winter  in  Napa  Val.,  he  joined  the 


780  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Bears  in '46.  v.  79,  110,  148;  remained  in  the  Sonoma  garrison  after  the  U.S. 
occupation,  but  in  Oct.  enlisted  in  the  Gal.  Bat.  (v.  3<"8),  Co.  E,  and  served  in 
the  southern  campaign.  Returning,  he  lived  '47-54  in  the  Guilicos  valley  of 
Sonoma  Co.,  and  then  moved  to  a  farm  near  Upper  Lake,  where  he  still  lived 
in  '81  at  the  age  of  58.  His  wife  was  Celia  H.  Elliott,  married  in  '50,  and  in 
'81  they  had  8  surviving  children.  Lake  Co.  Hist.,  230.  Do  Witt  (Alfred), 
1848,  cf  S.F.  firm  of  DC  Witt  &  Harrison,  v.  CG5;  remained  at  S.F.  till  '54. 
Dexter,  1848,  from  Honolulu,  according  to  his  later  testimony.  Dey  (Nathan 
B.),  1C47,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409). 

Diaz,  1824,  soldier  at  Sta  B.  ii.  532.  D.  (Benito),  Mex.  receptor  of  cus 
toms  at  Sta  B.  '35-7.  iii.  377,  491,  054;  iv.  98;  celador  at  Mont.  '42-3.  iv. 
339,  377;  receptor  at  S.  F.  '44-5,  being  also  agente  de  policia,  owner  of  lots, 
builder  of  the  custom-house,  and  locally  prominent  in  other  ways.  iv.  42.3, 
430-1,  403,  557,  C54,  GGG,  GG9,  G84;  again  mcnt.  as  in  charge  of  the  revenues 
in  '4G,  S.F.  delegate  to  the  consejo  gen.,  and  grantee,  as  was  claimed,  of  Pt 
Lobo;3  and  the  Sta  Clara  orchard,  v.  3G,  45,  5G1,  570,  G44,  GGO,  GG5-G,  G8J ; 
had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $1,500  (v.  4G2).  Witness  in  the  Santillan  and  N.  Almaden 
cases  '55,  '57,  ago  43,  still  living  in  'G8.  D.  (Francisco),  juez  do  paz  at  S. 
Juan  B.  '43-5.  iv.  GG1-2;  at  S.  Jose"  '50.  D.  (Gabriel),  soldier  killed  at  the 
Colorado  pueblos  1781.  i.  359-G2.  D.,  chaplain  of  the  S.  Carlos,  at  Serra's 
funeral,  i.  411.  D.  (Juan  M.).  1774,  Span,  friar  who  came  to  Cal.  with 
Anza,  and  was  missionary  on  the  Colorado,  where  he  was  killed  by  Ind.  in 
1781.  i.  221,  223,  259,  3G2.  D.  (Manuel),  Mex.  trader,  mr  of  the  Trinidad 
'43;  perhaps  had  visited  Cal.  before,  iv.  5G9.  In  '40  alcalde  of  Mont.,  grantee 
of  Sacramento  rancho,  on  the  1st  jury,  and  memb.  of  the  council  after  U.  S. 
occupation,  v.  15,  234,  289,  G3G-8,  G75.  He  is  said  to  have  bought  the  schr 
Sta  Cruz,  and  in  her  to  have  removed  his  family  and  effects  to  L.  Cal.  about 
'48;  but  there  was  a  Manuel  D.  at  Mont,  in  '51.  In  '45  Larkin  described  him 
as  aged  35,  a  quiet  man,  of  some  influence  and  property,  well  disposed  to  the 
U.S.  D.  (Melchor),  1540,  one  of  Coronado's  officers,  who  crossed  the  Col 
orado,  and  perhaps  looked  upon  Cal.  territory,  i.  G8.  D.  (Nicolas),  Los  Ang. 
hatter  '39-4G.  Dibble  (Jonas),  1847,  advertises  cale  of  the  schr  William  in 
Mont.  Californian;  he  was  carpenter  on  the  Columbus.  '  Dick,'  1S4G,  Cal. 
Bat.  v.  358.  Dickens  (Wm),  1836,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list;  perhaps 
'Dickey,'  q.v. 

Dickenson  (Gallant  Duncan),  1846,  nat.  of  Penn.,  reared  in  Va,  who  came 
overland  from  Mo.  with  his  wife — Isabella  McCrary,  married  '28 — 4  sons,  and 
2  daughters,  v.  528-9.  He  spent  the  winter  at  Sta  Clara,  being  a  member  of 
Aram's  garrison,  going  thence  to  Sta  Cruz  and  Mont.,  where  in  '47  he  made 
bricks  and  built  the  1st  brick  house  in  Cal.  v.  G3G.  Going  to  the  mines  in  '48, 
he  gave  his  name  to  Dickenson  Gulch,  Tuolumne  Co. ;  in  '49  settled  at  Stock 
ton  as  a  hotel-keeper,  being  also  alcalde  and  memb.  of  thcconstit.  convention. 
His  daughters  are  said  to  have  been  the  1st  Amer.  women  married  at  Stock 
ton,  Margaret  to  A.  G.  Lawrey,  and  the  other  to  N.  B.  Stoneroad.  In  '52  D. 
moved  to  the  Tuolumne  River,  where  he  kept  a  ferry  and  hotel,  and  from  'G7 
lived  in  Merced  Co.,  dying  in  '70.  As  a  methodist  he  took  an  active  part  in 
church  affairs.  His  widow  died  at  S.  Jos<5  in  '77.  D.  (Geo.  W.),  1846,  son 
of  G.  D.,  b.  in  Mo.;  settled  in  Merced  Co.  '58;  in  '81  had  a  farm  and  hotel  at 
Chester,  or  Dickenson's  Ferry.  His  wife  was  Mary  Ann  Brooks,  and  they  had 
5  children.  D.  (W.  L.),  1846,  bro.  of  Geo.  W.*,  representing  Merced  and 
Stanislaus  in  the  legisl.  of  '63;  resid.  Horr's  rancho,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  age  32. 
Dickey  (D.),  1848,  memb.  of  1st  Mont,  jury;  perhaps  David  who  was  at  S. 
Jos6  in  '50.  D.  (H.  W.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Dickey  (Wm),  1832,  Irishman  who  got  a  pass  in  July,  iii.  408,  though 
there  may  possibly  be  an  error  in  the  year.  From  '38  his  name  appears  in  Lar 
kin 's  accts  and  other  records;  arrested  iii  '40,  but  not  exiled,  iii.  408;  iv.  17; 
in  '42  obtained  a  renewal  of  his  pass,  claiming  about  7  years'  residence;  and 
about  the  same  time  he  moved  from  the  Sta  Cruz  region  to  N.  Helvetia.  In 
'43  he  accomp.  Dr  Sandels  in  his  travels  through  the  Sac.  Val.,  where  ho  had 
already  selected  a  rancho,  the  Arroyo  Chico  adjoining  Keyser's,  for  which  he 


riCKEY-DOCICRILL.  781 

petitioned  the  same  year.  In  '44  he  was  naturalized  and  got  his  rancho,  iv. 
070,  being  recom.  bySutter,  under  whom  he  prob.  served  in  the  Michekorena 
campaign,  iv.  480;  signed  the  order  for  Weber's  arrest,  iv.  483;  appears  in 
t'ne  list  of  Cal.  claimants  (v.  402);  and  is  named  in  the  N.  Hdv.  Diary  '40-8. 
He  may  havs  been  the  'Dick '  of  the  Cal.  Bat.  as  above.  In  '48  he  was  a  part 
ner  of  Bid  well  in  the  Feather  River  mines;  went  east  in  '49,  living  at  Liberty, 
Pcun.,  and  dying  before  '00.  Dickinson  (F.),  1848,  of  U.S.N.,  at  S.F.  on  the 
Lady  Adams.  D.  (M.),  1848,  alcalde  in  Calaveras  Co.  ace.  to  a  nev/spaper 
mention.  Dickson,  1847,  S.  F.  merchant  of  firm  D.  &  Hay,  of  the  Beehive 
store;  owner  of  town-lots  '47-8.  v.  044-5,  084;  the  firm  still  in  business  in  '50. 
I  suppose  this  may  have  been  John  Dickson,  who  came  from  Honolulu  on  the 
Providence;  name  often  written  'Dixon.' 

Diddleson  (Augustus),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Diel  (J.F.),  1S4G, 
Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  D.  (Valentine),  1840,  ditto;  lot  at  S.F.  '48.  The 
name  was  perhaps  '  Diehl,'  who,  ace.  to  Ballhaus,  was  an  overl.  immig.  M'ith 
Hoppe  and  Harlan;  still  at  S.F..  a  grocer,  '52-4;  later  a  farmer  near  Mayficld, 
where  he  died  about  '82.  Dierkin  (A.),  1848,  corporal  of  S.  F.  guards. 
Di^or  (Henry),  1840,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons,  v.  232.  Dillaway  (John),  1013, 
pilot  of  the  Mercury,  ii.  208.  Dillon  (James,  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 'U.S.  artill.  (v. 
518).  D.  (Joseph),  1824,  Amer.  quarrymau  at  Mont.  '29,  age  28,  5  years  iu 
Cai.  ii.  520. 

Dimmick  (Kimball  H.),  1847,  nat.  of  Conn.,  N.Y.  lawyer  and  militia  offi 
cer,  who  came  as  capt.  of  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  election  inspector  at  S.F. 
'48.  v.  052;  alcalde  of  S.  Jose  '49.  v.  002;  also  judge  of  the  sup.  tribunal  and 
memb.  of  the  constit.  convention;  a  Sac.  printer  '50;  went  east  '51,  but  re 
turned  to  Los  Ang.,  where  he  was  district  attorney,  justice  of  the  peace,  and 
county  judge.  He  died  in  '01  at  the  age  of  50.  Dimond  (J.),  1847,  at  S.  F. 
from  Or.  on  the  Henry.  Dittmann  (Carl),  1844,  German  sailor,  known  in 
Cal.  as  Charley  Brown,  who  came  on  the  Euphemia,  engaging  in  otter-hunt 
ing  with  Nidever  and  others,  an  occupation  interrupted  by  mining  in  '43-50. 
Sta  B.  was  his  home  down  to  '78,  when  he  dictated  for  me  his  Narrative  of  a 
Sea-faring  Life,  an  interesting  record  of  many  adventures,  iv.  450;  v.  317. 
Dix  (J.),  1848,  on  the  Julian  from  Honolulu.  Dixon  (James),  1840,  Faunt- 
leroy's  dragoons  (v.  232).  D.  (J.),  1847,  at  Honolulu  from  Cal.;  perhaps 
'  Dickson  '  of  D.  &  Hay,  q.v.  D.  (James  F.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
drowned  in  Gold  Lake  'SO.  D.  (Joseph),  1832,  Amer.  who  joined  the  comp. 
extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221,  408;  on  Larkin's  books  and  other  records  '34- 
48;  got  a  pass  '44;  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-0;  sometimes  called  an  Englishman, 
and  there  may  have  been  two  of  the  name. 

Doak  (Thomas  W.),  1810,  the  1st  Amer.  settler  in  Cal.,  nat.  of  Boston, 
who  came  on  the  Albatross,  name  often  written  Duke  and  Doc.  ii.  275,  277, 
393.  He  was  baptized  at  S.  Carlos  in  '10  as  Felipe  Santiago;  in  '18  employed 
to  paint  the  mission  church  of  S.  Juan  B.,  where  he  was  married  in  '20,  by 
viceregal  permission  of  '19,  to  Maria  Lugarda,  daughter  of  Mariano  Castro, 
ii.  248,  272,  380;  in  '29  his  age  is  given  as  42,  and  from  this  time  his  name 
appears  in  various  records  as  a  carpenter  of  good  habits.  He  lived  for  sorno 
years  at  Sta  Cruz,  or  at  least  two  of  his  children  were  born  there;  in  '32 
joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221;  said  to  have  been  at  S.  Joso  in 
'33;  on  Larkin's  books  from  '33;  in  '34  had  0  children  ace.  to  the  padron;  in 
'30  living  in  the  Mont,  dist.,  at  or  near  Las  Animas,  age  50,  wife  Lugarda 
Castro  age  30,  child.  Juan  B.  b.  '21,  Valeriano  '23,  Ana  Maria  '29,  and  Ce- 
cilio  '33.  I  have  his  autograph  of  '27  and  '47,  but  no  later  record  of  him  or 
his  family.  Taylor  says  he  died  before  '48.  D.  (John),  1847,  overl.  immig., 
who  went  1st  to  Sta  Cruz  and  then  to  the  mines  in  '48,  presently  establishing 
a  ferry  on  the  S.  Joaquin,  and  becoming  one  of  the  earliest  business  men  of 
Stockton.  I  believe  that  he,  or  one  of  his  sons,  was  somewhat  prominent  in 
S.  Joaq.  politics  in  later  years.  Doatey,  1847,  at  N.  Helv. 

Dobson,  1840,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  D.  (Joseph),  1847,  Co, 
A,  Morm.  Eat.  (v.  409).  Docente  (Chas),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  v.  070. 
Dockrill  (Joseph,  or  James),  1847,  printer  from  Canada,  whose  real  name  is 


782  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

said  to  have  been  Joseph  Armstrong;  foreman  and  perhaps  part  owner  of  the 
Ccd'fornian  '47-8.  v.  658;  worked  in  newspaper  offices  S.F.  till  '52,  becoming 
dissipated  and  losing  his  property;  then  went  to  the  mines;  died  at  Dry  Creek 
'50.  Dodd  (Matthew),  1847,  carpenter  on  the  U.S.  Cyane.  D.  (Solomon), 
1848,  name  in  list  of  letters;  at  S.  Jose  '50.  Dodero  (Nicolas),  1827,  Italian 
sailor  who  left  the  Maria  Ester  at  S.  F.,  was  sent  to  Mont.,  and  in  '29  was 
living  at  S.  Jose",  age  25.  iii.  176;  married  an  Higuera;  in  '40  a  naturalized 
citizen  at  Branciforte;  in  '44  grantee  of  Tres  Ojos  de  Agua,  Sta  Cruz  Co.  iv. 
656;  in  '46  had  a  son  in  the  Mont,  school.  Dodge  (Augustus),  1847,  Co.  C, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  Utah  farmer  '82.  Dodge  (Chas  F.  and  Theophilus), 
1848  (?),  early  settlers  of  Sonora.  D.  (Edwin  T.),  1847  (?),  policeman  and 
sheriff  of  Yuba  Co.,  who  in  '58  went  to  B.  Col.,  and  later  to  Wash.  Ter. ; 
said  to  have  been  a  sergt  in  N.Y.Vol.,  but  there  is  no  such  name  on  the  roll. 

Dodson  (Eli),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm  Bat.  (v.  469).  D.  (Jacob),  1844,  servant 
of  Fremont  in  1st  and  2d  exped.;  F.'s  companion  in  the  famous  ride  of  '47. 
iv.  437;  v.  443.  D.  (Wm),  1845,  overl.  immig.  from  111.  iv.  578;  who  went 
to  Or.  with  Bristow  in  '46.  v.  526.  Doekin  (Anthony),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F. 
lot.  Dofar,  or  Dojan  (Matthew),  1847,  named  as  one  of  the  2d  Donner  re 
lief,  v.  540.  Dofit  (Joseph),  1831,  named  as  one  of  Young's  trappers,  iii. 
388.  Doge  (J.  F.),  1847,  doubtful  name  at  Mont.  Doggte  (Tim.),  1823, 
mr  of  the  Balance;  perhaps  Daggett.  ii.  492.  Dohling  (Geo.),  1846,  at  S.F. 
and  N.  Helv. ;  owner  of  lots.  v.  684;  Cal.  claim,  apparently  for  service  in  Cul. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  owner  of  land  at  S.  Jose"  '48.  Doiron  (A.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Honolulu.  Doke  (James),  1841,  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman-Rowland 
party,  iv.  278;  a  nat.  of  Tenn.;  started  to  return  to  Sta  Fe  with  Rowland  in 
'43,  and  was  drowned  in  Green  River.  Given.  Dolan  (Patrick),  1846,  Irish 
man  of  the  Donner  party,  from  Keokuk,  Iowa;  died  in  an  attempt  to  obtain 
relief  for  the  rest.  v.  530,  534,  537.  Doliver,  1816,  carpenter  of  the  Lydia. 
ii.  275.  Dolman  (John),  1846,  seaman  in  the  navy;  later  Phil,  lawyer.  S.J. 
Pioneer.  Doll  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Dollman 
(Fred.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Dolton  (Henry  S.),  1847,  Co.  B, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Cacheville,  Utah,  '81. 

Dom  (Antonio),  weaver  instructor  1792-5.  i.  615.  Domer  (Peter),  1847, 
Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  Diego  '48.  Domingo,  neophyte  leader  in  the 
fight  at  S.  Bueu,  1795.  i.  675.  D.  (Juan),  1830,  Dutch  ship-carpenter  on 
the  Danube  from  Lima,  age  about  28.  iii.  180;  settled  at  Los  Ang.,  where  he 
was  living  in  '36;  married  a  Felix  before  '40;  became  a  man  of  some  wealth; 
had  a  Cal.  claim  in  '46  (v.  402),  627;  died  in  '58. 

Dominguez,  known  as  Dominguito,  killed  at  Pauma  '46.  v.  617.  D.  (An 
tonio),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  '37.  D.  (Carlos),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age 
29.  D.  (Carmen),  juez  de  campoat  Sta  B.  '35.  iii.  654;  wife  Isabel  Romero, 
6  children.  D.  (Cristobal),  soldier  of  S.  Diego  comp.  before  1800;  sergt  1 817- 
25;  grantee  of  S.  Pedro  rancho  '22;  nephew  of  Juan  Jos6;  died  '25.  i.  662;  ii. 
341,  424,  543,  565.  His  wife  was  Maria  de  los  Reyes  Ibaues;  child.  Maria 
Victoria  wife  of  Jos<3  Ant.  Estudillo,  Luis  Gonzaga,  Manuel,  Maria  Fran. 
Marcelina  wife  of  Wm  A.  Gale,  Maria  Elena  Ramona,  Jos6  Nasario,  and 
Pedro  Juan  Agapito.  D.  (Demesio),  mentioned  '31-47.  iii.  198;  v.  400;  at 
Los  Ang.  '39,  age  48,  on  the  Virgenes  rancho.  D.  (Domingo),  soldier  of  Sta 
B.  comp.  '32;  another  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  24.  D.  (Francisco),  son  of  Jos6 
Ant.,  el.  of  S.  Emigdio  rancho.  iv.  635.  D.  (Jesus),  1846,  at  Los  Ang.  D. 
(Jose"),  comisionado  at  S.  Jose"  1785,  when  he  died.  i.  478.  D.  (Jose"  Ant.), 
grantee  of  S.  Emigdio  '42.  iv.  635.  D.  (Jos6  Dolores),  soldier  of  S.  D.  at  S. 
Juan  Cap.  1776.  i.  303;  corporal  of  the  S.  Antonio  escolta  1780;  prob.  the 
Jos<5  who  died  in  '85  as  above.  D.  (Jos<5  Maria),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  1800.  i. 
639;  iuval.  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Marcelina  Felix,  4  children;  grantee  of  Las 
Virgenes  '37.  iii.  634;  died  in  '45  at  age  of  about  100;  his  widow  died  '65  at 
age  of  105,  leaving  over  100  descendants  through  7  sons  and  7  daughters.  One 
son  was  Jose";  2  daughters  were  Luisa  and  Maria.  D.  (Josd  Maria),  at  Los 
Ang.  '39,  age  39;  also  '43.  iv.  642.  D.  (Jose"  Maria),  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  25, 
wife  Concepcion  Galatan,  child.  Manuel  and  Guadalupe.  D.  (Juan  Jos6), 


DOMINGUEZ-DOOR.  783' 

settler  of  Los  Art£.  1785-90,  soldier  in  earlier  years,  i.  246,  461;  grantee  of  S. 
Pedro  rancho  1800-22.  i.  C62;  ii.  Ill,  350,  353,  634,  GG3. 

Dominguez  (Manuel),  son  of  Cristobal,  who  from  about  '25  lived  on  the  S. 
Pedro  rancho.  In  '27-8,  of  terna  for  contador,  suplcntc  of  the  dip.,  and  elector 
for  Los  Ang.  ii.  5GO;  iii.  42,  44,  63;  in  '29  regidor.  ii.  501;  in  '32  alcalde  of 
Los  Ang.  iii.  216,  G35;  in  '33-G  aux.  alcalde  at  8.  Pedro,  iii.  635-6;  opposition 
to  Gov.  Alvarado  '36-7.  iii.  491,  406;  in  '39  2d  alcalde  Los  Ang.  iii.  636; 
'42-3  jucz  de  paz.  iv.  632-3;  in  '43  prefect  of  2d  district,  iv.  632-3;  in  '44 
capt.  of  defensores.  iv.  407.  In  '46  his  rancho  was  occupied  by  the  Amer.  in 
Oct.  v.  319;  in  '49  he  was  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention;  in  '52  county 
supervisor,  cl.  for  the  S.  Pedro  rancho.  iii.  634.  Don  Manuel  was  always  a 
man  of  influence  and  of  excellent  repute.  Still  living  on  his  home  rancho  in 
'80  at  the  age  of  77,  entirely  blind  for  some  years;  died,  I  think,  a  few  years 
later.  His  wife  was  Maria  Alta  Gracia  Cota,  and  they  had  10  children,  of 
whom  6  daughters  survived  in  '80.  D.  (Mariano),  Los  Ang.  trader,  age  50, 
in  '39.  D.  (Nasario).  bro.  of  Manuel,  a  wild  fellow,  but  a  successful  ranchero. 
He  sold  his  share  of  the  rancho  to  his  brother.  D.  (Nemesio),  soldier  at  So 
noma  '41.  D.  (Pedro),  at  Los  Ang.  :38;  juez  de  campo  at  S.  Pedro  '40.  iii. 
564-5,  G37;  age  29  in  '39.  D.  (Serapio),  Mex.  soldier  of  the  piquete  de  Hi 
dalgo  at  Mont.  '36,  age  23.  D.  (Vicente),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  D.  (Vicente 
Sotclo  dc),  at  Los  Ang.  '38.  iii.  566. 

Dominis  (John),  Ib35,  mr  of  the  Bolivar,  iii.  381;  mr  of  the  Joseph  Pea- 
body  '39-42.  iv.  104.  566;  native  of  Trieste,  who  was  lost  on  the  Noble  about 
'45.  His  widow  lived  at  Honolulu  '84,  and  his  son  John  0.  was  brother-in-law 
of  the  king.  Peirce.  Donald  (M.),  1848,  miner  said  to  have  been  drowned 
in  the  Yuba.  D.  (Neal),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.;  died  at 
S.  Diego  Nov.  Donaldson  (A.  C.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336). 
Donegan  (John),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Donnelly,  1848,  kept  a 
gambling  and  grog  shop  at  Sta  B. ,  ordered  to  be  broken  up  by  govt.  D. 
(John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 

Donner  (Geo.),  1846,  nat.  of  N.  C.,  who  came  from  Springfield,  111.,  in  the 
famous  immig.  party  that  bears  his  name.  For  a  full  account  of  this  terrible 
journey,  see  v.  530-44.  He  was  accompanied  by  his  wife — Tamsen,  widow 
Dozier,  maiden  name  Eustis,  a  woman  of  'culture  and  education,  formerly  a 
teacher,  v.  530,  541,  544;  two  daughters  by  a  former  wife,  Elitha  C.,  v.  534, 
and  Leanna  C.,  v.  534;  and  three  daughters  by  Tamsen,  Frances  E.,  Georgia 
A.,  and  Eliza  P.  v.  535.  The  father  and  mother  both  perished,  the  latter  de 
liberately  sacrificing  her  own  life  in  order  to  cheer  the  dying  hours  of  her 
husband;  but  the  children  were  all  rescued.  Elitha  married  Perry  McCoon  in 
'47,  and  after  his  death  Benj.  W.  Wilder:  and  in  'SO  lived  at  Elk  Grove,  Sac. 
Co.,  with  6  children.  Leanna  married  John  App  in  '52,  and  in  '80  lived  at 
Jamestown,  Tuol.  Co.,  with  3  children.  Frances  married  Wm  R.  Wilder,  and 
in  '80  lived  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  with  5  children.  Georgia  married  W.  A.  Bab- 
cock  in  '63.  and  in  '80  lived  at  Mountain  View,  Sta  Clara  Co.,  with  3  children. 
Eliza,  the  youngest,  a  small  child  in  '46,  married  S.  0.  Houghton  in  '61,  and 
in  '80  was  living  at  S.  Jose  with  6  children.  McGlashan  gives  many  details 
about  the  members  of  this  farrily,  with  a  portrait  of  Georgia. 

Donner  (Jacob),  1846,  brother  of  Geo.,  and  member  of  the  same  party, 
with  his  wife  Elizabeth,  4  sons,  and  a  daughter,  v.  530-44.  The  father, 
mother,  and  3  sons — Isaac,  Lewis,  and  Samuel — perished  in  the  mountains; 
but  one  son  and  the  daughter  survived.  Geo.  D. ,  Jr,  married  Margaret  J.  Wat 
son  in  '62,  and  died  at  Sebastopol,  Sonoma  Co.,  in  '74,  leaving  a  widow  and  6 
children  living  in  '80.  A  S.F.  lot  was  granted  him  in  '47.  His  sister,  Mary  M. 
Donner,  was  married*  in  '59  to  S.  O.  Houghton,  and  died  in  '60,  leaving  a 
daughter,  still  living  in  '80.  Mrs  Elizabeth  D.  also  had  two  sons  by  a  fonner 
marriage,  named  'Hook,'q.v.  Donnavan  (B.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 
Doody  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  I,  KY.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Coloma '49  with  his  wife. 
Doolan  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Dobley  (Thomas),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  D.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  Clark; 
prob.  an  error.  Door  (James),  1840,  arrested  foreigner,  doubtful,  iv.  14. 


784  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Dopken  (Jacob),  1845,  at  S.  F.  '45-6;  Johana  D.,  apparently  his  wife;  at 
N.  Hclv.  '47;  lot  at  S.F.  iv.  587;  v.  G78.  Doran  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U. 
S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Dormaii  (Henry),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  Ballhaus  (v. 
526);  vincyardist  in  Sac.  Val.;  d.  about  '54.  D.  (John),  1834,  Engl.  tailor 
at  Mont.  Dornin  (Thomas),  1842,  com.  of  the  U.  S.  Dale.  iv.  314,  5G5. 
Dornte  (C.),  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  with  a  family,  iv.  578;  possibly  went  to  Or.  v. 
526;  but  was  probably  the  D.  who  settled  at  S.  F.  in  '46,  and  was  murdered 
by  Beverley  in  Nov.  '47.  v.  646,  684.  Dorr  (Ebenezer),  1796,  mr  of  the 
(stfer,  the  1st  Amer.  vessel  in  a  Cal.  port.  i.  539-40,  618,  644,  685.  Dorset, 
1C47,  on  the  Currency  Lass  from  Honolulu.  Dorty  (Wm).  1841,  employed 
on  Leese's  launch.  Dotson,  1846,  doubtful  name  at  Chino  rancho.  v.  314. 
Dotter  (Wm  C.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  lot  at  S.  F.,  where  he  still 
lived  71-82;  ex-member  of  the  legislature. 

Doucett  (Louis),  1847,  lot-owner  at  S.F.  Dougherty,  1846,  at  S.F.  with 
family;  prob.  'Dornte,'  q.  v.  D.  (James),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  409). 
D.  (John),  1847,  Irish,  at  N.  Helv.  I).  (Joseph),  1832,  one  of  Young's  trap 
pers  who  perhaps  remained  in  Cal.  iii.  388.  Douglas,  1845,  Engl.  pass  to 
Sonora.  D.  (David),  1830,  Scotch  botanist  on  the  Dryad  from  the  Columbia 
Riv. ;  joined  the'comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  '32;  touched  again  at  S.  F.  '33; 
died  at  the  Sandw.  Isl.  '34.  iii.  221,  382,  403-5,  699.  D.  (David  F.),  1 848, 
nat.  of  Teim.  who  came  as  wagoner  from  Mcx.  with  Graham's  dragoons  (v. 
522);  memb.  of  1st  legisl.  '49-50;  U.S.  marshal;  sec.  of  state  '55-7;  from  '57 
on  a  farm  in  S.  Joaq.  to  his  death  in  '72,  age  51.  D.  (Sir  James),  1841,  agent 
of  the  H.B.Co.,  who  came  on  the  Columbia,  iv.  80,  194,  209-17,  564,  619,  650, 
665.  See  also  JJist.  Brit.  Col.,  this  series.  My  collection  contains  his  Private 
Papers  and  Journal,  including  the  Voyage,  to  Cal.  He  died  at  Victoria  in  '77. 
D.  (James),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  later  in  Slitter's  employ.  D. 
(John),  1823,  sailor  on  the  Rover.  D.  (Thos),  1847,  teacher  and  graduate  of 
Yale,  who  came  from  Honolulu  on  the  Francesco,  with  letters  from  Judd  to 
Larkin,  and  in  '48  took  charge  of  the  S.  F.  public  school,  v.  656-7.  D. 
(Thos  A.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336). 

Dove  (James  G.),  1833,  Engl.  sailor  from  the  whaler  Kitty  at  Mont.  iii. 
409;  named  in  a  Los  Ang.  list  of  '36  as  a  single  London  carpenter,  age  22, 
from  Peru;  a  trapper  for  some  years;  in  '40  exiled  to  S.  Bias,  but  came  back 
with  a  pass  and  claim  for  damages,  iv.  18,  33,  37.  He  is  named  in  a  S.  Gabriel 
list  of  '44;  but  I  find  no  trace  of  him  in  '46-7;  in  the  mines  '48-52,  and  later 
at  Stockton,  Fresno,  and  Tuolumne,  where  he  lived  in  '71.  Dow  (Joseph  G. ), 

1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  memb.  of  leg'sl.  !62;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '71-9;  in 
Mendocino  '82.       Dowd  (Michael),  1841,  mr  of  the  Corxair.  iv.  564.       Dowl- 
ing  (Geo.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lots;  prob.  same  as  '  Dohling,'  q.v.       D.  (John), 

1848,  in  the  mines  with  Brooks;  wounded  by  Ind.       D.   (Thos  H.).   184S, 
Irish  overl.  immig.;  claimant  for  Yerba  Buena  Isl.;  left  .Cal.   '67;  died  at 
Wash.  '72,  age  62.       Downes  (John),  1846,  passed  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Dale; 
acting  mr  of  the  Portsmouth  '47.       Downey  (Chas  H.).  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S. 
artill.  (v.  518).       D.  (Joseph),  1846,  doubtful  name  at  S.  F.  v.  649.       Down 
ing  (Helms),  1845,  overl.  immig.   in  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  586-7;  at  N. 
Helv.  '46;  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  prob.  went  east  soon  after  '47. 
Doyle  (James),  1836,  employee  of  Leese  at  S.F.,  who  on  being  dismissed  en 
gaged  in  stealing  horses  in  the  interior,  for  which  he  was  arrested  and  brought 
to  Sonoma  for  trial,  iii.  722;  iv.  113,  118.  It  may  have  been  the  same  or  an 
other  James  D.  who  appears  as  a  laborer  on  Larkin's  books  from  '44  and  got 
land  at  S.F.  and  Mont,  in  '46-7. 

Drabe  (David  R.),  1845,  mr  of  the  Martha,  iv.  567.  Drake  (Andrew  J.), 
1847,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Columbus.  D.  (Francis),  1579,  Eugl.  navigator  on 
the  coast  of  Cal.;  full  account  of  his  visit  in  i.  81-94.  Drayton  (Joseph), 
1841,  artist  in  U.S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  241.  D.  (Percival),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U. 
S.  Columbus.  Drear,  see  'Dryer.'  Drennan  (James),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Tuolumne  '71.  Dresher  (Jacob),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S. 
dragoons  (v.  336).  Dreyer  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518). 
Drieher  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Dring  (David),  1847,  mr 


DRING— DUNCAN.  785 

of  the  Janet,  v.  578;  a  business  man  of  S.F.  '48-9  and  later.  Driscoll,  1848, 
at  S.F.  from  Tahiti.  Druco  (Lozuel),  1841,  carpenter  from  tbc  Alert  at  S. 
Pedro;  ordered  to  reembark,  Sttarns  being  lined  for  keeping  D.  at  his  house; 
written  also  '  Dince  '  and  '  Dance.'  Drummond  (John  W.  H.),  1847,  had  a 
lot  and  house  at  Benicia.  v.  072.  Dryer  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  Sta  Cruz  '71-82. 

Dnarte  (Alberto),  soldier  in  S.F.  militia  comp.  '37.  D.  (Andres),  grantee 
of  Azuza  '41,  and  of  a  S.  Gabriel  lot  '46.  v.  628,  034;  his  name  is  still  retained 
by  a  settlement  in  this  region.  D.  (Angel,  Felipe,  Francisco,  Jose",  Julio, 
Manuel,  Martin,  Nasario,  Rafael,  Ramon,  Vicente),  living  in  the  Los  Ang. 
region  '46.  D.  (Antonio  Ign.),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Eulalia  Higuera. 
D.  (Cayetano),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '13.  ii.  350.  D.  (Jos6),  ranchero  and 
militiaman  in  S.F.  dist  '35-7;  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  33,  wife  Maria  Soto,  child 
Antonio.  D.  (Jos6),  shot  for  murder  at  Los  Ang.  '41.  iv.  630.  D.  (Juan 
Jose),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '14.  ii.  350.  D.  (Juan  Jose),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32, 
wife  Maria  Serrano.  D.  (Juan  Maria),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  D. 
(Leandro),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  ii.  350.  D.  (Manuel),  soldier  at  the  Colorado 
pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  359,  362.  D.  (Manuel),  sindico  at  S.  Jos6 
'27.  ii.  605;  aux.  alcalde  at  Sta  Gertrudis '37.  iii.  636.  D.  (Mariano),  soldier 
of  S.F.  comp.  '19;  alcalde  of  S.  Jose'  '31,  in  controversy  with  Gov.  Victoria, 
iii.  194-5,  609,  729;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  68,  nat.  of  Cal.,  wife  Tcodora  Peralta, 
child.  Albino  b.  '21,  Loreto  '27,  Luisa  '32;  in  '45  a  school-master  on  trial  for 
grave  crimes,  iv.  686. 

Dubosc  (Pierre),  1840,  Frenchman  killed  by  an  Ind.  at  Mclntosh's  rancho. 
Mofras  blamed  the  authorities  for  neglect  to  arrest  the  murderer,  iv.  120,  252. 
Duchene,  1845,  perhaps  with  Fremont,  iv.  583.  Duckworth  (Walter),  1829 
(?),  Engl.  sailor  who  in  '32  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  179-80, 
221,  408;  often  named  in  records  of  '32-43;  in  '36  at  Mont.,  age  32,  wife  An- 
tonia  Armenta,  child.  Guillermo  b.  '30,  Santiago  '32,  Maria  Adelaida  '35.  The 
age  of  his  son  is  the  only  evidence  I  have  that  he  came  before  '32.  In  '41  he 
accompanied  Douglas  on  a  trip  from  Mont,  to  S.F. ;  prob.  died  soon  after '43. 
He  was  often  called  Santiago,  and  was  juez  del  monte  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  674. 
The  son  Santiago  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $3,950  in  '46-7  (v.  462).  Ducoigne 
(Eugene),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.,  artill.  Co.  B  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.F.  Oct.;  Cal. 
claim  for  services,  §161.  Dueuas,  1842,  perhaps  an  alferez  of  the  batallon 
iijo,  said  to  have  remained  in  Cal.  '45.  iv.  513. 

Dufrd  (Jacques),  1840,  arrested  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  14;  prob.  the  name  was 
'  Dufras.'  Dnhaut-Cilly  (Auguste),  1827-8,  mr  of  the  French  trader  Ittros. 
and  author  of  the  Voyage  autour  du  Monde,  containing  much  valuable  matter 
about  Cal.  iii.  94-5,  128-31,  133,  147;  also  ment.  of  his  work  and  local  de 
scriptions,  ii.  548,  550-1,  563-4,  574-5,  579,  589-90,  595,  598,  603,  610-11, 
014,  GIG,  626,  631,  650.  Duhy  (John),  1848,  came  from  Sandw.  Isl.  Hist. 
Or.,  ii.  334.  Duisenberg  (Edward),  1848,  German  business  man  of  S.F.  '80, 
who  may  have  arrived  from  Valparaiso  before  the  end  of  '48.  Contemp.  J3log. 
i.  416.  Duketel  (Sidney),  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  men,  as  he  was 
in  '48-9.  v.  453,  583.  Dulanto  (Andres),  1804,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S. 
Juan  B.,  and  died  in  1808.  ii.  154,  159-60.  Dulany,  1842,  lieut  U.S. N.  with 
Com.  Jones,  iv.  308.  Dumetz  (Francisco),  1771,  Span,  friar  who  served  as 
missionary  for  40  years,  chiefly  at  S.  Buen. ,  S.  Fern.,  and  S.  Gabriel,  where 
he  died  in  1811.  Biog.  ii.  355;  ment.  i.  173,  175-6,  178-9,  187-9,  19G,  237, 
246,  255,  276,  282,  351,  388,  405,  466,  562,  575,  578,  674;  ii.  113-15,  159,  394. 
Duncan,  1815,  on  the  Columbia,  not  permitted  to  remain  in  Cal.  ii.  273. 
D.,  1845,  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  prob.  went  back 
in  '46.  iv.  572,  526.  D.  (Alex.),  1843,  mrof  the  Vancouver,  iv.  569;  perhaps 
of  the  Columbia  '47.  v.  577.  D.  (James  M.),  1846,  passed  mid.  on  the  Con- 
f//v.s-x;  acting  capt.  of  Co.  F,  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7,  and  in  Gillespie's  party 
meeting  Kearny.  v.  340,  385.  D.  (Robert)*  1846,  Scotchman  from  New 
Zealand  with  his  wife  and  4  children;  lived  at  S.F.,  where  he  owned  a  lot  in 
'47;  in  the  mines  '48-9;  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  where  he  died  '57.  Portrait 
in  Hesperian  Nov.  '59.  D.  (Thomas),  1839,  Scotch  mr  of  the  Juan  Jose  "39- 
IIisi.  CAL.,  VOL.  II.  50 


786  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

44;  naturalized  in  '44;  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  104,  119,  566.  D.  (Thos).  1846  (?), 
Kentuckian;  at  Sac.  '48-9;  at  Emigrant  Gap,  Nev. '82.  Reno  Gazette.  Dun- 
comb  (C.),  1848,  nat.  of  Conn.;  doctor  and  farmer;  in  legisl.  '63  from  Sac., 
age  70.  D.  (John),  1846,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  684.  Dundas,  1844,  officer 
on  the  Modeste.  Dunderfeldt  (John),  1816,  sailor  on  the  Lydia  at  StaB.  ii. 
275.  Dunham  (Albert),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Eat.  (v.  469);  died  at  S.  Diego 
'47.  Dunitch  (Ernest  F.),  1847,  musician  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  nearPlacer- 
ville  '83.  Dunlap  (John),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  D. 
(John  G.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Dunfeavy  (James  G.  T.), 
1846,  overl.  immig.  and  methodist  preacher,  who  was  a  lot-owner  at  S.  F., 
and  was  prominent  in  town  affairs  of  '47,  being  municipal  clerk  and  taking 
part  in  public  meetings,  v.  528-9,  645,  648-9,  653;  in  '47-8  preacher  and 
acting  alcalde  at  Sta  Cruz.  v.  641-2;  also  preached  at  the  gold-mines  '48.  I 
lind  no  later  record  of  him.  His  3d  initial  is  often  printed  S.  or  W.,  but  I 
have  his  autograph.  Dunlevy  (James),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Dunn  (Alex.),  1836,  Amer.  hatter  from  N.  Mex.  at  Los  Aug.,  age  29. 
D.  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.;' in  the  mines  from  '48;  in  Mariposa 
'51-2;  from  '56  at  Stockton,  where  he  was  drowned  in  '77.  D.  (E.  H. ),  1846, 
1st  officer  of  the  Fama,  in  trouble  with  the  capt.  D.  (Ed.  T.),  1847,  purser 
of  the  U.S.  Columbus.  D.  (James  H.),  1846,  Fauntleroy's dragoons  (v.  232). 
D.  (Patrick  H.),  1846,  nat.  of  Me,  who  landed  from  a  whaler  and  went  to 
Sonoma  Co. ;  also  accredited  to  N.Y.Vol. ;  a  printer;  said  to  have  frozen  his 
feet  in  one  of  the  Donner  relief  parties.  In  southern  Cal.  he  belonged  to  a 
gang  of  desperadoes,  being  twice  tried  for  murder.  Went  to  Ariz,  in  '57; 
edited  a  paper;  served  in  the  legisl.,  and  as  county  judge;  and  died  near 
Tucson  in  '71,  or,  as  some  say,  in  '66.  See  John  '  Dunne.'  D.  (Thos),  1847, 
Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Goose  Creek,  Id.,  '81.  '  Dunne  (John),  1847, 
Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  printer  from  Me,  who  lived  3  years  at  Sonoma; 
badly  wounded  in  a  fight  with  desperadoes  at  Sta  B.  about  '53;  drowned  in 
Kern  Riv.  '55.  Evidently  there  is  much  confusion  between  this  man  and  Pat. 
H.  '  Dunn,'  q.v.  D.  (Win  Burden),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336); 
nat.  of  Ireland  and  resid.  of  Los  Ang.  '76.  I  have  his  MS.  Notes  on  S.  Pas- 
cual.  Dunklemugger  (John),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  '71.  Alta.  Dupas 
(J.),  1845,  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-8.  iv.  587:  often  named  in  the  N.  Ilelv. 
Diary;  also  written  'Duped,'  and  'Dupeis,'  'Dupont,'and  'Dupos';  perhaps 
the  man  called  'Dofar,'  q.v.  Dupont  (Samuel  F.),  1846,  com.  of  the  U.  S. 
Congress,  transferred  to  the  Cyane.  v.  251,  253,  267,  284,  577;  uat.  of  N.  J.; 
rear-admiral  in  the  war  of  '61-5;  d.  in  '65. 

Puran  (Narciso),  1806,  Span,  friar,  who  served  40  years  as  missionary  in 
Cat.,  chiefly  at  S.  Jose"  and  Sta  B.;  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  influen 
tial  of  the  Franciscans,  especially  in  the  later  years;  president  and  prefect; 
died  at  Sta  B.  in  '46,  the  last  survivor  but  two  of  the  Fernandinos  in  Cal. 
Biog.  v.  633-4;  ment.  ii.  136,  138,  159-60,  163,  218,  329-30,  335,  375,  387, 
394,  493,  500,  502,  504,  518,  599-600,  644,  655,  657;  iii.  18-20,  74-5,  87,  89, 
96,  114,  156,  198-9,  250,  257-8,  308-10,  316,  318,  320,  328-36,  338,  346-7, 
423,  434-6,  492,  510,  530,  550,  566,  577,  582,  595,  611,  652-3,  656,  733-4;  iv. 
45-8,  57,  60,  63-4,  159,  253,  331,  371-2,  423, 546-51,  553,  565,  643.  Durand 
(St  Vrain),  1845,  Canadian  sawyer  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party, 
iv.  572,  587.  He  went  south  with  Fremont  in  '46,  and  was  one  of  Talbot's  men 
at  Sta  B.  v.  316;  later  served  in  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Mont, 
in  Sept.  Durbin  (Daniel),  1844,  possibly  of  the  Stevens'  immig.  party  (iv. 
445),  but  prob.  went  to  Or.  D.  (M.  L.),'lS48,  nat.  of  Cal.,  farmer  in  Solano 
Co.  '78;  prob.  son  of  the  following.  D.  (W.  Perry),  1846,  nat.  of  Mo.,  prob. 
overl.  immig.;  farmer  in  Solano  Co.  '51-78.  Durick  (Patrick),  1842,  Irish 
carpenter  from  Honolulu  on  the  Fama,  age  31 ;  still  at  Mont.  '46.  Durivage, 
1848  (?),  editorial  writer  on  the  Alta  and  other  papers  from  '49;  left  N.  Orleans 
for  Cal.  via  Chihuahua  in  '48  and  possibly  arrived  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
Durkue  (Anthony),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Dustin  (C.  H.),  1848, 
nat.  of  Vt;  in  Sta  Clara  '53-76. 

Dutcher  (Thomas  P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenlisted.       Du- 


DUTHA  DE  VARGAS— EAGAR.  787 

tra  de  Vargas  (Manuel),  1841,  Portug.  trader,  age  19,  who  came  from  S.  Amer. 
ou  the  J6i~c.il  Carolina,  and  was  naturalized  in  '42,  having  a  Mex.  wife.  He 
kept  a  saloon  at  Mont,  in  '43,  and  was  prob.  the  '  Dutre  '  named  by  Colton 
in  '47.  iv.  279.  Button  (C.),  1846,  at  Sutter's  Fort  in  Feb. 

Button  (David  Bewey),  1840,  nat.  of  Mass,  who  crossed  the  plains  to  Or. 
in  '39,  and  in  '40  was  a  passenger  on  the  Lausanne,  touching  at  Bodega  and 
going  to  Honolulu,  iv.  104,  117,  120-1.  In  '43  he  came  back  from  S.  Amer. 
with  Stephen  Smith,  iv.  390;  worked  a  while  at  Bodega;  went  to  N.  Helv., 
being  employed  as  cook  by  Sutter,  and  settled  on  Butte  (Jr.,  being  naturalized 
in  '44.  iv.  229,  396.  v.  102.  Soon  after  '48  he  moved  to  Solano  Co.,  where  he 
still  lived  at  Vacaville  after  '80.  His  wife  was  Martha  J.  Pearson,  married  in 
'06;  and  they  had  7  children  in  '79.  Portrait  in  Solano  Co.  Hist.,  80.  But 
ton  (Baniel),  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  Buval,  1843,  mr  of  the  Fanny,  iv. 
565;  mr  of  the  Parachute  and  Covinyton  '46-7,  perhaps  the  same  man.  v. 
577,  579.  B.  (J.,  or  Marius),  1846,  asst  surg.  on  the  Portsmouth;  visited  N. 
Helv.;  inMarston's  exped.  Jan.  '47.  v.  102,  380.  Buvall  (Robert  C.),  1816. 
mid.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah;  acting  lieut  in  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  3G6. 
Buvanchelle  (E.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Bwyer  (Win),  1846  (?),  Irish 
cabin-boy  on  a  trader;  came  back  after  '48;  famous  as  a  saloon-keeper  and 
bruiser;  killed  in  S.F.  '73.  Bye  (Hazard),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Bye  (Job  Francis),  1832,  Kentuckian  trapper  from  N.  Mex.  in  Young's 
party,  iii.  388,  408.  For  a  year  or  more  Bye  engaged  in  otter-hunting  on  the 
coast,  iii.  394,  and  late  in  '33  took  charge  of  Capt.  Cooper's  live-stock  at  the 
Rancho  del  Sur;  from  this  date  his  name  appears  on  Larkiii's  books;  and  he 
still  made  occasional  otter-hunting  trips.  In  '35  he  established  a  distillery  at 
Sayante  near  Sta  Cruz,  at  first  with  Tornliuson,  later  with  Majors,  whom  he 
bought  out  in  '40,  having  applied  for  naturalization  in  '39.  Met  by  Edwards 
;37.  iv.  86;  arrested  but  not  exiled  in  '40,  being  accused  by  Morris  of  taking 
part  against  the  foreigners,  iv.  9,  17,  22.  He  had  a  store  and  mill  as  well  as 
distillery  at  Sta  Cruz;  but  claims,  rather  unintelligibly,  that  his  business  was 
ruined  by  Castro  and  other  Mex.  officials,  and  he  was  forced  to  start  anew  in 
a  small  way  as  trader  at  Mont.  In  '44  he  got  a  grant  of  the  Rio  de  Berreudos 
rancho,  Tehama  Co.  iv.  672;  and  in  '45  put  stock  on  the  place,  N.  Helv. 
Diary,  though  still  residing  at  Mont.  In  '46  he  was  regidor,  served  as  guide 
for  Fauntleroy's  dragoons,  and  was  employed  to  carry  despatches  from  Sloat 
at  Mont,  to  S.F.  v.  238,  636.  In  '47  he  advertised  his  house  for  sale,  but  con 
tinued  his  business  in  partnership  with  Packard,  and  perhaps  built  an  adobe 
house  on  his  Antelope  Cr.  property.  In  '48  he  made  a  successful  tour  in  the 
mines,  and  in  company  with  Larkin  chartered  the  Mary,  on  which  he  brought 
a  cargo  of  goods  from  Mazatlan*  bringing  a  drove  of  mules  from  Sonora  by 
land  the  next  year;  in  '50  a  trader  at  Sacramento,  and  later  engaged  in  stock- 
raising  on  his  Tehama  rancho.  In  '77  he  lived  on  his  farm  near  Corralitos,  Sta 
Cruz,  and  gave  me  his  Recollections  of  Cat.  in  MS.,  substantially  the  same 
narrative  being  that  printed  in  the  Sta  Cruz  Sentinel  of  '69.  Here  he  died  in 
'S3  at  the  age  of  78,  leaving  4  grown  children,  James  and  Newton  Bye  of  Sta 
Cruz  Co.,  Mrs  J.  S.  Butler  of  Oakland,  and  Mrs  C.  M.  Hays  of  Silver  City, 
Id.  S.  J.  Pioneer.  Byer  (W.H.),  1847,  nat.  of  Mass.;  in  Alameda  Co.  '56- 
78.  Alam.  Co.  Hist.  Atla*.  Byes  (W.  W.),  1841,  taxidermist  in  U.  S.  ex. 
exped.  iv.  241.  Byke  (Simon),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Ari 
zona  '82.  Dykes  (Geo.  P.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.,  and  adj.  of  the 
battalion;  his  actions  severely  criticised  by  the  Mormons,  v.  477,  480,  482-3. 

Eagar  (John),  1846,  nat.  of  N\Y.,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  his 
mother  Mrs  LucyE.,  brother,  and  two  sisters,  v.  546.  He  was  Brannan's 
clerk,  also  printer,  and  for  a  time  associate  editor  of  the  Star,  being  owner 
of  lots  at  S.F.  in  '47.  v.  658,  682.  I  have  his  original  application  to  Larkin 
fora  clerkship,  dated  Feb.  21,  '47.  His  mother  had  been  excommunicated 
from  the  church  on  the  voy.,  and  wished  to  remove  her  children  from  Mormon 
influences.  Lieut  W.  A.  Bartlett,  at  her  request,  wrote  a  very  flattering  rec 
ommendation  for  John,  adding  his  opinion  that  E.'s  absence  would  'kill  this 


738  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

lying  Mormon  paper  and  its  editor  at  once ! '  The  plan  was  not  successful,  or 
at  least  John  did  not  apostatize,  but  went  to  Utah,  where  he  died.  I  have  a 
brief  narrative  by  him  of  the  voyage  of  the  colony.  Mrs  E.  kept  a  little  store 
at  S.F.  in  '46,  also  obtaining  a  lot;  but  she  went  to  Mont,  with  her  daughters 
in  '47,  where  one  of  them  taught  a  school,  v.  636.  Mary  Eagar  married  Milton 
Little  in  '48,  and  as  a  widow  is  perhaps  still  living  at  Mont,  in  '85.  The  other 
daughter,  Arabella,  married  a  man  named  Knapp,  and  was  at  S.F.  about  '81. 

E.  (Thomas),  1846,  bro.  of  John,  also  on  the  Brooklyn,  age  18;  owner  of  a  S. 

F.  lot  '47;  clerk  at  Mont,  and  Los  Ang.  '47-8;  in  the  mines  '48;  at  S.F.  '49- 
54.  From  '54  he  was  in  the  lumber  business  at  East  Oakland,  where  in  '54  he 
married  Angelina  A.  Tupper,  and  where  he  lived  with  his  family  in  '78;  a 
member  of  the  legisl.  '59,  '60,  '65;  living  in  Nevada  '85;  portrait  in  Halley's 
Cent.  Year-Book,  544.       Eagle  (F.),  1840,  doubtful  name  in  Farnham's  list  of 
arrested  foreigners,  iv.  17.       E.  (Robert  Nelson).  1842,  trader,  age  22,  who 
came  from  Hon.  on  the  California  for  his  health.       Eames,  see  'Ames.' 

Earl  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  E.  (James  C.), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  E.  (Jesse),  1847,  musician  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat. 
E.  (Justice  C.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  Earle  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  later  an  actor  and  cultivator  of  hops;  d.  at  Sac.  '71.  Earley 
(James),  1847,  owner  of  lots  at  S.F.;  perhaps  with  Kearny  in  '46.  v.  337,  083. 

Eastham,  1848,  mr  of  the  Luia  Perry.  Eastin  (James  W.),  1847,  Ken- 
tuckian  overl.  immig.  with  wife;  at  Sonoma  '47-8,  also  at  Mormon  Isl.  and 
S.F.,  where  twins  were  born  '48,  one  of  them,  a  son,  still  living  in  '83;  at  Sta 
Clara  from  '50,  and  still  living  in  '83,  when  his  wife  died.  Eastland  (Addi- 
son  G. ),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Eastman  (Isaac  E. ),  1848,  miner 
near  Volcano.  Amador  Co.  Hist.  E.  (Marcus  N. ),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  Eaton,  1847,  at  Hon.  from  S.  F.  on  the  Georgiana.  E.  (Geo.), 
1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  E.  (Henry),  1839,  sailor  on  the  Monsoon, 
who  went  up  the  Sac.  with  Sutter;  remained  on  the  coast  till  '41;  at  S.F.  '73. 
His  Pioneer  of  '38  is  a  letter  of  '73  to  Benj.  Hayes  narrating  the  visit,  iv.  119. 
E.  (Thos),  1836,  doubtful  name  of  an  Amer.,  age  60,  in  a  Los  Ang.  list. 

Ebbetts  (John,  Jr),  1830,  Amer.  sup.  of  the  Volunteer  '30-1.  iii.  180,  384; 
on  the  coast  again  in  '32-4  on  the  Henriqueta;  and  again  in  '34-5,  being  men 
tioned  in  mission  accts  in  '39-40.  iiii.  623.  Peirce  says  that  he  died  in  N.Y. 
soon  after  '42,  and  his  father — prob.  Thos  J.  of  '36,  iv.  141 — at  Honolulu  in 
'41.  I  have  many  of  E/s  business  letters;  and  some  of  them,  besides  dry  details 
of  hides,  tallow,  and  goods,  reveal  in  sentimental  phrases  the  writer's  attach 
ment  to  a  well-known  senorita  of  Mont. ,  who,  greatly  to  the  sorrow  of  John.  Jr, 
preferred  another  Americano.  Eberhardt,  see'Everhart.'  Echeandia  ( Jose" 
Maria),  1825,  Mex.  lieut-col  of  engineers,  who  was  gov.  and  com.  gen.  of  Cal.  from 
Nov.  '25  to  end  of  Jan.  '31,  and  again — if  there  was  any  such  official — from  Dec. 
'31  to  Jan.  '33,  though  Pio  Pico  is  generally  and  inaccurately  named  as  gov.  He 
left  Cal.  in  May  '33,  was  still  living  in  Mex.  '56,  but  seems  to  have  died  before  71. 
See  biog.  with  references,  iii.  243-5;  mention  i.  364;  ii.  543-54, 560, 572, 574, 587, 
592,  607,  614,  648-52,  664,  674,  680;  on  appointment,  arrival,  and  acts  in  '25. 
iii.  8-30;  '23-30,  rule,  politics,  etc.  iii.  31-55;  acts  on  finance,  Solis  revolt,  56 
-86;  mission  and  Ind.  affairs,  87-115;  maritime  and  commercial  affairs,  Fitch 
romance,  116-46;  policy  with  foreigners,  Smith  and  Pattie,  150-80;  acts  of  '31. 
iii.  181-7,' 195,  201-4,  203,  209,  212,  301-6;  acts  of  '32.  iii.  217-39,  314-15; 
acts  of  '33.  iii.  238-9,  326,  335,  613.  It  was  Echeandia's  fortune  to  rule  Cal. 
at  a  time  when  secularization  of  the  missions  was  first  seriously  agitated,  and 
he  has  been  a  shining  mark  for  severe  criticism,  and  even  abuse,  from  partisans 
of  the  friars,  for  the  most  part  undeserved.  His  views  were  sound  and  his  in 
tentions  good,  but  he  lacked  firmness  and  energy,  and  made  some  mistakes. 
His  character  is  fully  discussed  elsewhere.  Echevarria  (Nicolas),  at  La 
Brea,  Mont,  district,  '36,  age  45,  wife  Maria  del  Pilar  Larios,  child.  Juliana 
b.  '28,  Maria  '30,  Juan.  '32,  Antonio  '35.  Echeverria  (Agustin),  1782,  com. 
of  the  Favorita.  i.  378.  Ecker  (John),  1847,  musician  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499). 
Eddy  (Wm  H.),  1846,  one  of  the  Donner  party  from.  Belleville,  111.  His 
wife  Eleanor,  son  James  P.,  and  daughter  Mary  all  perished  in  the  Sierra, 


EDDY— ELIZALDE.  789 

but  the  father  survived,  being  one  of  the  most  active  in  saving  other  members 
of  the  party,  v.  531,  234,  540-4.  Eddy  married  Mrs  F.  Alfred  at  Gilroy  in 
'48,  and  Miss  A.  M.  Pardoe  in  '56,  dying  at  Petaluma  in  '59.  A  son  James, 
with  family,  and  daughter  Eleanor  (Mrs  S.B.  Anderson),  lived  at  S.  Jos6  '80; 
and  a  son  Alonzo  was  a  physician  in  Colorado.  Eddy,  1844,  mr  of  the  Jane, 
iv.  566.  Edelin  (James),  1847,  capt.  of  marines  on  the  Independence, 
Edgington  (Wm),  1846,  overl.  immig.,  who  served  in  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
lived  from  '48  near  Napa,  where  he  died  in  '84,  leaving  a  widow,  9  children, 
and  a  fortune.  Edmonds  (Nathan),  1834,  Amer.  in  a  Mont  list.  Edmon- 
son  (Alfred),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  lot  in  S.F.  '47;  of  E.  &  Ander 
son,  butchers  and  market-men  '48.  v.  682.  E,  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.;  at 
S.F.  '82;  perhaps  same  as  preceding. 

Edwards,  1847,  mr  of  the  Euphrates,  v.  578.  E,  1847,  mr  of  the  Pacific. 
v.  579.  E.  (David),  1826,  mr  of  the  Paragon,  iii.  148.  E.  (John),  1846, 
negro  imprisoned  at  Mont,  for  robbery;  shot  in  attempting  to  escape.  E. 
(John  S.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  drowned  in  S.  Joaq.  Riv.  '54. 
E.  (Philip  L.),  1837,  nat.  of  Ky,  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '34,  and  in  '37 
visited  Cal.  to  purchase  cattle  for  the  Willamette  Valley,  iii.  358,  699;  iv.  85- 
7,  117-18.  He  went  east  the  same  year,  studied  law,  married  Mary  Allen  in 
'40,  and  practised  his  profession  at  Richmond,  being  a  meinb.  of  the  Va  legis- 
lature,  and  taking  an  active  part  in  politics;  came  again  to  Cal.  in  '50  and 
lived  at  Sac.  till  his  death  in  '69;  prominent  as  a  lawyer  and  orator,  memb. 
of  legisl.,  and  candidate  for  congress;  a  man  of  exceptional  ability  and  at 
tainments.  His  MS.  Diary  of  a  Visit  to  Cal.  in  1837  is  an  interesting  narrative 
of  personal  observations,  presented  by  his  daughter. 

Egbert  (Robert  C.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).       Egger  (John  W.), 

1847,  tried  for  murder  of  Ind.  in  the  Sac,  Val.,  but  apparently  acquitted. 
v.  569,  610.       Eggleston  (Geo.),  1848,  had  a  market  at  S.  F.  v.  683.       E.  (J. 
W.),  1847,  had  a  lot  at  Benicia.  v.  672;  very  likely  the  same  as  Geo.       Egu- 
ren  (Francisco),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon  tijo  '42-5,  who  was  still  in 
Cal.  '46.  iv.   289;  v.  41,  49.       Ehlers  (August),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  Los  Ang.  '74-82.       Ehrenberg  (Herman),  1847,  German  engineer  and 
explorer,  who  after  many  adventures  as  revolutionist  in  Texas  crossed  the 
plains  to  Or.  in  '44,  and  came  to  Cal.  by  sea,  visiting  also  the  Sandw.  Isl. 
and  Mex.  coast  in  '47.   In  the  mines  '48-9;  discoverer  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Klamath  and  Gold  Bluff  '50,  publishing  a  map  of  that  region;  and  in  '54  a 
filibuster  in  Sonora.  He  became  a  pioneer  of  Ariz.,  where  a  town  bears  his 
name;  and  was  murdered  by  an  Ind.  at  Dos  Palmas  in  '66.       Eixarch  (Tomas), 
1775,  Franciscan  with  Anza;  remained  on  the  Colorado  while  A.  came  to  Cal. 
i.  258,  273,  354. 

Elb  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  German  aged  about  45,  who 
died  in  '48  on  the  Carolina  bet.  S.  F.  and  Sac.  Elbourne  (John),  1846,  mr 
of  a  whaler.  Eld,  1841,  mid.  in  U.  S.  ex.  exped.  iv.  245.  E.  (Henry  N.), 

1848,  owner  of  lotsa,t  S,  F.       Elder  (Turner),  1846,  prob.  overl.  immig.  with 
wife  and  3  children,  who  built  a  cabin  on  Dry  Creek,  S.  Joaq.  Co. ;  moved  in 
'47  to  the  Moquelumne;  later  at  Daylor's  rancho  and  in  the  mines;  went  to 
Mo.  '49,  and  was  still  there  in  '79.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Thos  Rhoads; 
twin  children  were  born  in  '47,  John  living  in  Fresno  Co.  '79,  Nancy  (Mrs 
Reese)  in  Mo.  S.  Joaq.  Co.  Hist. ,  19.       Eldred  (Nathaniel  B. ),  1848,  came  from 
Honolulu  to  S.  F. ;  went  to  the  Sandw.  Isl.  '50-1 ;  wandered  over  Ariz.,  Utah, 
and  Or. ;  near  Stockton  '66,  and  perhaps  died  in  '69.       Eldridge  (Geo.),  1848, 
on  the  first  jury  at  S.  Jose. 

Elijah,  1833,  Ind.  cook  from  Conn,  on  the  Helvetius;  went  to  Japan  with 
Capt.  Cooper  in  '42.  Gluts  Brown.  Elijah,  1845,  Walla  Walla  Ind.  shot  by 
Grove  Cook  at  N.  Helv.  v.  300-1.  Eliot  de  Castro  (John),  1814,  sup.  of 
the  Ilmen,  arrested  in  '15,  left  Cal.  with  Kotzebue  in  '16.  ii.  210,  274,  279, 
307-11,  373,  384.  Elisa  (Francisco),  1790-2,  Span.  com.  of  the  Concepcion 
and  Activa  in  Cal.  and  at  Nootka.  i.  493,  506,  517;  see  also  Hist.  N.  W.  Coast, 
index,  and  list  of  auth.  Elizalde  (Joaquin),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  E.  (Jose"), 
his  doggerel  of  '38.  iii.  577.  E.  (Juan),  ment.  in  '29.  iii.  68-9;  soldier  at 


700  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Sonoma  '41.       E.  (Mariano),  attacked  by  the  Bears  '46.  v.  162.       E.  (Nico 
las),  at  Los  Ang.  '39.       E.  (Vicente),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Ellick  (John),  1845,  German  shoemaker  from  Or.  in  McMahon-Clyman 
party,  iv.  572,  587.  In  '46,  applying  for  naturalization,  he  claimed  3  years' 
residence,  and  may,  therefore,  have  visited  Cal.  before  going  to  Or.  He  set 
tled  at  S.  F.,  where  he  got  a  lot  and  kept  a  bakery  with  Denike,  also  a  grog 
shop,  v.  684-5.  Still  at  S.  F.  '48-9;  name  written  Alleck,  Allig,  Ellig,  and 
Ilig,  the  last  being  perhaps  the  correct  form.  Elliott  (Albion  R.),  1845,  Co. 
E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Sonoma;  prob.  a  son  of  W.  B.  E.  (Ems), 

1845,  a  son  of  "Win  B;  said  to  have  been  one  of  a  party  that  disco  v.  the 
Geysers.       E.  (J.  L.),  1841,  chaplain  of  U.  S.  ex.  exped.,  detached  at  S.  F. 
E.  (Milton),  1846,  one  of  the  Donner  party  from  111. ;  perished,  v.  530,  534. 
The  Milton  Elliott  of  Or.  named  by  McBride  in  Tullidge's  Mag.,  July  '84,  is 
1:0 b  the  Donner-party  man,  as  he  writes  me  from  Astoria  in  '85.       E.  (Thos), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518);  later  in  the  mines. 

Elliott  (Win  B.),  1845,  nat.  of  N.C.,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party 
from  Mo.  with  wife — Elizabeth  Patton,  married  in  '21 — and  7  children,  v. 
579,  587;  summoned  before  Castro  as  a  repres.  of  the  immig.  iv.  606.  He  be 
came  a  famous  hunter,  and  on  one  of  his  early  exped.  is  credited  with  having 
discovered  the  Geysers.  He  built  a  cabin  on  Mark  West  Cr.,  worked  for  Smith 
at  Bodega,  but  left  his  family  in  Napa  Val.  He  joined  the  Bears  in  '46,  and 
Mrs  E.  is  said  to  have  furnished  cloth  and  needles  for  the  famous  flag.  v.  110, 
148.  One  or  more  of  his  sons  went  south  with  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  The  old 
hunter  raised  grain  and  cattle  in  Napa  and  Sonoma;  kept  a  hotel  in  '49;  and 
in  '54  moved  to  a  farm  in  Lake  Co.,  near  Upper  Lake,  where  he  died  in  '76  at 
the  age  of  78.  One  of  his  daughters  married  Benj.  Dewell,  another  pioneer. 

Ellis  (Alfred  J. ),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  who  came  from  Honolulu  with  wife 
and  3  children  on  the  Francisca;  owner  of  a  lot  and  keeper  of  a  boarding-house 
at  S.F.  from  '47.  v.  684;  made  a  trip  to  Hon.  and  back  with  his  son  in  '48  on 
the  Euphemia;  member  of  S.F.  guard  '48-9,  and  of  city  council  '49;  member 
of  the  constit.  convention  '49.  Still  at  S.F.  in  '54  and  later.  E.  (Robert), 
1826,  sailor  on  the  Rover.  E.  (Thos  W.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 
Ellison  (Pleasant),  1836,  named  in  Larkin's  books.  Ellsworth,  1845,  from 
Hon.  on  the  Fama.  Elmer  (Elijah),  1847,  sergt  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477; 
a  carpenter  at  Mont.  '48;  d.  in  Utah  '80.  Elson  (Thos),  1826-7,  mr  of  the 
Blossom,  iii.  121. 

Elwell  (Robert  J.),  1827,  nat.  of  Mass,  who  went  to  Honolulu  in  '23,  and 
came  to  Cal.  '27  as  mr  of  the  Tamaahmaah.  and  of  the  Washington  in  '28.  ii. 
573;  iii.  149,  176-7.  Often  said  to  have  come  in  '25  or  earlier,  and  this  may 
be  so,  though  in  a  padron  of  '36  he  is  said  to  have  come  9  years  before.  He 
settled  at  Sta  B. ,  was  naturalized  '28,  and  in  '29  married  Vicenta  Sanchez, 
being  engaged  in  trade,  iv.  117.  Many  of  his  commercial  letters  for  the  fol 
lowing  years  are  extant.  In  '36,  age  39,  with  4  children;  in  '42  got  a  grant  of 
land  at  S.F.  iv.  673;  in  '45  grantee  of  Sacramento  Isl.;  died  at  Sta  B.  '53. 
He  is  remembered  by  Davis  and  others  as  a  comical  genius,  and  his  wife  as  a 
handsome  woman. 

Embly  (James),  1846,  doubtful  member  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  547.  Em 
erson  (John  Calvin),  1847r  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Bath,  N.Y.,  '82.  E. 
(Wm),  1832,  one  of  Young's  trappers,  still  at  Los  Anaj.  '34.  iii.  388.  Emery 
(John),  1847,  a  resid.  of  S.  F.  from  '52.  Emmett,  1837,  mr  of  the  Toward 
Castle,  iv.  106.  Emmons  (Geo.  F.),  1841,  lieut  U.S.N.,  of  U.  S.  ex.  exped. 
iv.  232,  241-5,  278;  visited  Cal.  again  in  '48  on  the  Ohio,  being  owner  of  S.F. 
lots;  later  rear-admiral;  died  in  N.  J.  '84  at  age  of  72.  Emory  (Oliver  C.), 

1846,  came  as  wagon-master  (with  Kearny?);  kept  a  livery-stable  at  Stockton 
and  a  ferry  on  the  Stanislaus;  in  '50  county  judge  of  S.  Joaq.;  later  a  farmer. 

Emory  (Wm  H.),  1846,  lieut  of  topographical  engineers  U.S.A.,  who  came 
with  Kearny  from  N.Mex.  and  took  part  in  the  fight  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  336-7, 
343-7,  350.  Having  acted  as  adj.-gen.  of  Stockton's  force  in  the  campaign  of 
'46-7,  and  planned  the  fortifications  of  Los  Ang.,  he  was  sent  east  with  de 
spatches,  and  testified  at  the  Frdmont  court-martial,  v.  385,  398-9,  420,  428, 


EMORY-ESPINOSA.  791 

456.  His  Notes  of  a  Mil.  Reconnaissance  pub.  by  govt  in  '48  is  a  valuable 
record  of  the  march  across  the  continent  and  the  final  campaign  of  the  war. 
He  ret.  to  Cal.  in  '49,  and  was  prominent  in  the  surveys  of  the  Mex.  boundary 
commission.  In  the  war  of  1861-5  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  maj. -general. 

Engelberg  (Emil  August),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  F.  '82. 
English,  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl.  iminig. ;  prob.  went  to  Or.  iv.  578. 
E.  (Earl),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Independence.  E.  (John),  1832,  ment.  in 
'32;  perhaps  '  English  John.'  Ennis  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 
Ennughty  (Thos),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232).  Enright  (James), 
1846,  nat.  of  Ireland,  who  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  with  his  wife;  prob.  overl. 
iminig. ;  lots  at  S.F.  '47;  still  living  in  Sta  Clara  '81,  cl.  fora  rancho.  iv.  673. 
Enriquez  (Antonio),  weaver  and  coldier  before  1800.  i.  558,  676,  684.  En 
sign  (Elias),  1846,  of  the  Morm.  col.  who  died  at  sea,  as  did  his  daughter 
Eliza.  The  widow,  Jernsha,  and  a  son  arrived  at  S.  F.  v.  546.  Ensloe  (Hi 
ram),  1848,  had  a  store  at  Mormon  Diggings.  Brooks.  Entinin  (Francis), 
1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  Amer.  in  a  Brancif.  padron,  age  29. 

Erequette,  1837,  doubtful  name  of  one  of  Young's  men  driving  cattle  to 
Or.  iv.  85.  Enckson  (L.),  1848,  at  Hon.  from  S.F.  on  the  Julian.  Ermat- 
inger  (Francis),  1831,  in  com.  of  the  H.B.  Co.  's  trappers  in  Cal.  '41-4.  iv.  218, 
220,  279.  Ernest  (Valentine),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336). 

Escalante  (Gregorio),  1833,  nat.  of  Manila,  who  deserted  from  the  Hel- 
v!ius.  Lived  at  S.F.  '40-4,  owning  a  lot,  being  sindico  in  '42,  and  40  years  old 
in  '44.  iv.  655,  665,  684.  Ace.  to  Chas  Brown  he  married,  raised  a  family, 
made  and  lost  a  fortune,  and  in  '78  was  in  the  poor-house  at  Mayfield.  Esca- 
milla  (Bias  A.),  grantee  of  S.  Vicente  '46.  v.  641.  E.  (Joaquin  de  los  Santos), 
lieut  of  aux.  cavalry  at  Mont.  '44.  iv.  652;  elector  '45.  iv.  540,  651;  2d  al 
calde  '45-6.  iv.  653;  v.  134,  636.  E.  (Serapio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '22-3; 
concerned  in  revolt  of  '28,  and  sent  to  Mex.  '30.  ii.  615;  iii.  85.  E.  (Tomds), 
Mex.  convict  1797.  i.  606.  Escherick  (Carl),  1847,  musician  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v. 
499);  died  in  southern  Cal.  '74. 

Escobar  (Agustin).  juez  de  campo  at  Mont.  '46.  v.  637;  in  '77  at  Mont, 
gave  me  his  recollections  of  the  Campana  de  '.#>.  E.  (Marcelino),  Mex.,  who 
in  '24  made  a  trip  to  China  on  the  Hover,  ii.  520;  sindico  at  Mont.  '30.  ii.  612; 
alcalde  '33,  '36-7;  iii.  673-5;  in  '36  at  Mont.,  age  39,  wife  Tomasa  Garcia, 
child.  Agustin  b.  '17,  Juan  '22,  Josefa  '23,  Jose"  Maria  '26,  Nicolas  Antonio 
'27,  Jacoba  '29,  Amparo  '31,  Refugio  '32,  Fernanda  '34;  in  '39  grantee  of  S. 
Jose"  y  Sur  Chiquito,  and  juez  int.  at  S.  Carlos,  iii.  678,  680;  in  '44  regidor,  in 
'45  alcalde,  iv.  653-6.  Escude"  (Jaime).  1812,  Span,  friar  of  S.  Fern,  college, 
b.  at  Gandesa,  Cataluiia,  1779;  took  the  habit  1799;  left  Cadiz  1810;  left  Mex. 
for  Cal.  1811.  He  served  as  missionary  at  Sta  Cruz  '12-18,  and  at  S..  Luis 
Rey  '18-22,  after  which  I  have  no  record  of  him,  and  suppose  him  to  have  re 
tired.  He  was  reported  by  his  superiors  as  a  zealous  worker  of  excellent  char 
acter.  Autob.  Autog.  de  los  Padres,  MS.;  Arch.  Sta  B.,  iii.  124;  see  mention 
in  ii.  246,  346,  387,  394,  452-3,  553,  655. 

Esparza( Lorenzo),  carpenter  at  S.  D.  1779;  wife  Maria  Davila  d.  '81;  pen 
sion  granted  in  '95.  i.  636.  Espeleta,  1825,  sup.  of  the  Merope.  iii.  148. 
Espi  (Jose"  de  la  Cruz),  1792,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  short  terms  at  several 
northern  missions,  retiring  in  1800.  Biog.  i.  712;  ment.  i.  498,  500,. 576-7,  617, 
689.  Espindola  (Ramon),  Span,  artilleryman,  age  60,  with  wife  and  3  child, 
named  in  list  sent  to  Mex.  '28. 

Espinosa,  soldier  killed  by  Ind.  1790.  i.  465.  E.,  mr  of  fhe-Magallanes. 
i.  544.  E.,  punished  in  1821.  ii.  660.  E.,  corporal  at  Sta  B.. '24.'  ii.  531. 
E.,  soldier  wounded  by  Ind.  '29.  iii.  113.  E.,  guard  of  courier  '34.  iii.  271. 
E.  (Antonio),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado  1781.  i.  363.  E..  (Ascension), 
at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Nicolasa  Pico,  6  children.  E.  (Carlos^  grantee  of  Poza 
de  los  Ositos  '39.  iii.  678;  ment.  in  '46.  v.  363;  in  Mont.  Co.  '50.  E.  (Ca- 
yetano),  soldier  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499.  E.  (Clemente),  soldier  at 
Mont.  '36,  age  20;  an  alferez  '38-9.  iii.  566,  583;  at  Sta  Rita,  near  S.  Jose",  in 
'77  he  gave  me  some  brief  Apuntes.  E.  (Estiivan),  ment.  in  the  revolt  of 
'29.  iii.  69;  grantee  of  rancho  '40.  iii.  679;  in  '36  at  Salinas  rancho,  age  25, 


792  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

wife  Antonia  Aniczqv.ita,  child  Antonio  b.  '32.  E.  (Feliciano),  juez  de 
campo  at  Mont.  '30.  hi.  G75.  E.  (Gabriel),  ment.  in  '22.  ii.  G14;  in  revolt 
of  '29.  iii.  G8-9;  in  trouble  '31 .  iii.  G73;  grantee  of  Salinas  in  '36.  iii.  G78. 
In  '36  he  lived  at  Salinas,  age  38,  wife  Mauricia  Tapia,  child.  Jose  Maria  b. 
'19,  Estefana  '22,  Antonio  '25,  Marcelino  '29,  Juana  '28,  Francisca  '30,  Bar 
bara  '31,  Juan  '35.  E.  (Gabriel),  grantee  of  Pilarcitos  '35.  iii.  678;  in  '36 
at  the  rancho,  age  46,  wife  Guadalupe  Boronda,  child.  Gabriel  b.  '22,  Igna- 
cia  '25,  Pedro  '26,  Maria  '27,  Francisco  '30,  Juan  M.  '33,  Guillermo  '35.  E. 
(Gregoria),  wife  of  SergtVerdugo  before  1800.  i.  GG3.  E.  (Joaquin),  soldier 
killed  on  the  Colorado  1781.  i.  303.  E.  (Hipulito),  at  Los  Ang.  '46,  age  30. 
E.  (Jose"),  1791,  lieut  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  E.  (Jose"),  regidor  of 
Mont.  '30.  ii.  612;  at  Mont.  '50.  E.  (Juan),  sirviente  at  S.  F.  1777.  i.  297- 
E.  (Juan'B.),  in  comp.  extranjera  '32.  iii.  672.  E.  (Luis),  Mex.  soldier  of 
the  Hidalgo  piquete  at  Mont.  '36,  age  34.  E.  (Manuel),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  had 
Cal.  claim  (v.  462).  E.  (Miguel),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  1791-1800.  i.  499; 
sergt  1809-13.  ii.  141,  339.  E.  (Prudencio),  at  Alisal,  Mont.  '30,  age  33, 
wife  Antonia  Buelna,  child.  Jos6  Manuel  b.  ;28,  Antonio  '31,  Ramon  '32, 
Leonardo  '33,  Trinidad  '36,  Concepcion  '27.  In  '46  he  was  juez  suplente  of 
the  valley  ranchos,  and  carried  a  message  from  Larkin  to  Fremont,  v.  14-15, 
637.  E.  (Salvador),  named  as  sirviente  and  soldier  1777-1800.  i.  297,  499. 
E.  (Salvador),  alcalde  at  Mont.  '31-2.  iii.  223,  225,  672-3;  in  '35  regidor. 
iii.  673;  in  '36  at  San  Miguel  rancho,  age  40,  wife  Lugarda  Castro,  child. 
Carlos  b.  '16,  Jose"  Ant.  '18,  Jose"  Maria  '20,  Asuncion  '24;  in  '37  grantee  of  S. 
Miguel,  or  Escarpin.  ii.  616,  664,  677-8;  admin,  of  Soledad  '30-9.  iii.  690-1; 
in  '43  juez  at  Refugio.  iii.  653.  E.  (Trinidad),  grantee  of  Los  Gatos,  or  Sta 
Rita  '20,  '37.  iii.  677,  672;  at  S.  Miguel  rancho  '36,  being  juez  de  campo.  iii. 
675,  678,  age  43,  wife  Jacinta  Archuleta,  son  Mariano  b.  '17;  in  '45  at  battle 
of  Cahuenga  and  juez  at  Refugio.  iv.  506,  653.  E.  (Vicente),  Cal.  claim  '4G 
of  $2,285  (v.  462). 

Esquerra  (Cayetano),  messenger  Sta  Cruz  '18.  ii.  225.  E.  (Manuel), 
1791,  contad or  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Est,  1817,  left  at  Sta  B.  ii. 
286;  prob.  'Lester,' q.v.  Estabrook  (Ethan),  1840,  left  at  Mont,  as  U.  S. 
consular  agent  to  attend  to  the  claims  of  the  Graham  exiles.  He  was  not 
recog.  by  the  govt,  and  sailed  for  Mazatlan  in  '41 ;  at  Mazatlan  in  '46.  iv. 
.36-7,  194,  207,  214.  Estanislao,  kills  his  wife  1792.  i.  687-8.  Estanislao, 
renegade  neophyte  and  hostile  chief.  29-35;  the  name  of  Stanislaus  County 
.comes  indirectly  from  him.  ii.  110-14,  362. 

Este"nega  (Tomas  Eleuterio),  1820,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Miguel, 
.S.  F.,  and  S.  Gabriel,  dying  at  the  latter  mission  in  '47.  Biog.  v.  629;  meiit. 
ii.  384,  394,  440,  595-6,  620,  655;  iii.  7,  12,  19,  91,  96,  121,  257,  319,  349,  359, 
642-3,  713,  716;  iv.  331,  371,  422,  549-50,  623,  629,  636-7.  Estevan  (Jose), 
settler  at  the  Colorado  pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  359-62.  E.  (Jose), 
1821,  Span.  capt.  and  com.  of  Horcasitas,  Sonora,  who  fled  to  Cal.  on  refus 
ing  oath  of  indep.,  on  the  Zertaje.  ii.  431.  E.  (Pedro  de  S.  Jose),  1794, 
Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Gabriel,  retiring  in  1802.  Biog.  ii. 
113;  ment.  i.  576,  655,  657,  664;  ii.  159.  E.,  executed  at  Purisima '24. 
Estirten  (Felix),  1829,  mr  of  the  Trident;  doubtful,  iii.  149. 

Estrada  (Francisco),  at  Chualar  rancho  '36.  iii.  677;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  23, 
wife  Lac's  Castro;  grantee  of  Pastoria  de  las  Borregas  and  Refugio  '42.  iv. 
672.  E.  (Joaquin),  in  T36  at  Chualar,  age  19,  single,  iii.  677;  grantee  of  Sta 
Margarita  '41.  iv.  656;  juez  de  paz  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '45.  iv.  658-9;  arrested  by 
Fremont  '46.  v.  37"*;  county  judge  '53;  still  at  S.  Luis  '77.  E.  (Jos<§  Ant.), 
represented  Gov.  Alvarado  at  his  wedding  "39.  iii.  593;  admin,  of  S.  Jose" 
mission  '40-1.  iii.  725;  iv.  681,  684.  E.  (Jose"  Maria),  alferez  of  the  Loreto 
comp.,  prob.  father  of  Jose"  Mariano  and  Raimundo,  died  1791;  never  in  Cal. 

Estrada  (Jose"  Mariano),  1806,  born  at  Loreto  1784,  enlisted  1797,  came  to 
Cal.  as  alfe>ez  of  the  Mont,  comp.,  which  position  he  held  for  12  years,  being 
habilitado  most  of  the  time.  ii.  140,  206,  379-89.  He  was  made  brevet  licut 
in  '18  for  his  services  against  Bouchard,  and  lieut  '24  for  services  in  suppress 
ing  the  Ind.  revolt,  ii.  225-33,  243-4,  247,  531-3,  530,  608;  also  habilitado 


ESTRADA-ESTUDILLO.  793 

and  sometimes  acting  com.;  ment.  in  connection  with  various  affairs,  i.  170; 
ii.  451,  454,  461,  510;  grantee  of  Buenavista  ranchos  '22-3.  ii.  615,  664;  iii. 
677;  admin,  gen.  of  provincial  finances  '24.  ii.  513,  521;  mention  '25-9,  quar 
rel  with  Capt.  Gonzalez,  vocal  in  diputacion,  Herrera  trial,  revenue  affairs. 
ii.  612;  iii.  25,  36-7,  39-40,  62-5,  159.  He  retired  from  the  mil.  service  in  '29; 
in  '30  executor  of  Luis  Argiiello's  estate,  iii.  12;  in  '32-3  sub-comisario  at 
Mont.  iii.  376,  672;  juez  de  campo  '35.  iii.  674;  in  '36  at  Buenavista,  a  wid 
ower,  child.  Julian  b.  '16,  and  Francisco  '20;  ment.  in  the  troubles  at  Mont. 
'36,  also  in  '44.  iii.  439;  iv.  408.  I  have  no  record  of  him  after  '45.  Don  Mari 
ano  was  one  of  the  most  respected  and  influential  men  in  northern  California. 
E.  (Jos<3  Raimundo),  1806,  brother  of  Jose"  Mariano,  who  was  cadet  of  the 
Mont.  comp.  to  '18.  ii.  56,  88,  379;  in  1812  married  the  widow  Josef  a  Valle  jo 
de  Alvarado.  ii.  141;  iii.  451  (where  ' Ramon '  should  read  'Raimundo');  ment. 
perhaps  in  '24.  ii.  537.  In  '24-30  Raimundo  Estrada  was  cadet  in  the  S.F. 
comp.  ii.  584,  669;  and  would  seem  to  be  the  same  man,  though  he  appears 
as  a  soldier  at  S.F.  in  '23;  thus  there  may  have  been  another  of  the  name. 

Estrada  (Josd  Ramon),  son  of  Jose"  Mariano;  in  school  at  Mont.  '15-20.  ii. 
429;  hunting  otter  '32-4.  iii.  374,  394;  grantee  of  El  Toro  '35.  iii.  679;  in  '36 
alcalde  at  Mont.  iii.  430,  439,  674;  being  at  that  time  25  years  of  age,  wife 
Maria  Castro;  in  '37  memb.  of  dip.,  in  com.  at  Mont.,  and  comisionado  and 
admin,  at  Sta  Clara,  iii.  507,  511,  672,  728;  iv.  47;  vocal  again  '39.  iii.  585, 
590.  In  '41-3  Estrada  was  prefect  of  the  1st  district,  iv.  357,  652,  656;  in  '42 

frantee  of  S.  Simeon,  iv.  656;  and  in  '42-5  memb.  of  the  junta,  iv.  295,  360- 
,  410,  521,  540.  He  seems  to  have  died  in  ?45.  E.  (Julian),  son  of  Jose" 
Mariano,  grantee  of  Sta  Rosa  rancho  '41.  iv.  656;  still  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  '50- 
60.  E.  (Nicanor),  1834,  Mex.  blacksmith  and  political  exile  with  the  H.  & 
P.  col.,  who  had  been  a  capt.  in  Mex.,  and  whose  rank  was  restored  in  '35; 
went  to  the  L.  Cal.  frontier  in  '36  on  the  fall  of  Gutierrez,  iii.  263,  467;  being 
at  this  time  30  years  old,  wife  Guadalupe  Diaz,  child.  Gumesinda  b.  '31, 
Elena  '34.  In  '37  he  aided  Bandini  and  others  in  their  preparations  against 
Alvarado,  and  was  perhaps  sent  as  a  comisionado  to  Mex.  iii.  516,  520,  531; 
but  came  back  with  Micheltorena  in  '42,  and  was  capt.  of  the  Mont.  comp.  in 
'43-4.  iv.  290,  357,  652.  I  have  no  later  record  of  him. 

Estrada  (Patricio),  1825,  alf^rez  of  the  piquete  de  Hidalgo  who  came  with 
Echeandia,  and  in  '36  was  sent  away  with  Gutierrez,  iii.  13-15,  463,  467,  672. 
He  was  29  years  old  and  single  in  '36.  E.  (Pedro),  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  '41- 
5.  iv.  669;  sub-lieut  of  militia;  grantee  of  Asuncion  in  '45.  iv.  655;  still  at 
S.  Luis  Ob.  '50-1.  E.  (Rafael),  celador  of  Mont,  custom-house  '42-4.  iv. 
339,  377,  431;  grantee  of  S.  Lxicas  rancho  '42,  and  alf.  of  aux.  cavalry.  655, 
652;  in  '46  regidor  at  Mont.  v.  636;  still  in  Mont.  Co.  '53.  E.  (Raimundo), 
cadet  in  S.  F.  comp.  '24-30;  prob.  sa'me  as  Jose"  Raimundo,  q.v.  E.  (Santi 
ago),  son  of  Jose"  Mariano,  grantee  with  his  brothers  of  Buenavista  rancho  '22- 
3.  ii.  615;  iii.  677;  made  a  trip  to  China  on  the  Rover  '24.  ii.  520;  sindico  at 
Mont.  '33.  iii.  673;  in  '35-6  aux.  alcalde  and  juez  de  campo.  iii.  674-5;  then 
living  at  Buevavista,  age  27,  wife  Isidora  Soto,  child.  Mariano,  Francisco, 
Maria  dc  los  Angeles,  and  Juana.  In  '36-7  also  named  as  sub-comisario  and 
comandante  at  Mont.  iii.  513,  524,  672;  iv.  96;  in  '38  courier  and  com.  of 
prisoners'  guard,  iii.  552,  567;  in  '39  partido  elector,  iii.  590;  in  '39-45  capt. 
of  aux.  comp.  at  Mont.  iv.  75,  197-8,  407,  515,  652;  in  '46  juez  of  the  valley 
ranchos.  v.  637;  still  in  Mont.  Co.  '50-1. 

Estudillo  ( Jose"  Antonio),  son  of  Jose"  Maria,  b.  at  Mont.  1805. ;  in  '27  of 
terna  for  treasurer,  and  grantee  of  S.  Diego  lot.  ii.  546-7;  iii.  63;  in  '28-30, 
revenue  collector  and  treasurer  atS.D.  ii.  543;  iii.  137;  in  '29  grantee  of  Otay 
rancho.  ii.  542,  547,  663;  iii.  612.  In  '33-5  he  was  a  memb.  of  the  dip.  iii. 
246,  249-50;  in  '35  had  a  claim  to  the  temporary  governorship,  iii.  299-300, 
414-15;  grantee  of  Temdcula.  iii.  612;  in  '36-8  alcalde  and  juez  of  S.  Die.^o. 
iii.  485,  616;  in  '36-8  took  part  against  Alvarado's  govt.  iv.  491,  548-9,  557, 
568,  578;  elector  '39,  treasurer  '40,  and  justice  of  the  sup.  tribunal  '40-2.  iii. 
605,  614,  616;  iv.  296;  admin,  and  maj.  at  S.  Luis  Rey  '40-3,  also  owner  of 
land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iii.  623-4,  627;  iv.  619,  623,  626;  grantee  of  S.  Ja- 


794  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

cinto  '42.  iv.  621,  618;  claim  against  the  govt  '45.  iv.  561;  in  '45-6  juez  de 
paz  at  S.  Diego,  iv.  618-20,  but  was  neutral  in  the  troubles  wuh  the  U.S.  v. 
329;  raent.  :47.  v.  620.  In  later  years  he  served  under  the  U.S.  rule  as  town 
treasurer  and  county  assessor.  Died  in  '52.  Don  Jose"  Antonio  was  a  man  of 
excellent  character,  of  good  education  for  his  time  and  country,  and  of  wide 
influence  in  the  south.  His  wife  was  Maria  Victoria  Dominguez,  locally  well 
known  for  her  charities,  who  died  in  '73  at  the  age  of  72,  leaving  30  grand 
children.  The  sons  were  Jos<3  Maria,  Salvador,  Jos6  Guadalupe,  Josd  Antonio, 
and  Francisco.  Of  the  daughters,  two,  Francisca  and  Rosario,  married  Jose" 
Ant.  Aguirre,  and  another  seems  to  have  married  Manuel  A.  Ferrer.  E. 
(Jose1  Guadalupe),  son  of  Jose"  Antonio,  b.  '38;  connected  with  a  S.  Diego 
bank;  county  treasurer  from  '63;  state  treasurer  from  '75;  still  living  in 
Southern  Cal.  '85. 

Estuclillo  (Jos£  Joaquin),  son  of  Jos6  Maria,  b.  1798,  who  entered  the  mil. 
service  in  '15  as  soldado  distinguido  of  the  Mont,  comp.,  but  was  transferred 
to  the  S.F.  comp.  in  '16  as  cadet,  which  place  he  held  until  he  left  the  service 
in  '23,  having  accompanied  Luis  Argiiello  on  the  famous  exped.  to  the  far 
north  in  '21.  ii.  370,  445,  584.  Ment.  at  S.F.  '26-7.  iii.  33,63;  raunic.  elector 
'27,  and  supl.  member  of  dip.  '27,  '29.  ii.  592;  iii.  36-41;  in  '34-5  comisionado 
to  secularize  S.F.  mission,  iii.  346,  354,  714-15;  in  '35  elector,  in  '36  alcalde 
at  S.F.  iii.  703-5;  in  '38  living  at  S.  Leandro  rancho,  which  in  '42  was  granted 
to  him.  iii.  713;  iv.  673,  314.  in  a  padron  of  the  S.  Jose  dist.  of  '41  he  is  named, 
with  wife  Juana  Martinez,  child.  Concepcion  b.  '25,  Ramon  '27,  Gertrudis  '29, 
Antonio  '30,  Maria  de  Jesus  '31,  Jose"  Vicente  '33,  Jose"  Luis  '36,  Maria  Gua 
dalupe  '38.  Don  Joaquin  was  juez  de  la  contra  costa  in  '43,  also  in  '46-7,  tak 
ing  but  slight  part  in  the  war.  iv.  685;  v.  17,  129,  662.  He  died  in  '52.  I  have 
much  of  his  corresp.  in  dif.  private  archives;  and  also  2  vols  of  Estuclillo^  Doc. 
Hist.  Cat.,  presented  by  his  son  Jesus  Maria  in  '75.  He  left  9  children,  some 
of  whom  in  '85  still  own  a  part  of  the  original  S.  Leandro  estate.  Of  his 
daughters,  the  oldest,  Concepcion,  married  John  B.  Ward,  Mari'a  de  Jesus  in 
'47  became  the  wife  of  Wm  H.  Davis,  Magdalena  married  John  Nugent,  and 
Dolores  married  Chas  H.  Gushing.  Of  the  sons  Antonio  lives  in  '85  at  S. 
Leandro,  Luis  at  Oakland,  Ramon  and  Vicente  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  Jesus 
Maria  at  S.F. 

Estudillo  (Jos<§  Maria),  1806,  Span,  lieut  of  the  Mont.  comp.  1806-27,  and 
capt.  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  from  '27  to  his  death  in  '30.  Biog.  ii.  541-2;  ment. 
ii.  140,  171,  192,  226,  230,  234,  271,  285,  309,  335-6,  340-1,  379,  382,  383-4, 
387-8,  412,  433,  442,  451,  454-5,  461,  467,  507-8,  512-13,  517,  523,  525,  539, 
608;  iii.  13,  39,  51-3,  60,  291,  422.  Don  Jos6  Maria  was  the  founder  of  the 
Estudillo  family  in  Cal.,  one  of  the  best  of  the  old  families,  as  judged  by  the 
average  prominence  and  character  of  its  members.  A  faithful  officer,  though 
of  only  medium  abilities,  he  had  some  disagreeable  qualities — notably  that  of 
vanity — which  made  him  at  one  time  or  another  heartily  disliked  by  most  of 
his  brother  officers,  who  were  disposed  to  ridicule  him  and  make  him  the  butt 
of  practical  jokes.  His  wife  was  Gertrudis  Horcasitas.  His  daughter,  Magda 
lena,  was  grantee  of  part  of  Otay  in  '29.  ii.  209,  373,  542,  547;  v.  619.  A 
daughter  married  Lieut  Manuel  Gomez,  ii.  470.  E.  (Jos6  Maria),  cadet  at 
S.F.  1803-7.  ii.  135.  I  do  not  know  who  he  was.  E.  (Jose"  Maria),  son  of 
Josd  Ant.,  b.  at  S.  Diego  '31;  educ.  at  Sta  B.,  Mont.,  and  Lima  '39-48;  in 
'50  agent  for  Aguirre,  his  brother-in-law;  later  a  ranchero  in  the  S.D.  mission 
valley,  where,  in  '77,  he  gave  me  some  interesting  Datos  Historicos.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Juan  Maria  Marron. 

Etholin  (Adolf),  1827,  mr  of  the  Russian  Baikal^-SO.  ii.  649-51;  iii. 
146;  i.  list  auth.  Eusebio,  Ind.  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-6;  induced  to  testify 
that  Castro  had  instigated  him  to  burn  grain-fields,,  etc.  Eustice  (Dabney), 
1846,  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex.  v.  337.  Eustis;  1845,  at  N.  Helv.,  per 
haps  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  Euth  (John),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 
Evans  (Geo.  M.),  1847,  brick-maker  and  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  685;  pub 
lished  an  article  in  defense  of  the  Mormons  in  S.F.  Californian  July  31,  '47. 
E.  (Israel),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Sutter's  employ;  went  to 


EVANS— EZQUER.  795 

Utah  '48.  E.  (John),  1826-7,  clerk  on  the  Blossom;  trip  from  S.F.  to  Mont, 
by  land.  iii.  121.  E.  (John),  1842,  Austrian  sailor  and  carpenter,  landed 
from  a  whaler  with  a  broken  leg.  iv.  341 ;  hunted  otter  with  Dittmann  '45;  at 
S.F.  '46  with  a  family,  getting  a  lot  in  '47.  The  original  name  was  Evanowitz; 
still  at  S.F.  '79.  E.  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artillery.  Lancey;  not  on  roll. 
E.  (Joseph),  1847,  sergt  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  15  years  in  Cal.;  at  Newark 
N.  J.  '84;  a  brother  Geo.  at  S.  Jose"  '78.  E.  (0.  H.),  1847,  at  S.  F.  from  Or. 
on  the  Henry.  E.  (Parley  P.),  1847,  nat.  of  Penn.;  son  of  Wm,  age  6 
years;  in  '55  messenger  in  the  assembly  at  Sac. ;  I  have  a  letter  from  him  in 
Utah  '84.  E.  (Plummer  B.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Hampton, 
Va.  '82.  E.  (Randolph),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  E.  (Wm),  1846, 
of  the  Morm.  col.,  with  wife  Hannah  R.,  and  4  child.  Amanda  M.,  Jonathan 
B.,  Parley  P.,  and  Wm.  v.  546;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  682;  d.  S.F.  '52;  the 
family  went  to  Utah  '57,  where  the  mother  died  in  '84,  when  the  children 
were  all  living.  E.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl. ;  a  mason 
who  in  '48  was  judge  of  election  at  S.  Diego,  v.  652. 

Everett  (C.  T.),  1846,  mr  of  a  whaler  at  S.  Pedro.  E.  (Elisha),  1847, 
musician  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  capt.  of  a  party  on  the  return.  Bigler. 
E.  (John  C.),  1844,  mr  of  the  Vandalia  '44-7;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  iv.  569;  v. 
580.  E.  (John  H.),  1836,  at  Mont.,  prob.  as  clerk  on  the  Alert,  iv.  118,  141; 
and  again  in  '41-4  as  sup.  of  the  Tasso.  iv.  460,  569.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
much  less  popular  with  the  Californians  than  other  traders  of  the  period. 
Everhart  (Lazarus),  1845,  tailor  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party  from  Or.  iv. 
572,  587;  had  crossed  the  plains  from  Mich,  in  '44.  He  went  first  to  Mont., 
but  from  '47  had  a  tailor-shop  at  S.  F.,  where  he  was  the  owner  of  several 
lots,  a  candidate  for  alcalde,  and  in  '49  member  of  the  council,  v.  650,  676, 
683.  Eversfield  (Chas),  1846,  asst  surg.  on  the  U.  S.  Congress;  acting  as 
surg.  in  Stockton's  Bat.  '47.  v.  385.  Everts  (Henry),  1845,  doubtful  name 
of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  Evrett  (Solomon),  1845,  Del.  Ind.  in  Fre"- 
mont's  party. 

Ewel  (James  D.),  1846,  came  to  S.  Jose  Valley.  Hall  Ewer.  1847,  mr 
of  the  Emily  Morgan,  v.  577.  Exter  (Richard),  1828,  licensed  by  Mex. 
govt  to  hunt  in  Cal.  with  Julian  Wilson;  no  definite  record  of  operations, 
iii.  172-3.  Eymerlun,  1845,  doubtful  name  of  a  negro  deserter  from  the 
Heroine.  Ezquer  (Ignacio),  1833,  Mex.  clerk  who  came  by  sea  at  the  age  of 
15;  served  as  clerk  for  dif.  admin,  of  missions;  kept  a  bar  '42-5,  later  a  store 
and  billiard-room;  in  '38  temp,  in  charge  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  iii.  558;  in  '48 
candidate  for  munic.  treasurer,  iv.  653;  in  '46  regidor  and  acting  alcalde  of 
Mont.  v.  233,  636;  in  '49  again  alcalde.  He  lived  at  Alisal  '50-3,  and  in  '54 
went  to  S.  Luis  Ob.,  where  he  served  several  years  as  justice  of  the  peace. 
There  in  '78  he  gave  me  his  Memorias  on  early  events.  His  first  wife  was 
Josefa,  daughter  of  Rafael  Pico;  the  second  a  daughter  of  Gov.  Alvarado. 

To  BE  CONTINUED  AT  THE  END  OF  VOL.  III. 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 
1542-1848. 

CONTINUED  ALPHABETICALLY  FKOM  VOLUME  II. 

Fabbol,  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men  '45-7.  iv.  583.  Fabregat  (Narciso), 
1819,  Span,  lieut  of  the  Mazatlan  cavalry,  who  served  chiefly  at  Sta  B.,  being 
often  mentioned  in  the  military  records  down  to  '30;  being  suspended  for  a 
time  in  '27-8  on  account  of  his  Span,  birth,  though  he  took  the  oath  and  gave 
no  cause  of  suspicion;  retired  from  mil.  service  in  '33.  ii.  254,  336,  361,  441, 
533-4,  572-3,  575,  675;  iii.  51-3.  In  '29  he  was  67  years  old,  had  been  three 
times  married,  had  a  daughter  in  Sin.  to  whom  he  allowed  one  third  of  his 
pay,  and  two  small  children  by  his  last  wife.  He  became  a  trader  at  Sta  B., 
and  in  '43  was  grantee  of  the  Catera  or  Pozitas  rancho.  iii.  655;  iv.  642;  ment. 
in  '44.  iv.  408.  I  have  no  later  record  than  '45,  but  think:  the  old  lieut  was 
murdered  by  robbers  soon  after  '48. 

Fages  (Pedro),  1769,  Span,  lieut  of  Catalan  volunteers,  who  accomp.  the 
1st  exped.  as  com.  of  the  forces  that  came  by  sea;  mil.  com.  of  Cal.  July  '70 
to  May  '74,  being  capt.  from  '71;  came  back  as  gov.  and  com.  gen.  of  Cal. 
Sept.  '82  to  April  '91,  being  colonel  from  '89;  in  the  city  of  Mex.  '94,  the  date 
of  his  death  not  being  known.  See  biog.  i.  481-7;  his  Voyage  and  other  writ 
ings,  i.  list  of  auth.,  141,  396,  408,  443,  486;  mention  '69-74,  including  his 
explor.  of  S.F.  Bay  and  his  quarrels  with  P.  Serra.  i.  117,  119, 128,  131,  134, 
136,  140-1,  147,  151,  153,  168-9,  171-2,  175-6,  178-9,  181-92,  195-6,  207,210, 
213,  215,  217-19,  223,  225-7,  229,  231-2,  245,  283-6,  290,  386,  671;  ii.  44; 
ment.  in  '81-2,  including  his  appt  as  gov.  and  operations  on  the  Colorado,  i. 
363,  366-70,  373,  376,  378,  383-5;  mention  in  1783-90,  gen.  record,  includ. 
family  troubles,  i.  387-408;  mission  affairs  during  his  rule.  i.  409-25;  foreign 
relations  and  commerce,  i.  426-49;  occasional  ment.  in  con.  with  local  mat 
ters,  i.  450-80;  1791-2,  end  of  rule,  departure,  biog.  i.  481-7;  additional  ref 
erences,  i.  492,  534,  583,  605,  609,  619,  625,  661-2,  666-7;  ii.  44.  Don  Pedro 
was  a  central  figure  in  early  Calif ornian  annals;  his  character  has  been  to  me 
a  most  attractive  one;  but  I  refer  the  reader  to  i.  486-7,  for  my  views  on  the 
subject.  Fagins  (Lucius),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot. 

Fairbanks  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Payson,  Utah,  '82. 
F.  (W.R.),  1848,  nat.  of  Vt,  who  came  by  sea  with  his  cousins,  named  Hey- 
maii,  at  the  age  of  10;  in  the  mines  to  '55;  10  years  in  N.Y.j  at  Tomales  '80 
with  wife,  Belinda  Scanlan,  and  4  children.  Marin  Co.  Hist.,  493.  Fairchiid 
(Ephraim),  1847,  prob.  overl.  immig.  v.  556;  blacksmith  and  wagon-maker, 
who  worked  at  N.  Helv.  '47-9;  at  Sac.  in  '71.  F.  (Wm  H. ),  1846,  connected 
with  the  Mormon  settlement  on  the  Stanislaus  in  '46-7,  though  prob.  not  a 
Mormon;  settled  at  Stockton  '47;  county  surveyor  and  supervisor  '78-9. 
Fairfax  (D.M. ),  1847,  mid.  on  the  Columbus,  acting  master  of  the  Erie.  Fair- 
field  (Levi),  1848,  miner  from  whom  Gov.  Mason  obtained  specimens  of  gold. 
Fala  (Francis),  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  Fales  (Bounty),  1846-7,  doubtful 
name,  Cal.  claims  (v.  462).  Falker  (Joseph  K.),  1844*  Amer.  who  got  a 

rfor  1  year.       Falkner  (E.R.),  1848,  clerk  of  Starky,  Junion,  &  Co.  at  fj. 
Pallet  (1847),  at  N.  Helv.       Fallen  (Daniel),  1826,  mr  of  the  Adam.  iii. 
145.       F.  (D.),  1846-7,  in  list  of  Cal.  claims  (v.  462).      F.  (Jeremiah),  1847, 
owner  of  S.F.  lot;  also  at  S.  Jos6. 

Fallen  (Thomas),  1844,  Canadian  generally  said  to  have  come  with  Fr6- 
mont,  though  there  is  some  doubt  in  the  matter,  iv.  453;  also  said  by  the 
county  histories  to  have  lived  for  a  time  in  Butte  Co.  The  earliest  original 

(733) 


734  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

records  of  his  presence  are  in  Oct.-Nov.  '45,  when  he  was  at  Branciforte,  age 
26.  In  '46  he  took  part  in  enlisting  men  south  of  the  bay  to  cooperate  with  the 
Bear  filibusters,  v.  137;  and  in  July,  being  known  as  'captain,'  raised  the  U. 
S.  flag  at  S.  Jose",  v.  245-6.  Later  in  '46-7  he  served  in  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  en- 
listing  at  S.  Juan  in  Oct.  (v.  358);  several  times  named  in  the  JV.  Helv.  Diary 
'40-7;  in  the  list  of  Cal.  claimants  (v.  462);  in  '48-9  a  successful  miner;  mayor 
of  S.  Jose"  in  '51;  absent  in  Texas  '52-4;  later  a  capitalist  of  S.F.  and  S.  Josd, 
where  he  still  lives  in  '85.  His  1st  wife,  by  whom  he  had  5  children,  was,  I 
think,  a  daughter  of  Michael  Lodge,  the  Irish  pioneer  of  '22.  She  obtained  a 
divorce,  as  did  the  2d  wife;  and  in  '84-5  the  amorous  old  captain  had  to  pay 
damages  in  a  breach-of-promise  suit.  F.  (Win  0.),  1845,  Irish  trapper, 
known  as  '  Mountaineer,'  '  Big,'  or  '  Le  Gros '  Fallen,  who  came  fromN.  Alex. 
with  a  party  of  which  little  is  known,  and  in  Feb.  '45  took  part  with  the 
Calif,  against  Micheltorena  in  the  south,  iv.  495,  587.  In  Aug.  he  was  at  N. 
Helv.  intending  to  start  soon  for  the  states;  early  in  '46  he  found  Fremont's 
men  in  the  S.  Joaq.  Val.  v.  6;  in  June  joined  the  Bears  in  the  capture  of  So 
noma,  and  his  signature  appears  in  the  original  procl.  of  June  14th  in  my 
possession,  v.  110,  114.  He  served  prob.  in  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  and  had 
a  Cal.  claim  of  $50  for  a  mule  (v.  462);  was  a  member  of  the  4th  Donner  re 
lief,  and  his  diary,  published  in  the  Star,  was  the  foundation  of  the  absurd 
charges  against  Keseburg.  v.  541-3.  He  went  east  with  Gen.  Kearny  as  guide. 
v.  452;  and  in  the  S.F.  Calif,  of  Sept.  2,  '48,  we  read  that  he  had  started  alone 
from  Ft  Hall  for  Cal. ,  and  it  was  feared  he  had  been  killed  by  Ind. 

Falls  (Richard  J.),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.;  sergtCo.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  who 
served  under  Kearny  at  S.  Pascual,  the  S.  Gabriel,  and  the  Mesa  '46-7.  v. 
347.  He  remained  in  Cal.  after  his  disch.,  living  on  aNapa  farm  till  '62,  when 
he  went  east  to  serve  in  the  war  with  distinction  and  wounds  for  3  years,  ris 
ing  to  the  rank  of  colonel.  Returning  to  Cal.  he  was  in  '69  an  officer  in  the 
custom-house;  and  in  '83-5  a  sergt  of  police  in  S.  F.  His  daughter,  Ivy  I. 
Falls,  was  appointed  postmistress  at  Vallejo  in  '69.  Famin  (Ign.),  1847, 
doubtful  name  of  an  Englishman  at  N.  Helv. 

Fannier  (M.),  1846,  doubtful  name  of  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Fanning 
(H.F.),  1847,  resid.  of  Stockton.  Tinkham.  F.  (R.C.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  enlist  at  S.  Juan,  Oct.  Farias  (Jose"  Maria),  settler  at  Los 
Ang.  '15.  ii.  350;  still  there  '39-48.  F.  (Santiago),  1827,  Scotchman,  bapt. 
at  S.  Diego;  prob.  James  'McFerion,'  q.v.  Farley  (Anderson),  1846,  Co.  F, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  prob.  an  overl.  immig.,  cl.  for  a  Napa  rancho  '52.  F. 
(Geo.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  The  Dalles,  Or.,  '82.  F.,  1846, 
said  by  Lancey  to  have  come  with  Kearny;  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot  '47.  F. 
(John  F.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  died  at  Portland,  Or.,  '69.  Hist. 
Or.,  i.  630.  F.  (John  G.),  1847,  father  of  John  F.,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol. ;  d.  S.F. 
'49.  F.  (Thos  P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol. ;  at  Portland,  Or.,  '82.  Farnesio 
(Francisco),  1805,  priest  from  Manila,  at  Mont.,  sent  to  Mex.  ii.  31,  160. 

Farnham  (Thos  Jefferson),  1840,  nat.  of  Me,  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '39, 
and  to  Cal.  via  Honolulu  on  the  Don  Quixote,  returning  east  by  S.  Bias  and 
across  Mex. ,  and  writing  books  on  Or. ,  Mex. ,  and  Cal.  as  a  result.  See  iii. 
680;  iv.  2,  4,  6-7,  10,  15-17,  25-8,  95,  103,  117,  120,  156-7,  192,  266.  F.  was 
a  lawyer  of  some  ability,  and  a  writer  of  somewhat  fertile  imagination.  His 
work  on  Cal.  is  criticised  elsewhere  in  this  work;  here  it  must  suffice  to  say 
that  in  all  those  parts  resting  on  his  own  observations  it  is  worthless  trash, 
and  in  all  that  relates  to  the  California!!  people  a  tissue  of  falsehoods.  He 
came  back  to  Cal.  in  '47 — perhaps  in  '46,  as  he  took  part  in  a  public  meeting 
at  S.F.  in  June  '47,  v.  455— and  died  at  S.  F.  in  Sept.  '48,  age  42.  He  left  * 
widow  and  3  children  in  N.Y.  The  former,  Eliza  W.  Farnham,  came  to  Cal. 
by  sea  in  '50,  and  in  '56  published  her  California  Indoors  and  Out,  a  pleasing 
picture  of  life  on  the  Pacific  coast.  She  was  a  woman  bent  on  doing  the  world 
as  much  good  as  possible,  and  one  of  her  hobbies  was  the  bringing  eastern 
girls  to  Cal.  in  quest  of  husbands.  She  died  in  '64  at  the  age  of  49.  Farns- 
worth  (J.B.),  1839,  Engl.  at  Mont.  ace.  to  newsp.  item  of  '72.  F.  (J.M.), 
1846,  doubtful  uiemb.  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  547.  Farnum,  1848,  mr  of  a 


FARNUM— FELIX.  735 

vessel  at  Sta  Cruz  and  Mont.       Farr  (Philip),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Tol.  (v.  499); 
d.  at  Dutch  Flat  '83. 

Farwell  (Edward  Augustus),  1842,  Boston  printer  and  sailor  who  came 
from  Honolulu  with  Capt.  Cooper  on  the  California,  perhaps  as  mate,  with 
letters  from  Reynolds  to  Larkin,  age  27.  iv.  341.  In  '43  he  was  naturalized, 
and  in  '44  got  a  grant  of  the  Arroyo  Chico  rancho,  Butte  Co.  iv.  670;  I  have 
a  letter  of  '45  from  his  brother  Joseph  R.  in  Bost.  to  the  U.S.  consul  asking 
for  information  about  him.  He  went  east  overl.  in  '45,  seeking  relief  from 
weak  eyes,  returning  in  '48;  was  for  a  time  in  charge  of  Butter's  launch  run 
ning  on  the  Sac.,  and  died  at  S.  F.  in  Jan.  '49.  F.  (James),  1840,  doubtful 
name  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  foreigners,  iv.  17.  Fatoute  (Ezra),  1847, 
Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  Faucon  (Edward  H.),  1835,  mr  of  the 
Boston  ships  Alert  and  Pilgrim  '35-7.  iii.  381,  383;  iv.  105,  141.  Wm  H. 
Thomes  informs  me  that  Capt.  F.  is  still  living  in  Mass.  '85.  Fauffer  (Jo- 
hann),  1847,  musician  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.499);  d.  Wash.  '64.  Faulkner  (James 
Y.),  1847,  Co.  G,N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  Jose"  '50  and  74;  S.F. '71;  in  Or. '78. 
Fauntleroy  (Daingerfield),  1844,  nat.  of  Va,  b.  1799;  capt.  of  state  militia 
about  1838;  purser  U.S.N.  from  '33;  on  the  Savannah  '44-7.  iv.  453.  The 
service  that  has  made  him  best  known  in  Cal.  was  as  capt.  of  a  comp.  of  vol 
unteer  dragoons  to  which  was  intrusted  the  preservation  of  order  in  the 
Mont,  district  July-Sept.  '46,  F.  commanding  the  garrison  of  S.  Juan  B.  and 
making  an  exped.  against  hostile  Ind.  v.  232,  247-8,  254,  293-4.  Died  at 
Pcnsacola  navy -yard  in  '53.  His  son  W.H.F.,  in  interviews  and  letters  of 
'77,  being  then  in  S.F.,  gave  me  information  about  his  father's  life. 

Faura  (Jose"),  1798,  Span,  friar  who  served  12  years  as  missionary  at  S. 
Luis  Rey  and  S.  Juan  Cap.  Biog.  ii.  110;  ment.  i.  564,  577,  654,  657;  ii.  110, 
159-60.  Faust  (JohnB.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  685;  in  May  intending 
to  start  from  Sonoma  with  a  party  to  explore  Trinidad  Bay;  in  March  '48 
digging  wells  at  Benicia.  v.  673;  d.  at  the  Yuba  mines  Aug.  18th.  Faus- 
tino,  1845,  leader  in  a  distm-bance  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  523.  Fautrel,  1837,  mr 
of  the  Nancy,  iv.  105.  Faxon  (Wm.  T.),  1840,  Amer.  trader  who  came  by 
sea  and  took  charge  of  Larldn's  store  at  Mont.  '41.  iv.  120.  He  went  to  Hon.  in 
'42  but  returned  in  '44,  his  name  frequently  occurring  in  commercial  corresp. 
He  left  the  country  on  the  California  in  '40,  and  in  a  later  letter  Capt.  Ar- 
ther  gave  a  very  unfavorable  report  of  his  conduct  on  the  voyage. 

Febiger  (Geo.  Carson),  1846,  lieut  on  the  Dale,  on  land  service  at  S.F. 
F.  (John  C.j,  1846,  passed  mid.  on  the  Dak;  at  Wash.  '78.  Feil  (J.),  1837, 
owner  of  S.F.  lot.  iii.  705;  doubtful  name.  Feliciano  (Alejo),  1777,  sir- 
viente  at  S.F.  i.  297.  Felipe,  executed  at  Sta.  B.  '24.  F.  (A.),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon. 

Fdlix,  see  list  in  i.  735-6  of  those  who  came  before  1800.  Fe"lix  (Anas- 
tasio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  F.  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  28.  F.  (Anto 
nio),  soldier  at  S.F.  '44,  age  21.  F.  (Diego),  at  Mont.  '36,  age  26,  wife 
Maria  del  Rosario,  child  Andre's;  inaj.  at  San  Antonio  '39.  iii.  688;  executed 
for  the  murder  of  his  wife  '40.  iii.  676.  F.  (Dolores),  alfe"rez  of  cavalry  at 
Mont.  '45.  iv.  652.  Still  at  Mont.  '48.  F.  (Dorningo),  murdered  by  his  wife 
and  her  paramour  at  Los  Ang.  '36,  a  crime  that  resulted  in  the  1st  Cal.  vig 
ilance  com.  iii.  417-19,  631.  F.  (Domingo),  militia  sergt  at  S.F.  '37  and 
later;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '43,  and  grantee  of  S.  Mateo  rancho  '44.  iv.  669,  671, 
673,  676,  683;  still  at  S.F.  '55,  a  witness  in  the  Santillan  case.  F.  (Doroteo), 
settler  at  Los  Ang.  1803.  ii.  350.  F.  (Fernando),  regidor  at  S.  Jose"  '31.  iii. 
729;  at  S.  Mateo  '35;  grantee  of  Novato  '39.  iii.  712,  and  of  Sanel  '44.  iv. 
673;  age  46  in  '44;  ment.  by  Revere.  '46.  ii.  297.  F.  (Francisco),  settler  at 
Los  Ang.  1791.  ii.  350.  F.  (Hip61ito),  French,  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  27.  F. 
(Ignacio),  soldier  at  Sta.  B.  before  '37.  F.  (Jacoba),  cl.  of  S.  Fran,  rancho. 
iii.  633.  F.  (Jesus),  aux.  alcalde  at  S.  Jose"  '36.  iii.  636.  F.  (Jose),  settler 
at  Los  Ang.  '13-19;  ii.  349,  354.  F.  (Jose),  at  S.F.  and  Son.  '42-4,  age  15- 
20.  F.  (Jose"),  juez  de  campo  S.  Jose",  v.  662.  F.  (Jose"  Antonio),  killed 
by  Ind.  about  '24.  F.  (Jose"  Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  F.  (Juan),  soldier 
at  Sta.  B.  '32.  F.  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  57.  F.  (Juan),  killed  by 


736  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Ind.  at  Refugio  '45.  iv.  642.  F.  (Juan  Jos<§),  at  Brancif.  '28-45,  age  at  latter 
date  45;  wife  Antonia  Castro,  child.  Rafaela,  Miguel  b.  '22,  Leon  '25,  Angel 
'27,  Antonio  '32,  Victoria  '31,  Josefa  '39;  juez  de  paz  in  '43.  ii.  677;  iv.  60'3. 
F.  (Julian),  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  F.  (Leonardo),  soldier  at  S.F.  '19-27;  arrested 
at  Mont.  '37.  iii.  525.  F.  (Luciano),  sentinel  at  S.  Buen.  '19.  ii.  333;  in 
revolt  at  Sta  B.  '29.  iii.  78;  at  the  Natividad  fight  '46;  in  49  juez  de  policia 
at  S.  Luis  Ob.  F.  (Luis),  soldier  at  S.F.  '44,  age  17.  F.  (Luis),  soldier  at 
Sta  B.  '32-7,  wife  Secundina  Cordero,  3  children.  F.  (Manuel),  in  Los  Ang. 
dist.  '46-56.  F.  (Nicolas),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  F.  (Rafael),  at  S.  Mateo  '35; 
S.F.  militia  '37;  in  '41  in  S.  Jos6  dist.,  age  44,  wife  Juana  Ame'zquita,  child. 
Ramon  b.  '28,  Urbano  '29,  Macario  '31,  Julia  '27,  Sinforosa  '34,  Jose  d.  '40. 
F.  (Rafael),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '39-42;  detailed  in  '41  to  accomp.  capt. 
Castaneda  to  Mex. ;  grantee  of  Pescadero,  S.  Joaq. ,  '43.  iv.  672;  ment.  in  '46. 
F.  (Santiago),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  30,  wife  Juana  Riola,  child.  Juan, 
Andrea,  Alonza,  and  Ascension.  F.  (Tomas),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37. 
F.  (Vicente),  invalido  corp.  in  charge  of  Los  Ang.  as  comisionado  much  of 
the  time  1785-1800.  i.  347,  461,  479,  661;  owner  of  the  Felix  rancho,  JS02-16. 
ii.  Ill,  185,  353.  F.  (Vicente),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Filomena 
Valenzuela;  5  children;  in  '36  maj.  at  Buena  Esperanza  rancho.  iii.  677; 
widower,  age  26,  child.  Casiana,  Ger6nimo,  Juan,  and  Jos6;  grantee  of  Moro 
y  Cayucos,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  '42.  iv.  655;  in  trouble  with  the  auth.  at  S.  Luis  '47. 
Perhaps  2  or  3  men  of  this  name. 

Fellom  (Caius  Julius),  1845 (?),  Danish  sailor,  brother  of  Matthew,  who 
came  to  Cal.  in  '52  and  again  in  '62,  and  at  S.  Jose'  in  '78  claimed  to  have 
touched  at  Sta  B.  before  '46  on  the  whaler  Waverly.  S.  J.  Pion.  Jul.  6,  '78. 
F.  (Matthew,  or  Felipe),  1821  (?),  Danish  hatter  and  sailor,  who  landed  from  a 
whaler  all  the  way  from  '21  to  '24  ace.  to  dif.  records,  ii.  444,  526-7.  He  set 
tled  in  the  Gilroy  region,  and  married  after  '34,  when  his  age  was  32.  Felipe 
was  prob.  his  baptismal  name  in  Cal.;  on  Larkin's books  '41-7;  in  '42  making 
soap  at  Gilroy's;  in  '46  juez  at  S.  Juan  B.  v.  640.  He  is  said  to  have  become 
rich  in  lands  and  cattle,  and  to  have  died  in  '68  or  '73.  Fellows  (C.  J.),  1845, 
doubtful  arrival,  iv.  587.  F.  (Hiram  W.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
ree'nl.  Fendero  (Jesus),  Mex.  soldier  of  thepiquete  de  Hidalgo  at  Mont.  '36, 
age  29.  Fenley  (Daniel),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Ferguson,  1846,  doubtful  memb.  of  the  Mormon  Col.  v.  547.  F.  (Adrian), 
1835,  at  S.  Jose;  prob.  Geo.  A.,  q.  v.  F.  (Daniel),  1824,  Irish  shoemaker 
from  N.  Mex.  ii.  526;  iii.  156;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  '32.  iii. 
221;  in  '36  a  resid.  of  Los  Ang.,  age  30,  with  a  Cal.  wife.  He  was  one  of  the 
vigilantes  (iii.  430);  but  failed  to  secure  a  lot;  and  in  '39  or  earlier  came 
north,  his  name  appearing  on  Larkin's  books  in  '39-40.  He  was  murdered  in 
Salinas  Val.  '41  by  Arana,  the  paramour  of  F.'s  wife,  Carmen  Ruiz.  iv.  280, 
653.  F.  (Geo.  A.),  1831,  Amer.  sailor,  cooper,  and  lumberman,  who  de 
serted  from  the  Fanny,  working  at  S.  Rafael,  S.  F.  iv.  708-9,  Mont,  in  '33, 
and  S.  Jose  from  '34.  iii.  405;  arrested  but  not  exiled  in  '40.  iv.  17;  in  the 
contra  costa  '44;  signed  the  S.  Jos6  call  to  foreigners  '45.  iv.  599;  lot  at  S.F. 
'47;  perhaps  had  a  store  at  Stockton  '48;  in  '78-83  a  resid.  of  Mayfield.  F. 
(James),  1847,  sergt-maj.  of  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477,  483;  in  '58  adj. -gen.  Utah; 
delivered  a  lecture  in  Liverpool  '55.  F.  (Jesse),  1828,  Amer.  trapper  of 
Pattie's  party,  who  remained  in  Cal.,  settling  at  Los  Ang.;  married  a  Rendon 
in  '31;  named  in  '36  as  a  trader,  age  36;  said  to  have  died  in  L.  Cal.  a  few 
years  later,  ii.  558;  iii.  163,  178.  F.  (J.C.),  1846,  overl.  immig.,  named  by 
Bryant;  Co.  C,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  in  Oct.  (v.  358);  Joseph  F.  had 
a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462);  Josiah  F.  was  a  witness  in  the  Cal.  claims  and  in  the 
Fremont  court-martial,  v.  454.  These  may  have  been  all  the  same  man;  but 
there  was  also  a  Ferguson  at  Sonoma  in  June  before  the  arrival  of  the  immig. 
v.  110,  128.  Fermor  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Fernandez  (Antonio),  regidor  of  Mont.  '27-8.  ii.  612.  F.  (Diego),  1827, 
Span,  trader  on  the  Waverly;  teacher  at  Sta  B.  '30.  ii.  574;  wife  Brigida 
Navarro,  2  child.;  widower  in  '36,  age  51,  3  child.;  maj.  at  Purisima  '42.  iv. 
648.  F.  (Dionisio),  grantee  with  his  bro.. Maximo  of  land  in  Butte  '46.  v. 


FERXAXDEZ— FIELD.  737 

675.  F.  (Francisco),  1825,  Span,  from  the  Aquilr-s;  ordered  away  in  '28-30. 
iii.  51.  F.  (Gregorio),  1794,  Span,  friar,  who  served  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  and. 
Pudoima,  retiring  1805.  Biog.  ii.  123;  ment.  i.  547,  576,  675,  689;  ii.  159-60. 

Fernandez  (Jose"),  1817,  Span,  sailor  who  came  from  Peru  with  Rocquefeuil 
as  a  sailor  on  the  Bordelais,  and  served  in  the  S.  F.  comp.  as  soldier  and  cor 
poral  in  '19-27,  going  with  Argiiello  in  '21  on  the  exped.  to  the  north,  ii.  232, 
289,  446.  In  '28-9,  like  other  Span.,  he  was  in  some  trouble  with  the  Mex.- 
auth.  but  was  allowed  to  remain,  iii.  51-2,  75;  in  '30  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  at  S. 
Jose",  iii.  730;  in  '39  partido  elector,  iii.  590,  731;  in  '44  sindico.  iv.  685;  in 
'46  juez  de  paz,  capt.  of  defensores,  serving  in  the  south  under  Castro  to  Aug., 
and  after  U.S.  occupation  memb.  of  the  council,  v.  140,  295,  662,  664;  in  '49 
2d  alcalde.  In  later  years  he  resided  at  Sta  Clara,  being  a  witness  in  the  N. 
Almaden  and  many  other  cases.  In  '74  he  dictated  his  recollections  of  early 
days,  a  most  interesting  narrative  called  Cosas  de  California.  He  died  a  year 
or  two  later,  over  75  years  of  age.  Capt.  F.  was  a  man  who  always  merited 
the  respect  and  esteem  of  those  who  knew  him. 

Fernandez  (Jose'  Maria),  1796,  Span,  friar,  \vho  served  at  S.  F.,  but  was 
obliged  to  retire  in  '97,  insane  from  the  effects  of  a  blow  on  the  head.  i.  712- 
13;  also  i.  577,  711.  F.  (Jose  Perez),  see  'Perez  Fernandez.'  F.  (Jose" 
Zenou),  1834,  Mex.  teacher  who  came  in  the  H.  &  P.  col.,  iii.  293,  teaching  for 
a  short  time  at  Sta  Clara,  iii.  728.  In  '39  he  was  sec.  of  the  S.  Jose1  ayunt. 
and  suplente  juez  de  paz.  iii.  731;  in  '40-1  sec.  of  the  junta  and  ad  int.  of  the 
govt.  iii.  604,  193;  and  grantee  of  Quito  rancho.  Sta  Clara,  in  '41.  iv.  672;  in 
'42  juez  de  paz  at  Mont.,  administering  justice  in  a  way  not  quite  satisfactory 
to  Com.  Jones,  and  going  south  with  Jimeno  Casarin  as  sec.  iv.  39,  294,  653, 
656;  in  '44  sec.  of  the  assembly  down  to  his  death  in  Aug.  iv.  410.  F. 
(Manuel),  1794,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  Sta  Clara  and  Sta  Cruz,  retiring  in 
1798.  Biog.  i.  498;  ment.  i.  576-7,  618,  723.  F.  (Mariano),  artillery  corporal 
at  S.D.  1803-6.  ii.  102-3.  .  F.  (Mariano),  of  the  custom-house  guard  at  Mont. 
'45,  perhaps  the  same.  F.  (Maximo),  grantee  of  rancho  in  Butte,  and  S.  F. 
lot  :46.  v.  675,  684.  F.  (Pedro),  builder  of  1st  frame  house  at  S.  Jose"  '41. 
iv.  684.  F.  (Sabas),  Mex.  corporal  sent  to  Cal.  for  the  Mont.  comp.  '37; 
employed  at  Sonoma  as  lieut  in  com.  of  an  Ind.  comp.  iii.  511;  iv.  72.  F. 
(Santiago),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '41. 

Fernandez  del  Campo  (Jose"),  1828,  Mex.  lieut  in  com.  of  Cal.  artill.,  sta 
tioned  at  Mont.;  arrested  by  insurgents  '29;  died  in  '31.  ii.  608,  674;  iii.  68, 
70,  89,  190,  239.  Fernandez  de  San  Vicente  (Agustin),  1822*  Mex.  priest 
and  canonigo,  sent  to  Cal.  as  commissioner  by  Iturbide  to  superintend  the 
change  of  govt;  skillful  in  politics  and  intrigue,  a  bon-vivant  and  gambler, 
whose  character  was  not  admired  by  the  friars.  He  departed  in  '23,  and  a  few 
years  later  was  vicar  at  Sta  Fd,  N.  Mex.  ii.  457-70,  483,  496,  550,  591,  597, 
631,  643-4,  661;  iii.  11.  Fernando,  neoph.  grantee  of  Eincon  del  Alisal  '44. 
Fernando,  at  Soledad  '27.  ii.  623. 

Ferrelo  (Bartolome'),  1542,  piloto  mayor  in  com.  of  one  of  Cabrillo's  vessels 
in  the  discov.  of  Cal. ;  com.  of  the  exped.  after  Cabrillo's  death,  continuing 
the  voyage  to  the  north,  i.  77-81.  Ferrer  (Antonio),  1825,  on  the  Asia. 
iii.  26.  Ferrill  (Thoa  J.),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  Fetz- 
choror  (Christian),  1847,  musician  of  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Fetzer  (John),  1840, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336). 

Fich  (Henry),  1846,  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  prob.  Hen.D.  'Fitch,'  q.v.  Fick- 
ett  (S.H.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.;  memb.  of  S.  Joaq.  pioneers '84.  Fidalgo 
(Salvador),  1790,  Span,  naval  lieut.  com.  of  the  transports  and  explor.  vessels 
S.  Carlos  and  Princesa,  on  the  Cal.  coast  and  at  Nootka  1790-5.  i.  444,  506, 
509,  513,  517,  524,  533,  535,  543,  list,  of  auth.;  also  Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  index. 
Fiel  (W.H.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  trans,  from  Co.  K.;  killed  at  S. 
Pascual.  v.  346.  Field  (B.  Oscar),  1847.  nat.  of  Penii.,  captured  as  a  boy 
by  Ind.,  and  later  interpreter  and  courier  for  the  govt.  Said  to  have  come  to 
Cal.  '47;  in  Sac.  Val.  '48;  at  S.F.  from  '50.  Died  at  S.F.  '64.  Bulletin.  F. 
(Daniel),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  F.  (John),  1847,  ditto.  F.  (Sam 
uel),,  1845,  overl.  immig.,  perhaps  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579. 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  III.  47 


733  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 


Fife  (John),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409).  F.  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  B, 
ditto.  F.  (Wm),  1841,  Scotch  otter-hunter  in  Sta  B.  region  from  '45,  and 
prob.  several  years  earlier,  iv.  270;  v.  317;  went  to  the  mines  '48,  but  resumed 
his  hunting  to  '58  and  later;  murdered  by  a  Sonoran  at  Sta  B.  in  '06.  Fifer, 
see  'Pi'eifer.'  Filield  (Ira),  1S48,  furnished  specimens  of  gold  toGov.  Mason; 
prob.  same  as  following.  F.  (Levi),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4GG);  in 
Suttcr's  employ  '47-8. 

Figuer  (Juan),  1772,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Gabriel,  San  Luis  Ob., 
and  S.  Diego,  dyin<?  in  1784.  Biog.  i.  455;  ment.  i.  107,  192-3,  196,  272,  299, 
310,  388,  457-9,  654,  10G-7.  Figueroa  (Felipe),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife 
Ignacia  Lopez;  still  at  Sta  B.  in  '50.  F.  (Francisco),  1833,  Mex.  capt.  who 
came  with  his  brother,  the  gov.,  and  was  appointed  contador  at  Mont,  in  '34. 
iii.  236,  240,  378.  In  '3G  he  lived  at  Mont.,  age  32,  wife  Maria  de  Jesus  Palo- 
mares,  age  18,  son  Guadalupe  b.  '30;  in  '37  involved  in  the  revolt  against  Al- 
varado.  iii.  513,  523-0;  from  '39  in  charge  of  his  brother's  Alamitos  rancho 
near  Los  Ang.  iii.  633,  637.  In  '44-6  he  was  a  member  of  the  assembly,  being 
president  of  that  body  under  Flores'  administraticn,  and  taking  some  part 
against  the  U.S.  iv.  301,  411,  495-6.  521;  v.  37-8,  49-50,  204,  321-2.  Don 
Francisco  was  city  treasurer  of  Los  Ang.  in  '50.  F.  (Guadalupe),  grantee  of 
Corral  de  Tierra  '36. 

Figueroa  (Jose"),  1833,  Mex.  brigadier-gen,  who  had  been  com.  gen.  of  Son. 
and  Sin.,  and  who  was  gov.  and  com.  gen.  of  Cal.  from  Jan.  14,  '33,  to  his 
death  on  Sept.  29,  '35.  See  full  account  of  his  arrival,  rule,  and  death,  includ 
ing  his  troubles  with  Hijar,  Padre's,  and  Apalategui,  in  iii.  234-98,  espec.  on 
biog.  and  character,  234,  290-7;  also  ment.  i.  662;  ii.  508,  594;  iii.  16,  305, 
414,  613,  633,  652,  689-71;  acts  and  policy  i;i  mission  and  Ind.  affairs,  iii. 
318,  321-36,  339-62,  620;  commercial  and  financial  affairs,  iii.  308-80;  the 
Russians,  iv.  161-3.  Figueroa  is  known  as  the  best  of  California's  Mex.  gov 
ernors,  and  in  many  respects  merits  his  reputation.  He  was  an  intelligent 
man,  of  good  intentions  and  liberal  views;  not  a  model  in  respect  of  private 
morality,  and  not  always  to  be  fully  trusted;  well  versed  in  the  arts  of  mak 
ing  friends  and  of  gaining  popularity  by  overcoming  imaginary  obstacles;  was 
fortunate  in  the  circumstances  under  which  he  was  called  to  rule  the  country; 
and  made  no  serious  mistakes.  F.  (Manuel),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  in  '79.  i. 
461.  Filibert  (Francisco),  1825,  Span,  from  the  Aquilcs,  in  list  sent  to  Mex. 
'28;  perhaps  not  sent  away.  iii.  51. 

Finch  (John),  1838,  Engl.  tinker  and  blacksmith  who  came  to  Mont,  by 
sea,  age  28.  iv.  119.  From  '40  he  lived  at  S.F.,  getting  a  lot,  and  keeping 
a  saloon  and  bowling-alley  at  the  cor.  of  Washington  and  Kearny  streets. 
v.  683.  He  was  more  commonly  known  as  John  'Tinker';  died  Aug.  20,  '47. 
Finch,  1847,  mr  of  the  Com.  Mockton.  Findla  (James),  1847,  overl.  immig. 
and  carpenter  from  Mo.,  who  worked  at  S.F.  and  became  the  owner  of  many 
town  lots  in  '47-8.  v.  556.  Went  to  the  mines  in  '48-9;  later  in  the  real  estate 
business  at  S.F.,  where  in  '78  he  dictated  for  my  use  his  Statement  of  Early 
Events,  and  where  I  think  he  still  lives  in  '85.  Findlay  (John),  1847,  Co.  E, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  F.  (Wm),  1846,  lieut  arid  later  capt.  of  Co.  A,  Cal. 
Bat.  v.  361,  434;  went  east  with  Stockton  or  Kearny  in  '47.  v.  454;  at  Wash, 
as  a  witness  Jan.  '48;  perhaps  the  Wm  Finlay  at  S.  Jose"  '54  accredited  to  '45. 
Annals  of  S.F. ,  822. 

Fine  (J.  H.),  1846,  nat.  of  Ky;  claimant  for  Suisun  rancho.  iv.  674;  died 
at  Paso  de  Robles  in  '79,  age  58.  F.  (Quin?),  1847,  blacksmith  at  Benicia; 
member  of  Sonoma  council;  died  in  '48.  v.  668,  672-3.  Fink  (Nicholas), 
1836,  German  shoemaker  who  came  to  Los  Ang.  with  a  Mex.  passp.  of  '35; 
age  30,  and  single  in  '40,  when,  having  a  shop  in  town,  lie  was  robbed  and 
murdered,  the  3  assassins  being  executed  '41.  iv.  118,  280,  629-30. 

Finlay  (Thomas),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morin.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Finlayson  (Duncan), 
1833,  agent  of  the  H.B.  Co.,  toadied  at  S.F.  on  the  Dryad,  iii.  382,  404. 
Finley  ^Asa  W.),  1846,  overl.  iimnig.  with  wife  and  2  children;  served  under 
Aram  at  Sta  Clara  (v.  378);  a  farmer  at  S.  Josd  for  17  years;  later  in  Linn 
Val.,  Kern  Co.,  where  he  was  in  '79,  having  2  sons,  3  married  daughters,  Mrs 


FINLAYSON-FITCH.  739 

Henry  Pascoe,  L.  A.  Bearclsley,  and  J.  P.  Wilkes  in  Kern  Co.,  and  2  daugh 
ters  in  Or.  JSakersfield  Gazette.  Finley,  1844,  a  half-breed  assistant  of  La- 
framboise.  Yolo  Co.  Hist.  F.  (James),  1848,  owner  of  lots  at  S.F.  F. 
(John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  F.  (John  M.),  1848,  of  firm  F., 
Johnson,  &  Co.,  traders  at  S.F.  v.  680.  F.  (Richard),  1848,  miner  from 
Or. ,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82.  Finley  (S. ),  1846,  Cal.  claim  of  $15  for  a  rifle 
(v.  462).  Fippard  (Chas),  1833,  Engl.  carpenter  from  the  Catalina,  who 
asked  for  a  carta  in  '34,  and  was  still  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  409. 

Fish  (Wm),  1834,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  Wisher,  or  Norris, 
1818,  negro  of  Bouchard's  force,  who  rem.  in  Cal.  There  is  no  definite  record 
of  his  later  career,  he  being  perhaps  confounded  in  such  vague  allusions  as 
exist  with  the  following,  ii.  248,  393.  F.,  or  Fisar,  1825,  negro  from  Penn., 
who  came  to  Sta  B.  on  the  Sta  Rosa;  in  '29  at  Los  Ang.,  a  farmer  35  years 
old,  without  religion,  but  of  good  conduct,  iii.  29;  ment.  by  Coronel,  for 
whom  he  had  worked,  in  '46-7;  and  perhaps  by  Foster  in  '48-9.  It  is  possi 
ble,  however,  that  this  F.  and  the  preceding  were  the  same.  F.,  1846,  of 
Cal.  Bat.,  said  to  have  been  attacked  by  Ind.  near  Los  Ang.  inr'47.  Fremont's 
Court-martial,  233.  F.,  1847,  mr  of  the  California,  v.  576.  F.,  1848,  at 
Sutter's  Fort  from  the  quicksilver  mines. 

Fisher  (Adam),  1843,  named  by  Baldridgeas  a  memb.  of  the  Chiles-Walker 
inimig.  party.  F.  (Daniel),  1845,  signer  of  the  S.  Jose1  call  to  foreigners,  iv. 
599.  F.  (Daniel),  1847,  asst  quartermaster  in  Stockton's  Bat.  Jan.  v.  385. 
F.  (F.),  1839,  captain  ment.  in  Larkin's  accts  as  being  at  Mont.  Aug.  F. 
(Herman),  1848,  German  resid.  of  Sonoma  Co.  73-7.  Son.  Co.  Hist.  F. 
(Joseph  11.),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.,  who  rem.  in  Cal.  v.  546.  Fisher 
(Mary  Ann),  1846,  ditto;  died  in  the  faith  at  Mission  S.  Jose",  v.  546.  F. 
(Thomas  M.),  1846,  son  of  Win,  age  4,  who  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  married 
Anna  Hanks  in  '61,  and  was  still  living,  in  '81,  near  Gilroy,  with  5  children. 

Fisher  (Wm),  1845,  nat.  of  Mass,  who  lived  many  years  at  Cape  S.  Lucas, 
L.  Cal.,  marrying  Liberata  Ceseiia,  trading  on  the  coast,  possibly  visiting 
Upper  Cal.  earlier,  but  apparently  coining  for  the  1st  time  in  '45,  when  he  got 
a  S.F.  lot,  and  is  mentioned  in  Larkin's  corresp.  iv.  587,  669,  684.  It  was 
prob.  on  this  visit  that  he  purchased  the  Alvires,  or  Laguna  Seca,  rancho  near 
S.  Jos6,  for  which  his  heirs  were  claimants  in  later  years,  iii.  712.  In  '46  he 
brought  his  family  and  settled  at  Laguna  Seca,  being  also  engaged  in  trade 
at  S.  Jose";  it  was  on  his  rancho  that  Fre'mont  encamped,  v.  6,  660;  in  Dec. 
'46  memb.  of  council,  v.  664,  having  declined  the  office  of  alcalde,  v.  662.  In 
'49  he  sold  his  S.  Jos6  business  to  Belden,  and  died  in  '50.  His  children  were 
Mary  C.  wife  of  D.  Murphy,  Thos  M.,  Cipriano  W.  (died),  and  Uloga  Frico(?), 
as  named  in  Sta  Clara  (Jo.  Hist.  The  widow  married  Geo.  H.  Ball  of  N.  Y. 
F.  (Wm),  1825,  mr  of  the  Recovery,  iii.  148.  F.  (Wm),  1830,  at  Los  Ang. 
ii.  555.  Fishpan  (?),  (John),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247). 
Fisk  (Daniel),  1844,  deserter  from  the  Warren.  Fiske  (F.),  1841,  mid.  ou 
the  U.S.  St  Louis. 

Fitch  (Henry  Delano),  1826,  nat.  of  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  b.  1799,  who 
came  to  Cal.  as  mr  of  Virmond's  Mex.  brig.  Maria  Ester,  iii.  147,  176.  In 
'27  he  announced  his  intention  of  becoming  a  Mex.  citizen;  in  '29  was  bap 
tized  at  S.  Diego  as  Enrique  Domingo  Fitch;  and  was  married  at  Valparaiso 
in  July  of  the  same  year  to  Josefa  Carrillo,  daughter  of  Don  Joaquin  of  S. 
Diego.  For  an  account  of  his  romantic  elopement,  return,  and  ecclesiastical 
trial,  see  iii.  140-4;  ii.  551,  562,  569,  615.  In  '30-1  he  was  mr  of  the  Leonor, 
iii.  49,  147,  383,  his  home  being  at  S.  Diego  after  his  family  troubles  had  beeu 
settled;  in  '32  already  apply  ing  for  lands  north  of  S.F.  bay.  Sup.  GovtSt.  Pap.t 
viii.  37;  sons  were  born  '30,  '32,  '34;  naturalized  in  '33.  He  had  a  store  at  S. 
Diego;  sindico  in  '35.  iii.  615;  com.  de  policia'36.  iii.  616;  afforded  some  aid 
— moistened  powder,  etc. — to  the  surenos  in  the  political  quarrels  of  '37-8. 
iii.  495,  553;  in  '39-40  presid.  of  election  and  juez  de  paz.  iii.  614,  616-17. 
Iii  '40  Capt.  Fitch  went  to  Hon.  as  sup.  of  the  California,  and  at  the  IsL 
bought  of  Peirce  &  Brewer  for  2,500  hides  a  half- interest  in  the  Morse,  which 
he  brought  to  Cal.,  renamed  her  the  Ninfa,  and  made  a  trip  to  Mazatlan  in 


740  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

'41.  iv.  102,  105,  209,  249,  567.  Stearns,  McKinley,  and  Temple  were  liis 
partners  in  this  venture,  and  Paty  a  little  later.  In  '41  he  was  grantee  of  the 
Sotoyomi  rancho,  iv.  674;  v.  297,  358,  later  Healclsburg,  which  was  put  in 
charge  of  his  agents,  as  he  still  lived  at  S.  Diego,  being  much  of  the  time  at 
sea.  Receptor  at  S.D.  '45-6;  made  a  survey  of  town  lands;  juez  depaz  '46-7, 
grantee  of  lands  at  S.F.,  being  also  meiit.  in  connection  with  various  matters, 
iv.  345,  557,  620;  v.  267,  317,  618-20,  659-60,  679.  He  died  at  S.  Diego  in 
'49,  and  was  the  last  person  buried  on  Presidio  Hill.  Capt.  Fitch  was  one  of 
the  earliest,  most  prominent,  and  most  popular  of  the  early  pioneers;  straight 
forward  in  his  dealings,  generous  in  disposition,  frank  and  cheerful  in  man 
ner,  in  physique  a  very  tall  man  inclined  to  corpulency.  Dana  is  the  only  man 
that  has  anything  unfavorable  to  say  of  him,  and  it  is  hinted  that  D.,  a  wild 
young  sailor  disposed  to  put  on  airs  by  reason  of  his  education  and  high  con 
nections,  was  once  rather  summarily  ejected  from  Don  Enrique's  house,  when 
he  and  his  companions  applied  for  grog.  I  have  hundreds  of  the  captain's 
business  and  personal  letters  in  the  collections  of  Vallejo  and  Cooper,  besides 
an  immense  vol.  of  the  Fitch,  Doc.  Hist.  Gal.,  presented  by  his  widow  in  '75. 
Dona  Josefa — born  at  S.  D.  1810,  and  baptized  as  Maria  Ant.  Natalia  Elijia 
Carrillo,  being  called  Josefa  later  because  her  godmother  forgot  the  names, 
and  thought  that  one  of  them  was  Josefa! — moved  to  the  Healdsburg  rancho 
soon  after  her  husband's  death,  and  was  still  living  there  in  '80,  dictating  for 
my  use  in  '75  a  most  interesting  Narracion,  besides  presenting  the  doc.  cited 
above,  including  her  marriage  certificate  and  the  captain's  naturalization  pa 
pers.  There  were  11  children,  as  follows:  Henry  E.  b.  '30,  Fred.  '32,  Wm  '34, 
Joseph  '36,  Josefa  '37,  John  B.  '#9,  Isabella  ''40,  Charles  '42,  Michael  '44, 
Maria  Ant.  Natalia  '45,  and  Anita  '48.  The  last  two  died  in  '50-4;  Josefa 
became  the  wife  of  John  Grant  and  a  locally  famous  singer;  Isabella  married 
John  Balash;  Wm,  in  '75,  had  a  vineyard  on  Russian  River;  John  B.  was  a 
newspaper  man,  who  visited  my  Library  in  'S3. 

Fitch,  1847,  mr  of  the  Armalta.  v.  576.  F.  (Worfchington  L.),  1847, 
Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.F.  '50.  Fitzhugh  (John  W.},  1848,  immig. 
whose  widow  lived  at  Snelling  in  '77.  S.  J.  Pion.  Fitzpatrick  (John),  1836, 
Engl.  on  a  Los  Ang.  list,  age  40.  F.  (Thos),  well-known  trapper  and  guide; 
possibly  came  to  Gal.  before  '40;  guide  of  Bartleson  party  '41  and  Fremont 
'44,  but  did  not  come  to  Cal.  then.  iii.  392;  iv.  268,  437.  Fitzsimmons 
(James),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Flaco  (Juan),  see  John  Brown.  Flandrew  (J.B.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 
Planning  (H.T. ),  1845,  nat.  of  N.  Y. ;  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth;  later  member  of 
S.  Joaq.  pioneers,  iv.  587.  Fleet  (Wm  H.),  1847,  lot  at  S.F.  Flectwood 
(Robert),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Flemming  (James),  1829,  Irish 
'jack-at-ali-trades,'  age  40,  working  for  Cooper  at  Mont.  iii.  179;  in  '36  liv 
ing  with  Larkin,  age  52!  often  named  in  records  of  '36-8.  In  '41-4  he  appears 
in  the  Sonoma  and  Bodega  regions.  Fletcher,  1579,  chaplain  of  Francis 
Drake's  vessel,  and  author  of  a  narrative  of  the  voyage,  i.  85  et  seq.  F. 
(Philander),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  Fleury  (Ernest  de), 
1848,  the  Baron  de  Lisle,  a  French  traveller  and  officer  in  Mex.  under  Maxi 
milian;  said  to  have  visited  Cal.  in  '48;  died  in  N.Y.  '67.  Alta. 

Fling  (Guy  Freeman),  1826,  nat.  of  Me,  on  the  Courier  '26-8.  iii.  176.  In 


appears 

books  and  other  records.  He  worked  at  his  trade  as  blacksmith  at  Mont.,  and 
in  '36  at  the  Buenavista  rancho,  being  then  only  26  years  old,  ace.  to  the 
padron.  In  '40  he  had  a  shop  at  Natividad,  and  is  accredited  by  tradition 
with  having  refused  to  iron  the  foreign  exiles,  though  John  Chamberlain  says 
this  was  not  so,  as  Fling  was  absent  at  the  time.  iv.  28.  I  find  no  definite 
trace  of  him  in  '41-7,  but  he  was  prob.  engaged  in  hunting,  as  he  is  said  to 
have  been  with  Geo.  Yount  in  Napa  Val.,  and  to  have  spent  much  of  his 
time  among  the  Ind.  He  lived  at  Sonoma  for  some  years;  went  to  Napa  about 
'50,  and  died  in  the  county  infirmary  in  70,  at  the  reputed  age  of  80  years. 


FLINT— FLtfGGE.  741 

Flint  (Amos  K),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  F.  (Isaac  A.), 
1845,  overl.  immig.  perhaps  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  who  prob.  went  back 
east  with  Clyinaix  in  '46.  Iv.  579;  v.  520.  F.  (Win),  1840,  doubtful  member 
of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  547.  Flomboy  (John),  1844,  half-breed  Ind.  and 
overi.  immig.  of  the  Stevens  party,  ace.  to  Schallenberger  and  some  of  the 
county  histories,  iv.  445.  Flood  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at 
S.F.  71-4. 

Flores  (Amando),  1836,  Mex.  convict;  later  one  of  Murrieta's  band.  F. 
(Antonio),  1602,  piloto  of  one  of  Vizcaino's  vessels;  died  on  the  voy.  i.  98, 
104.  F.  (Bernardo),  settler  at  S.F.  1791-1800.  i.  716.  F.  (Francisco),  1791, 
surgeon  of  Malaspiua's  exped.  i.  490.  F.  (Francisco),  soldier  at  mission  S. 
Jose"  1797-1800.  i.  556.  F.  (Gumesindo),  1834,  Mex.  capt.  and  brevet  lieut- 
col,  who  came  as  a  kind  of  political  exile  with  the  H.  &  P.  col.  iii.  283.  In 
'35-6  maj.  and  admin,  of  S.F.  iii.  354,  714-15;  in  '39-42,  having  been  rein 
stated  in  his  mil.  rank,  he  was  com.  of  the  post  at  Mont.  iii.  671;  iv.  33,  652; 
in  '42-6  com.  at  Sta  B.;  in  '45  leader  in  an  outbreak  of  the  troops,  iv.  541, 
641;  v.  317,  630.  Capt.  F.  continued  to  reside  at  Sta  B.  until  shot  and  killed 
in  '60.  His  widow  and  daughter  were  still  at  Sta  B.  in  '78.  F.  (Hermeue- 
gildo),  killed  1794.  i.  454.  F.  (Isidro),  soldier  at  S.  Juan  B.  before  1800.  i. 
558.  F.  (Jose  Bern.),  sirviente  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499. 

Flores  (Jose"  Maria),  1842,  Mex.  capt.  in  the  batallon  fijo,  who  came  with 
Micheltorena  as  secretary,  iv.  289;  in  '44  named  as  instructor  of  the  Sta  B. 
defensores  (?).  iv.  407;  but  sent  to  Mex.  as  comisionado  by  the  gov.  to  obtain 
aid.  iv.  402,  414,  534,  564,  568.  Returning  in  '45,  he  remained  after  Michel- 
torena's  departure,  and  was  the  commissioner  sent  by  Castro  to  treat  with 
Stockton  in  Aug.  iv.  513;  v.  41,  268-9,  280.  On  the  revolt  of  the  Californians 
iii  Sept.,  Flores  was  made  gov.  and  com.  gen.  from  Oct.,  in  this  capacity  di 
recting  all  the  operations  of  this  final  campaign  of  the  war,  and  linally  re 
treating  to  Sonora  in  Jan.  '47.  See  v.  37-8,  309-25,  329-56,  365,  389-410, 
563-5.  In  breaking  his  parole,  Gen.  Flores  of  course  committed  a  most  dishon 
orable  act,  though  much  may  be  said  in  defence  of  the  general  rising  against 
the  U.S.  In  other  respects  he  acted  with  commendable  energy,  skill,  and  pa 
triotism  under  difficult  circumstances,  meriting  but  little  of  the  ridicule  and 
abuse  of  which  he  has  been  the  object.  After  leaving  Cal.  he  served  in  the 
Mex.  army,  being  in  '49-50  sub-inspector,  and  in  '51  et  seq.  com.  gen.  of  the 
military  colonies  of  the  west;  visiting  Cal.  in  '50  to  bring  his  family;  but  I 
think  his  wife,  a  daughter  of  A.  V.  Zamorano,  did  not  leave  Cal.  He  was  at 
Mazatlan  in  '55,  and  is  said  to  have  died  there  in  '66,  Los  Any.  Co.  Hist.,  24, 
though  a  colonel  of  the  same  name  was  serving  in  Mitehoacan  in  '67  against 
Maximilian. 

Flores  (Jose"  Maria),  at  S.  Jose"  '25.  ii.  605;  in  '41,  age  48,  wife  Josef  a  Se- 
pulveda,  child.  Miguel  b.  '23,  Sebastian  '31,  Carmen  '27,  Jose"  Maria  '32,  Juan 
B.  '34,  Jose"  '37,  Paula  '40,  Fernando  '41;  jucz  de  policia  '43.  iv.  685;  in  '43 
juez  de  campo  at  S.F.  v.  648.  F.  (Jose"  Maria),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  from  1788. 
F.  (Jose  Maria),  grantee  of  Liebre  rancho  '46,  also  claimant  in  '53.  v.  632. 
F.  (Jose"  Miguel),  maj.  at  S.  Gabriel,  1791-6.  i.  664.  F.  (Jos6  S.),  Mex.  con 
vict  '29-34.  F.  (Leandro),  soldier  in  S.  F.  comp.  '19-29;  regidor  at  S.  Jose" 
'31.  iii.  212,  729;  in  '41,  age  42,  wife  Romana  Martinez,  child.  Jose"  Ant.  b. 
'33,  Maria  Ant.  '16,  Maria  del  Sac.  '26,  Refugio  '34;  in  '43  juez  del  campo. 
iv.  685.  F.  (M.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  F.  (Manuel),  artilleryman  at 
Sta  B.  '24.  ii.  532.  F.  (Manuel),  in  Hidalgo  piquete  at  Mont.  '36.  F. 
(Miguel),  son  of  Jose"  Maria,  at  S.  Jos6  from  '23  to  '77,  when  he  gave  me  his 
liccuerdos  Hisltiricos.  v.  137.  F.  (Teodosio),  alcalde  of  S.  Jose" — and  also  of 
Mont?— in  '20.  ii.  378,  611;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  52.  F.  (Victoriauo),  sirviente 
at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  Florin  (Joseph),  1833,  Canadian  gardener  from  Colom 
bia  at  Los  Ang.  '36,  '40,  age  27,  31,  and  married,  iii.  409.  One  record  puts  his 
arrival  in  '30. 

Flugge  (Chas  W.),  1841,  German  of  the  Bartleson  immig.  party  who  went 
1st  to  Or.,  but  came  down  by  land  to  Cal.  before  the  end  of  the  year.  iv.  269, 
276,  279.  In  '42-3  he  was  employed  by  Sutter,  who  had  known  him  before, 


742  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

as  clerk  and  adviser,  F.  being  a  man  of  many  accomplishments  and  having 
some  knowledge  of  law.  He  was  sent  by  Sutter  to  conciliate  Micheltorena. 
iv.  389;  got  a  lot  at  S.F.  iv.  C69,  GTS;  was  naturalized  at  the  end  of  '43;  and 
in  '44  was  grantee  of  a  rancho  on  Feather  River,  iv.  670-1.  He  opened  a  store 
at  Los  Ang.;  used  his  influence  for  Sutter  and  Micheltorena.  iv.  490;  and  at 
the  end  of  '45  went  to  Honolulu,  returning  on  the  Don  Quixote  early  in  '40. 
He  had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  402),  continuing  in  trade  at  Los  Ang.,  and  serving 
as  a  messenger  from  Flores  to  Stockton  in  Jan.  '47.  v.  387.  He  is  mentioned 
with  a  wife  (?)  at  N.  Helv.  in  Sept.  '47.  N.  IIclv.  Diary,  110;  perhaps  an 
error.  At  the  end  of  '48  he  left  Cal.,  though  McKinley,  his  partner,  made 
efforts  to  prevent  his  departure,  and  is  said  to  have  gone  to  Germany  with  a 
considerable  sum  of  money.  Though  admired  for  his  accomplishments,  he  had 
quarrelled  sooner  or  later  with  most  of  those  who  were  intimate  with  him, 
showing  divers  eccentricities  of  conduct.  In  the  winter  of  '51-2  he  returned 
to  Los  Ang.,  secluding  himself  from  old  friends,  acting  strangely  in  other 
respects,  and  evidently  insane.  In  Sept.  '52  he  wandered  off  into  the  country 
and  was  found  dead  some  12  miles  from  town.  Flundin  (Joseph),  1842, 
French  steward  of  a  hospital  in  Oakland  '77,  said  to  have  visited  S.F.  in  June 
'42.  iv.  341;  S.J.Pion.  Flying  (Andrew),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  Sta  B.  '71-82. 

Fogo  (Manuel),  1825,  Span,  from  the  Asia;  still  in  Cal.  '30.  iii.  27,  51-2. 
Foisy  (M.G.),  1846,  Or.  pioneer  of  '44;  a  printer  still  in  Or.  '76,  for  whom  it 
is  claimed  that  he  published  (?)  the  Calif ornian  at  Mont.  Hist.  Or.,  i.  467. 
He  may  possibly  have  been  a  printer  on  that  paper  in  '46  or  '47,  but  prob. 
not.  v.  293.  Foley  (Alfred),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  F.  (Michael), 

1846,  Irish,  of  the  Cal.  Bat.   (v.  358);  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  685;  said  to 
have  been  killed  in  a  brawl  at  the  mission  a  few  years  later.       Folger  (Edward 
F.),  1847,  at  S.F.,  agent,  or  perhaps  partner,  of  Gelston  &  Co.       F.  (Wra  D.), 

1847,  on  roll  of  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.       Follansbee  (S. ),  1846,  doubtful  newsp.  nient. 
of  a  Shasta  Co.  pion.       Follen  (Julian),  1845,  petitioner  for  land  for  a  colony; 
perhaps  not  in  Cal.  iv.  571.       Follett  (Win  A.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469);  in  Ariz.  '81.       F.  (Wm  T.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.;  at  St  George, 
Utah,  '82. 

Folsom  (Joseph  Libbey),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  H.,  graduate  of  West  Point  in 
'40,  and  later  instructor  in  that  institution;  came  to  Cal.  as  capt.  U.S.A.  and 
asst  quartermaster  in  the  N.Y. Vol.;  and  was  chief  of  the  Q.M.  department 
station  at  S.F.,  being  also  collector  of  the  port  for  a  time  in  '47-9.  v.  98,  503, 
511-13,  650,  659-60,  673.  Capt.  F.  invested  all  the  money  he  could  raise  in 
town  lots,  which  in  a  few  years  made  him  a  rich  man.  During  a  trip  to  the 
east  in  '49  he  was  smart  and  lucky  enough  to  find  the  heirs  of  Win  A.  Leid- 
esdorff  and  buy  of  them  for  a  song  their  title  to  the  immense  Leidesdorff  es 
tate  in  S.F.  He  thus  became  one  of  the  wealthiest  men  in  Cal.,  owning  large 
estates  in  the  country,  including  the  Amer.  River  rancho  on  which  the  towTn 
of  Folsom  now  bears  his  name,  as  does  Folsom  Street  in  S.F.  His  reputation 
is  that  of  a  most  enterprising  man  of  business,  an  honorable  gentleman  of  su 
perior  education  and  refinement,  somewhat  formal  and  haughty  in  manner. 
He  died  at  Mission  San  Jos<§  in  '55  at  the  age  of  38.  F.  (Wm  H.),  1847,  Co. 
H,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  N.Y.  city  '82. 

Font  (Jose"),  1796,  Span,  lieut  of  Catalan  volunteers,  com.  of  the  comp. 
after  Alberni's  death,  also  com.  at  S.  Diego  '99.  Left  Cal.  with  the  Cal.  Vol. 
1803.  i.  541,  647-8;  ii.  5,  18-19,  78,  107,  153.  F.  (Pedro),  1775-6,  Span, 
friar,  prob.  of  the  Quere'taro  Franciscans,  who  was  chaplain  of  Anza's  exped. 
to  Cal.,  of  which  he  left  an  important  Diario  and  map.  i.  258-60,  262-4,  267- 
9,  280-6,  330;  ii.  44.  Fontes  (Pedro),  sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  For- 
bagh,  1847,  at  Benicia.  v.  672;  prob.  'Forbush,'  q.v. 

Forbes  (Alexander),  Scotch  merchant  of  Tepic;  author  of  the  standard 
work  on  California  pub.  in  '39.  iv.  150-2.  He  had  never  visited  Cal.,  though 
meditating  a  visit  in  '26.  iii.  176.  It  is  stated,  however,  that  later,  in  '46-8, 
he  came  to  Cal.  in  con.  with  the  N.  Almaden  affairs;  but  I  have  no  definite 
record  of  his  presence.  He  has  often  been  confounded  by  writers  with  James 


FORBES— FORD.  743 

A.  Forbes.  F.  (Eli  B.),  1S47,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  carpenter  at  Mont. 
'47-8.  F.  (Hector  M.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Forbes  (James  Alex.),  1831,  nat.  of  Scotland,  who  had  lived  for  some  years 
in  Span,  countries,  prob.  in  Chili  or  Peru.  The  first  that  is  definitely  known 
of  him  is  that  in  a  trip  to  the  isl.  of  the  S.  Amer.  coast  he  was  wrecked, 
picked  tip  by  the  Nelso7i  at  or  near  the  Galapagos,  and  transferred  to  the 
whaler  Fan  in/,  which  brought  him,  rating  as  4th  mate,  by  way  of  the  Mar 
quesas  to  S.F.  in  Oct.  '31,  or  possibly  '30.  iii.  403.  In  '32  he  was  acting  as.a 
kind  of  clerk  or  majordomo  for  P.  Viader  at  Sta  Clara;  early  in  '33  asked  for 
naturalization,  which  he  obtained  in  April  '34,  and  in  July  married  Ana  Ma 
ria,  daughter  of  Juan  C.  Galindo,  being  then  27  years  old,  and  having  as  wit 
nesses  Gco.  Ferguson  and  Jas  W.  Weeks,  who  had  come  with  him  on  the 
Fanny.  For  several  years  his  name  does  not  appear,  but  he  was  doubtless  en 
gaged  in  trade  and  fanning  at  S.  Jose",  where  from  '36  he  acted  as  agent  for 
the  H.B.Co.,  being  elector  in  '38  and  sindico  in  '39,  trying  in  '40 — to  obtain 
a  loan  of  mission  sheep  in  comp.  with  Dr  Marsh,  signing  bonds  for  some 
of  the  Bartleson  immig.,  and,  ace.  to  the  padron  of  '41,  having  two  sons,  Car 
los  b.  '37,  and  Alejandro  in  '39.  iii.  731;  iv.  86,  117,  217-18,  275,  684.  In  '42 
Forbes  was  appointed  British  vice-consul  at  Mont. ,  assuming  the  office  in  Oct. 
'43,  and  performing  some  acts  in  his  official  capacity  in  the  next  few  years, 
though  not  residing  at  Mont.  iv.  384,  479,  563,  651.  Grantee  of  the  Potrero 
de  Sta  Clara  '44.  iv.  673;  in  '45-6  at  S.F.  in  charge  of  the  H.B.Co.  property 
after  Rae's  death,  having  apparently  used  his  iniluence  against  Sutter  and 
Micheltorena,  being  involved  in  a  controversy  with  Leidesdorff,  and  obtain 
ing  for  himself  and  wife  some  beach  lots  in  town.  v.  486,  590-1,  649,  679-SO. 
In" '4  6  Larkin  reported  F.  to  the  Wash,  govt  as  a  man  of  moderate  property, 
whose  private  interests  and  official  position  clashed,  but  who  wished  the  U. 
S.  to  have  Cal.  F.  asserted  at  the  time,  and  in  later  years,  that  he  had  noth 
ing  to  do  with  schemes  for  an  English  protectorate,  and  it  is  certain  that  those 
schemes,  as  well  as  the  vice-consul's  agency,  have  been  greatly  exaggerated. 
v.  68,  70,  614.  In  the  troubles  of  '46-7  he  took  but  slight  part.  v.  298,  378, 
380,  382.  Gov.  Mason  declined  to  permit  F.,  as  vice-consul,  to  introduce 
goods  free  of  duties.  Don  Diego  was  an  intelligent  man  of  good  education, 
whose  knowledge  of  Spanish  gave  him  an  advantage,  though  he  never  lost  his 
broad  Scotch  accent,  and  whose  record  in  early  times  was  an  excellent  one, 
though  many  writers  have  exaggerated  his  prominence.  After  the  U.S.  occu 
pation,  he  became  interested  in  the  New  Almaden  mines,  and  was  involved 
in  the  complicated  litigation  that  lasted  for  years,  to  the  serious  detriment  of 
his  financial  hopes,  of  his  reputation,  and  especially  of  his  temper.  In  later 
years  he  led  a  life  of  retirement,  nursing  his  intense,  and  perhaps  not  un 
founded,  bitterness  against  all  that  was  American,  and  died  at  Oakland  in 
'81,  at  the  age  of  77.  His  children,  as  named  by  his  son  in  '85,  were  Carlos 
H.,  residing  at  Los  Ang.  with  10  children,  Martha  (deceased),  James  Alex., 
Jr,  Michael,  Frederick,  James  Alonzo,  Luis  Felipe  (deceased),  Maria  Clara, 
Juan  Tele'sforo,  Margaret,  Francis  H.,  and  Alfred  0.  James  Alex.,  Jr,  was  ed 
ucated  at  Sta  Clara  college,  has  been  state  translator  of  the  laws,  and  in  '85 
for  some  years  has  been  employed  as  translator  and  keeper  of  the  archives  in 
the  U.S.  surveyor-general's  office.  Though  not  in  charge  when  my  search  of 
the  archives  was  made,  he  has  afforded  me  aid  on  several  points. 

Forbes  (John),  1833,  Engl.  on  Larkin's  books  '33-5.  iii.  409.  F.  (Robert 
B.),  1825,  mr  of  the  Nile.  iii.  148.  Visiting  S.F.  again  in  '70,  he  delivered  a 
lecture  which  included  reminiscences  of  '25;  and  in  '78  he  published  his  Per 
sonal  Reminiscences,  which  describes  both  the  visits  and  the  lecture;  still 
living  at  Milton,  Mass.,  in  '85.  F.  (Wm),  1835,  Engl.  who  worked  for  Lar 
kin  at  Mont.  '35-6.  iii.  413;  one  of  the  exiles  of  '40.  iv.  18;  perhaps  cl.  for  a 
Sonoma  Co.  rancho  '52.  iv.  671.  Forbush  (Benj.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the 
Euphemia;  at  Benicia;  perhaps  Forbagh.  F.  (Lorin),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469). 

Ford  (Henry  L.),  1842-4,  nat.  of  Vt  or  N.H.,  who  prob.  came  by  sea.  He 
claimed  to  have  come  in  '42;  the  1st  original  record  is  a  certificate  of  his  U.S. 


744  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

citizenship,  dated  at  Mont.  April  19,  '44.  iv.  341.  He  seems  to  have  been  one 
of  Capt,  Gantt's  men  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign  of  '45  (v.  484),  and  was 
prominent  among  the  Bears  in  '46,  taking  part  in  the  stealing  of  Arce's  horses 
and  the  capture  of  Sonoma,  v.  78,  107,  110,  147.  As  lieut  of  the  Bear  army 
he  commanded  in  the  fight  at  Olompali,  the  only  one  of  the  revolt,  v.  153, 
164-9;  went  south  with  Frdmont;  returned  with  Maddox  in  Aug.;  and  later 
served  in  the  final  campaign  as  capt.  of  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  184,  282,  289,  361, 
434.  In  '48  he  settled  in  Tehama  Co.,  where  in  '51  he  married  Susan  Wilson, 
a'nd  in  '56  was  accidentally  shot  and  killed  at  the  age  of  33.  Ford's  narrative 
of  the  Bear  Flag  Revolt,  a  MS.  furnished  to  me  by  Rev.  S.  H.  Willey,  for 
whom  it  was  written  in  '51,  is  noticed  in  v.  189.  Not  much  is  definitely 
known  of  Ford,  but  he  appears  to  have  been  a  good  man  of  strong  prejudices. 
F.  (Henry).  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another  name.  F.  (John), 
1827,  mr  of  the  Favorite,  iii.  147.  F.  (Noah  E.),  1847,  in  letter  list  at  S.F. 
'47-8.  F.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  deserter  in  '48;  killed 
by  Rogue  Riv.  Ind.  '66.  Forero  (Ramon),  doubtful  name  in  a  S.F.  list  '35. 

Forney  (Peter),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Forrest  (B.), 
1841,  clerk  on  the  U.S.  St  Louis.  F.  (French),  1840-1,  com.  of  the  U.S.  St 
Louis,  iv.  36-7,  106;  commodore  in  Confed.  navy  '62.  F.  (Richard),  1846, 
lieut  on  the  Portsmouth  and  Levant.  F.  (Sam.),  1848,  lot  at  S.F.  For 
rester  (Geo.  H.  H.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Forsgreen  (John), 
1847,  Co.  D,  Morin.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Forster  (John),  1833,  nat.  of  England,  who  came  to  Guaymas  in  '31,  and 
in  '33  on  the  Facio — belonging  to  his  uncle  James  Johnson — to  Cal.,  return 
ing  to  Sonora  on  the  vessel  as  master,  and  coming  back  to  Los  Ang.  by  land 
the  same  year.  iii.  365,  382,  389,  397,  509.  He  made  other  trips  to  Son.  for 
his  uncle,  and  in  '36  announced  his  intention  to  remain  permanently,  claiming 
7  years'  residence  in  Mex.  territory  and  4  in  Cal. ;  in  '37  married  Isidora,  sis 
ter  of  Pio  Pico;  in  '40-3  at  S.  Pedro  as  shipping  agent,  part  of  the  time  capt. 
of  the  port.  iv.  322,  636.  In  '44  he  settled  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  purchasing  the 
ex-mission  estate  in  '45,  and  living  there  for  20  years,  iv.  553,  558,  621,  627; 

frantee  of  rancho  de  laNacion  '45.  iv.  621;  juezde  paz  '45-7.  iv.  627;  v.  623- 
;  in  '46  for  a  time  in  charge  of  S.  Luis  Rey,  having  trouble  with  Fremont, 
and  aiding  Gov.  Pico  to  escape,  v.  267,  278,  620;  grantee  of  Trabuco.  iv.  635; 
had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462);  aided  Stockton  in  the  campaign  of  '47.  v.  388.  In 
'64  Forster  bought  the  Sta  Margarita  rancho  of  Pio  Pico,  where  he  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life,  dying  in  '84  at  the  age  of  70.  Don  Juan  was  a  man  who  was 
liked  and  respected  by  all  who  knew  him,  that  is,  by  everybody  in  southern 
Cal.  and  hundreds  more,  a  genial  ranchero,  famous  for  the  hospitalities  of  his 
Sta  Margarita  home.  He  was  for  many  years  a  man  of  immense  wealth; 
formed  several  plans  for  colonization  on  a  grand  scale,  which  were  never  car 
ried  out;  but  was  harassed  in  the  later  years  by  litigation  and  other  troubles; 
and  the  estate  was  sold  before  his  death.  At  his  rancho  in  '74  he  gave  me  a 
narrative  of  early  experiences;  and  in  '78  dictated  his  more  complete  Pioneer 
Data,  giving  also  a  few  original  papers.  His  wife  died  a  short  time  before  his 
death.  In  '46,  ace.  to  the  S.  Juan  padron,  there  were  6  children:  Emerico  and 
Dolores  (perhaps  error  of  copyist),  Marcos  Antonio  b.  '40,  Fraiic&co  '42,  Ana 
Maria  '43,  Juan  Fernando  '45.  Francisco,  or  'Chico,'  killed  by  a  woman  at 
Los  Angeles  after  '80.  Mark  Antony  and  John  still  live  in  S.  Diego  Co.  '85. 
Two  of  Don  Juan's  brothers,  Hugh  and  Thomas,  came  to  Cal.  after  '48. 
Fort,  see  '  Ford. '  Forsyth  (Thomas),  1834,  Irish  ship-carpenter  who  came  on 
the  Leonor;  still  at  Mont.  '37. 

Fortuni  (Buenaventura),  1806,  Span,  friar  who  served  34  years  as  a  mis 
sionary  in  Cal.,  chiefly  at  S.  Jose"  and  Solano,  dying  at  Sta  B.  in  '40.  Biog. 
iii.  659;  ment.  ii.  138,  159-60,  322,  375,  394,  505*598-9,623,  655;  iii.  96,318, 
346,  622-3,  658,  660,  719;  iv.  63,  66.  Fosdick  (Jay),  1846,  of  the  Donner 
party  from  111.;  died  in  the  nits.  v.  530,  534,  537.  His  wife,  Sarah  Graves,  sur 
vived,  marrying  Win  Ritchie  in  '48,  and  Samuel  Spiers  in  '56;  died  near 
Watson ville  in  '71. 

Foster,  1833,  one  of  Hall  J.  Kelley's  companions  in  the  trip  across  Mex., 


FOSTER— FOWLER.  745 

whom  K.  denounces  as  a  rascal,  and  who,  as  he  learned,  came  to  Mont,  on  a 
whaler,  was  ordered  away,  shipped  on  a  man-of-war,  and  in  trying  to  desert 
was  drowned  in  the  bay  as  a  punishment  for  his  sins.  iii.  409;  perhaps  Chas 
or  Ed.  C.  described  as  Amcr.  at  Mont,  in  '34.  F.,  1846,  of  F.  &  Patterson, 
Oil.  claim  (v.  462).  F.  (Benj.  F.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  printer 
and  part  proprietor  of  the  Calif  or  nian  in  '48;  later  foreman  in  the  Alia  offica 
and  connected  with  the  Standard  and  other  S.  F.  papers;  making  two  trips 
to  the  Sandw.  Isl.  He  went  east  and  died  at  Portsmouth,  N.H.,  in  'Co,  at  the 
age  of  49. 

Foster  (Geo.),  1846,  a  Mo.  immig.  prob.  of  this  year,  who  was  killed  at 
Natividad  in  Nov.  v.  367.  He  was  known  as  Captain  Foster.  Possibly  came 
earlier,  though  those  who  imply  this  seem  to  confound  him  with  another  man. 
F.  (James),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  St  Louis.  F.  (John),  1847,  apparently 
sold  lumber  at  Mont.  F.  (John  R.),  1848,  named  by  Lancey  as  a  brother  of 
the  man  killed  at  Natividad.  F.  (Joseph),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Baf.  (v.  358), 
enlisting  at  S.  Juan,  Oct.;  possibly  identical  with  Geo.  F.  (Joseph),  1847, 
member  of  the  4th,  and  perhaps  1st,  Donner  relief,  v.  538,  541;  said  to  have 
been  a  sailor.  F.  (Joseph),  1846,  Engl.  who  kept  a  saloon  in  S.F.  '53-9;  lost 
a  leg  in  '49;  died  in  '59.  Herald;  perhaps  same  as  preceding.  F.  (Joseph 
E.),  1844,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Stevens  party,  iv.  445,  453;  named  at  N. 
Helv.  '45-6;  served  in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  prob.  identical  with  one  of 
the  preceding.  F.  (Joseph  R.),  1846,  in  the  vicinity  of  Sta  Cruz.  F.  (0. 
H.),  1816,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Foster  (Stephen  Clark),  1847,  nat.  of  Me,  b.  in  '20;  graduate  of  Yale  in 
'40;  teacher  and  medical  student  in  Va,  Ala,  and  La;  physician  in  Mo. ;  trader 
in  N.  Mex.  and  Sonora;  come  to  Cal.  as  interpreter  with  the  Morm.  Bat. 
v.  483.  He  was  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  in  '48-9.  v.  610,  626-7;  memb.  of  the 
ccnstit.  convention  in  '49,  also  prefect;  member  of  the  Cal.  senate  '50-3; 
memb.  of  Los  Ang.  council  '51,  '58;  mayor  '54,  '56.  He  married  a  Lugo,  and 
is  still  living  at  Los  Ang.  in  '85.  He  has  written  to  some  extent  on  pioneer 
topics  for  the  newspapers,  ii.  221,  292;  and  in  '77  furnished  for  my  use  a 
fragment  on  Los  Angeles  in  '^7-9.  He  has  had  much  to  do  with  the  Span, 
archives  of  the  south,  in  familiarity  with  which  he  is  excelled  by  few,  if  any. 
His  official  record  in  the  early  time,  and  so  far  as  I  know  in  later  years,  has 
been  a  good  one.  He  was  a  man  of  remarkable  natural  abilities  and  of  fine 
education.  His  prominent  position  in  the  past  as  a  public  man  makes  it 
necessary  to  add  that  in  respect  of  morality  and  sobriety  his  conduct  in  later 
times  is  not  exemplary.  F.  (Wm  M.),  1846,  surviving  memb.  of  the  Donner 
party,  from  Penn.  with  wife  and  infant  son  George,  the  latter  dying  in  the 
nits.  F.  was  also  an  active  memb.  of  the  4th  relief  party,  v.  531-5,  540-1.  At 
N.  Helv.  '47;  had  a  furniture  store  at  S.F.  '47-8.  v.  678;  later  kept  a  store 
at  the  mines,  giving  his  name  to  Foster's  Bar.  He  died  at  S.F.  in  '74.  His 
wife,  Sarah  A.  C.  Murphy,  was  living  at  Marysville  with  her  brother  in  '80. 
F.  (Wm  S.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Fourcade  (Richard),  1841,  named  in  Larkin's  books  '41-8;  called  also  Al 
bert  R.,  and  John  R.  Fouchade.  iv.  279.  Fourgeaud  (G.),  1847,  brother  of 
Victor  J.,  and  overl.  immig.  at  N.  Helv.;  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  F.  (Victor 
J.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.C.,  physician  at  St  Louis,  and  overl.  immig.,  with  his  wife, 
son,  and  brother,  v.  556.  He  practised  medicine  at  S.F.  in  '47-8,  being  a 
school  trustee  and  otherwise  prominent,  v.  651,  656-7,  680;  also  owner  of 
town  lots,  and  author  of  an  article  on  the  Prospects  of  Cal.  in  the  Star  of  '48. 
He  moved  later  to  Sac.,  but  returned  about  '63,  and  died  at  S.F.  in  '75  at  the 
age  of  60.  His  widow  died  in  '83,  age  74.  Fourri  (Francois  Ie),'l831,  from 
K  Mex.  in  the  Wolfskill  party,  iii.  387. 

Fowler,  1846,  Amer.  of  the  Bear  party  murdered  by  the  Calif ornians  near 
Sta  Rosa  in  June.  v.  110,  160-4.  I  cannot  identify  him;  possibly  Wm,  Jr,  of 
'44;  called  B.  Fowler  of  '45;  also  George.  F.  (Henry),  1844,  son  of  Wm, 
nat.  of  111.  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '43  and  to  Cal.  in  the  Kelsey  party 
with  his  father  and  brother,  iv.  444-5.  In  '45  he  worked  for  Sutter,  asked 
for  naturalization,  and  perhaps  settled  in  Napa.  With  his  father  he  purchased, 


746  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

later,  a  farm  near  Calistoga;  and  in  '7 1  was  a  resident  of  Napa  City.  F.  (James 
E.),  1841,  resid.  of  Sonoma  Co.  '51-77;  nat.  of  N.Y.  Son.  Co.  Hist.  F.  (Je- 
rusha),  1840,  of  the  Mormon  col.  with  4  children,  v.  546;  rem.  in  Cal.  F. 
(John),  1843,  overl.  immig.  who  joined  the  Bears,  v.  Ill;  went  south  vrifch 
Frdmont,  but  returned  with  a  broken  arm  in  Nov.  '46.  This  is  his  own  state 
ment  in  a  narative  of  the  Bear  Flag  given  by  him  at  Napa  in  '78.  He  may 
be  a  brother  of  Henry,  or  possibly  the  name  may  be  John  Henry.  There  vras 
a  J.  W.  Fowler  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  F.  (John  S.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.J.;  2d  alcalde 
at  Sac.  '48-9;  died  at  Sac.  '60,  age  42. 

Fowler  (Wm),  1844,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  from  111.  to  Or.  in  '43,  and  to  Cal.  in 
the  Kelsey  party  with  2  or  more  sons.  iv.  444-5.  He  brought  a  letter  of  rec 
ommendation  as  a  good  catholic  and  carpenter  from  P.  Dimers  of  the  Wala- 
met  to  P.  Quijas.  Worked  for  a  time  at  Sonoma,  after  spending  some  timo  in 
Pope  Va^cy;  was  at  N.  Helv.  in  '47,  and  finally  with  his  son  Henry  bought 
a  farm  of  Dr  Bale  near  Calistoga,  where  at  the  age  of  72  he  married  a  2d  wife, 
and  died  in  '65,  at  the  age  of  86.  F.  (Wm,  Jr),  1844,  son  of  Wm,  who  came 
in  the  same  party  from  Or.,  and  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  Sonoma,  N.  Helv., 
and  S.  Rafael,  iv.  444-5.  In  Or.  he  married  Rebecca  Kelsey,  who  left  him  on 
arrival  in  Cal.  Application  was  made  to  Larkin  for  a  divorce,  and  despite  his 
lack  of  authority  to  grant  it,  she  was  married  by  Sutter  to  another  man.  As 
I  find  no  record  of  F.  after  '46,  it  is  possible  that  he  was  the  man  killed  with 
Cowie  during  the  Bear  revolt.  F.  (Wm),  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  '41, 
going  to  Or.  iv.  2G9;  perhaps  the  Win  named  above.  F.  (W.),  1843,  mr  of 
the  Diamond,  iv.  565.  Fowrklinot  (Jacobo),  1844,  otter-hunter  at  Los  Ang., 
prob.  'Frankfort.' 

Fox  (J.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu.  Foxen  (Benj.),  1826,  Engl.  sailor 
who  came  on  the  Courier  and  left  that  vessel  in  '28.  iii.  176;  ii.  573.  He  was 
baptized  as  Wm  Dorningo,  •  though  often  called  Julian;  married  Eduarda 
Osuna  (or  Olivera);  was  naturalized  in  '37,  when  he  was  38  years  old,  and  had  3 
children,  being  in  trade  at  Sta  B.  A  few  years  later  he  became  owner  of  the 
Tinaquaic  rancho,  iii.  656,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life,  dying  in  '74  and 
leaving  10  children  and  a  large  estate.  He  was  a  rough  and  violent  man,  often 
in  trouble  with  other  rough  men  and  with  the  authorities,  being  sentenced  to 
4  years  in  prison  in  '48  for  killing  Agustin  Davila.  v.  611,  613;  yet  accredited 
with  good  qualities,  such  as  bravery  and  honesty.  His  three  daughters  married 
respectively  C.  W.  Goodchild,  F.  Wickenden,  and  John  R.  Stone.  His  son, 
Wm  J.  J.,  bom  in  '33,  was  in  '83  a  ranchero  in  Sta  B.  Co.  Portrait  of  Benj. 
and  his  wife  in  Sta  B.  Co.  Hist.,  322. 

Fraezher(Geo.),  see  'Frazer.'  Framier  (R.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 
France  (Joseph),  1846,  doubtful  memb.  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  547.  Francis 
(Alex.),  1842,  Florida  Ind.,  deserter  from  the  U.S.  Cyane  '43.  F.  (Wm), 
1847,  lot  at  S.F.  Francisco,  neoph.  at  S.  Diego  1775.  i.  253.  Francisco, 
1818,  negro  of  Bouchard's  force  captured  at  Mont.  ii.  232.  Franco  (Jose), 
convict  settler  1797.  i.  606.  F.  (Juan  Jose1),  a  recruit  who  came  with  Jose" 
cle  la  Guerra  y  Noriega  and  J.  J.  de  la  Torre  in  1801.  F.  (Pablo),  convict 
settler  1798;  at  Los  Ang.  '19.  i.  606;  ii.  354.  Franec  (Wm),  1845,  doubtful 
name  of  an  Irishman  at  Branciforte,  age  45,  single. 

Frank  (Manuel),  1841,  1st  frame  house  at  S.  Josd  built  for.  iv.  684. 
Frankfort  (Jacob),  1841,  German  tailor  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman  party, 
iv.  278-9;  at  Los  Ang.  '46;  up  and  down  the  coast  '47-8,  making  a  trip  to 
Hon.  and  back  on  the  Gen.  Kearny  and  Eveline,  and  obtaining,  a  lot  at  S.  F. 
Franz  (Fred  W.),  1845,  at  Mont.  iv.  587;  lot  at  S.  F.  '47.  Frapp,  '32-40, 
doubtful  name  of  a  trapper  chief,  iii.  392.  Frare  (Wm),  1844,  Irish,  who 
got  a  pass  for  1  year;  prob.  same  as  'Frere,'  q.v.  Fraser,  see  'Frazcr.' 
Frawell  (Ephraim  P.),  1833,  Phil,  tailor  who  deserted  from  the  whaler  Ilcl- 
vetius,  and  worked  at  his  trade  at  dif.  points  round  S.F.  bay.  iii.  409.  He  was 
met  by  Wilkes  at  Mission  S.  Jose"  in  '41;  lived  from  '43  at  S.  Jose",  where  he 
died  about  '78;  name  also  written  'Fravel.'  Frayer  (Henry  or  Eugene), 
1844,  German  who  got  a  pass. 

Frazer  (Abner),  1845,  Amer.  carpenter  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman 


FRAZER— FREMONT.  747 

party,  and  returned  to  Or.  in  '46,  where  he  still  lived  after  '75.  iv.  572,  526; 
written  also  'Frazier.'  F.  (Alex.),  1827,  signs  as  a  witness  at  Mont.  F. 
(Geo.  W.),  1833,  Amer.  trapper  with  Walkers  party,  iii.  391;  iv.  409.  He  is 
nient.  in  Mont,  records  of  '34-5;  in  '40  exiled  to  S.  Bias,  but  returned,  ob 
taining  cartas  in  '41-2,  when  he  lived  near  Sta  Cruz.  iv.  18,  33;  in  '43  at 
Alviso's;  in  '45  signed  the  call  to  foreigners  at  S.  Jose.  iv.  599;  applied  for 
land  at  S.  Jose"  '46;  visited  N.  Hclv.  '45-8;  at  Stockton  '47-8.  Name  also 
written  'Fraezher,'  which  was  perhaps  the  correct  form.  F.  (M.),  1836, 
lumberman  at  S.  Rafael,  iv.  118.  F.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
409);  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8;  name  prob.  'Frazier.'  F.  (Win),  1845, 
Amer.  farmer  from  Or.  in  the  McM.-Clyman  party;  prob.  went  back  '46  with 
Abner  F. ,  who  was  perhaps  his  brother,  iv.  572-3,  526. 

Frederick  (J.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Fredingburg  (H.),  1848, 
passp.  from  Honolulu.  Frceborn  (John),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
passp.  from  Hon.  "'48.  Freeman,  1837.  mr  of  the  Indian,  iv.  104.  F. 
(Duric).  1844,  Amer.  who  obtained  a  carta  at  Mont.  F.  (Elijah),  1847, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  prob.  not  in  Cal.  F.  (F.),  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358), 
enlisting  at  S.  Jose",  Nov.  F.  (Isam),  1840,  doubtful  name  of  a  naturalized 
foreigner  at  Sta  B.  F.  (Richard),  1846,  bought  a  house  of  Capt.  Fitch  at  S. 
Diego.  F.  (Truman),  1844,  Amer.  age  25,  in  a  S.F.  padron.  F.  (W),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon.  Freer  (Matthew),  1848,  hanged  at  S.  Jose"  for  highway 
robbery  and  attempted  murder,  v.  663-4. 

Fremont  (John  Charles),  1844,  nat.  of  Ga,  b.  in  '13,  sometime  teacher  of 
mathematics  and  surveyor,  lieut  of  top.  engineers  from  '38,  and  husband  of 
a  daughter  of  Thos  H.  Benton  from  '41.  He  is  in  some  respects  the  most 
famous  of  all  the  pioneers  named  in  this  register,  and  his  California!!  career 
was  the  foundation  of  his  fame.  Full  details  of  that  career  will  be  found  in 
other  volumes  of  this  work.  His  three  exploring  exped.  of  '42,  '43-4,  and  '45, 
in  the  2d  and  3d  of  which  he  reached  Cal.,  are  described,  with  their  results, 
in  iv.  434-44,  452,  581-5,  679.  Exploring  and  mapping  regions  before  known 
only  to  trappers  and  immigrants,  narrating  his  labors  with  modesty  and  full 
credit  to  those  who  preceded  and  accompanied  him,  he  gained  much  credit  at 
home  and  abroad  for  his  skill  in  the  field  and  for  his  reports.  As  the  pioneer 
of  scientific  exploration  in  the  far  west,  he  deserves  only  praise.  The  ridicule 
of  which  he  has  been  the  object  in  this  connection  resulted  mainly  from  the 
campaign  of  '56,  in  which  his  achievements  as  pathfinder  were  so  magnified 
for  effect  in  the  east  as  to  excite  the  jealousy  of  western  pioneers,  a  feeling 
fomented  by  partisans  for  political  purposes.  Fremont's  acts  of  Jan. -May  '46 
in  Cal.  are  given  in  v.  1-29,  58-9,  644,  660.  Being  permitted  by  Gen.  Castro 
to  rest  his  men  and  animals  in  the  S.  Joaquin  Valley  for  a  continuation  of  his 
exploring  trip  to  Or. ,  he  forfeited  the  privilege  by  marching  his  party  into  S. 
Josd  and  encamping  for  a  week  at  Fisher's  rancho;  grossly  insulted  the  alcalde 
who,  in  the  discharge  of  his  routine  duties,  served  a  legal  notice  on  him;  and 
finally  marched  over  the  Sta  Cruz  Mts  and  down  the  coast — for  Oregon !  When 
the  authorities  very  properly  ordered  him  to  leave  Cal.,  he  fortified  a  position 
on  Gavilan  Peak  and  raised  the  U.  S.  flag.  This  was  foolish  bravado,  as  he 
realized  after  a  da}T  or  two  of  reflection,  in  connection  with  Consul  Larkin's 
advice  and  the  sight  of  military  preparations  at  San  Juan;  so  he  ran  away  in 
the  night.  The  current  version  of  Castro's  broken  promise  and  subsequent 
cowardly  bluster  is  pure  fiction,  but  it  has  long  served  its  purpose — that  of 
covering  Fremont's  folly.  He  was  overtaken  on  the  Or.  frontier  by  despatches 
from  Wash,  which  required  him  to  remain  in  Cal.  His  part  in  the  Bear  revolt 
of  June-July  is  recorded  in  v.  77-190.  That  most  indefensible  rising  of  the 
settlers,  wrhich  interrupted  negotiations  for  a  pacific  change  of  flag,  would  not 
have  occurred  but  for  F.'s  promise  of  active  support  when  needed;  therefore 
he  must  be  held  responsible,  not  only  for  the  bloodshed  and  bitterness  of  feel 
ing  that  attended  the  conflict  of  '46-7,  but  for  the  much  more  disastrous  state 
of  affairs  that,  but  for  the  sheerest  good  luck,  must  have  resulted.  His  alleged 
motives  were  three  fold:  1st,  The  welfare  of  Amer.  settlers  threatened  with 
oppression  and  expulsion — a  mere  pretext,  since  the  danger  was  wholly  imagi- 


748  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

nary,  as  F.  and  the  leaders  well  knew,  though  a  few  settlers  were  led  to  Be 
lieve  it  real;  2d,  the  necessity  of  prompt  action  to  save  Cal.  from  England — • 
£ii  excuse  invented  later,  which  has  had  a  success  out  of  all  proportion  to  ita 
merits,  for  had  England  entertained  the  idea  of  a  protectorate  the  settlers'  re 
volt  would  have  afforded  the  best  possible  occasion  for  interference;  and  3d, 
the  receipt  of  instructions  from  Wash,  to  seize  the  first  opportunity  to  wrest 
Cal.  from  Mex.  In  a  statement  of  '85 — a  MS.  furnished  by  Gen.  and  Mrs  F. 
to  Dr  Josiah  Royce,  and  by  the  kindness  of  the  latter  added,  with  the  authors' 
consent,  to  my  collection — he  relies  mainly  on  this  3d  plea,  and  alleges  posi 
tively,  as  he  and  his  friends  have  always  implied,  that  he  received  such  in 
structions,  guardedly  expressed  by  Sec.  Buchanan,  and  more  openly  by  Benton 
in  a  private  letter.  This  is  simply  not  true.  I  have  the  instructions  sent  from 
Wash,  in  '45,  both  the  original,  signed  by  Buchanan,  and  the  copy  written 
by  Gillespie  from  memory  on  arrival,  and  they  contain  not  a  word  t»  justify 
any  but  conciliatory  measures.  The  lieut  disobeyed  the  letter  and  spirit  of  his 
orders,  unless  deceived  by  Gillespie  at  Benton's  instigation.  His  real  motive 
was  a  desire  to  make  himself  more  prominent  in  the  approaching  occupation 
by  the  U.S.  than  he  could  be  if  the  whole  matter  were  left  to  Larkin  and  the 
naval  officers.  Doubtless  he  drew  his  inspiration  largely  from  his  brilliant 
father-in-law.  He  saw  several  plausible  avenues  of  escape  from  disgrace  should 
there  be  no  war  or  should  matters  otherwise  go  wrong;  but  it  is  likely  that 
the  young  filibuster  was  far  from  anticipating  the  full  measure  of  success  that 
good  fortune  was  to  give  his  deception.  Once  committed  to  the  Bear  cause, 
he  acted  in  most  respects  with  commendable  energy  and  consistency;  yet  it 
must  be  stated  that  he  meanly  assumed  for  himself  credit  for  the  Bears'  war 
like  acts,  in  which  he  took  no  active  part;  that  never  in  his  Cal.  career  was  he 
in  the  actual  presence  of  an  armed  foe;  that  in  his  S.  Rafael  campaign,  repre 
sented  by  him  as  a  grand  victory,  he  was  completely  outwitted  by  Joaq.  de 
la  Torre;  and  that  the  murder  of  the  Haro  brothers  and  Berreyesa  is  an  inef 
faceable  stain  on  his  record.  This  deed  F.  and  his  friends  have  chosen  to  ignore 
as  far  as  possible,  alluding  to  it  as  a  trivial  occurrence  incidental  to  a  state  of 
war,  falsely  representing  the  Haros  as  spies,  on  whose  bodies  murderous  in 
structions  from  Castro  were  found;  and  finally,  F.  has  the  assurance  to  refer 
to  it  as  the  act  of  his  Delawares  out  on  a  scout,  unknown  to  him  till  later. 
For  his  part  in  the  conquest  proper,  from  July  '46  to  Jan.  '47,  see  v.  231, 
246-53,  266-7,  283,  286-7,  290,  295,  302,  304-5,  357-60,  372-6,  385-410,  412, 
617,  630,  634,  639.  At  Mont.,  though  Com.  Sloat  would  not  adopt  his  views, 
F.  found  in  Stockton  a  filibuster  after  his  own  heart,  willing  to  incorporate 
the  Gavilan  episode  and  the  Bear  revolt  in  the  sacred  cause  of  the  U.S.  As 
major  of  the  Cal.  battalion,  he  aided  in  the  occupation  of  S.  Diego  and  Los 
Ang.  in  Aug.,  returning  north  as  mil.  com.  of  Cal.  Later  he  reorganized  the 
battalion,  and  marched  south  to  take  part  in  the  final  campaign,  concluded 
by  his  treaty  of  Cahuenga  in  Jan.  '47.  In  all  this  period  the  major  and  com 
modore  merely  overcame  obstacles  of  their  own  creation,  but  the  former  effi 
ciently  performed  somewhat  difficult  duties,  and  merits  but  little  of  the  blame 
and  derision  heaped  upon  him  f or  Ms  methods  of  obtaining  supplies,  for  his 
disastrous  crossing  of  the  Sta  In6s  Mountain,  and  for  his  cautious  approach 
to  Los  Ang.  His  policy  at  Cahuenga  deserves  no  more  severe  adjective  than 
the  slangy  one  of  '  cheeky. '  Next  we  have  his  proceedings  at  the  capital  in 
Jan. -May  as  gov.  of  Cal.  by  Stockton's  appointment,  and  his  connection  with 
the  complicated  controversies  of  the  commodore  and  general,  as  related  in  v. 
421-68.  In  general  terms,  it  may  be  said  of  these  quarrels  that  Keamy  was  in 
the  right,  Stockton  in  the  wrong,  and  Fremont  first  right,  then  wrong.  Though 
techmcally  disobeying  mil.  orders,  F.  could  not,  consistently  with  the  honor 
that  should  prevail  among  filibusters  as  well  as  thieves,  abandon  the  chief 
who  had  fathered  his  cause  and  given  him  office;  but  at  last  his  disobedience 
was  renewed  in  so  offensive  a  form  as  to  move  Kearny  to  wrath  and  the  fullest 
exercise  of  his  authority.  Crossing  the  continent  in  disgrace,  he  was  con 
demned  by  court-martial  to  dismissal  from  the  army.  v.  455-62.  The  verdict 
was  technically  a  just  one,  but  the  lieut-colonel  refused  to  accept  the  presi- 


FREMONT— FPJXK.  749 

dernt's  proffered  pardon.  He  had  just  then  no  further  use  for  the  army;  the 
trial  had  been  a  splendid  advertisement;  and  the  popular  verdict  had  doubt 
less  been  in  his  favor.  The  evidence  had  been  skilfully  made  to  include  as 
much  as  possible  of  such  Cal.  annals  as  could  be  made  to  appear  flattering  to 
the  accused  and  unfavorable  to  his  rivals;  but  if  the  accusers  had  had  the 
wish  and  power  to  present  all  the  facts  in  their  true  light,  the  popular  hero's 
career  might  have  been  nipped  in  the  bud.  Something  will  be  said  in  vol.  vi. 
of  his  later  career  so  far  as  it  pertains  to  Cal. ;  of  the  rest  my  study  has  been 
comparatively  superficial;  yet  I  find  no  indication  of  qualities  not  clearly 
shown  in  the  early  record.  In  a  4th  explor.  exped.  of  '48  many  of  his  men 
perished  in  the  snow  before  reaching  N.  Mex. ,  but  the  leader  kept  on  and 
reached  Cal.  in  '49.  He  accepted  an  appointment  as  commissioner  of  the 
boundary  survey,  but  before  beginning  work  was  elected,  in  '50,  to  the  U.  S. 
senate  from  Cal.,  doing  110  harm  during  his  brief  term  as  senator,  which  ex 
pired  in  March  '51.  In  '52,  spending  a  year  in  Europe,  he  was  once  put  in  a 
London  jail  on  charges  growing  out  of  his  Cal.  operations  of  '47.  In  '53-4  he 
made  a  5th  and  last  exploring  tour  across  the  continent  between  38°  and  39°. 
He  had  bought  of  ex-Gov.  Alvarado  in  '46  the  famous  Mariposas  estate,  which 
now  bade  fair  to  make  him  the  richest  man  in  America;  and  in  '56  he  was 
nominated  for  the  presidency  by  the  republicans.  He  had  no  qualifications 
for  the  office,  but  it  was  hoped,  with  much  reason,  that  his  fame  as  'path 
finder'  and  'conqueror  of  Cal.'  would  make  him  an  available  candidate.  At 
this  period  appeared  many  biographic  sketches,  notably  those  of  Bigelow, 
Smucker,  and  Upham.  Defeated  by  Buchanan,  he  lived  a  year  or  two  in  Cal., 
visited  Europe,  and  in  '61-2  served  in  the  war  as  maj.-gen.  of  volunteers;  but 
the  govt  not  appreciating  his  military  genius,  he  resigned,  and  devoted  him 
self  to  grand  schemes  of  speculation  in  connection  with  railroads,  being  tem 
porarily  the  candidate  of  a  few  dissatisfied  republicans  for  the  presidency, 
and  in  '73  sentenced  to  fine  and  imprisonment  for  fraud  by  a  French  court. 
In  '78,  when  reduced  to  extreme  poverty,  he  was  appointed  gov.  of  Ariz., 
serving  for  a  brief  term,  and  subsequently  resuming  his  speculations,  which 
are  always  on  the  point  of  making  him  rich.  In  '85  he  resides  with  his  wife 
in  N.Y.  City,  a  venerable  couple  with  several  grown  children.  Fremont  did 
more  than  any  other  to  prevent  or  retard  the  conquest  of  Cal.,  yet  his  fame 
as  'conqueror'  is  the  corner-stone  of  his  greatness,  and  in  all  the  structure 
there  are  few  blocks  more  solid.  He  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  adventurer  of 
marvellous  good  fortune,  if  it  be  good  fortune  for  a  man  of  moderate  abilities 
to  be  made  conspicuous  before  the  world,  or  to  enjoy  opportunities  that  can 
not  be  utilized.  He  was,  moreover,  intelligent,  well  educated,  brilliant  within 
certain  limits,  of  gentlemanly  manners,  personally  magnetic,  full  of  enthusi 
asm.  Abuse  has  done  more  for  him  than  eulogy;  and  doubtless  from  his 
standpoint  he  has  been  a  successful  man. 

French  (Erasmus  D.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  nat  of  N. 
Y.,  educated  as  a  phj'sician,  a  miner  '48-9,  at  S.  Jose"  '50-8,  then  at  Chico 
and  the  Coso  mines;  from  '69  a  farmer  in  S.  Diego,  where  he  still  lived  in  '83, 
age  60.  with  his  wife,  C.S.  Cowles.  S.  Bern.  Co.  Hist.  F.  (H.),  1847,  lieut  on 
the  U.S.  Columbus.  F.  (Wm),  1827,  Amer.  trader  of  Honolulu  at  Mont,  in 
'27,  '30;  sup.  of  the  Europe  in  '36-7,  aiding  Alvarado  in  his  revolution.  Very 
likely  visited  Cal.  on  other  occasions,  iii.  461;  iv.  103,  141.  Frere  (Alex. 
W.),  1842,  Amer.  who  got  a  carta,  in  '32  ace.  to  one  record;  named  in  Cal. 
till  '44.  iv.  341.  Fresche  (Francis),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  atS.F. 
'74.  Freverdon  (Wm),  1848,  doubtful  name  of  a  lumberman  at  S.  Jose". 
Frew  (Alex.),  1828,  trader  on  the  coast;  d.  before '32. 

Frias  (Mariano),  Mex.  soldier  at  Mont.  '33-6,  age  33.  Fricher  (John), 
1842,  Amer.  blacksmith  at  S.F.,  age  36.  Frink  (Chris.  L.),  1848,  at  Mont. 
F.  (Daniel),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  miner  in  El  Dorado  '48;  made  a 
trip  to  Chile  and  back;  lumberman  in  Sonoma  Co.  '49-50;  later  owner  of  part 
of  Nicasio  rancho,  Marin  Co.  iv.  672;  justice  of  the  peace  and  assoc.  judge; 
memb.  of  legisl.  '79;  married  in  '52  to  Pauline  H.  Reynolds;  living  '83  at 
Mountain  View,  Sta  Clara  Co.,  with  6  children.  Portrait  in  Sta  Clara  Co. 


750  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

H:st.,  256.  Frisbie  (Eleazer),  1847,  sergt  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  kept  a 
store  at  Sonoma '48-50;  settled  in  Solano  Co.,  and  lived  at  Vallejo  in  '82 
•wii.li  his  wife,  Carrie  E.  Klink,  and  7  children;  a  brother  of  John  B. 

Frisbie  (John  B.),  1847,  capt.  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504,  GG7;  nat  of  N.Y., 
b.  in  '23;  a  lawyer,  politician,  and  militia  officer  in  N.  Y.  After  leaving  the 
mil.  service  Capt.  F.  was  a  candidate  for  lieut-gov.  ia  '49;  married  a  daughter 
of  Gen.  Vallejo;  and  became  a  prominent  business  man  of  the  town  of  Vallejo, 
interested  in  the  building  of  railroads,  president  of  a  bank,  and  a  man  of  con 
siderable  wealth;  in  'GO  sent  the  1st  cargo  of  wheat  to  Europe;  a  member  of 
the  legislature  in  '67.  Losing  his  fortune  just  before  1880,  he  moved  with  his 
family  to  Mexico,  where  he  still  resides  in  '85,  being  engaged  in  mining  oper 
ations.  He  furnished  me  his  Reminiscences,  containing  information  on  Mex.  as 
well  as  on  early  times  in  Cal.  Portrait  in  Solano  Co.  Hist.,  48.  Friand 
(Henry  J. ),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499) ;  died  before  '82.  Froelich  (Rosa), 
1847,  in  Amador  Co.  from  '54.  Frost  (Lafayette  N.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morrn. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  d.  S.  Diego  Sept.  Fructuoso,  grantee  of  Potrero  de  S.  Carlos 
'37.  iii.  678.  Frymire  (Walter),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Fuentes 
(Jose"  M.),  grantee  of  Potrero  '43.  iv.  672.  Fuller  (Hazel),  1832,  Amer.  black 
smith,  deserter  from  the  whaler  Friends;  still  at  Mont.  '34.  iii.  408. 

Fuller  (John  Casimiro),  1823,  Engl.  sailor  on  the  Rover;  prob.  made  other 
visits;  well  known  from  about  '27;  on  Larkin's  books  at  Mont,  from  '33.  He 
had  been  baptized  at  S.  Bias,  and  married — apparently  at  Sta  B — to  Concep- 
cion  Avila;  in  '36  at  Mont,  with  wife  and  a  daughter,  born  in  '36  at  the  Sand 
wich  Isl.  In  '37  he  got  a  lot  at  S.  F.  iii.  705;  v.  678;  but  also  bought  of 
Watson  the  Beltran  house  at  Mont.,  retransferred  2  years  later;  moved  to  S. 
F.  in  '38;  had  a  house  there  in  '49.  iii.  609,  678;  being  also  sindico.  iii.  705; 
worked  for  Dawson  at  Sonoma  '39;  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  foreigners 
'40.  iv.  17;  naturalized  '41,  being  also  sindico.  iv.  665;  from  40  to  45  years 
old  in  '42,  when  he  had  5  children,  2  of  whom  were  Concepcion  and  Santiago. 
His  name  appears  often  in  S.F.  records  to  '47,  when  he  took  part  in  efforts  for 
the  relief  of  the  Dormer  party,  v.  539,  and  advertised  that  he  would  not  be  re 
sponsible  for  his  wife's  debts;  and  he  seems  to  have  died  in  '49.  He  was  a 
butcher  and  cook  well  known  to  all  the  early  traders;  an  alley  in  the  city 
still  bears  his  name;  and  his  widow  and  children  were  still  at  S.F.  in  '63. 

Fuller  (Thos),  1831,  Engl.  carpenter,  landed  sick  at  Mont.,  and  still  there 
in  '40,  age  34.  iii.  405.  F.  (Wm  M.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  lot  at 
S.F. ;  claimant  in  '53  for  a  MarinCo.  ranch o.  iv.  674.  Fulma (Mores),  1846, 
came  to  S.  Jose".  Hall.  Funk  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in 
Shasta  Co.  '74;  doubtful  name.  Furbush,  1847,  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Eu- 
phemia;  prob.  'Forbush,'  q.v.  Fuster  (Vicente),  1773,  Span,  friar  who 
served  chiefly  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Juan  Cap.,  dying  in  1800.  See  biog.  i.  657; 
inent.  i.  194-5,  250-3,  266-7,  300,  302,  377,  388, 425, 458,  575,  577;  ii.  109-10. 

Gabel  (Ludovico),  1843,  German  sailor  from  Boston  on  the  Admittance, 
under  the  name  of  Robt  Foster,  known  as  'Bob  the  fisherman;'  d.  at  Mont. 
'72,  Swan.  Gabriel  (Ralph),  1847,  at  S.F.  to  '70.  Alta.  Gafan  (Carlos  V.), 
1837,  mr  of  the  Veloz  Asturiano.  iv.  106.  Gaitan  (Cayetano),  at  Jamacha 
rancho  '36.  iii.  611.  G.  (Jose"  M.),  Mex.  convict  '29-35.  Gajiola  (Jose* 
Ant.),  sec.  of  ayunt.  at  Mont.  '29.  ii.  612;  clerk  at  Soledad  '36.  iii.  690-1; 
sec.  at  S.  Jos6  '42-3.  iv.  684.  G.  (Valentin),  alfe"rez  and  habilitado  at  Mont. 
'45-6.  iv.  652;  v.  41.  Galbraith  (Isaac),  1826,  Amer.  blacksmith  and 
hunter  w<ho  came  with  Jed.  Smith's  party  and  settled  at  San  Gabriel,  ii.  558; 
iii.  153,  155-6,  158,  160,  176;  a  crack  shot,  and  a  man  of  gigantic  size  and 
strength.  I  find  no  record  of  him  after  '29,  when  his  age  was  34.  Gale 
(Joseph),  1841-2,  mr  of  the  State  of  Oregon,  iv.  568.  G.  (Joseph),  1831, 
doubtful  member  of  Young's  party,  iii.  388. 

Gale  (Wm  Alden),  1810,  Boston  trader,  who  1st  visited  Cal.  as  clerk  on 
the  Albatross,  which  did  a  large  business  in  furs  at  the  Farallones.  ii.  93-4. 
In  '22-3  he  came  back  as  sup.  of  the  Sachem,  the  pioneer  in  the  hide  trade 
with  Boston,  ii.  474-5,  478,  492-3,  614.  Again  he  returned  in  '25-7,  still  on 


GALE— GAMBLE.  751 

the  Sachem,  taking  back  as  wife  Marcelina  Estudillo,  the  1st  Cal.  woman  to 
visit  the  'hub,'  who  seems  never  to  have  returned  to  Cal.  iii.  24,  62,  118, 
MS.  His  next  trip  was  cii  the  BrooHine  in  '29-30;  and  his  last  on  the  Iloxana, 
';}2,  when  he  remained  on  the  coast  as  agent  of  Bryant  &  Sturgis's  ships  till 
'35,  getting  a  carta  in  '33.  iii.  137-8,  140,  381.  He  died  in  Mass.  '41.  He  was 
a  most  popular  trader,  famous  for  the  zeal  with  which  he  drove  his  bargains 
in  broken  Spanish.  His  most  common  nickname  was  Cuatro  Ojos,  by  reason 
of  his  spectacles;  but  his  name  was  also  translated  into  Tormenta,  'a  gale;' 
and  he  was  sometimes  called  Cambahiche,  or  'barter.'  Galente  (Rai'ael), 
1847,  lot  at  S.F.  Gali  (Francisco),  1584,  Span,  voyager  down  the  Cal.  coast. 
i.  94-6.  Galiano  (Dionisio),  1792,  Span.  com.  of  the  Sutil  and  Mcxicana  in 
an  explor.  exped.  to  Cal.  and  the  N.W.  Coast;  killed  at  Trafalgar,  i.  490. 
50G-9;  see  also  Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  i. 

Galindo  (Bautista),  soldier  at  S.F.  '37;  at  S.  Jos<§  '41,  age  27,  wife  Alvisa  (?) 
Moreno.  G.  (Crisostomo),  at  S.  Jose  '41,  age  67,  wife  Jacoba  Bernal, 
child.  Francisco  b.  '24,  Antonio  '26,  Jos6  '29,  Agustin  '31,  Juan  '39.  His 
daughter  Ana  Maria  married  J.  A.  Forbes;  and  the  family  home  was  at 
Milpitas;  grantee  and  cl.  of  S.  Jos6  mission  land.  v.  665.  The  full  name  was 
Juan  C.  See  also  Josd  Jesus  and  Juan.  G.  (Eusebio),  b.  at  S.F.  1802;  sol 
dier  in  S.F.  comp.  '28-9;  ment.  in  '40.  iv.  23;  juez  de  paz  at  Sta  Clara  '45. 
iv.  683.  Still  at  Sta  Clara  in  '77,  when  he  gave  me  some  historical  Apuntes. 
G.  (Francisco),  son  of  Crisostomo  or  Jos6  Jesus;  in  Alameda  Co.  '78.  G. 
(Francisco),  Span,  not  required  to  quit  Cal.  in  '30.  iii.  52.  G.  (Jose"),  sol 
dier  of  S.F.  comp.  '37-43.'  iv.  667.  G.  (Jose"),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '38-9. 
G.  (Jos<5  Ant.),  grantee  of  Laguna  de  la  Merced  and  Sauzalito  '35.  iii.  712-13^ 
corp.  S.F.  militia  '37;  killed  Jos<§  Peralta  at  S.F.  in  '38.  G.  (Jos6  de  Jesus), 
died  at  Milpitas  in  '77,  at  the  reputed  age  of  106;  his  son  Francisco  was  then 
a  resid.  of  Oakland;  and  his  daughter  Juana  was  the  wife  of  Jos6  M.  Alviso 
and  later  of  Jos6  Uridias,  still  living  in  '77.  Jose  Jesus  may  have  been  Crisos 
tomo,  q.v.,  whose  age  in  '77  would  have  been  103.  G.  (Juan),  corporal  in 
S.F.  comp.  '19-29;  very  likely  Juan  Crisostomo,  q.v.  G.  (Leandro),  regidor 
at  S.  Jos6  '22.  ii.  604;  militiaman  and  elector  at  S.F.  '37.  iii.  705;  lot  at  S.F. 
mission  '40.  iv.  706;  in  '42  at  S.F.,  age  55,  wife  Dominga  Alaman,  child. 
Seferino  b.  '30,  Maria  '33,  Antonio  '35,  Francisco  '38,  Gregoria  '39,  Genaro 
'40,  and  Mariano  '41;  militia  corporal  '44;  juez  de  campo  and  grantee  of  a  lot 
'46.  v.  648,  684.  G.  (Manuel),  1825,  Span,  officer  on  the  Constante.  iii.  26. 
G.  (Xasario),  son  of  Leandro;  soldier,  corp.,  and  sergt  of  S.F.  comp.  '32-43. 
iii.  567,  667,  678;  in  '55  near  mission  S.  Jose",  age  40.  G.  (Xicolds),  settler 
at  S.F.  1791-1800.  i.  716.  G.  (Rafael),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  1797-1800.  i. 
55G;  also  '34-7.  perhaps  another  man.  Galista  (Josd  Ant.),  Mex.  clerk  at 
Mont.  '36,  age  50,  wife  Andrea  Jimeno,  child.  Dario  b.  '22  at  Mont.,  Valen 
tin  '24,  Domitila  '27,  Jos6  '29,  Felipe  '31,  Maria  G.  '33,  Jos<§  Ant.  '36. 

Gallagher  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  an  Irish  farmer  in  So 
noma  Co.  '71-83,  when  he  was  at  Bodega.  Gallant  (Victor),  184G,  Co.  E, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlist,  at  Sonoma,  Oct.  Gallardo  (Anastasio),  Mex.  con 
vict  '29-35.  G.  (Felix),  at  Los  Ang.  '36.  iii.  491;  and  '46.  v.  312;  2  of  the 
name  in  '46.  G.  (Jos6  Ant.),  a  settler  at  Brancif.  1797.  i.  569.  G.  (Juan), 
soldier  killed  by  Ind.  at  the  Colorado  1781.  i.  359-62.  G.  (Juan),  Mex. 
shoemaker,  and  leader  in  the  Apalategui  revolt  of  '35.  iii.  282-6;  still  at  Los 
Ang.  to  '46,  when  he  was  alcalde,  iii.  504,  564;  v.  50, 143,  625-6;  claimant  in 
'52  for  land  granted  '38.  G.  (Rafael),  at  Los  Ang.  from  '36;  juez  de  paz  '43. 
iv.  633;  regidor  '47.  v.  626.  G.  (Simon),  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Gallego  (Car 
los),  settler  on  the  Colorado,  killed  1781.  i.  359-62.  G.,  trader  forbidden  to 
hold  raffles  1798.  i.  642.  G.  (Pablo),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  35.  Gallegos, 
drowned  at  Sta  B.  '30.  ii.  576.  Galusha  (Elon  A.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  before  '83.  Galway  (James),  1847  (?),  said  to 
have  come  with  his  parents  at  the  age  of  5;  page  in  the  convention  of  '49; 
with  Walker  in  Kic. ;  lieut  in  war  of  '61-5;  editor  of  Sta  Cruz  Journal;  d.  in 
'70.  Sta  Clara  News,  Sept.  24,  '70. 

Gamble  (Wm),  1841,  a  young  naturalist  sent  out  from  Phil,  by  Nuttall  to 


752  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

collect  specimens;  came  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman  party,  iv.  278-9. 
Being  financially  crippled,  he  was  employed  by  Com.  Jones  in  '42  as  clerk  0:1 
the  Uyanc,  and  perhaps  went  away  on  that  vessel;  in  '44  at  Callao;  said  by 
Given  to  have  ret.  to  Cal.  about  '49.  G.  (Win  M.),  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.  S. 
Portsmouth.  Gamon  (Jose  M.),  1844,  mr  of  the  Trinidad,  iv.  5G9.  G. 
(Thos),  1826,  at  Mont.  Gandara  (Pedro),  apparently  a  clerk  of  Pedrorena 
'40-1.  Gann  (Nicholas),  1847,  overl.  immig.  with  wife  Ruth,  to  whom,  in 
camp  at  Stockton,  Oct.,  was  born  the  1st  child  in  S.  Joaq.,  named  Wm;  at 
Gilroy  '79-82.  Gannon  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sta  B. 
'55.  Gansevoort  (Stanwix),  1845,  mid.  on  U.S.  Portsmouth. 

Gantt  (John),  1843,  member  of  the  Chiles- Walker  immig.  party,  iv.  392- 
4,  400.  In  earlier  times  said  to  have  been  an  officer  in  the  U.S.  army.  Capt. 
G.  commanded  Slitter's  force  in  Micheltorena's  service  '44-5;  and  after  the 
campaign  made  a  contract  to  attack  Ind.  horse-thieves  for  a  share  of  the  re 
covered  animals,  iv.  480,  485-6,  506-7,  516-17,  543.  In  Sept.  '46  Bryant 
found  him  ill  at  Dr  Marsh's  rancho,  and  it  is  likely  that  sickness  prevented 
his  taking  part  in  the  troubles  of  '46-7.  In  '47  he  wrote  from  Sonoma  asking 
an  appointment  as  sub-Ind.  agent,  and  from  Yount's  place  inNapa,  proposing 
to  build  a  saw-mill  on  his  '  mountain  tract; '  in  '48  of  firm  G.  &  Hannah  at 
Napa;  in  '49  mining  on  Feather  River;  died  in  Napa  Val.  later  in  '49. 

Garaycoechea  (Jose"),  at  S.  F.  1795.  i.  700.  Garcds  (Francisco  T.  H.), 
1774,  Span,  friar  of  Quere'taro  college,  and  missionary  in  Sonorafrom  '68;  with 
Anza  in  his  exped.  to  Cal.  1774-6;  the  1st  to  explore  the  Tulare  valley  and 
the  route  from  Mojave  to  S.  Gabriel;  later  missionary  at  the  Colorado  pueblos, 
where  he  was  killed  by  the  Ind.  in  1781.  i.  221-3,  258-62,  273-8,  354-67, 
573.  and  list  of  auth.  ii.  43-4. 

Garcia  (Anastasio),  a  desperado  who  killed  Joaq.  de  la  Torre  and  several 
other  men  in  the  Sta  B.  region  '55.  G.  (Anselmo),  at  S.  Jose"  '47.  G. 
(Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  G.  (Bernardino),  son  of  Francisco,  age  19  in 
'41,  when  he  enlis-ted  in  the  S.F.  comp.  at  Sonoma,  iv.  667.  He  was  the  des 
perado,  '  Four-fingered  Jack,'  who  killed  Cowie  and  Fowler  in  '46.  v.  161-2; 
also  ment.  at  Natividad.  v.  370;  Cal.  claim  of  $1,375;  I  think  he  was  hanged 
in  later  years.  G.  (Bibiana  Romero  dc),  widow  at  J.  Jose  '41,  age  21,  child. 
Jose"  Ant.  b.  '34,  Francisco '36.  G.  (Bruno),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1796.  ii.  350. 
G.  (Carlos),  ditto  1813.  G.  (Carmen),  Cal.  claim  $2,152  (v.  462). 

Garcia  (Diego),  1787,  Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly  at  S.F.  and  retired  in 
'97.  Biog.  i.  713;  ment.  i.  388,  474,  498-500,  575,  577.  G.  (Dionisio),  Mex. 
sold,  at  Mont.  '36,  age  37;  owner  of  S.  F.  lots  '39-46.  v.  676,  682.  G. 
(Eugenio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32.  G.  (Faustino),  at  Mont.  '47.  G.  (Felipe), 
Span.  sold,  of  the  Mont.  comp.  before  1780;  had  a  garden  at  Mont,  about 
1815.  ii.  209;  his  wife  was  Petra  Lugo  (or  Rincon),  and  they  had  20  children. 
G.  (Felipe  Santiago),  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  1789-90.  i.  461;  perhaps  same  as 
preceding.  G.  (Felipe  Santiago),  son  of  preceding,  b.  at  Mont.  1782;  in  '35, 
'46,  juez  de  campo.  iii.  674;  v.  637;  in '36  at  Mont.,  wife  Jacinta  Fernandez, 
child.  Jose*  de  Jesus  b.  '22,  Antonia  '25,  Manuel  Este'van  '27,  Encarnacion 
'29.  In  '54  he  gave  Taylor,  Discov.  and  Founders,  ii.  25,  his  recollections; 
Cal.  claim  in  '46  of  $1,042  (v.  462);  still  living  after  '60.  G.  (Felipe),  in  Los 
Ang.  region  '46,  age  25.  G.  (Francisco),  maj.  at  Sta  B.  1811-1820.  ii.  364. 
G.  (Francisco),  Span,  invalido  of  Sta  B.  comp.  in  '28-9,  age  60.  iii.  5L  G. 
(Francisco),  soldier  of  S.  F.  '34-5.  G.  (Francisco),  Mex.  at  Mont.  '36,  age 
34,  wife  Josefa  Gonzalez,  child.  Bernabe"  b.  '23,  Pedro  '25,  Jose"  '26,  Epitacio 
'28,  Lugarda  '30,  Bonifacia  '31,  Maria  Jesus  '33,  Micaela  '34;  grantee  of 
ranches  in  Mont,  and  Sta  Clara  '42,  '45.  iv.  655,  673;  juez  at  S.  Feliciano  '45- 
6;  iv.  625,  634,  637.  Cal.  elaims  of  814,625  and  $2,170  in  '46-7.  (v.  462);  still 
in  Mont.  Co.  '50.  G.  (Francisco),  at  Los  Ang  '46.  G.  (Francisco),  one  of 
the  Jack  Powers  gang  hanged  near  S.  Luis  Ob.  about  '55;  ment.  in  '46.  v.  IG2; 
perhaps  confounded  with  Bernardino.  G.  (Gabriel),  at  the  S.  Pascual  fight 
'46.  v.  352;  a  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  G.  (Hilarion),  maj.  at  S.  Diego 
'30.  ii.  549;  alfe"rez  at  Sta  B.  '39-46.  iii.  583;  iv.  642;  v.  35. 

Garcia  (Inocente),  son  of  Felipe,  b.  at  Los  Ang.  1791;  soldier  in  Mont. 


G  ARCI A-G  AREOLO.  753 

comp.  from  1807,  sending  in  the  escolta  of  S.  Miguel  and  Soledad;  from  '13 
trader  and  soap-niaker;  maj.  of  S.  Juan  B.  '22-3.  ii.  C24;  ment.  at  Mont.  '28- 
30.  ii.  612;  iii.  41;  took  part  in  Alvarado's  revolt  of  '36,  and  in  Ind.  exped. 
of  '37-9.  iii.  457,  460.  469;  iv.  75;  admin,  of  S.  Miguel  '37-45.  iii.  555,  587, 
685;  iv.  659;  arrested  by  Fremont  '46.  v.  375-6.  He  went  to  the  mines  in '48; 
and  for  yeai's  supposed  himself  to  be  owner  of  a  rancho  near  S.  Luis  Ob.,  but 
lost  it.  His  wife  was  Maria  del  Cdrmen  Ramirez,  and  there  were  many  chil 
dren.  In  '78  living  at  S.  Luis  in  poverty,  strong  in  body  and  mind,  though  88 
years  old,  and  of  good  repute.  He  gave  me  his  Hechos  JJisWricos,  a  MS.  full 
of  interesting  details  of  the  old  soldier's  life  and  observations,  ii.  232,  338-9, 
386.  In  '85  I  have  not  heard  of  his  death.  G.  (Jaeinto),  soldier  at  S.F. 
'27-40.  G.  (Jesus),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  G.  (Joaq.),  sent  to  Mex.  '30.  iii.  85. 
Garcia  (Jose*),  1800,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Luis  Rey,  and  retired  in 
1808.  Biog.  ii.  108;  raent.  i.  577;  ii.  159-60.  G.  (Jose"),  settler  at  Los  Ang. 
1808.  ii.  350.  G.  (Jose"),  soldier  at  S.F.  '28-33.  G.  (Jose"),  sent  as  prisoner 
to  Sonora '37.  iii.  638.  G.  (Jose"),  came  in  '36  from  S.  Amer.;  flogged  for 
forgery  at  Mont.  '37:  clerk  at  S.  Jose"  '41-2.  iv.  684-5;  ment.  in  '46.  v.  321; 
said  to  have  been  killed  at  Xatividad.  v.  372.  G.  (Jose"  Ant.),  1st  death  at 
Sta  Clara,  i.  306.  G.  (Jose"  Ant.),  petitioner  for  lands  for  N.  Mex.  colony 
'45.  iv.  572,  635,  637.  G.  (Jose*  Dolores),  ment.  at  Sta  B.  '48,  in  con.  with 
the  Canon  Perdido.  v.  588.  G.  (Jose"  E.),  son  of  Jose"  Maria,  worked  at  Sta 
B.  for  Capt.  Bobbins  '45;  served  under  Carrillo  and  Flores  '46.  v.  400;  took 
part  in  hiding  the  cannon  in  '48;  and  in  '78  gave  me  his  Episodios.  G.  (Jose" 
Manuel),  lots  at  S.F.  '39.  G.  (Jose"  Maria),  nat.  of  Sonora,  of  Span,  parent 
age;  si'ndico  at  Sta  B.  '31-2.  iii.  653,  212;  maj.  and  admin,  of  Sta  B.  '34-6. 
iii.  346,  353,  657-8;  alcalde  in  '34.  iii.  654.  His  wife  was  Maria  Ant.  Ayala. 
G.  (Jose"  Miguel),  militiaman  at  S.F.  '37;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  21,  wife  Rafaela 
Miranda,  child.  Guadalupe  b.  '39.  G.  (Jose"  Norberto),  murdered  at  S.  Juan 
B.  '44.  iv.  662.  G.  (Juan),  soldier  at  S.F.  1797-1800.  i.  556.  G.  (Juan), 
soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  26.  G.  (Juan  and  Juan  Jos£),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
G.  (Juan  B.),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '34-42.  G.  (Julian),  at  Los  Ang.  '46; 
S.  Luis  Ob.  '58.  G.  (Luis),  at  Brancif.  '30.  ii.  627;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  28. 
G.  (Luz),  comisionado  at  Brancif.  '15.  ii.  390;  invalido  '28,  wife  Rosalia  Vaz 
quez,  child.  Rufino,  Antonio,  Jose"  Maria. 

Garcia  (M.),  grantee  of  S.  Miguel  rancho  '46.  v.  637.  G.  (Manuel),  1822, 
mr  of  the  S.F.  de  Paula,  ii.  457,  474.  G.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  G. 
(Marcelino),  1844,  one  of  the  Bat.  fijo.  iv.  289,  405;  in  '77  at  Salinas  City, 
where  he  gave  me  his  Apunte  sobre  Micheltorena.  G.  (Matias  and  Miguel), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  G.  (Maximo),  soldier  of  the  piquete  de  Hidalgo  at  Mont. 
'36,  age  45.  G.  (Miguel),  grantee  of  S.  Miguel  '46.  G.  (Norberto),  at  Sa 
linas  '36,  age  35,  wife  Maria  Victoria  Gomez,  child.  Mari'a  Francita  b.  '20, 
Rita  '23,  Jose"  '25,  Juan  Jose"  '28,  Guadalupe  '31,  Teodora  '34.  G,  (Pascual), 
soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  ;37.  G.  (Pascual),  at  La  Brea  '36,  age  49,  wife  Juli 
ana  Sanchez.  G.  (Pedro),  1842,  lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo.  iv.  339.  G. 
(Pedro  Gonzalez),  armorer  and  instructor  1792-5.  i.  615,  684.  G.  (Rafael), 
soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '23-33;  at  S.  Rafael  '24.  ii.  598;  grantee  of  Tamales 
and  Baulinas  '36.  iii.  713;  grantee  of  land  in  Mendocino  '44.  iv.  672;  raid  on 
the  Ind.  '45.  iv.  541,  679.  He  died  in  '66  in  Marin  Co.,  age  75.  G.  (Rafael), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46;  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32.  G.  (Ramon),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  27. 
G.  (Reyes),  in  piquete  de  Hidalgo  at  Mont.  '36.  G.  (Rosalio),  son  of  Felipe; 
went  to  Chili  to  avoid  mil.  service.  G.  (Salvador),  Span,  sailor  of  tlieAtia; 
rem.  in  Cal.  iii.  51-2.  G.  (Tomas),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  G.  (Tri- 
fiou),  grantee  of  Atascadero  '42.  iv.  655. 

Garcia  Diego  (Francisco),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos,  who  served 
at  Sta  Clara  to  '35,  being  prefect  of  the  northern  missions,  and  in  '41  came 
back  as  bishop  of  Cal.,  dying  in  '46.  Biog.  v.  632-3;  ment.  iii.  318-24,  328- 
36,  338,  347-8,  351-2,  726;  iv.  63-5,  195-6,  219,  332-8,  372-4,  424-7,  519, 
554,  565,  619,  640.  Gard  (Chas  and  John),  1848,  at  Mont.  Gardner  (Geo. 
W.j,  1844,  mr  of  the  Nantucket.  iv.  567.  G.  (Wyman),  1840,  at  Mont.  (?). 
G.,  1848,  worked  for  John  Williams  on  Butte  Cr.  Gareolo  (Valentin),  lieut 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  III.  48 


754  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

in  Cal.  '45  (?).  Garfias  (Manuel),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5. 
iv.  289;  grantee  of  S.  Pascual  '43.  iv.  635;  rem.  in  Cal.,  and  took  part  in  the 
war  against  the  U.S.  '46-7,  going  to  Mex.  with  I:  lores,  iv.  513;  v.  41,  49,  310, 
391,  407.  He  came  back  to  Cal.,  and  was  county  treasurer  of  Los  Aug.  7)0-1; 
in  later  years  U.S.  consul  at  Mazatlan,  where  he  still  lived,  perhaps,  in  '77. 
G.  (Salvador),  Span,  at  S.  Jose1  '41,  age  41,  wife  Crecencia  Cibriaii,  child.  Sal 
vador  b.  31,  Ascension  '36,  Jose1  Jesus,  '34,  Felicidad  '29,  Encarnacion  '30, 
Carmen  '38,  Josefa  '40.  Garibay  (Gertrudis),  accused  of  murder  at  Mont. 
'34.  iii.  G73.  Garner  (Philip),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G9).  G.  (R.), 
1848,  landed  at  Sta  B.  (?).  G.  (Wm  A.),  1847,  ditto,  made  bricks  and  dug 
a  well  at  S.  Diego. 

Garner  (Win  Robert),  1824,  nat.  of  London,  b.  in  1803,  who  deserted  from 
an  English  whaler  at  Sta  B. ,  the  date  being  often  given  as  '26.  ii.  526.  In  '29 
he  was  refused  naturalization;  in  '31  married  a  daughter  of  Manuel  Butron; 
in  '32  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221.  He  was  a  lumberman, 
and  appears  on  Larkin's  books  from  '33;  in  '36-7  was  a  lieut  of  Graham's 
comp.  in  Alvarado's  service,  iii.  458-9,  512;  and  in  '39  was  naturalized,  then 
living  at  S.  Juan  B.  His  part  in  the  Graham  affair  of  '40  is  recorded  in  iv.  5- 
6,  10,  12,  21,  27,  he  being  the  man  who  revealed  the  plot  of  Graham  and  his 
associates.  It  is  not  quite  clear  whether  he  simply  acted  in  good  faith  as  a 
Mex.  citizen,  was  prompted  by  hostility  to  G.,  or  was  entrapped  by  Castro 
into  confession  for  self-protection.  Continuing  his  lumber  business  for  a  few 
years,  in  '44-8  he  kept  a  boarding-house  at  Mont.,  being  also  at  times  clerk, 
policeman,  translator,  auctioneer,  and  alcalde's  sec.,  besides  serving  appar 
ently  in  the  campaign  against  Micheltorena.  iv.  495;  v.  G37.  He  went  to  the 
mines  with  Colton,  and  with  his  sons  made  several  mining  trips,  and  then 
moved  to  S.  Luis  Ob.,  from  which  point,  in  '49,  he  made  an  exped.  against 
the  Ind.  of  the  interior  and  was  killed  with  6  of  his  men.  His  son  Jos<$  C.,  b. 
about  '32,  in  a  letter  of  '75,  gave  me  some  information  about  his  father;  also 
to  the  S.  Jos6  Pion.  of  '78,  wrhen  he  lived  at  S.  Jose",  as  he  does  still,  perhaps, 
in  '85.  In  their  anger  at  the  affair  of  '40,  Graham  and  his  friends  accused  Gar 
ner  not  only  of  treachery  in  that  matter,  but  of  having  been  an  Australian 
convict,  murderer,  and  desperado;  but  in  the  absence  of  proofs,  it  is  well  to 
judge,  the  man's  character  by  his  Cal.  record,  which  is  in  every  respect  better 
than  that  of  his  accusers.  He  is  said  to  have  been  of  a  good  family,  and  was 
an  intelligent  man  of  some  education.  Garnica  del  'Castillo,'  q.v. 

Garra,  Ind.  chief  at  Pauma  '46.  v.  567-8.  Garraleta  (Antonio),  clerk  at 
Sta  B.  mission  '39.  iii.  657.  G.  (Jose"  Ant.),  lieut  of  the  frontier  comp., 
sometimes  visiting  S.  Diego;  killed  in  '41  by  his  wife.  iv.  G19.  Garrick 
(Peter),  1834,  Engl.  carpenter  at  Mont,  in  Spear's  service;  written  Garruk 
and  Garrenk.  Garriger  (Solomon),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting 
at  N.  Helv.  Oct.  Garter  (David),  1848,  doubtful  name.  Game  (Win), 
1834,  nat.  of  Sto  Domingo,  from  Hon.;  cooper  at  Los  Aug.  '36.  iii.  412. 

Gasquet  (Louis),  1845,  French  consul  at  Mont.  '45-7.  iv.  385,  587,  590;  v. 
34,  GO.  232-3,  3G4.  Gastelum  (Francisco  J.),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-45.  Gaten 
(H.)..  1846,  Co.  B,  artill.,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Gautier  (Julian),  1843,  d.  at 
Los  Ang. ;  his  widow  at  Sonoma,  Dec.  Gavitt  (John),  1847,  lot  at  S.  F. 
Gay  (Geo.),  1832,  Engl.  deserter  from  a  whaler,  iii.  408;  went  to  Or.  in  '35, 
and  came  back  in  '37  in  the  cattle  exped.  iv.  85;  see  Hist.  Or.,  i.  98. 

Geddes  (Paul),  see  Green  (Talbot  H.).  Gehringer  (Andrew),  1847,  Co. 
H,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (T.  499);  miner  in  '48-50;  Sta  Clara  farmer  '51-G3;  in  '63-83 
near  Concord,  Contra  Costa.  Geiger  (Wm),  1841,  N.Y.  teacher,  age  24, 
who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Thos  Perkins,  iv.  104,  569;  later  in  the  year  at 
N.  Hclv.  Gelabert  (Wm),  1846,  Span,  in  U.S.N.;  settled  later  at  Stockton, 
where  he  died  in  '82,  leaving  a  wife  and  3  children.  Gelston  (Roland),  1847, 
mr  of  the  Whiton,  and  a  S.  F.  merchant  of  G.  &  Co.  in  '47-9;  owner  of  tovra 
lot  and  building;  in  '53  claimant  for  lands  in  Sac.  and  S.F.  v.  581,  G7G,  G78, 
683.  Gendreau  (Fra^ois),  1844,  Canadian  in  Slitter's  employ  '45-8;  com. 
of  an  Ind.  comp.  in  '46.  iv.  453;  'v.  360.  He,  or  his  son  Joseph,  was  in  the  2d 
Donner  relief  '47.  v.  540.  His  wife  was  a  Walla  Walla  Ind. ,  and  their  child 


GEXDREAU— GILBERT.  755 

was  buried  at  S.  Jose*  Mission  in  Dec.  '44.  His  name  is  often  written  Gendran, 
Gcndron,  Geandrcau,  and  even  Jcndro.  Genks,  1840,  named  at  JST.  Helv. 
Gciiliug  (Joaquin),  doubtful  name  of  a  juez  in  Mont.  dist.  iv.  653.  Gennon 
(John),  1S47,  named  by  Lancey  as  a  member  of  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  Genoa 
y  Aguirre  (Fennin),  1817-18,  sup.  of  the  Hermosa  Alexicana.  ii.  2S2-3,  424. 
George  (J.),  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Julian. 

(icrardo  (Rafael),  maj.  at  Sta  B.  1793-4.  ii.  120.  Gerke  (Henry),  1847, 
German  irninig.  at  N.  Helv.  and  S.F.  in  Oct.  v.  556;  lot-owner  at  S.F.  '47-8. 
v.  656;  later  a  well-known  vineyardist  in  Tehama  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in 
'80.  German  (Antonio),  juez  de  campo  at  La  Brea  and  grantee  of  Juristac, 
iii.  C74,  C7G,  711-12,  being  50  years  old  in  '36,  wife  Maria  de  la  Luz  Peiia, 
child.  Antonio  b.  '18,  Juan  '20,  Jose"  '22,  Luis  '24.  In  early  times  he  had  been 
a  soldier  at  Sta  B.  G.  (Cayetano),  at  Los  Ang.  '46;  cl.  for  the  raucho  in  '53. 
G.  (Faustino),  brother  of  Antonio,  at  Mont.  '26.  ii.  612;  juez  de  campo  '31, 
'35.  iii.  672,  674;  grantee  with  Ant.  of  Juristac  '35.  iii.  712;  in  '36  at  La 
Brea,  age  48,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Garcia,  age  40.  Faustino,  like  his  brother,  lost 
all  his  land  under  the  manipulations  of  Amer.  sharpers,  and  died  in  poverty 
at  S.  Juan  in  '83,  at  the  age  of  95,  leaving  his  widow,  aged  87,  but  no  chil 
dren.  G.  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  G.  (Juan),  vecino 
of  S.  Diego,  killed  in  '26.  ii.  549.  G.  (Jose*  de  los  Santos),  son  of  Antonio, 
b.  at  Sta  B.  '23;  in  '78  at  Tres  Piuos,  S.  Benito  Co.,  engaged  in  raising  cattle 
with  his  brother  Luis  C.  German.  The  two  gave  me  their  recollections  of  Cal- 
ifornian  Sucesos,  which,  on  several  points,  have  proved  valuable  material  for 
history,  iv.  359,  463;  v.  167.  G.  (Manuel),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  at 
Los  Ang.  '30-48.  Ger6nimo,  Ind.  alcalde  at  Soledad  '26.  ii.  623.  Gerva- 
sio  (Jose"),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '37-42.  Gessen,  1845,  a  German  in  the 
south,  iv.  490.  Gettinger  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518). 
Geurron  (J.A.),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Gholston  (Wm  C.),  1846, 
Co.  K,  1st  dragoons;  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346. 

Gibbins,  1840,  at  Mont.  Gibbon  (L.),  1841,  mid.  on  U.  S.  St  Louis. 
Gibbs  (John),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587;  of 
committee  repres.  the  immig.  before  Castro,  iv.  606;  prob.  of  the  Bears,  v. 
110;  settled  in  Napa;  at  N.  Helv.  Nov.  '47.  G.,  1845,  Amer.  at  Brancif., 
age  40.  Gibson,  1842,  purser  with  Cora.  Jones,  iv.  308.  G.  (Horatio 
Gates),  1847-8  (?),  lieut  in  3d  U.S.  artill.;  at  S.  Diego,  S.F.,  and  other  points 
in  Cal.  to  '61;  colonel  in  war  of  '61-5;  in  77  in  com.  of  Fort  Wardsworth,  N. 
Y. ;  president  of  eastern  assoc.  of  pioneers.  I  find  no  original  record  of  such 
an  officer  before '49.  G.  (Joseph),  1831,  Amer.  trapper  and  tailor  ot  'Ha- 
quinsor'  (Arkansas!),  from  N".  Mex.  with  Jackson  or  Wolfskill.  iii.  387,  405; 
at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Pedro  '34-6;  44  years  old  in  '36  and  single.  G.  (Marion), 
1S45,  Amer.  farmer  from  Or.  in  the  McM.-Clyman  party,  iv.  572,  587;  in  the 
mines  with  Job  Dye  '48;  died  at  a  date  not  recorded.  G.  (Samuel),  1845, 
Amer.  immig.  from  Or.,  prob.  in  the  McM.-Clyman  party,  and  possibly  iden 
tical  with  the  preceding,  iv.  578,  587.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  pro 
ceedings  of  the  Bears,  being  sergt.  v.  110,  153,  163-4,  168;  went  south  with 
Frdmont,  remaining  with  Gillespie  at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Diego,  ranking  as  capt. 
in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  wounded  at  S.  Pascual,  and  serving  under  Stockton  in  the 
final  campaign,  v.  326-7,  340,  343-7,  360,  386,  434.  In  '48  he  mined  on 
Feather  River  in  partnership  with  G.P.  Swift,  and  was  drowned  in  the  winter 
of  '48-9.  Bidwdl.  G.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Gifford  (James),  1846,  applicant  for  timber-land  near  S.  Diego.  Gift 
(Geo.  W.>,  1848,  nat.  of  Tenn.;  mid.  on  the  U.S.  St  Mary;  left  navy  in  '52; 
banker  at  Sac.  from  '55;  lieut  in  confed.  navy  from  '61;  newspaperman  at  S. 
Rafael  and  Napa  till  his  death  in  '79,  leaving  a  wife  and  4  children.  Gil  y 
Taboada  (Luis),  1801,  Mex.  friar  of  S.  Fern,  college,  who  served  at  many 
missions,  being  founder  of  S.  Rafael,  and  died  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '33.  Biof.  iii. 
680-1,  ment.  ii.  29,  121,  131,  135,  137,  159,  329-30,  337,  351,  355,  364,  366, 
387,  394,  425,  562,  618,  623,  625,  627,  655.  Gilbert  (Albert),  1830,  from  N. 
Mex.  to  buy  cattle;  in  trouble  with  the  authorities;  went  to  Hon.  on  the 


756  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Gilbert  (Edward),  1847,  N.Y.  printer,  and  lieut  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504. 
He  made  a  census  of  S.F.  and  wrote  an  article  on  the  town  published  in  the 
Star.  v.  647,  656;  was  a  candidate  for  alcalde,  and  declined  the  collcctorship. 
V.  575,  652,  659;  but  seems  to  have  acted  as  Collector  Folsom's  deputy.  He 
took  a  prominent  part  from  '48  in  public  affairs;  was  editor  of  the  Alta  from 
its  beginning  in  Jan.  '49.  v.  659;  was  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention; 
and  in  Nov.  '49  was  elected  as  the  1st  congressman  from  Cal.  One  of  his  edi 
torial  articles  drew  out  a  letter  which  led  him  to  challenge  Gen.  Jas  W. 
Denver,  by  whom  he  was  killed  in  a  duel  near  Sac.  in  '52  at  the  age  of  33. 
He  was  regarded  as  a  man  of  unusual  ability  and  promise.  G.,  1848,  at 
Mont.;  of  firm  Newell,  Brady,  &  G.  G.  (James),  1845,  at  N.Helv.  in  Sut 
ler's  service  '45-6.  G.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  MOTTO.  Bat.  (v.  469).  G.  (Wm), 
1846,  said  to  have  been  steward  on  the  U.S.  Savannah;  at  Stockton  '79. 

Gilchrist  (Edward),  1846,  surgeon  on  the  Congress  and  Cyane;  justice  of 
the  peace  at  Mont. ;  acted  as  surg.  of  the  Cal.  Bat.  v.  231,  361,  637-8.  Gil- 
dea  (Wm  B.),  1845,  Amer.  physician  who  came  overl.  in  the  Swasey-Todd 
party;  died  at  N.Helv.  Jan.  '46.  iv.  576,  580,  587.  Gili  (Bartolomu),  1791, 
Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Antonio  and  retired  in  '94.  Biog.  i.  689; 
ment.  i.  496,  500,  523-4,  576,  597.  Gill  (James),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358);  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.;  lot  at  S.F.  '47. 

Gillespie  (Archibald  H.),  1846,  nat.  of  Penn.  and  lieut.  of  marines  U.S.N., 
who  was  sent  in  Oct.  '45  from  Wash,  to  Cal.  as  a  bearer  of  a  duplicate  of 
secret  instructions  to  Larkin,  with  whom  he  was  to  cooperate,  as  was  Fre 
mont,  in  carrying  out  those  instructions.  He  crossed  Mex.,  destroying  his 
official  despatch  after  committing  its  contents  to  memory,  and  arrived  at  Mont, 
in  April  '46  on  the  Cyane  via  Honolulu,  thence  proceeding  to  the  Oregon 
frontier  to  overtake  Fremont,  v.  24-9,  200,  636,  644.  The  original  of  his  des 
patch  is  now  in  my  possession,  and  also  the  copy  written  by  him  from  mem 
ory  at  Mont.  Fremont  claims  to  have  received  a  very  different  despatch,  and 
there  is  a  bare  possibility  that  Gillespie  deceived  him.  In  the  various  events 
of  May-July,  G.  took  an  active  part,  being  made  adjutant  of  the  Cal.  Bat.  at 
its  1st  organization,  v.  79-80,  101-2,  127,  177,  184,  247,  252-3.  Going  south 
in  July,  he  was  left  at  Los  Ang.  in  com.  of  the  garrison,  and  by  his  unwise 
policy  caused  the  people  to  revolt  and  drive  him  out  in  Oct.  v.  286,  306-15, 
319.  Joining  Stockton  at  S.  Diego,  he  was  sent  with  a  reinforcement  to  meet 
Kearny,  and  was  wounded  in  the  fight  at  S.  Pascual  in  Dec.  v.  328-9,  340, 
343-7.  Ranking  as  major  of  the  battalion,  G.  commanded  a  division  of  Stock 
ton's  army,  and  was  again  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel  in  Jan.  '47.  v.  360,  386, 
391-5.  Declining  the  secretaryship  of  state  under  Fremont,  he  was  relieved 
from  duty  in  Cal.,  and  reported  to  Com.  Biddle  in  May.  v.  433,  437,  440,  445, 
450.  He  went  east  overland  with  Stockton,  and  testified  for  Fremont  at  the 
court-martial;  also  in  the  Cal.  claims  investigation,  v.  453-6.  He  seems  to 
have  returned  overland  to  Cal.  in  '48,  and  to  have  spent  much  of  his  later  life 
here,  though  for  some  years  previous  to  '61  he  was  in  Mex.,  perhaps  as  sec. 
of  legation.  He  was  never  prominent  after  '49,  having  to  a  certain  extent  '  lost 
his  grip  '  in  the  battle  of  life.  He  died  at  S.F.  in  '73,  at  the  age  of  60. 

Gillespie  (Chas  V.),  1848,  bro.  of  Arch.  H.,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  who  came  011 
the  Eagle  from  China  with  his  family,  a  cargo  of  merchandise,  and  2  Chinese 
servants.  He  advertised  in  the  Star  as  a  merchant  and  conveyancer;  and  was 
made  notary  public  and  judge  of  election,  v.  648,  652,  680.  He  also  made  in 
quiries  for  a  rauclio,  and  wrote,  '  One  of  my  favorite  projects  is  to  introduce 
Chinese  immigrants  into  this  country. '  He  took  a  prominent  part  under  How 
ard  in  settling  the  Leidesdorff  estate.  In  '85  he  still  lives  in  S.F.,  where  he 
has  been  well  known  as  a  lawyer  and  searcher  of  records.  In  '75  he  contrib 
uted  for  my  use  a  statement  on  the  Vigilance  Committee  and  other  topics  of 
early  S.F.  life;  and  later  gave  me  some  items  about  early  buildings  in  the 
city.  Mrs  G.  organized  a  sabbath -school  in  '48,  and  has  since  been  prominent 
in  church  affairs,  v.  657.  G.  (James),  1828,  mr  of  the  Te.emachus.  iii.  149; 
a  Mass,  man  who  was  lost  with  the  same  vessel  near  Mazatlan.  Forbes'  Pcrs. 

in.,  90.       G.  (J..),  1848,  mr  of  a  vessel,  or  sup.       Giiiingham  (Henry), 


GILLIXGHAM— GIVEN.  757 

1847,  musician  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lots  '48.  Gilman  (G. 
D.),  1848,  from  Honolulu;  of  firm  Wetmore  &  G.  at  S.F.  '48-9. 

Gilroy  (John),  1814,  Scotch  sailor,  and  the  1st  foreigner  to  settle  perma 
nently  in  Cal.,  being  left  sick  at  Mont,  by  the  Isaac  Todd.  ii.  204,  248,  272, 
382,  393.  His  real  name  was  John  Cameron,  but  having  run  away  from  home 
as  a  minor,  he  changed  it  to  avoid  being  arrested  and  sent  back.  His  parents 
moved  to  England  when  John  was  very  young;  and  indeed,  he  often  claimed 
to  be  a  native  of  Sunderland,  Engl.  In  Sept.  '14  he  was  baptized  at  S.  Carlos 
by  P.  Sarn'a  as  Juan  Antonio  Maria  Gilroy.  In  '18  Capt.  Guerra,  at  Sta  B., 
sent  to  the  viceroy  his  petition  as  an  'Amer.  cooper '  for  permission  to  remain 
and  marry  in  Cal.,  which  was  granted  in  '19;  and  in  '21  he  was  married  at  S. 
Juan  B.  to  Maria  Clara  de  la  Asuncion,  daughter  of  Ignacio  Ortega.  The 
same  year  he  accompanied  Capt.  Argiiello  in  his  famous  exped.  '  to  the  Co 
lumbia  '  as  guide,  or  rather,  interpreter,  for  Amer.  intruders  were  to  be  met 
and  talked  to.  ii.  444-5.  The  next  we  hear  of  him  was  in  '33,  when  he  ob 
tained  naturalization,  producing  certificates  that  he  was  a  soap-maker  and 
millwright  of  good  character,  with  wife  and  4  children,  having  also  some  live 
stock  on  the  S.  Isidro  rancho.  This  rancho  was  granted  the  same  year  to  the 
Ortegas;  G.  owned  a  league  of  it,  on  which  he  built  an  adobe  house  and  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life.  His  name  appears  on  Larkin's  books  from  '34,  when  his 
age  was  given  as  45.  In  '35  he  was  aux.  alcalde  at '  Los  Ortegas.'  iii.  C74;  by 
the  padron  of  '36,  age  40,  \vife  age  28,  child.  Nicodemus  b.  '20,  Miguel  '28. 
iv.  117;  age  46  in  '40;  not  arrested  in  the  Graham  affair;  often  named  in  rec 
ords  of  most  years;  said  to  have  been  sent  to  Fremont's  Gavilan  camp  in  '46. 
v.  18.  In  '51  for  the  1st  time  Gilroy  wrote  to  his  family  in  England,  and  I 
have  the  original  reply — presented  by  Valentin  Alviso — of  his  brother  Alex. 
Cameron,  tanner,  at  Newton  Heath,  near  Manchester,  dated  June  29,  '52. 
Alex,  is  glad  to  learn  that  he  has  a  brother  living,  for  father,  mother,  and  the 
other  brothers  are  all  dead.  John  Gilroy  was  an  honest,  good-natured  old 
sailor-ranchero,  well  liked  by  everybody,  much  too  fond  of  his  grog  and  cards, 
careless  and  improvident,  and  as  powerless  in  the  hands  of  land-lawyers  as 
were  the  natives  themselves.  He  lost  all  his  lands  and  cattle,  but  he  lived  to 
see  his  old  rancho  the  site  of  a  flourishing  town,  which  bears  his  adopted 
name;  Gilroy;'  and  he  died,  as  poor  as  when  he  landed  in  Cal.  more  than  half 
a  century  before,  in  '69,  at  the  age  of  about  '75.  I  have  no  definite  record  of 
his  sons  since  '48.  '  Juanita'  (McPherson)  has  given  many  items  on  G.'s  early 
life,  obtained  from  himself,  in  the  Sla  Clara  Argus  and  other  papers.  Gilt 
(Henry),  1840,  atBrancif.;  prob.  'Hill.' 

Gines,  executed  at  Purisima  '24.  Gingery,  1847,  in  Sutter's  employ  '47- 
8;  millwright  and  blacksmith.  Gios  (Jose"),  sirv.  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  Girard 
(A.),  1846,  lieut  in  com.  of  Co.  B,  artill.,  Cal.  Bat.,  v.  361,  enlisting  at  S.F. 
Oct.  G.  (Wm),  1846,  came  to  S.  Jose".  Hall  Giraudeau,  1841,  French 
viniculturist  at  Los  Ang.;  named  by  Mofras.  Giribet  (Miguel),  1785,  Span, 
friar  who  served  at  S.F.  and  S.  Luis  Ob.,  retiring  in  1800.  Biog.  i.  689;  ment. 
i.  388,  422,  469,  473-4,  575,  577.  Gitt,  1847,  a  physician  named  in  the  N. 
IL-lv.  Diary  '47-8. 

Given  (Isaac  L.),  1841,  nat.  of  Ohio  and  civil  engineer,  who,  on  a  visit  to 
the  Missouri  Paver  region  in '40,  heard  of  Cal.,  and  failing  to  reach  Inde 
pendence  in  time  to  join  the  Bartleson  party,  went  to  Sta  F<§,  and  with  4  of 
his  comrades  joined  the  Workman-Rowland  party,  or  in  a  sense  originated 
that  party,  v.  278-9.  His  1st  work  in  Cal.  was  to  survey  the  Rowland  rancho. 
In  '42  he  came  north  to  apply  for  land  for  himself;  explored  the  Sac.  Val. 
with  Capt.  Merritt  and  others;  visited  Napa  and  Russian  Riv.;  and  ret.  to 
Mont,  to  get  naturalization.  Here  he  found  letters  from  home  which  caused 
him  to  go  east  as  clerk  on  the  Dale.  He  came  back  in  '49  by  the  Panamd  route, 
worked  as  a  surveyor  at  Sac.,  and  was  later  engaged  for  many  years  in  min 
ing  operations.  His  wife  is  Mary  A.  Thomes,  sister  of  Rob.  H.  Thomes,  a 
pioneer  of  '41.  In  '79-85  Maj.  Given  resides  at  Oakland,  and  his  Immigrant 
of  '41  is  a  MS.  narrative  of  much  value  and  interest.  Given,  1847,  mr  of 
the  Jit  Vernon.  v.  579. 


758  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Glande  (Giovanni),  1827,  Ital.  trader  still  at  Mont.  '29,  age  25.  iii.  176. 
Gleason  (James  H.),  184G,  trader  at  Mont.  '46-9;  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  He  came 
from  Hon.  on  the  Don  Quixote,  and  was  agent  for  Paty  &  Co. ;  one  record  has 
it  that  he  died  in  'GO.  G.  (John),  1848,  roll  of  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. 

Glein  (Carlos  F. ),  1844,  German  blacksmith  who  came  from  Mazatlan  on 
the  California,  settling  at  S.F..  obtaining  naturalization  and  a  town  lot  the 
same  year,  and  having  a  blacksmith  shop  at  the  cor.  of  Montgom.  and  Pacific 
streets  from  '45  to  '49  and  later,  iv.  453,  563,  669;  v.  684;  also  owner  of  a 
Sonoma  Co.  rancho  in  '47;  made  a  trip  to  Honolulu  in  '48.  Later  for  many 
years  a  dealer  in  hardware  in  S.F.,  where  he  still  lives  in  '85.  Gliddon 
(Geo.  R.),  1846,  sup.  of  the  Barnstable,  at  S.F.,  Sonoma,  Petal unia,  and  N. 
Ilelv.  '46-8.  Glines  (James  H. ),  sergt-major  of  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  did  not 
come  to  Cal.  Gloria  (Jacinto),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  1776.  i.  303.  Gloss  (John), 
1847.  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Glover  (Aquilla),  1846,  memb.  of  1st  Dormer  relief,  v.  538;  owner  of  S.F. 
lots  '47-8.  v.  685.  G.  (Wm),  1846,  member  of  the  Mormon  colony  with 
wife  and  3  children,  v.  546.  He  was  the  owner  of  S.F.  lots,  member  of  the 
town  council  and  of  the  school  committee  in  '47.  v.  648,  656,  682;  a  mason  and 
builder;  also  com.  for  settling  the  affairs  of  Brannan  &  Co.;  a  miner  in  '48, 
being  one  of  those  who  furnished  Gov.  Mason  specimens  of  gold.  He  went  a 
little  later  with  his  family  to  Utah,  where  he  still  lives  in  '85  at  Farmington. 
His  Mormons  in  Cal.  is  an  important  source  of  information  on  its  topic,  and 
he  has  also  sent  me  valuable  items  about  early  buildings  in  S.F.  G.  (R.  0. ), 
1841,  purser  on  the  U.S.  St  Louis.  Glynn  (James),  1847,  com.  of  the  U.S. 
Preble.  v.  580. 

Goche  (Wm),  1838,  Fr.  shoemaker  from  N.  Mex.,  age  31,  at  Los  Ang.  '40. 
iv.  119.  Goddard  (Nicodemus),  1824,  Amer.  shoemaker  on  the  Sachem,  v. 
526;  at  Sta  B.  '40,  age  31,  single  and  catholic.  Godey  (Alexis),  1844,  nat. 
of  Mo.,  of  Fr.  Canadian  parentage,  a  hunter  in  Fremont's  2d,  3d,  and  4th 
exped.  iv.  437,  453,  583.  He  is  named  in  connection  with  several  of  F.  's  opera 
tions  in  '46.  v.  4,  15,  22,  24;  went  south  and  remained  with  Gillespie,  was 
for  a  time  in  charge  at  S.  Luis  Rey,  and  took  part  in  the  fight  at  S.  Pas- 
cual,  ranking  as  lieut  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  v.  314,  347,  353,360.  He  went  east 
with  his  party  but  came  back  in  '49;  married  a  sister  of  A.  F.  Coroncl,  and 
became  a  farmer  and  sheep-raiser,  like  his  old  associate,  Kit  Carson.  As  late  as 
'78  he  was  still  living  in  southern  Cal.  Gooway  (J.  M.),  1847,  from  Or.  on 
the  Henry.  Goff  (Daniel),  1840,  one  of  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias,  who  did  not 
return,  iv.  18.  Golden  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Gold 
smith  (Sam.),  1845,  doubtful  member  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583;  said  to 
have  died  in  Valparaiso  in  '69,  leaving  a  fortune.  Nev.  Gazette.  Goldwaite 
(Richard  M.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Albany,  N.Y.,  in  '82.  Go- 
lovnin  (V.  M.),  1818,  Russian  visitor  and  author  of  Voy.  of  the  Kamchatka. 
ii.  251,  291,  317-18,  383,  416. 

Gomez,  killed  at  Mont.  '31.  iii.  673.  G.  (Ambrosio),  sec.  of  ayunt.  at 
Mont.  v.  636-7.  G.  (Felipe),  at  S.F.  537-44;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '40.  iii.  706; 
age  57  in  '44.  G.  (Felipe),  son  of  Rafael,  trader  at  Mont.,  and  sometimo 
postmaster,  to  '85.  G.  (Francisco),  1769,  Span,  friar  with  the  1st  division  of 
the  1st  exped.;  one  of  the  party  discovering  S.F.  bay;  at  S.  Diego  and  Mont. 
'70;  retired  in  '71.  Mention  i.  127,  136,  140,  147,  151,  167,  175-6,  178.  G. 
(Francisco),  at  Sta  Cruz  1794.  i.  496.  G.  (Francisco),  Mex.  teacher  at  Mont. 
'45.  G.  (Guillermo),  policeman  at  Mont.  '46.  v.  637. 

Gomez  (Jose"  Joaquiu),  1830,  Mex.  trader  who  came  on  the  Leonor;  cus 
toms  officer  and  comisario  subaltemo  at  Mont.  '31-2.  iii.  224-5,  376,  672;  in 
'34  regidor  and  builder  of  the  Peor  es  Nada.  iii.  383,  673;  in  '35  regidor, 
comisionado  to  secularize  S.  Carlos,  and  grantee  of  Los  Verjeles.  iii.  354,  673, 
679,  680;  in  '36  member  of  the  dip.,  being  then  48  years  old,  having  a  wife 
and  children  in  Mex.  iii.  426,  454,  460,  469.  From  '40  his  rancho  of  Verjeles 
is  often  mentioned,  being  on  the  way  from  Mont,  to  S.  Jose";  here  Larkin  was 
captured  in  '46,  and  the  light  of  Natividad  was  in  the  vicinity;  he  was  also 
grantee  of  Tucho  in  '43.  ii.  616;  iv.  134,  212,  453,  656;  v.  4,  14,  364.  In  '4G 


GOMEZ-GONGORA.  759 

Don  Joaquin  was  reported  to  the  govt  at  Wash,  by  Larkin  as  a  man  of  prop 
erty  ami  character,  friendly  to  the  U.S.;  in  '48  Los  Verjeles  was  advertised 
for  sale  for  the  benefit  of  creditors.  He  had  a  son  and  a  daughter,  Dolores,  who 
came  to  Cal.  after  his  arrival.  The  latter  married  and  died  at  Mont,  after  78. 
G.  (Jose"  Maria),  soldier  in  S.F.  comp.  '19-26;  killed  by  Ind.  '29.  iii.  110. 

Gomez  (Jos6  Miguel),  1842,  Mex.  priest  w ho  served  as  curate  at  Purisima  in 
'42-4,  and  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '44-50;  claimant  for  S.  Simeon  rancho.  iv.  371, 
421,  426,  647-8,  656-7,  659;  v.  638-9.  G.  (Juan),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19. 
G.  (Juan),  1834,  mr  of  the  Natalia,  and  of  tho  Leonidas  '36.  iii.  265-7,  383; 
iv.  104.  G.  (Juan),  son  of  Rafael,  resid.  of  Mont,  and  S.F.  in  '75-85,  who 
gave  me  the  privilege  of  copying  a  col.  of  his  father's  Doc,  Hist.  Cal.  G. 
(Manuel),  Mex.  sergt  of  artill.  at  S.  F.  and  Mont,  from  '16;  lieut  from  '19; 
left  Cal.  in  '22.  Biog.  ii.  470;  ment.  ii.  225-32,  247,  263,  371,  422,  451,  454, 
461.  G.  (Nicolas),  one  of  the  mission  guard  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  1776.  i.  303. 
G.  (Pedro),  executed  at  Sta  Cruz  '47  for  killing  his  wife.  v.  641.  G.  (Rafael), 
convict  settler  at  S.  Jos6  1798-1808.  i.  606,  638;  ii.  192. 

Gomez  (Rafael),  1830,  Mex.  lawyer  who  came  to  Cal.  as  asesor,  or  legal 
adviser  of  the  govt,  a  relation  of  Joaquin.  ii.  607,  677;  ii.  46,  54.  As  a  sup 
porter  of  Gov.  Victoria,  or  rather  by  his  legal  opinions  in  the  criminal  cases 
of  '31,  he  excited  considerable  opposition  among  the  Californians,  and  tried  to 
escape  after  V.'s  downfall;  but  failed  and  was  not  molested,  iii.  190-2,  195, 
213,  660-1;  grantee  of  Sta  Rosa  in  '31.  iii.  713,  721;  iv.  160;  supports  Zamo- 
rano  '32.  iii.  222-3;  action  in  P.  Mercado's  case  '33.  iii.  324;  supports  Figue- 
roa  :34.  iii.  277;  but  resigned  his  office.  He  was  grantee  of  Tularcitos  in  '34. 
iii.  679;  regidor  at  Mont.  '35.  iii.  673;  memb.  of  the  dip.  in  '36,  also  ap 
pointed  agent  in  Mex.,  but  did  not  go.  iii.  426,  454;  being  at  this  time  36 
years  old;  wife  Josefa  Estrada,  child.  Felipe  b.  '33,  Maria  Isabel  '34,  Juan  '35. 
His  Diar-io  de  C'osas  Notables  de  '36  (erroneously  accredited  to  his  son  in  list 
of  auth. )  I  have  found  to  be  a  very  useful  document,  iii.  422.  A  few  years 
after '36,  at  his  rancho  of  Tularcitos,  he  was  accidentally  killed  by  being  en 
tangled  in  the  reata  of  a  horse  he  was  trying  to  drive  away  from  his  grain. 
Don  Rafael  was  a  man  of  good  character  and  a  lawyer  of  much  ability,  who 
came  to  Cal.  in  reality  as  a1  kind  of  political  exile.  G.  (Teodoro),  soldier  at 
Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499.  G.  (Vicente),  1825.  Mex.  guerrillero  chief  in 
the  war  of  independence;  a  fiend  known  as  El  Capador,  who,  however,  be 
haved  well  enough  in  Cal.  during  his  stay  of  a  few  months,  iii.  16. 

Gomez  (Vicente  Perfecto),  1842,  son  of  Jose  Joaquin  and  nat.  of  Guadala 
jara,  who  came  to  Cal.  as  a  clerk  with  Gov.  Micheltorena.  In  '44  he  was,  or 
at  least  claimed  later  to  have  been,  the  grantee  of  the  Panocha  Grande  ran 
cho.  iv.  655,  672.  This  grant,  rejected  by  the  courts,  was  the  foundation  of 
the  famous  McGarragan  claim  to  the  New  Idria  quicksilver  mines;  and  Don 
Vicente  is  the  villain  of  Bret  Harte's  Story  of  a  Mine.  He  was  also  the 
unsuccessful  claimant  for  Tucho.  iv.  656.  In  '45  he  was  sec.  of  the  juzgado  at 
Mont.  iv.  653;  aided  Manuel  Castro  in  Nov.  '46.  v.  366;  had  a  Cal.  claim  of 
611,500,  of  which  $500  was  paid  (v.  462);  and  in  '47-8  was  for  a  time  in 
charge  of  S.  Antonio  mission,  v.  640.  As  a  witness  in  later  land  litigation  he 
met  with  some  severe  criticism,  much  of  it  doubtless  undeserved;  and  though 
an  intelligent  clerk  and  good  penman,  knowing  little  English,  he  had  a  hard 
time  in  the  later  years  to  pay  his  grog  bills.  In  '75-6  he  worked  for  me  in  the 
Library  and  various  archives,  doing  much  faithful  service.  Many  were  the 
stories  he  told  of  old  times  in  Cal. ;  his  fellow-laborers  were  instructed  to 
v,  rite  out  his  yarns;  and  the  result  is  a  large  vol.  of  MS.  called  Gomez,  Lo  Que 
.V«'>,  full  of  interest,  and  by  no  means  devoid  of  historic  value.  He  died  at 
Mont,  in  '84  at  the  age  of  about  60,  a  better  man  in  several  respects  than  he 
has  been  given  credit  for.  He  had  no  family. 

Gongora  (Jos<§  Ant.),  son  of  Jose"  M.,  b.  1778  at  S.  Antonio;  ment.  in  '22. 
ii.  614;  sergt  of  S.  Diego  comp.  '25-8.  ii.  543;  in  '42-3  juez  at  S.  Diego,  iv. 
619-21.  G.  (Jos<5  Maria),  soldier  of  S.D.  comp.  1771;  corp.  of  the  guard  at 
S.  Antonio  '73;  sergt  from  '75;  ment.  in  connection  with  Anza's  exped.  '76. 
i,  269-71,  287.  In  '79  Gov.  Neve  reported  against  his  promotion;  and. in. '82. 


760  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

he  was  retired  as  an  invdlido  and  went  to  Loreto.  His  wife  was  Rosalia  Max- 
imiana  Verdugo,  married  in  70,  died  '79  at  S.  Antonio.  Goniiefgen  (John 
A.),  1840,  copy  of  his  German  passport  of  '24  made  at  Los  Ang.  by  Fink  '40. 

Gonzalez,  soldier  poisoned  at  Sta  B.  1796.  i.  670.  G.  (Alejo  Ant.),  of 
the  S.D.  guard.  1775.  i.  250.  G.  (Bernardo),  settler  at  S.  Jos<§  1791-1800. 
i.  716j  wife  Monica,  child.  Petra  and  Antonia.  G.  (Cirilo),  sirv.  at  Sta 
Clara  1776.  i.  306.  G.  (Diego),  1781,  Span,  lieut  in  com.  at  Mont.  '81-5, 
and  S.F.  '85-7;  an  incompetent  officer,  of  bad  conduct,  sent  to  the  frontier 
in  '87  and  dropped  from  the  rolls  in  '93.  i.  340-2,  466-70,  484,  678;  ii.  44. 
G.  (Dionisio),  1842,  Mex.  capt.  of  the  batallon  fijo  with  Micheltorena.  Noth 
ing  is  recorded  of  him  in  Cal.  iv.  289.  G.  (Felipe),  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  24, 
wife  Maria  Soria,  child  Antonio.  G.  (Francisco),  1797,  Span,  friar  who 
served  at  Sta  Cruz  and  retired  in  1805.  i.  498,  577;  ii.  154-5,  159-60.  G. 
(Francisco),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1791-1800;  regidor  in  1803.  i.  716;  ii.  134. 
G.  (Francisco),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp. '19-24;  also  '37-40,  perhaps  another. 
G.  (Francisco),  corp.  of  the  guard  at  Sta  In^s  '24.  ii.  582.  G.  (Francisco), 
at  Brancif.  '28-30,  wife  Maria  Engracia,  child.  Felipe,  Margarita,  and  Nativi- 
dad.  ii.  627.  G.  (Fran. ),  at  S.  Felipe  rancho,  Mont. ,  '36,  age  30.  G.  (Fran. ), 
said  to  have  been  drowned  '44-5.  G.  (Francisco),  Cal.  claim  of  §15,850, 
'46-7  (v.  462).  G.  (Jacinto),  sindico  at  Sta  B.  '28.  ii.  572.  G.  (Jose), 
soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '23-32.  G.  (Jos<§  Ant.),  at  Sta  Clara  1776.  i.  306. 

Gonzalez  (Jose  Maria  de  Jesus),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Guadalupe  college 
at  Zacatecas,  a  nat.  of  Guadalajara,  b.  in  1803,  coming  to  Cal.  with  the 
other  Zacatecanos  in  '33.  He  served  at  S.  Jos6  mission  '33-42,  being  president 
and  vice-prefect  of  the  northern  missions  in  '38-43.  iii.  318,  577,  593,  724;  iv. 
61,  64,  372,  680.  From  '43  he  served  at  Sta  B.  iv.  426,  643.  From  ?46  he  was 
the  bishop's  vicar,  and  after  the  bishop's  death  the  same  year  was  governor 
of  the  diocese,  v.  565,  634;  thus  being  the  chief  ecclesiastical  authority  in 
Cal.  until  the  coming  of  Bishop  Alemany  in  '50,  and  later  vicar;  president  of 
the  Sta  B.  college  of  Franciscans  '58-72;  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '75,  the  last  sur 
vivor  of  the  Cal.  missionaries,  a  man  respected  and  beloved  by  all  from  the 
beginning  to  the  end  of  his  career;  one  of  the  few  Zacatecanos  who  in  ability, 
missionary  zeal,  and  purity  of  life  were  the  equals  of  the  Span.  Fernandinos. 
Gonzalez  Rubio  was  his  full  name.  G.  (J.  M.  J.),  com.  de  policia  Sta  In<§s 
'35.  iii.  291.  G.  (Juan),  at  Brancif.  '28,  wife  Eusebia  Pinto.  G.  (Juan), 
at  Brancif.  '30.  ii.  627;  maj.  and  admin,  of  Sta  Cruz  '34-9.  iii.  346,  694-5; 
juez  in  '42.  iv.  663;  in  '45,  age  40,  wife  Maria  Ana  Rodriguez,  both  nat.  of 
Cal.,  child.  Ramona  b.  '23.  Melania  '29,  Francisca  '30,  Petra  '33,  Juaua  '35, 
Tomasa  '38,  Refugia  '40,  Rosa  '36,  Pedro  '38,  Gabriela  '42.  G.  (Juan  Jos6), 
soldier  in  S.F.  comp.  '23-33;  grantee  of  Peseadero,  Sta  Cruz,  '33.  iii.  678. 
G.  (Juan  Pablo),  officer  in  Mont,  custom-house  '27. 

Gonzalez  (Leandro),  juez  de  campo  at  Sta  B.  '34;  admin,  and  maj.  of  the 
mission  '40-3.  iii.  657-8;  iv.  643;  his  wife  was  Josefa  Guevara,  with  4  child, 
before  '37;  still  at  Sta  B.  '50.  G.  (Macedonio),  Mex.  half-breed  alferez  on 
the  L.  Cal.  frontier  from  about  '36;  a  famous  Ind.  fighter,  who  took  some 
part  with  the  surenos  in  the  troubles  of  '37-40,  being  once  arrested  and  sent 
to  Sonoma,  iii.  549,  606-7;  iv.  6S-9.  In  later  years  he  lived  in  Cal.,  and  was 
in  S.  Diego  Co.  '64,  age  over  70.  G.  (Manuel),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  and  S.F. 
from  1777;  alcalde  of  S.  Jose"  '85.  v.  297,  312,  350,  478;  wife  Gertrudis  Ace- 
bedo,  child.  Francisco,  Romualdo,  Antonia,  in  '93.  G.  (Manuel),  settler  at 
Los  Ang.  '14.  ii.  350.  G.  (Manuel),  at  Sta  B.  '37.  iii.  657;  perhaps  still 
there  in  '52.  G.  (Manuel),  executed  at  Mont,  for  murder  '42.  iv.  653-4,  686. 
G-.  (Mauricio),  son  of  Rafael,  appointed  guarda  of  Mont,  customs  '29,  but  did 
not  come  from  Mex.  till  '40.  iii.  136;  iv.  31;  grantee  of  Cholam,  S.  Luis  Ob. 
iv.  655;  with  Micheltorena  in  '45.  iv.  511.  In  '77,  living  at  Mont,  with  his 
wife,  the  daughter  of  Manuel  Crespo,  he  gave  me  his  Memorias,  and  a  col.  of 
Papeles  Originates,  that  had  belonged  to  his  father;  still  living  in  '85.  G. 
(Miguel),  1825,  Mex.  capt.  of  artill.,  comandante  de  armas  at  Mont.  '26-8,  a 
bad  fellow,  if  we  credit  the  Californians,  often  in  trouble,  and  finally  sent 
away  in  '30.  His  daughter,  Ildefonsa  G.  de  Herrera.  was  more  or  less  a  famous 


GONZALEZ-GORDON.  701 

character  at  Mont.  iii.  39-41;  also  ii.  576,  605,  608,  Gl^-ll,  614,  624,  674; 
iii.  15,  44,  93,  121,  437.  His  full  name  was  Gonzalez  cle  AVila.  G.  (Pablo), 
of  terna  for  contador  '27.  iii.  63.  G.  (Pedro),  1791,  surg.  in  Malaspina's 
exped.  i.  490. 

Gonzalez  (Rafael),  1833,  Mex.  admin,  of  customs  and  sub-comisario  at 
Mont.  '33-4,  having  been  appointed  in  '29,  but  coming  to  Cal.  with  Figneroa 
in  '33.  iii.  46,  136,  237-8,  240,  376-7,  437,  672.  His  Diarlo  is  an  important 
record  of  '32-3.  He  had  been  a  lieut  in  the  war  of  independence,  and  was  an 
ignorant  man  of  good  character.  In  '35  he  was  alcalde  at  Mont.  iii.  673,  441; 
also  governor's  sec.  iii.  463;  and  grantee  of  S.  Justo,  ii.  678,  being  then  48 
years  old,  wife  Carmen  Sierra,  a  Mex.  He  was  arrested  in  the  troubles  of  '37. 
iii.  513;  comamlante  de  celadores  at  the  custom-house  '37-46.  iv.  339,  97,  210, 
357,  377,  431,  577;  v.  570;  member  of  the  junta  '39-43,  being  also  delegate  to 
the  cousejo  general  of  '46.  iii.  590,  604;  iv.  294-5,  360,  460;  v.  45,  61;  grantee 
of  S.  Miguelito  in  '41,  being  cl.  in  '53.  iv.  656;  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $26,200. 
Larkin  reported  him  as  a  man  of  property  and  influence.  He  died  at  Mont, 
in  '68,  at  the  age  of  82.  His  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.  were  given  me  by  his  son  Mau- 
ricio;  his  daughter,  Ana  G.  de  Castauares,  was  a  woman  with  a  will.  iii.  437- 
8.  G.  (Rafael),  2d  alcalde  at  S.  Juan  B.  '35.  iii.  692.  G.  (Rafael),  son  of 
Raf.  Gerardo,  b.  at  Sta  B.  in  1797,  sold,  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  '16-27.  ii.  223, 
235,  237-8,  337,  429,  508,  536.  In  '29-32  he  was  alcalde  of  Sta  B.,  and  again 
in  '35  and  '45.  ii.  572;  iii.  78,  212,  653-4;  iv.  642;  admin,  and  maj.  of  S. 
Buen.  '38-42.  iii.  660-1;  iv.  644-5.  His  wife  was  Antonia  Guevara,  and  there 
were  3  child,  before  '37.  In  '78  he  was  still  living  at  Sta  B.,  where  he  gave 
me  an  interesting  narrative  of  his  early  Experiencias.  G.  (Rafael  G.),  Mex. 
soldier  before  1800;  wife  Tomasa  Quinteros.  G.  (Ramon  T.),  clerk  of  Crflis 
at  Los  Ang.  '40;  at  Sta  Lie's  '44.  iv.  426;  perhaps  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '50. 

Gonzalez  (Teodoro),  1825,  Mex.  who  lived  at  Mont,  from  his  arrival; 
licensed  to  hunt  otters  '33.  iii.  374;  in  '36  regidor  and  acting  alcalde  during 
the  troubles  with  Gov.  Chico.  iii.  439,  675;  grantee  in  '36  of  Rincon  de  la 
Puente  and  Sur  Chiquito.  iii.  678;  being  then  30  years  old,  wife  Guadalupe 
Villarnel  de  Rico,  the  mother  of  Francisco  Rico.  Alcalde  in  '37;  at  Buena- 
vista  '40;  juez  de  paz  '42-3;  aux.  de  polida  in  '46.  iii.  525;  iv.  24,  637,  653- 
4,  656.  He  became  a  man  of  wealth  and  good  standing  in  Cal. ;  and  in  '78, 
though  his  memory  was  failing  with  age,  gave  me  some  information  about  the 
Rc'voluciones  de  Cal.  His  death  occurred  a  few  years  later.  His  sons  Mariano 
and  Alfredo  were  prominently  connected  with  the  Monterey  and  Salinas  R. 
R.,  and  in  '85  reside  in  S.F.  with  their  mother.  G.  (Tiburcio),  atMont.  '36, 
age  28,  nat.  of  Cal.,  wife  Cruz  Espinosa,  child.  Ramonaand  Jose".  Gonzalvo 
(M.),  1848,  passp.  from  Honolulu. 

Goodhue,  1843,  mate  of  the  Admittance,  died  at  sea  on  the  passage  home 
'45.  Goodsell  (J.),  1846,  on  the  Cyane,  acting  commandant's  clerk.  Good- 
speed  (Galen),  1824,  sailor  and  mate  on  the  Hover  '24-6.  Goodwell  (James 
F.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  G.  (James  T.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol. 
Goodwin.  1 847,  mr  of  the  Eveline  from  Hon. ,  with  wife.  v.  578.  G.  (Andrew), 
1847,  Co.'  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  G.  (Isaac),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon 
col.,  with  6  children,  his  wife  dying  on  the  voyage,  v.  546;  nat.  of  Conn.,  and 
a  ma.son  who  built  a  house  for  Larkin.  Sent  east  to  report  to  Brigham  Young 
on  Cal.  prospects;  interviewed  in  Utah  '78  by  Codman.  Pound  Trip,  198-201. 
Goodyear  (Andrew).  1847,  nat.  of  Conn,  and  overl.  immig. ;  at  Benicia  from 
'49;  still  living  in  '79.  G.  (Miles),  1847,  trapper  and  trader  at  Los  Ang., 
with  a  Cal.  claim  of  §1,800  (v.  462);  a  nat.  of  Conn,  who  died  in  '49;  perhaps 
a  brother  of  Andrew.  Goosebfh,  1809,  mr  of  the  Coniach.  ii.  81. 

Gordon,  1844,  officer  on  H.B.M.S.  Modeste.  G.  (A.  J.),  1846,  nat.  of  Mo. 
and  overl.  immig.;  prob.  son  of  Joseph;  perhaps  the  G.  at  N.  Helv.  from 
Benicia  '47;  in  Sonoma  Co.  from  '48;  in  Mendocino  '77.  G.  (Benj.),  1848, 
in  the  mines  on  Amer.  Riv. ;  at  S.  Jose"  '50.  G.  (B.H.),  1846,  married  a 
daughter  of  Ed.  Pyle;  father  of  John  M.  G.  of  Los  Gatos  in  '80.  G.  (Gilman), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  G.  (G.  van),  1846,  nat.  of  Mich.;  in  S. 
Luis  Ob.  '66-83.  G.  (Ira  van),  1846,  nat.  of  Penn.  and  overl.  immig.,  prob. 


762  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

with  Harlan,  whose  daughter  Rebecca  he  married  in  '41;  one  of  Aram's  men 
at  Sta  Clara;  lot  at  S.F.  '47;  after  several  changes  of  residence  and  employ 
ment,  became  a  farmer  from  '68  in  S.  Luis  Ob.,  where  he  still  lived  '83.  By 
some  authorities  he  has  been  accredited  to  '43.  iv.  393,  400.  Either  identical 
with  or  a  brother  of  the  preceding  or  following.  G.  (John  van),  1846,  per 
haps  same  as  G.,  at  N.  Helv.  May;  not  of  '43.  iv.  393,  400.  G.  (John), 
1845,  com.  of  H.B.M.S.  America,  iv.  562.  G.  (Jacob),  1846,  overl.  immig. 
with  Young,  v.  529,  with  family;  perhaps  went  to  Or.;  perhaps  one  of  the 
van  G.'s.  G.  (Joseph),  1846,  overl.  immig.  ment.  by  Bryant;  with  fam. ; 
perhaps  went  to  Or.  or  back  east.  v.  528-9.  G.  (Julian),  1844,  in  Sonoma 
dist.  '44-6;  age  45  in  '46.  G.  (Jemima),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  G. 
(Nicholas),  1845,  blacksmith  at  Mont.  '45-8.  iv.  587.  G.  (Robert),  1846, 
came  from  Hon.  on  the  Elizabeth;  in  '47-8  editor  of  the  Californian  at  S.F., 
and  judge  of  election,  v.  650,  658;  at  Sac.  '48-9,  active  in  politics. 

Gordon  (Win),  1841,  nat.  of  Ohio,  who  became  a  Mex.  citizen  in  N.  Mex., 
where  he  married  Maria  Lucero,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  the  Rowland-Workman 
party,  iv.  277-9.  In  '42  came  north  to  Sonoma,  original  passp.  in  my  col. ; 
and  in  '43  was  grantee  of  Quesesosi  rancho  on  Cache  Cr.,  becoming  the  pioneer 
settler  of  Yolo  Co.  Here  he  lived  till  about  '66,  then  moved  to  Cobb  Valley, 
Lake  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '76,  at  the  age  of  75.  His  wife  died  in  '44,  her 
sister  being  the  wife  of  Cyrus  Alexander;  and  in  '55  G.  married  Elizabeth 
Corum.  One  of  his  daughters,  Mrs  Sarah  Ingraham,  died  in  Gordon  Val.  '68; 
another,  Isabel,  was  the  wife  of  Nathan  Coombs.  'Uncle  Billy'  had  been  a 
trapper  in  his  early  years,  and  continued  to  be  fond  of  the  hunt  in  Cal. ;  a 
rough,  uneducated,  honest,  and  hospitable  man.  In  '43-6  his  place  on  Cache 
Cr.  was  a  general  rendezvous  for  settlers  and  hunters,  and  is  oftener  men 
tioned  than  any  other  place  except  Sutter's  Fort  and  Sonoma.  It  was  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  modern  town  of  Fre'mont.  Portrait  Yolo  Co.  Hist.,  26;  ment. 
iv.  573,  672;  v.  iii.  672.  Gorgonio,  neoph.  who  killed  his  wife  at  S.  Buen. 
'17.  ii.  424.  G.  (Josd),  grantee  of  Purisima,  Sta  Clara,  in  '40.  iii.  712. 
Gorgy  (D. ),  doubtful  name  of  a  Russian  owner  of  land  near  Bodega  '37.  ii.  638. 

Gorman  (Geo.),  1843,  at  Mont.  G.  (John),  1831,  Irish,  from  Hon.  with 
a  letter  from  P.  Short,  iii.  405;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221 ; 
got  a  lot  in  '35;  in  '36  at  Hartnell's  rancho,  age  50  and  single.  Gormly  (Mar 
tin  F.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  claimant  for  a  Marin  Co.  rancho.  iv. 
674;  mr  of  the  Bostonian,  and  killed  by  explosion  of  the  Secretary  in  '54. 
Goss,  1847,  on  the  Currency  Lass  from  Hon. 

Gould,  1848,  mr  of  the  Mary  Frances.  G.  (John  C.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  G.  (John  R.),  1846,  assisted  in  printing  the  Mont.  Califor 
nian.  v.  293.  G.  (Samuel),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  489).  Gouldin, 

1847,  doubtful  name,  Alameda  Co.  '55-78.       Goulet  (G.),  1845,  in  Sutter's 
employ  '45-6;  and  Geo.  Goutler  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $60  for  shoeing  horses 
(v.  462).       Gourville  (Jean),  1836,  Fr.  laborer  at  Los  Verjeles  rancho,  age  27. 
Goycoechea  (Felipe),  1783,  Mex.  lieut  and  com.  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  1784- 
1802,  being  brevet  capt.  from  1797;  habilitado  gen.  of  Cal.  in  Mex.  1802-5; 
gov.  of  L.  Cal.  1806-14,  where  he  died  at  Loreto.  A  prominent  and  able  offi 
cer.   Biog.  ii.  116-17;  ment.  i.  list  of  auth.,  396,  461-3,  464-6,  484,  501-2, 
517,  521-2,  532,  537,  542,  573,  583,  588-94,  639;  ii.  28,  30,  32-3,  36,  111, 
154-6,  186,  188,  665,  669. 

Grablo  (Benj.J,  1841  (?),  nat.  of  Ohio;  d.  S.  Luis  Ob.  '76.  iv.  279;  date  of 
arrival  prob.  a  misprint  in  Cal.  Christ.  Adv.,  Jul.  30,  '76.  Grady  (Thomas), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Graf  (Joseph),  1848,  overl.  immig. 
with  wife,  who  settled  at  Nicolaus;  a  teamster.  Graff  (Geo.  J.),  1847,  Co. 
E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  74-82.  Grafton  (Ed.  C.),  1845,  mid.  on  the 
U.S.  Portsmouth;  acting  lieut  Co.  C,  Stockton's  bat.  '46-7.  v.  385.  Graham, 

1848,  from  Or.  with  Martin;  supposed  to  have  been  killed  by  Ind.  the  same 
year  at  Murderers  bar.       G.  (Chas  K.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Columbus; 
maj.-gen.  in  war  of  '61-5;  surveyor  of  port  of  N.  Y.  '79.       G.  (Geo.),  1847, 
Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  passp.  from  Hon.  '48. 

Graham  (Isaac),  1833-5,  nat.  of  Ky,  and  for  many  years  a  trapper  in  the 


GRAHAM— GRALBATCH.  703 

great  basin  and  N.Mex.,  whence  he  is  generally  said  to  have  come  to  Cal.  in 
'3:5.  iii.  388,  409.  I  have  found  no  details  of  his  arrival,  which  was  very  likely 
in  '34  or  '35.  In  '36  he  had  a  distillery  and  drinking-place  at  Natividad,  and 
from  the  loafers  about  his  place,  chiefly  deserting  sailors,  raised  a  comp.  of 
'  riflemen  '  to  support  Alvarado  in  his  revolution,  going  south  in  that  cause  in 
'37.  See  full  details  in  iii.  454-9,  491,  524,  685.  In  '38  he  was  condemned  to 
8  months  in  the  chain-gang  for  killing  cattle  on  Gomez'  rancho.  Mont.  Arch.; 
and  in  '39  he  and  Naile  tried  to  organize  a  comp.  to  cross  the  nits  eastward. 
In  '40,  with  a  dozen  of  his  associates  and  enough  other  foreigners  to  make  up 
the  number  of  47,  G.  was  sent  to  S.  Bias  on  a  charge  of  plotting  against  the 
govt;  but  with  18  of  the  exiles  came  back  the  next  year.  iv.  2-41,  95,  116, 
348.  The  current  versions  of  this  affair,  as  fully  explained  elsewhere,  have  but 
a  slight  foundation  in  truth;  the  exiles  were  for  the  most  part  foreigners  of 
the  worst  class,  who  had  come  to  Cal.  in  defiance  of  the  laws;  and  while  the 
definite  charges  of  conspiracy  could  not  be  proved,  the  arrest  was  only  tech 
nical,  and  in  the  case  of  a  few,  an  outrage,  for  which  Gov.  Alvarado  waa 
willing  that  Mex.  should  pay  damages.  Statements  that  Alvarado  broke  hia 
promises  to  G.,  and  that  the  prisoners  were  brutally  treated,  have  no  better 
foundation  than  the  absurd  ravings  of  Farnham  and  the  complaints  of  the 
victims  hungry  for  damages.  After  his  return,  G.,  with  Majors  and  others, 
bought  the  Sayante  rancho  near  Sta  Cruz,  built  a  saw-mill,  and  engaged  also 
to  some  extent  in  tanning.  His  name  appears  constantly  on  Larkin's  books. 
He  made  desperate  efforts  to  get  damages  from  Mex.  through  the  U.  S.  govt 
for  his  exile;  it  is  a  popular  tradition  that  he  succeeded  in  getting  $36,000, 
and  possibly  he  did  in  later  years  get  a  small  sum,  but  I  find  no  definite  evi 
dence  to  that  effect,  iv.  40-1.  In  '43  he  offered  his  support  and  that  of  his 
associates — without  their  knowledge — to  Gov.  Micheltorena,  who  declined  at 
first,  iv.  356;  but  he  finally  went  south  with  Sutter's  force  in  defense  of  the 
gov.  in  '44-5;  iv.  472,  478,  483,  486,  507.  Tn  '45  he  induced  a  young  Ameri 
can  woman  to  live  with  him,  her  mother  making  an  effort  through  Consul 
Larkin  and  the  alcalde  to  oblige  him  to  marry,  but  apparently  without  suc 
cess;  .though  G.  claimed  that  she  was  his  wife,  and  she  so  appears  in  the  pa- 
dron  of  '45,  when  G.  was  46  years  old.  I  have  much  of  the  original  corresp.  con 
nected  with  the  scandal.  At  this  time  20  of  G.'s  foreign  fellow-citizens  signed 
a  petition  to  the  prefect  for  his  expulsion  from  the  community,  as  a  dissolute, 
lawless,  quarrelsome  corruptor  of  the  public  peace  and  morals.  I  think  the 
woman  left  him  in  '49,  about  the  time  that  some  of  his  children  by  a  former 
marriage  came  to  Cal.  The  case  of  Graham  vs  Roussillon  in  '46  was  the  1st 
tried  by  a  jury  in  Cal.  v.  289.  After  the  U.S.  occupation,  G.  continued  to  live 
on  his  Sta  Cruz  rancho,  for  which  he  was  the  claimant,  iv.  656;  and  died  at 
S.  F.  in  '63  at  the  age  of  nearly  70.  Two  of  his  daughters,  very  respectable 
people,  live  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.  '85;  and  his  brother  also  resided  in  Cal.  for  many 
years.  Respecting  Graham's  character,  much  is  said  in  my  narrative  of  the 
events  of  '40.  But  for  the  unmerited  praise  that  has  been  so  profusely  accorded 
him,  and  his  own  never-ending  abuse  of  better  men,  it  might  be  in  doubtful 
taste  to  dwell  on  the  man's  true  character.  In  N.  Mex.  and  on  the  plains, 
where  he  was  well  known  by  Nidever,  B.  D.  Wilson,  Job  Dye,  and  others,  he 
had  the  worst  of  reputations,  amply  justified  by  his  career  in  Cal.  At  the  best, 
he  was  a  loud-mouthed,  unprincipled,  profligate,  and  reckless  man,  whose  only 
good  qualities  seem  to  have  been  the  personal  bravery  and  prodigal  hospital 
ity  of  his  class,  with  undoubted  skill  as  a  hunter,  and  a  degree  of  industry. 

Graham  (John),  1791,  Boston  boy  of  Malaspina's  exped.  who  died  at  Mont., 
called  Groem.  i.  491.  G.  (John),  1841,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  St  Low*.  G.  (Law 
rence  P.),  1848,  brevet  major  2d  U.  S.  drag.,  in  com.  of  a  dragoon  battalion 
from  Mex.  arriving  at  the  end  of  Dec.;  mil.  com.  of  the  southern  dist  in  '49. 
v.  522,  618.  G.  (Wm),  1841,  doubtful  name  at  S.  Jose.  Bidwell.  Grajera 
(Antonio),  Mex.  lieut  in  com.  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  1793-9;  capt.  from  '98; 
conduct  far  from  exemplary;  left  Cal.  Jan.  1800,  and  died  at  sea  3  days  after 
sailing.  Biog.  i.  676;  mcnt.  i.  522,  532,  538,  543,  563,  588-94,  630,  634,  653, 
656,  730.  Gralbatch  (Wm),  1825,  Engl.  sailor  and  cooper  who  landed  at 


764  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Mont.  ii.  609;  iii.  29.  In  '29  he  kept  a  shop  with  Geo.  Allen  and  applied  for 
naturalization,  age  20;  a  memb.  of  the  corap.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221;  ou 
Larkin's  books  from  '33.  In  '36  he  lived  at  S.  Isidro  rancho,  being  then  single, 


K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  died  at  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  '80.  Granados  (Fran.),  1846, 
aux.  depolicia.  Mont.  v.  637.  Grant,  1844,  off.  on  H.B.M.S.lfotfeste.  G. 
(B.),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  immig.  party,  iv.  579;  prob. 
went  to  Or.  G.  (James),  1825,  Engl.  waterman,  age  25,  protestant  and  sin 
gle;  in  Mont.  dist.  '25-9.  iii.  29.  G.  (Thos),  1832,  got  a  carta.  iii.  408.  » 

Graves  (Franklin  W.),  1846,  member  of  the  Donner  party  from  111.,  accom 
panied  by  wife  Elizabeth,  3  sons,  and  6  daughters.  The  father,  mother,  and 
one  son— Franklin  W.,  Jr,  age  5— died  in  the  Sierra,  v.  528,  530,  534,  537. 
Eight  of  the  children  survived.  Jonathan  B.,  age  7,  and  Elizabeth,  Jr,  died 
near  Sutter's  Fort  in  '47.  v.  530,  534.  Wm  C.  was,  in  '80-1,  a  blacksmith  at 
Calistoga,  and  in  '84  writes  me  from  Merrimac,  Plumas  Co. ;  he  also  wrote  for 
the  newspapers  a  narrative  of  Crossing  the  Plains  in  '46.  v.  530,  534,  536, 
541.  Eleanor  married  Wm  McDonald  in  '49,  and  in  '81  lived  at  Knight's  Val., 
Sonoma,  with  8  children,  v.  530,  534.  Mary  Ann  married  Ed.  Pyle  in  '47, 
and  J.  T.  Clarke  in  '52,  and  in  '81  lived  at  White  River,  Tulare,  with  5  children. 
Lovina  married  John  Cyrus  in  '56,  and  in  '81  lived  near  Calistoga  with  5 
children.  Nancy  married  R.  W.  Williamson  in  '55,  and  in  '81  lived  at  Los 
Gatos,  also  with  5  children.  A  married  daughter,  also  a  survivor,  was  Mrs 
'Fosdick,'  q.v.  G.  (Hiram),  1848,  at  S.F.  ace.  to  his  later  testimony. 

Gray  (Andrew  F.  V.),  1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Congress;  com.  of  the  force 
sent  by  Stockton  to  Kearny's  relief  at  S.  Pascual;  served  as  S.'s  aide  in  the 
final  campaign  of  '47;  went  east  overland  with  despatches;  and  testified  at  the 
Fremont  court-martial  in  Wash.  v.  328,  350,  385,  420,  456.  G.  (Alonzo), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  G.  (B.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Antonita.  v.  576. 
G.  (E.  L.),  1846,  from  Hon.  on  the  Euphemia;  perhaps  same  as  preceding. 
G.  (G.  R.),  1841,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  St  Louis.  G.  (G.L.),  1847,  at  Hon.  from 
Cal.  twice,  1st  on  the  Currency  Lass,  2d  on  the  Gen.  Kearny.  G.  (James 
A.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  nat.  of  Penn.;  and  memb.  of  1st  Cal. 
legisl.  '49-50;  resid.  at  Salinas  City  '82.  G.  (John  B.),  1847,  came  from  Va 
with  letters  from  Fauntleroy  and  Minor  to  Larkin;  at  N.Helv.  '48,  interested 
in  mines.  G.  (L.  C.),  1847,  trader  on  the  coast  '47-8  from  Honolulu  on  the 
Gen.  Kearny,  Louise,  and  Undine;  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  679;  at  Benicia  '49- 
50,  and  perhaps  the  S.  C.  Gray  whose  lecture  in  Benicia  is  published  in  the 
Solarto  Co.  Hist.,  146;  still  living,  I  think,  in  '85.  G.  (Robt),  1788,  mr  of  the 
Washington,  sighting  the  Cal.  coast  on  his  way  north,  i.  445,  499;  see  Hint. 
N.  W.  Coast.  G.  (Wm),  1837,  lumberman  and  militiaman  at  Sonoma.  G. 
(Wm  D.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

,Grayson  (Andrew  J.),  1846,  nat.  of  La,  and  overl.  immig. — being  at  the 
start  in  com.  of  a  small  party — with  wife  and  child,  living  for  a  time  in  the 
Upper  Sac.  Val.  v.  528.  Active  in  raising  men  for  the  Cal.  Bat.,  in  which  he 
ranked  as  lieut;  but  remained  in  the  north,  and  took  part  in  the  campaign 
against  Sanchez,  v.  359,  361,  383.  Mrs  G.  seems  to  have  remained  at  Sonoma, 
where  she  is  named  as  a  witness  in  Jan.  '47.  In  '47-8  G.  obtained  lots  at  Be 
nicia  and  S.F.,  where  he  kept  a  little  stationery  shop  in  the  City  Hotel,  v. 
672,  680;  also  acting  as  Capt.  Folsom's  agent  at  Corte  Madera,  Marin  Co.,' 
and  soon  founding — on  paper — the  town  of  Graysonville  on  the  S.  Joaq.  Riv. 
In  these  days,  though  a  gambler  and  associate  of  Lippincott,  McDougal,  and 
other  like  characters,  he  was  regarded  as  a  man  of  good  abilities  and  char 
acter.  In  '50  he  settled  at  S.  Jos<5  and  gave  his  attention  to  the  study  of  orni 
thology,  in  which  branch,  and  as  an  artist,  he  became  widely  known  to  scien 
tific  men  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  In  '57  he  went  with  his  wife  to  Mex. ,  and 
died  at  Mazatlan  in  '69  at  the  age  of  50.  His  descrip.  and  paintings  of  Pac. 
coast  birds  have  as  yet,  unfortunately,  remained  unpublished.  His  widow 
returned  to  Cal.,  married  Dr  G.  B.  Crane,  and  was  still  living  at  St  Helena 


GRAYSON— GREEN.  765 

in  77,  as  she  is,  I  think,  in  '85.       G.  (Ned),  1846,  at  S.  Jose*  '54.  Annals  of 
S.F.,  822;  perhaps  the  preceding  or  his  son. 

Green  (Alfred  A.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  513,  610;  a  nat.  of  New  Bruns 
wick,  who  after  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines  became  a  somewhat  promi 
nent  lawyer  at  S.F.,  being  at  one  time  memb.  of  the  legislature,  and  well 
known  in  connection  with  the  pueblo  land  question,  Santillan  claim,  and  vigi 
lance  committee.  In  78  he  gave  me  a  narrative  of  the  Adventures  of  a  'Jfler, 
containing  many  interesting  details  of  early  S.F.  annals;  still  living  in  S.F. 
'82,  and  I  think  in  '85.  There  is  some  confusion  in  the  records  between  him 
and  H.A.  Green,  at  Sonoma  in  '47-8.  G.  (Alonzo),  1848  (?),  doubtful  date 
of  a  Sonora  settler.  G.  (Cambridge),  1832,  one  of  Young's  trappers,  who 
killed  a  man  named  Anderson,  and  is  said  to  have  been  imprisoned  at  Los  Ang. ; 
also  had  a  brother  in  the  same  party,  iii.  388.  G.  (Daniel  S.  or  C.),  1846, 
Burgeon  on  the  U.  S.  Dale;  in  confed.  service  '61-5.  G.  (Ephraim),  1847, 
Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Sutter's  and  in  the  mines  '48.  G.  (Francis), 
1836,  Amer.  age  40,  in  a  Los  Ang.  list;  perhaps  at  Sta  Cruz  '39.  G.  (Geo. 
W.),  1829,  on  the  BrooEine.  iii.  138-9;  living  in  Mass.  72.  G.  (Harry), 
1848,  named  by  Glover  as  a  Mormon  who  went  to  Utah  '49.  G.  (Henry  A. ), 
1844  (?),  a  lumberman  and  builder — possibly  the  G.  at  Sta  Cruz  '39 — named 
in  various  records  of  '44-6  at  Mont,  and  Sta  Cruz.  iv.  455;  Cal.  claim  of  $76 
(v.  462).  In  '47  he  was  at  Sonoma,  being  a  member  of  the  town  council,  v. 
608,  and  employed  in  preparing  material,  under  a  contract  with  Larkin,  for 
houses  which  were  erected  at  Benicia  in  '48.  v.  671-3.  There  was  a  Mrs  G., 
perhaps  his  wife,  at  Sonoma  in  '47.  G.  (H.F.A.),  1848,  at  Mont.,  ace.  to 
consulate  arch.  G.  (Hugh  W.),  1847,  purser  on  the  U.  S.  Independence. 
G.  (Jacob),  1846,  Swiss  trapper  at  N.  Helv.  '46-7;  Cal.  claim  $25  (v.  462); 
ment.  by  Ward  in  '48.  G.  (J.L.),  1848,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  G.  (James), 
1847,  doubtful  member  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  74.  G.  (James),  1831, 
perhaps  of  Young's  party,  iii.  388.  G.  (James  M.),  1845,  nat.  of  Conn.,  who 
came  on  a  whaler,  iv.  587;  long  a  resid.  of  Hon.,  and  mr  of  vessels  running 
to  Cal.;  memb.  of  firm  C.  A.  Williams  &  Co.;  also  ship-chandler  at  S.  F.; 
died  in  Stockton  insane  asylum  '68.  Newspapers.  G.  (John),  1847,  Co.  C, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  G.  (John  D.),  1847,  resid.  at  Sta  Cruz,  ace.  to  the 
county  hist.  G.  (Judson),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  Steph.  Cooper.  G. 
(Lewis),  1846  (?),  at  Los  Ang.  '59-76.  G.  (Michael),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S. 
dragoons  (v.  336).  G.  (T.C.),  1847,  at  N.  Helv. 

Green  (Talbot  H.),  1841,  nat.  of  Penn.,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson 
rty.  iv.  268,  270,  275,  279.  Early  in  '42  he  entered  Larkin's  service  at 
tout,  as  clerk;  and  in  May  '43  made  a  contract  to  carry  on  L.'s  business  for 
one  year  for  $400  and  5  per  cent  of  the  profits.  This  arrangement  was  contin 
ued  to  the  end  of  '45,  and  in  Jan.  '46  G.  made  a  contract  for  3  years  to  take 
the  business,  with  $10,000  worth  of  goods,  for  one  third  of  the  profits,  v.  55- 
6.  I  have  much  of  his  business  corresp.  In  '44  he  got  a  renewal  of  his  pass 
port,  possibly  naturalization;  in  '46  served  on  the  1st  jury,  v.  289,  and  was 
grantee  of  land  near  Mont.  v.  637;  and  in  '46-7  was  collector  of  the  port, 
having  also  a  Cal.  claim  of  $10,855,  and  obtaining  a  lot  at  S.F.  v.  289,  433, 
467,  570,  572.  He  made  a  trip  to  Mazatlan,  and  contributed  items  for  the 
Calif ornian.  In  '48  visited  the  mines.  From  Jan.  '49  he  was  a  member  of  the 
S.F.  firm  of  Mellus  &  Howard,  a  prosperous  and  popular  man  of  business,  mem 
ber  of  the  town  council,  and  taking  an  active  part  in  political  affairs.  Pie 
married  the  widow  Montgomery,  of  the  Stevens  immig.  party  of  '44,  by  whom 
he  had  a  son,  in  '85  state  librarian  at  Sac.,  his  mother,  now  Mrs  Wallis,  being 
a  resident  of  Mayfield.  In  '51  Green,  being  then  a  prominent  candidate  for 
mayor,  was  recognized  and  denounced  as  Paul  Geddes  of  Penn.,  a  default 
ing  bank  clerk,  who  had  left  a  wife  and  children  in  the  east.  There  is  no 
agreement  about  the  circumstances  of  the  discovery.  The  charge  proved  true, 
but  G.  protested  his  innocence,  and  went  east  via  Panama  for  the  avowed 
purpose  of  clearing  his  reputation,  being  escorted  to  the  boat  by  a  large  com 
pany  of  prominent  citizens.  There  are  several  confused  versions  of  his  later 
life.  I  have  his  letter  to  Larkin  in  '53,  in  which  he  expresses  shame  and  pen- 


pa 

M< 


766  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

itence  for  the  deception  he  had  practised;  says  he  has  lost  $3,200  from  his 
trunk,  and  is  'penniless  and  destitute,  with  spirits  broken  and  energy  gone;' 
begs  L..  'for  God's  sake,'  to  send  him  his  share  of  the  proceeds  of  the  Cal. 
claims  and  other  debts;  confesses  that  he  has  deceived  Thompson;  but  intends 
to  buy  a  small  farm  in  Tenn.  Some  day  he  \vill  send  a  full  history  of  his  life. 
In  '54  he  visited  Cal.  and  was  seen  by  Wm  F.  White — whose  Grey^s  Picture 
ofPion.  Times,  124-31,  contains  a  good  account  of  G.'s  life — and  in  '55  he 
writes  to  Larkin  from  N.Y.  that  he  had  settled  with  Mr  H.  (Howard  ?);  that 
Mr  13.  (Brannan)  had  settled  the  Penn.  affair;  and  that  he  is  about  to  start 
for  Tenn.  He  is  understood  to  have  rejoined  his  1st  wife  and  to  be  still  living 
in  '85.  In  the  S.  J.  Pion.  of  Apr.  21,  '77,  it  is  stated  that  G.  had  been  for 
some  time  asst  sec.  of  the  U.S.  senate,  and  that  he  visited  Cal.  in  '76.  Lieut 
Maddox  accused  Green  of  dishonorable  conduct  in  '46-7,  and  there  are  some 
slight  indications  that  his  Penn.  defalcation  was  not  his  only  transgression; 
but  his  Cal.  record,  as  a  whole,  was  excellent. 

Green  (Theodore  P.),  1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Congress.  G.  (Wm),  1840, 
one  of  the  S.  Bias  exiles,  arrested  in  the  south,  iv.  14,  18.  G.  (Wm  G), 
1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  Rafael  '71.  Greenman  (J.  D.),  1848, 
passp.  from  Honolulu.  Greenock,  1846,  ment.  by  Revere  as  the  frontier 
settler  on  a  journey  from  Napa  Val.  to  Clear  Lake.  I  think  there  may  be 
some  connection  between  this  name  and  'Guenoc,'  that  of  a  Lake  Co.  rancho 
granted  in  '45  to  Geo.  '  Rock. '  Guenoc  is  still  the  name  in  use. 

Greenwood  (Caleb),  1844,  trapper  and  mountaineer,  who,  with  his  two 
sons,  Britain  and  John,  by  a  Crow  wife,  guided  the  Stevens  imrnig.  party 
across  the  plains;  and  performed  like  service  for  other  parties  in  '45-6,  being 
sent  to  Ft  Hall  to  divert  the  Or.  immig.  to  Cal.  They  served  in  Sutter's  force 
'45;  Bryant  met  the  old  man  in  Lake  Co.  '46,  when  he  claimed  to  be  83  years 
old;  Britain  was  with  the  2d  Donner  relief  of  '47,  and  lived  in  Mendocino  Co. 
'84;  S.  S.  Greenwood,  apparently  one  of  the  3,  is  said  to  have  been  a  nat.  of 
Nova  Scotia,  to  have  come  with  Fremont,  and  to  have  been  justice  of  the 
peace  and  assessor  at  Sac.,  where  he  died  in  '78.  John  served  in  Co.  E,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358),  and  had  a  trading-post  in  Greenwood  Val.  '48.  It  is  impossible 
to  distinguish  between  the  3,  or  to  locate  any  one  of  them  at  any  definite 
time.  iv.  445,  453-4,  486,  539,  575,  579. . 

Gregory  (John),  1844,  Engl.  in  Cal.  '44-6;  came  back  in  '55;  in  Sonoma 
Co.  '61-80  with  wife  and  3  child.  Son.  Co.  Hist.,  691.  G.  (Robert),  1846,  Co. 
K,  1st  U.S.  drag.,  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346.  G.  (Thos),  1848,  at  S.  F. 
from  Honolulu.  Gregson  (James),  1845,  Engl.  who  came  to  Phil,  as  a  boy, 
and  overl.  to  Cal.  in  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  with  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Marshall, 
and  her  two  brothers,  mother,  and  sister,  v.  579,  587.  In  '45-8  he  worked  as 
a  blacksmith  for  Sutter,  serving  in  the  Sac.  garrison  during  the  Bear  revolt. 
v.  79;  and  later  in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  being  perhaps  at  the  Natividad 
fight,  and  taking  part  in  the  southern  campaign  of  '46-7.  Returning,  he  re 
sumed  work  for  ISutter,  got  a  lot  at  S.F.  v.  685,  and  was  at  work  at  the  fa 
mous  mill  when  gold  was  discovered.  Mrs  G.  is  mentioned  in  '47  as  passenger 
on  the  1st  steamboat  to  Sac.  v.  579.  In  '50-80 he  lived  in  Green  Val.,  Sonoma 
Co.,  with  9  children.  His  daughter,  Annie,  b.  Sept.  3,  '40,  married  Robert 
Reid  of  S.  Luis  Ob. ;  another,  M  ary  Ellen,  b.  '48,  married  McChristian.  Prob. 
still  alive  in  '85.  I  have  a  MS.  Statement  from  him.  Portrait  in  Son.  Co.  Hint., 
509.  G.  (Wm),  1834,  Amer.,  age  29,  in  Spears  service  at  Mont.  Gremell, 
1848,  in  list  of  letters,  S.F.  Grems,  1821,  mr  of  the  SigloeC>),  at  Sta  B.  ii. 
440.  Grey  (Win),  1837,  in  S.F.  militia.  G.  (Louisa  C.),  1848,  wife  of 
W.L.G.,  d.  Stockton  '79,  age  31;  named  as  1st  Amer.  child  bom  in  Sonoma. 
Grien  (Carl),  1844,  blacksmith  ?i  Mont.  Griffin,  1847,  from  Honolulu 
on  the  Euphemia;  in  '48  mr  of  the  Arid.  v.  576.  G.  (John  S.),  1846,  asst 
surg.  U.  S.  A.  from  '40,  prob.  nat.  of  Ky,  who  came  with  Kearny  from  N. 
Mex.,  being  present  in  the  fights  of  S.  Pascual,  S.  Gabriel,  and  the  Mesa.  v. 
336-7,  385.  His  Journal  of  '46-7  is  one  of  the  best  authorities  extant,  and  is 
supplemented  by  his  original  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.  in  my  collection.  He  was  sta 
tioned  at  S.D.  and  Los  Ang.  in  charge  of  the  mil.  hospital;  visited  the  mines 


GRIFFIN— GRIMES.  707 

on  leave  of  absence  in  '49,  became  interested  with  Vallejo  and  Frisbie  in  Napa 
lands,  and  was  stationed  at  Benicia  till  '52,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the 
south;  went  east  in  '53,  and  in  '54  resigned  and  settled  at  Los  Ang.,  where  he 
has  since  resided  and  practiced  medicine  down  to  '85.  G.  (M. ),  1847,  at  S. 

F.  from  Honolulu.       G.  (Peter  K.),  1844,  Amer.  at  Mont.,  getting  a  pass  for 
a  year.       G.  (Sam.  P.),  184G,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah;  serving  in  garrison 
at  S.  Jose",  v.  378,  where  he  applied  for  land. 

Griffith  (Calvin  C.),  1845,  nat.  of  N.C.,  who  came  with  his  parents  in  the 
Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587.  He  served  with  the  Bears,  v.  110,  and  in  the 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  later  becoming  a  miner  and  farmer.  In  '81  he  lived  at  Ruth 
erford,  Napa  Co.,  with  his  wife,  Lydia  Lensibaugh,  mar.  in  '55,  and  7  children. 

G.  (F.G.),  1846,  in  Cal.  Bat.,  and  named  in  a  list  of  Bears;  perhaps  a  brother 
of  Calvin.       G.  (James  A.),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  Grigsby-Ide  party,  with 
wife,  Elizabeth  II.,  aiid  one  or  more  sons.  Bonds  given  by  Yount  Nov.  19th. 
iv.  579,  587.  The  family  settled  in  Napa  Val. ;  Cal.  claim  of  $1,000  for  repair 
ing  barracks  (v.  462);  died  in  Sonoma  '68.       G.  (Jonathan),  1846,  one  of  the 
Morm.  Col.  with  wife  and  2  children,  v.  546;  lot  at  S.F.  '47;  Mrs  G.  and  son 
at  Mont.  '48.  G.  did  not  go  to  Utah.       G.  (Thomas),  1846,  doubtful  name  of 
a  Bear;  possibly  a  son  of  James  A.       G.  (Joseph),  doubtful  name  of  a  trapper 
in  S.  Joaq.  Val.  in  very  early  times.   Mont.  Co.  Hist.,  29. 

Grigsby  (Franklin  F.),  1845,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7  (v.  358);  prob.  a  son 
of  John  and  immig.  of  '45.  G.  (Granville  W. ),  1845,  ditto.  G.  (John),  1845, 
nat.  of  Tenn. ,  came  to  Cal.  from  Mo.  in  the  immig.  party  that  bears  his  name, 
with  his  family,  iv.  578-8 1 ,  587.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active  in  fomenting  the 
Bear  revolt  of  '46;  was  for  a  few  hours  leader  at  Sonoma  on  June  14th ;  com.  the 
guard  that  took  the  prisoners  to  N.  Helv. ;  and  after  the  U.  S.  occup.  was  in 
com.  of  the  Sonoma  garrison,  being  capt.  of  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  110,  114-19, 
104,  168,  175,  184,  242-3,  296,  298.  After  the  reorganization  of  the  battalion 
in  Nov.  Capt.  G.  com.  Co.  E,  in  the  southern  campaign,  v.  358-61.  He  had  a 
Cal.  claim  (v.  462);  and  in  '47  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  political  affairs 
at  Sonoma,  v.  433,  609.  He  settled  in  Napa,  where  he  continued  to  live  till 
about '72,  when  he  went  to  Texas,  and  died  in  Mo.  '76,  at  the  age  of  70.  There 
is  a  strange  lack  of  information  about  him  and  his  family  after  '46.  Two  of 
the  name,  perhaps  his  sons,  have  been  mentioned;  his  daughter  was  the  wife 
of  Wm  Edgington;  and  he  had  a  brother  Jesse  in  Cal.  I  have  copies  of  a  small 
col.  of  Grigsby  Papers  furnished  by  the  Sonoma  Pion.  Soc.  Grijalva  (Juan 
Pablo),  1776,  Mex.  sergt  with  Anza's  exped.;  served  at  S.F.  '76-86;  alf.  of  S. 
Diego  comp.  '86-96;  retired  as  lieut  '96-1806,  the  date  of  his  death.  His 
daughters  married  Ant.  Yorba  and  Pedro  Peralta.  Biog.  ii.  104;  ment.  i.  258, 
262-76,  286-7,  296-7,  359,  362,  452,  472-3,  547,  553,  647,  652-3,  663;  ii.  57. 
G.  (Luciano),  at  Los  Ang.  in  '33. 

Grimes  (Eliab),  1838,  nat.  of  Mass.;  lieut  on  a  privateer  in  the  war  of 
1812;  later  for  20  years  a  well-known  merchant  of  Honolulu,  of  firm  E.  &  H. 
Grimes,  iv.  141.  In  '38  he  visited  Cal.  on  the  Rasselas,  of  which  he  was 
owner,  and  went  to  Boston,  iv.  105,  117,  119.  His  next  visit  was  on  the  schr 
California  in  '42,  at  which  time  he  selected  a  rancho  in  the  Sac.  Val.,  which, 
after  he  had  returned  from  a  trip  to  Hon.  on  the  Fama,  was  granted  to  him 
in  '44.  iv.  672.  From  this  time  Capt.  G.  may  be  regarded  as  a  permanent  resid. 
of  S.F.,  though  he  made  another  trip  to  Hon.  on  the  Don  Quixote  in  '47.  He 
had  a  lot  and  house,  was  a  well-known  trader,  and  was  a  mernb.  of  the  legisl. 
council  in  '47.  v.  433,  653,  678,  680.  G.  &  Sinclair  had  a  Cal.  claim  for  horses 
(v.  462).  For  some  years  he  made  'Kent  Hall'  his  home  while  in  town,  and 
kept  there  a  case  of  extra  fine  liquors,  which  nothing  would  induce  the  old 
man  to  open  for  convivial  purposes  but  a  story  that  could  arouse  his  interest; 
hence  there  wras  a  continual  rivalry  in  yarn-spinning  among  the  younger  mer 
chants.  As  a  boat  was  going  up  the  Sac.,  after  the  gold  excitement,  the  occu 
pants  were  asked  who  was  left  at  S.F.,  and  '  nobody  but  old  Grimes  *  was  the 
reply;  but  '  old  Grimes '  died  in  Oct.  '48,  at  the  age  of  69.  G.  (Hiram),  1847, 
nephew  and  partner  of  Eliab  at  Honolulu;  partner  of  Wm.  H.  Davis  in  '45- 
6;  came  to  Cal.  in  Feb.  '47  on  the  Don  Quixote;  and  again  on  the  Euphemfa 


768  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

in  July  with  his  wife  and  child.  Often  named  in  S.F.  annals  of  '48-9:  claim 
ant  for  several  ranches,  iv.  672-3;  still  in  Cal.  '54.  G.  (A.  J.  andB.),  1847- 
8,  doubtful  mention;  prob.  confounded  with  the  preceding. 

Grimshaw  (Wm  Robinson),  1848,  nat.  of  N.Y.  city,  b.  in  1826  of  Engl. 
parents;  sailor  on  the  Isaac  Walton,  and  after  arrival  on  the  tender  Ani'n, 
U.S.N. ;  also  mr  of  the  launch  Susanita,  on  the  trip  up  the  Sac.  v.  580.  He 
worked  as  book-keeper  for  Brannan  &  Co.  at  Sac.  in  '48-9;  and  from  Nov.  '49 
was  partner  of  Wm  Daylor  in  a  store  or  Ind.  trading-post  on  the  Cosumnes. 
Daylor  having  died  in  '50,  G.  married  his  widow  in  '51,  and  continued  to 
reside  on  the  rancho,  where  in  '72  he  wrote  for  me  his  Narrative.  This  is  not 
only  an  interesting  sketch  of  his  own  life  and  adventures,  but  one  of  the 
best  accounts  extant  of  the  events  of  '48-50  in  the  Sac.  region.  Still  living  in 
'80,  with  7  children,  Wm  Rv,  Jr,  Thos  W.,  Emma  (Mrs  W.  D.  Lawton  of  S.F.), 
George,  Francis,  Frederick,  and  Walter.  Grinnell,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the 
Starling.  G.  (Chas  C.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82. 
Griswold  (Theodore),  1847,  at  N.Helv.;  lot  at  S.F.;  named  in  '48. 

'  Groem,  1791,  see  '  Graham.'  i.  491.  Groh  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill. 
(v.  518).  Grogan  (Alex.),  1848,  from  Valparaiso  with  letter  from  Atherton; 
clerk  for  C.  L.  Ross  at  S.F.  '48-9;  still  in  S.  F.  after  '80.  Grove  (Win),  1848, 
lieut  of  S.F.  guards.  Grovecot,  1846,  perhaps  in  Sta  Clara.  Grover  (Sam. ), 
1816,  Mass,  sailor  bapt.  at  S.  Carlos,  ii.  276-7.  Grow  (Wm),  1847,  sergt  Co. 
H,  N.Y. Vol.  v.  504;  at  Yreka  '78;  at  Deadwood.  Dakota,  '83.  Guadalupe 
(Jos<S  M.),  soldier  at  S.  Miguel  1797.  i.  560.  Guat  (Santiago),  1836,  juez  de 
de  campo  at  Mont.  iii.  678;  prob.  James  '  Watt. '  Guchapa,  Ind.  chief  at 
S.  Miguel  1804.  ii.  150. 

Guerra  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Josd  de  la  G.  y  N.,  b.  '25;  reg.  and  sec.  of 
ayunt.  '49;  memb.  of  the  Cal.  senate  in  '53,  several  times  mayor  of  Sta.  B., 
holding  other  local  offices;  in  the  war  of  '61-5  a  capt.  of  Cal.  volunteers  serv 
ing  in  Ariz.  He  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  family;  but  in 
later  years  the  loss  of  his  palate  and  of  his  eyesight  obliged  him  to  lead  a  life  of 
retirement.  He  never  married,  and  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '81  at  the  age  of  56. 
G.  (Bautista),  1831,  from  N.  Mex.  with  Wolf  skill,  iii.  387.  G.  (Francisco), 
son  of  Jose  de  la  G.  y  N.,  b.  '18;  ace.  to  the  padron  of  '32  there  were  two 
Franciscos;  from  '43  member  of  the  junta,  elector  at  Sta  B.  '45,  taking  a  some 
what  prominent  part  in  political  and  mil.  affairs  in  '46-7,  and  involved  in 
the  imaginary  Sta  B.  revolt  of  '48.  iv.  361,  522,  540;  v.  38-9,  404,  586.  He 
took  no  pains  to  conceal  his  hostility  to  Amer. ,  but  after  the  change  of  flag 
was  mayor  of  Sta  B.  for  several  years  from  '51.  He  inherited  a  rancho,  but 
died  poor  in  '78.  His  1st  wife  was  Maria  Asuncion  Sepiilveda,  by  whom  he 
had  Francisco,  Jr  (county  assessor  of  Sta  B.  in  '82),  and  Maria  Antonia;  the 
2d  wife  was  Concepcioii  Sepiilveda,  sister  of  the  1st,  and  her  children  were 
Juan,  Osbaldo,  Jose",  Hercules,  Pablo,  Anibal,  Anita  (Mrs  F.  W.  Thompson), 
Erlinda,  Rosa,  and  Diana.  There  were  also  two  natural  children  legitimated. 
G.  (Joaquin),  son  of  G.  y  N.,  b.  '22;  once  sheriff;  no  family;  d.  before  '70. 

Guerra  (Jose"  Antonio),  son  of  G.  y  N.,  b.  1805;  cadet  in  the  Sta  B.  comp. 
'18-28.  ii.  572,  576;  accomp.  his  father  to  Mex.  '19;  sindico  '29  and  alcalde 
'33.  ii.  572;  iii.  654;  elector  in  '34.  From  '35  a  memb.  of  the  dip.,  taking  a 
prominent  part  in  support  of  Alvarado's  govt  in  '36-7.  iii.  291,  426,  454-5, 
461,  506;  in  '37^40  capt.  of  the  port  of  Sta  B.,  being  made  capt.  by  Vallejo, 
and  at  times  acting  as  mil.  com.  iii.  583,  601-2,  651,  654;  iv.  98;  vocal  of  the 
dip.,  and  grantee  of  Los  A*lamos  '39.  iii.  585,  655.  Prop,  for  sub-prefect  '41. 
iv.  641 ;  admin,  at  Purisima  '41-2.  iv.  647-8;  where  there  were  serious  charges 
against  him  by  P.  Abella  and  others.  In  '43  he  was  capt.  of  the  port,  and  in 
'44  receptor,  iv.  431-2,  640,  642;  and  in  '44-6  a  memb.  of  the  assembly,  be 
ing  in  '45  leader  in  an  outbreak  at  Sta  B.  iv.  410,  497-8,  541,  559;  v.  37-  8, 
142,  264,  280,  321-2.  In  '48  took  part  in  the  affair  of  the  lost  cannon  at  Sta 
B.  v.  588.  In  later  years  he  was  several  times  sheriff  of  S.  Luis  Ob.,  holding 
that  office — or  his  son — in  '69.  He  had  the  whim  of  signing  his  name  Jos6 
Noriega,  as  he  had  no  right  to  do.  Don  Jos6  Antonio's  record  was,  in  several 
respects,  not  of  the  best,  though  there  is  nothing  very  bad  to  be  said  of  him. 


GUERIIA— GUERRA  Y  NORIEGA.  7G9 

His  wife  was  Maria  Concepcion  Ortega,  and  his  children — 6  of  them  born  be 
fore  '40 — were  Jose"  Ant.  J.,  Ramoii  (sheriff  of  S.  Luis  Ob.),  Alejandro,  Gui- 
llerrao,  Dolores,  Catarina,  Sola  (?),  Cristina,  and  Juana.  G.  (Juan  J.),  son 
of  G.  y  N.,  b.  about  1810,  educ.  in  England;  later  at  the  Mont,  school  under 
Hartnell  and  P.  Short;  died  in  '33,  unmarried;  ment.  i.  432.  I  have  a  long 
letter,  in  good  English,  written  by  him  in  '28  from  Stonyhurst  College,  Engl. 
G.  (Maximo),  said  to  have  been  exiled  in  '29,  and  again  in  '39.  iii.  78,  84-5, 
580.  G.  (Miguel),  son  of  G.  y  N.,  b.  '23,  wife  Trinidad  Ortega,  child.  Gas- 
par,  Ulpiano,  Leon,  Maria  (wife  of  Alex.  S.  Taylor),  Josefa,  Olimpia,  Joaquina, 
and  Paulina.  Died  at  Sta  13.  in  '78. 

Guerra  (Pablo),  son  of  G.  y  N.,  b.  '19,  educated  in  HartnelPs  school  at 
Mont.,  where  he  is  ment.  in  the  padron  of  '36.  His  baptismal  name  was  Pablo 
Andres  Antonio  Maria  Saturnino;  and  in  '40  he  is  called  Pablo  Gaspar.  From 
'38  he  was  vista,  and  from  '42  contador  and  acting  administrator  of  the  Mont, 
custom-house,  iii.  598;  iv.  97,  309,  339,  353,  357,  364,  377,  431,  556,  570,  590; 
in  '44  grantee  of  Nicasio  rancho.  iv.  672;  in  '45  elector  de  partido.  iv.  515, 
540,  C51.  In  '46  Don  Pablo  was  active  against  the  Amer.,  trying  to  reconcile 
the  hostile  factions  of  his  people,  and  favoring  an  Engl.  protectorate,  v.  43-4, 
61,  68-9.  On  the  raising  of  the  U.  S.  flag  he  went  south;  served  as  Castro's 
commissioner  to  Stockton,  v.  235,  268-9;  and  after  Castro's  departure  re 
turned  to  Mont.,  where  he  was  arrested  in  Nov.  on  the  outbreak  of  Mores' 
revolt,  and  kept  a  prisoner  till  Feb.  '47.  v.  363.  He  was  alcalde  of  Sta  B.  in 
'47,  and  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  a  revolutionary  movement  in  '48.  v. 
631,  580.  His  next  public  service  w7as  as  memb.  of  the  constit.  convention  in 
'49;  anil  subsequently  he  was  state  senator  for  several  terms,  acting  lieut-gov., 
U.S.  marshal,  and  district  judge  from  '64  to  within  a  short  time  before  his 
death,  in  74.  Don  Pablo  was  by  far  the  most  prominent  of  the  Guerra  family, 
except  his  father;  a  man  of  good  ability  and  education;  of  gertlemanly  man 
ners,  though  somewhat  haughty  and  overbearing;  a  good  speaker  in  Spanish 
and  English;  and  one  whose  family  name  gave  him  an  influence  in  the  south 
greater  than  he  could  otherwise  have  acquired.  It  has  been  customary  to  eu 
logize  him  far  beyond  his  merits;  he  w^as  a  politician  of  not  the  best  type, 
trimming  his  sails  adroitly  to  catch  the  breeze  of  popularity,  and  changing 
somewhat  abruptly  from  secessionist  to  union  man  in  the  race  for  office;  yet 
his  record  in  office  seems  always  to  have  been  an  honorable  one.  In  private 
life  also  he  is  reported  to  have  been  liberal  and  honest,  though  health  and 
property  were  largely  sacrificed  to  his  fondness  for  brandy  and  cards.  He 
mairied  Josefa  Moreno  in  '47  at  S.  Carlos;  his  children  were  Francisca  (Mrs 
Dibblee),  Delfina,  Ernina,  Paulina,  and  a  son  whose  name  I  do  not  find. 

Guerra  y  Noriega  (Jose"  de  la),  1801,  nat.  of  Spain,  b.  Mar.  6,  1779,  son  of 
Juan  Jose"  de  la  G.  (died  1820)  and  Maria  Teresa  de  Noriega  (died  1815),  both, 
and  especially  the  mother,  of  old  and  distinguished  Span,  families.  In  boy 
hood  he  wished  to  be  a  friar,  a  freak  that  caused  his  parents  much  sorrow; 
but  soon  he  went  to  Mex.  to  be  a  clerk  in  the  store  of  his  uncle,  Pedro  Noriega. 
In  1793  he  left  the  store — much  to  the  displeasure  of  Don  Pedro,  who  after 
wards  relented  and  gave  him  much  aid — and  became  asst  in  the  office  of 
Habilitado  gen.  Carcaba,  by  whose  influence  he  was  enrolled  as  cadet  in  the 
army  and  attached  to  the  S.  Diego  comp.  Respecting  this  and  most  other 
parts  of  his  life  I  have  more  original  corresp.  than  I  have  room  to  utilize.  In 
1800  he  was  promoted  to  alfe"rez  of  the  Mont,  comp.,  and  came  to  Cal.  on  the 
Concepcion  in  Aug.  1801.  At  Mont,  he  was  habilitado,  and  acting  com.  much 
of  the  time,  in  1802-6,  being  mentioned  in  con.  with  many  minor  affairs,  ii. 
50,  78,  132-3,  135,  140,  150,  153,  155;  having  in  1804,  with  permission  of  the 
king,  married  Antonia,  daughter  of  Raimundo  Carrillo,  with  the  condition 
that  she  and  her  children  should  not  be  entitled  to  montepio  unless  he  were 
killed  in.  battle.  In  1806  he  was  promoted  to  lieut  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.,  and 
sent  to  S.  Diego  as  habilitado  in  1806-9,  being  knocked  down  in  a  quar 
rel  with  Lieut  Ruiz,  Mhich  greatly  alarmed  his  friends  as  likely  to  interfere 
with  his  rapid  promotion,  ii.  85,  99-100,  117,540.  From  1808  he  received 
large  consignments  of  goods  from  his  uncle  Pedro  in  Mex.,  the  sale  of  which 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  III.  49 


770  PIONEEE  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

greatly  improved  his  financial  condition,  ii.  186.  In  1 810  he  was  sent  toMex. 
as  habilitado  gen.  of  the  Cals,  but  being  arrested  by  insurgents  at  S.  Bias,  was 
unable  to  reach  the  capital,  and  returned  to  Cal.  in  '11,  taking  his  position  at 
Sta  Ii.,  and  continuing  his  commercial  operations,  though  going  to  S.  Diego 
again  as  habilitado  in  '13-15.  ii.  98,  188-9,  197-8,  341,  419-21.  From  '15  he 
was  com.  at  Sta  B.,  taking  part  in  the  arrest  of  foreign  smugglers,  in  defen 
sive  operations  against  Bouchard,  having  a  quarrel  with  P.  Sefian,  and  being 
promoted  to  Capt.  in  '18.  ii.  222-5,  235-42,  275,  284-5,  317,  332,  361,  3S2, 
405,  416,  424.  In  '19  he  was  sent  again  to  Mcx.  as  repres.  of  the  Cal.  compa 
nies  to  obtain  supplies,  and  prob.  with  a  hope  of  getting  an  appointment  as 
gov.,  returning  in  '20  after  accomplishing  very  little,  though  all  that  was  pos 
sible,  ii.  260-2,  265,  354,  422.  He  was  busied,  besides  his  official  duties,  in 


— —  ~~»  gov. ,  and  but  for  his  Span.  ^^^^^  ^^.^*.i&^  ^  ~^.*^^^~  ^^10^,- 
quent  opposition,  would  have  been  chosen;  being  also  favored  by  the  friars 
for  congressman,  ii.  451,  453-4,  465-8.  There  is  no  truth  in  the  statement  of 
Wilkcs,  U.S.  Explor.  Exped.,  v.  173,  on  this  matter,  and  but  little  in  that  of 
Petit-Thouars,  Voy.,  ii.  90;  though  his  disappointment  may  have  had  an  in 
fluence  on  Don  Jos6's  later  policy  between  Mexicans  and  natives.  Mention  iu 
'23-5,  including  his  acts  in  suppressing  thelnd.  revolt  of  '24.  ii.  495,  510,  530, 
533,  536-7,  561,  576;  iii.  27.  He  was  elected  dip.  to  congress  in  '27,  and 
against  the  advice  of  many  went  to  Mex.  in  '28,  but  was  not  given  his  seat, 
returned  iu  '29,  and  was  for  some  time,  as  a  Span. ,  nominally  suspended  from 
his  command,  ii.  570-1,  574-5,  676;  iii.  33-4,  51-2,  61,  127;  iv.  343.  In  '20- 
30  he  bought  a  schr,  perhaps  had  another  built,  and  bought  the  cargo  of  a 
wrecked  vessel,  iii.  140,  146.  He  did  not  join  the  movement  against  Victoria 
in  '31.  iii.  205,  210;  controlled  the  policy  of  Carlos  Carrillo  in  congress,  iii. 
214;  and  in  all  these  years  acted  as  a  kind  of  treasurer  and  confidential  ad 
viser  of  the  friars — sindico  apostolico;  accused  in  '34  of  being  engaged  in  a 
conspiracy  against  the  govt.  iii.  250,  257-8.  In  the  sectional  troubles  of  '36-8 
Capt.  G.  was  a  firm  supporter  of  Alvarado's  cause,  though  personally  a  friend 
of  Carrillo.  Alvarado  wished  to  make  him  com.  gen.,  and  did  grant  him  the 
S.  Julian  or  Nacional  rancho.  iii.  436,  492,  510,  533,  550,  582,  650-1.  In  '39 
he  made  vain  attempts  to  collect  his  back  pay,  being  still  com.  at  Sta  B.  iii. 
5S4,  651;  and  having  to  his  credit,  including  extra  allowances,  51  years,  9 
months,  and  1  day  of  mil.  service  on  May  10th.  In  '40  he  asked  for  retirement 
because  he  could  not  get  the  $12,000  due  him,  nor  the  promotion  to  which  he 
was  entitled,  and  because  of  his  ailments  and  age  of  62.  He  finally  retired 
from  the  mil.  service  on  April  1,  '42.  Ment.  in  '40-2.  iii.  655;  iv.  199,  632, 
C40-1 ;  went.  '44-6.  iv.  403,  408,  530;  v.  282.  Though  not  friendly  to  the  U. 
S.,  he  kept  quiet  for  the  most  part,  and  did  not  indulge  in  any  offensive  parti 
sanship.  In  later  years  he  was  claimant  for  several  ranches,  iv.  643,  655-6; 
living  quietly  at  Sta  B.,  and  being  a  man  of  great  wealth,  most  of  which  his 
sons  managed  to  squander  even  before  their  father's  death.  He  died  in  '58, 
leaving  over  100  direct  descendants.  None  of  the  pioneers  here  registered 
exerted  for  so  long  a  period  so  wide  and  good  an  influence  as  Capt.  de  la 
Guerra.  He  was  a  man  of  excellent  character  and  conduct  throughout  his 
career,  though  no  great  or  brilliant  achievements  can  be  placed  to  his  credit, 
though  he  had  the  advantage  of  rich  and  influential  friends  from  the  first,  and 
though  his  Span,  birth  prevented  his  reaching  the  highest  rank;  yet  his  hon 
est  and  efficient  performance  of  each  duty,  his  well-balanced  judgment,  his 
dignified  conservatism,  command  admiration.  At  Sta  B.  he  was  known  as  the 
patriarch,  to  whom  the  people  were  wont  to  apply  as  a  matter  of  course  to 
settle  their  controversies;  and  he  was  famous  for  his  charities.  No  man  in  Cal. 
ever  came  so  near,  by  peaceful,  legitimate  means,  absolute  control  of  his  dis 
trict.  He  did  not  purchase  popularity  at  the  cost  of  independence,  for  many 
were  his  controversies,  even  with  the  friars,  though  their  life-long  friend  and 
a  devout  churchman.  The  Guerra,,  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  copies  of  which  I  was  per 
mitted  to  make  by  the  kindness  of  Mr  Dibblee,  executor  of  the  estate,  are  the 


GUERRA  Y  NORIEGA— GULNAC.  771 

most  extensive  and  valuable  family  archives  in  Cal.  except  those  of  Vallejo. 
In  person,  Don  Josd  was  short  and  stout,  with  a  flat  nose  and  an  ugly  face. 
His  intimate  friends  in  their  letters  were  fond  of  applying  nicknames.  Gen. 
Caicaba  and  the  leading  friars  used  such  endearing  epithets  as  corcobado, 
chato  maldito,  chatojlojo,  etc.  On  account  of  pride  in  his  wife's  family  he  had 
a  fondness  for  her  name,  and  was  as  often  called  Capt.  Noriega  as  by  his 
proper  name;  in  the  case  of  his  sous  this  became  ridiculous  affectation.  His 
wife,  Maria  Antonia  Carrillo,  died  in  '43.  His  5  sons  have  been  named  in  this 
list,  being  for  the  most  part  prominent  citizens  of  good  enough  abilities  and 
character,  yet  hardly  wrhat  a  union  of  the  two  best  families  of  Cal.  should 
have  produced.  The  daughters,  noted  for  beauty  and  intelligence,  were  4,  all 
of  whom  eventually  married  foreigners.  Teresa  de  Jesus,  b.  1809,  married  W. 
E.  P.  Hartnell,  and  still  lives  in  '85,  having  furnished  for  my  use  valuable 
documents  of  the  family  archives  and  a  Narrative  of  personal  recollections. 
Maria  de  las  Angus tias,  b.  1815,  married  Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin,  and  later 
Dr  J.  D.  Ord;  and  she  also  is  living  in  '85,  her  Ocurrencias  being  one  of  the 
best  personal  narratives  in  my  collection.  Ana  Maria,  b.  '20,  married  Alfred 
Robinson  and  died  in  '55.  Maria  Antonia,  b.  '27,  married  Cesario  Lataillade, 
and  later  Gaspar  Orefla,  a  Span,  with  whom  she  still  lives  at  Sta  B.  in  '85. 

Guerrero  y  Palomares  (Francisco),  1834,  Mex.  who  came  from  Tepic,  I 
think,  in  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  at  the  age  of  23.  iii.  263;  but  possibly  in  '28,  as 
per  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  rolls  and  Lancey.  He  perhaps  obtained  a  S.F.  mission  lot 
in  '36;  was  elector  '37,  '39.  iii.  705,  590;  receptor  and  admin,  of  customs 
from  '39  to  '44.  iii.  700;  iv.  98,  375,  431,  483,  670;  in  '39-41  juez  de  paz  and 
alcalde,  iii.  705-6;  iv.  247,  665;  grantee  of  several  town  lots  and  the  rancho 
de  los  Putos.  iv.  669,  673,  676,  682.  In  '42  he  was  31  years  old,  wife  Josefa 
de  Haro,  age  17,  and  one  child;  in  '44  grantee  of  Corral  de  Tierra  rancho;  in 
'45-6  sub-prefect  at  S.F.,  being  often  mentioned  in  local  annals  of  the  north, 
iv.  667;  v.  17,  129,  239,  241,  295,  455,  644,  648;  in  '49  again  sub-prefect.  He 
continued  to  reside  at  the  mission,  where  in  '51  he  was  murdered,  and  where 
his  widow  still  lived  in  '80.  A  street  in  S.F.  bears  his  name.  Don  Francisco 
seems  to  have  been  a  kind-hearted,  genial  man,  of  much  intelligence,  and  good 
character.  G.  (Jose"  M.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  G.  (Jose"  Vicente),  ditto;  sm- 
dico  '41;  2d  alcalde  '48.  v.  626.  G.  (Joaquin),  soldier  killed  on  the  Col. 
17S1.  i.  363.  G.  (Matias),  teacher  at  Mont,  about  '15.  ii.  427;  sec.  at  S. 
Jose"  '24.  ii.  605.  G.  (Pedro),  ment.  in  '29-31.  iii.  68-9,  208.  Guescote 
(Fran.),  armero  of  S.F.  comp.  '42;  perhaps  'Westcot.'  Guest  (John),  1846, 
passed  mid.  on  U.S.  Congress,  and  act.  lieut  on  the  Warren;  capt.  in  Stock 
ton's  bat.  v.  350,  386;  commodore  in  '72;  d.  '79,  in  com.  of  Portsmouth  navy- 
yard.  Gueval  (P. ),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Guevara  (Antonio),  in  revolt 
at  Sta  B. ;  sent  to  Mex.  '29-30.  iii.  78,  85.  G.  (Canuto),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37; 
wife  Rafaela  Lugo,  3  children. 

Guibal  (Eugene),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  S.  Joaquin  71-5;  d. 
at  Gilroy  '83.  Guilcost  (Wm),  1826,  mr  of  the  Maria  Teresa,  iii.  148. 
Guild  (H.M. ),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  carpenter  at  Mont.  '48.  Guile 
(Wm),  1847,  musician  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Guillen  (Antonio),  guard 
at  S.  Diego  1803.  ii.  13.  G.  (Isidore),  son  of  Eulaiia  Perez  de  G.,  sergt  of 
Sta  B.  comp.,  made  alf.  in  '39.  iii.  583,  650;  juez  de  paz  at  S.  Jose"  '41-3.  iv. 
684-6.  Guillon  (Chas  F.B.),  1847,  asst  surg.  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  Gui- 
raclo  (Bernardino),  trader  at  Los  Ang.  from  '39;  supervisor  in  '58-9.  G. 
(Rafael),  1833,  Mex.  trader  from  Sonora,  owner  and  sup.  of  the  Leomdas,  who 
settled  at  Los  Aug.,  age  32;  in  '35-6  regidor.  iii.  283,  635-6;  in  '39  clerk  at 
S.  Gabriel,  iii.  645;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  in  '47.  v.  684;  coroner  in  '52;  died  at 
Los  Ang.  in  '72. 

Gulnac  (Wm),  1833,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  who  had  lived  long  in  L:Cal.,  and  who 
came  on  the  Volunteer,  via,  Honolulu,  with  his  family,  settling  at  S.  Jose\  iii. 
409;  iv.  86,  117.  He  was  naturalized  in  '34;  in  '38  owner  of  S.  F.  land,  and 
employed  to  survey  S.  Josd  town  lands,  iii.  705,  730;  in  '39  regidor,  and  pos 
sibly  arrested  in  '40.  iii.  731;  iv.  17,  120.  In  the  padron  of  '41,  age  40,  wife 
Isabel  Ceseiia,  child.  Jose"  Ramon  b.  '26,  Juan  Panfilo  '31,  Carlos  Maria  '33, 


772  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Susana  '34,  Isabel  '36,  and  Luisa  '38.  In  '44-5  he  joined  Sutter's  army,  some 
what  )  eluctantly,  and  was  grantee  of  the  French  Camp  rancho,  sold  to  Weber, 
iv.  402,  486,  071,  674;  signed  the  S.  Jos6  call  to  foreigners  in  '45.  iv.  599;  on 
the  1st  jury  '48;  and  died  in  '51.  Two  of  the  sons,  Carlos  and  Juan,  served 
with  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  in  '46  (v.  232,  247);  and  another,  Pedro,  is  named 
in  '43.  Gunn,  see  '  Gann.' 

Gutche  (Valentin),  1848,  in  Sutter's  employ.  Guthrie,  1845,  apparently 
one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  583.  G.  (Alfred),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
doubtful;  at  S.F.  '74.  G.  (Dexter),  1846,  overl.  immig.  from  111.,  who  lived 
in  Napa  Val.  till  his  death  by  suicide  in  '81.  G.  (R.),  1846,  one  of  Faunt 
leroy's  dragoons,  v.  332,  347.  G.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at 
Coulterville  '82. 

Gutierrez,  carpenter  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  1797.  i.  658.  G.  (Cirilo),  at  S.  Juan 
Cap.  '46,  age  51,  wife  Ana  M.  Romero,  child  Pablo,  b.  '38.  G.  (Fran.), 
sergt  Catalan  vol.  1796.  i.  540.  G.  (Fran.),  1825,  Span.  prob.  from  the  Asia, 
iii.  27.  G.  (Joaquin),  soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  20;  juez  aux.  Mont,  dist  '42. 
iv.  653;  cl.  for  Potrero  de  S.  Carlos.  '52.  iii.  678.  G.  (Jose"  M.),  Mex.  at 
Brancif.  '455  age  40,  wife  Guadalupe.  G.  (Jose"  de  Jesus  Maria),  1833,  Mex. 
friar  of  the  Zacatecanos,  who  served  at  Solano,  S.F.,  and  S.  Antonio  till  '45, 
after  which  I  find  no  record  of  him;  prob.  left  Cal.  iv.  680-1;  iii.  318,  322, 
353-4,  392,  399,  553,  660,  686-8,  713,  719.  G.  (Juan),  1842,  sub-lieut  of  the 
batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289.  G.  (Manuel),  Span,  who  came  to  Cal.  before 
1790;  on  the  Dominguez  rancho,  Los  Ang.  dist.  from  1811.  ii.  350,  353,  380; 
ment.  '19.  ii.  292;  alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  '22-3.  ii.  559;  in  '28-30,  80  years  old, 
claiming  exemption  from  expulsion  as  a  Span.  iii.  51-2.  G.  (Manuel),  Span, 
who  came  in  '21,  age  43  in  '28,  claimed  exemption,  iii.  51-2;  had  a  vineyard 
at  Los  Ang.;  alcalde  at  S.  Pedro  '36.  iii.  635;  at  Sta  Ines  '42.  iv.  646. 

Gutierrez  (Nicolas),  1833,  Span.  capt.  in  Mex.  army,  who  came  with  Gov. 
Figueroa  and  was  prom,  the  same  year  to  lieut-col.  He  was  comisionado  for 
the  secul.  of  S.  Gabriel  in  '34—6;  acting  com.  gen.  Oct.  8,  '35,  to  Jan.  2,  '36, 
and  from  that  date  gefe  pol.  and  com.  gen.  to  May  3d;  mil.  com.  in  the  south 
during  Chico's  rule;  again  gov.  and  com.  gen.  on  Chico's  departure  from  Sept. 
6th  to  his  own  overthrow  by  Alvarado  on  Nov.  4,  '36.  See  his  rule  and  the 
revolution,  iii.  445-66,  with  biog.  448;  ment.  iii.  236,  240,  258,  281,  284-5, 
288,  298-300,  346,  414-20,  422,  431,  433,  442,  644-5;  iv.  83,  102,  112,  141, 
164.  Gov.  Gutierrez  was  an  easy-going,  faithful  officer,  of  ordinary  abilities 
and  not  very  strict  morals,  the  current  charges  against  whom  in  justification 
of  the  revolt  have  but  slight  foundation  in  fact.  Nothing  is  known  of  his 
later  career.  G.  (Octaviano),  Mex.  artill.  corp.  at  Sta  B.  from  '24.  ii.  532; 
lieut  in  '39.  iii.  583,  651;  in  '46  juez  de  paz,  v.  635,  and  again  in  '49;  claimant 
for  the  Laguna  rancho  '53.  iv.  642.  G.  (Pablo),  Mex.  grantee  of  rancho  in 
Yuba  Co.  '44.  iv.  671;  in  Sutter's  employ  '44-5;  made  plans  with  Bidwell  to 
seek  for  gold  on  Bear  Riv.,  but  B.  says  he  was  captured  and  hanged  by  Castro 
in  the  Micheltorena  campaign.  Sutter  tells  .a  similar  story;  but  I  know  noth 
ing  further  of  the  matter.  G.  (Romualdo),  1804,  Span,  friar  who  served  at 
Sta  Inds,  and'retired  on  account  of  ill  health  in  1806.  Biog.  ii.  29;  ment.  ii. 
122,  159-60.  G.  (Tomas),  grantee  of  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626;  in 
;46  at  S.  Juan,  age  63,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Cota,  child.  Luis  b.  '33,  Ignacia  '34, 
Francisco  '37,  Petra  '39,  Mariano  '41,  Ramona  '45.  Guy  (Omnes),  1842,  Fr. 
sawyer  at  Sta  Cruz  who  was  naturalized  in  '44.  iv.  341.  Guzman,  settler  at 
Brancif.  1797.  i.  569.  G.  (Laureano),  1842,  fifer  in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5. 
iv.  289.  G.  (Manuel),  1829,  mex.  convict,  pardoned  in  '34. 

Gwinn  (Frank),  1841,  blacksmith  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman-Rowland 
party;  went  back  the  next  year.  iv.  278.  Gyzelaar  (Henry),  1816,  mr.  of 
the  Lydia,  arrested  at  Sta  B.  ii.  275-8,  362-3,  382.  In  '18  he  came  back  as 
mr  of  the  Clarion  with  a  warning  against  Bouchard,  ii.  222,  291.  In  22-3  he 
returned  again  as  mr  of  the  pioneer  Boston  trader  Sachem,  and  remained  in 
Cal.,  ii.  474-5,  478,  492-3,  being  drowned  in  '25  or  '26  in  trying  to  cross  Rus 
sian  River,  iii.  29. 


HAAG-HALLECK.  773 

Harg  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Haan  (Matthew  J.),  1846, 
from  Hon.  on  the  Elizabeth;  trader  at  Sonoma  '47,  in  partnership  with  Fred.  G. 
Blun.e,  and  later  Victor  Prudon;  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  v.  680.  Hace,  1831, 
perhaps  of  Young's  trappers,  iii.  388.  Hacker  (Win),  1846,  bugler  Co.  C, 
1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Hackett  (Pat.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  Haenck  (Tadeo),  1791,  apothecary  with  Malaspina.  i.  490.  Hage- 
nian  (ChasK.),  1847,  Co.  D,  X.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Hagemeister,  1817,  Russ. 
gov.  of  Alaska  who  visited  Cal.  on  the  Kutusof  '17-18.  ii.  216,  251,  283,  291, 
315-18,  373,  383.  Haggerty  (John  K.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518); 
a  miner  in  '48.  Hagler  (Henry),  1843,  German  ship-carpenter  and  mill 
wright  with  Stephen  Smith  from  Baltimore,  iv.  395,  4CO.  He  worked  at  Bo 
dega;  in  '47-8  in  charge  of  the  farm  of  his  brother-in-law  F.  G.  Blume;  seems 
to  have  spent  his  life  in  Sonoma  Co. ;  died  at  Bodega  in  '73.  His  name  was 
perhaps  Hegelar. 

Haig  (A.),  1822,  mr  of  the  Snipe,  ii.  474.  Haight  (Jacob),  1846,  artill. 
of  Stockton's  bat.,  killed  at  the  S.  Gabriel,  Jan.  '47.  v.  395.  H.  (Sam.  W.), 
1847,  sutler  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  503);  often  named  in  commercial  records  of  '47- 
8,  being  interested  at  Beniciaj  d.  S.F.  '56.  Hails  (R.  C. ),  1846,  nat.  of  Tenn. 
and  overl.  immig. ;  several  times  memb.  of  the  legisl.  from  Napa  and  Solano 
down  to  '78,  when  he  was  62  years  old.  Haines  (John),  1837,  named  in 
Larkin's  books;  in  Sutter's  employ  '44;  also  ment.  at  N.  Helv.  '46.  Hair- 
bird  (John),  1846,  doubtful  memb.  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  547. 

Hale  (Horatio),  1841,  on  the  Cowlitz;  of  scientific  corps  U.  S.  ex.  ex.  iv. 
218,  241-2,  246,  250.  Haler  (Lorenzo),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men  in  '48-9, 
and  perhaps  in  '45.  iv.  583;  v.  453.  Halee,  1842,  doubtful  name  at  S.  F. 
Haley  (John),  1828,  Irish  cooper  at  S.  Pedro  from  an  Engl.  vessel;  in  '29-30 
at  S.  Gab.,  age  34.  ii.  558;  written  '  Geli. '  Hall  (Basil),  1847,  owner  of  S.F. 
lot.  v.  678.  H.  (Chas),  1832,  Boston  trader  at  Los  Ang.  '33-6;  d.  before 
'62.  iii.  408.  H.  (James),  1826,  mate  on  the  Rover.  H.  (James),  1831  (?), 
mate  of  a  trader,  perhaps  same  as  preceding;  visited  S.F.  '81  from  Me.  H. 
(James),  1844,  disabled  Amer.  sailor  aided  by  the  consul;  sailed  on  the  Naii- 
tucket.  H.  (James),  1848,  at  Mont.,  perhaps  J.  T.  H.  (J.T.),  1846,  mr  of 
the  Bai-nstdble  and  Elizabeth  '46-8,  perhaps  2  men.  v.  576-7.  H.  (John), 
1822,  mr  of  the  Lady  Blackwood,  author  of  notes  on  Cal.  harbors,  ii.  474;  iv. 
151.  H.  (John  or  Chas),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  for  many  years  a 
miner  in  Nev.,  where  he  died  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow  and  daughter.  H. 
(John  T.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Malek  Adhel.  H.  (R.R.),  1847,  boatswain  on  the 
Columbus.  H.  (Willard  P.),  1847,  memb.  of  congress  from  Mo.,  who  came 
as  guide  (?)  with  the  Morm.  Bat.  v.  483;  served  in  Co.  C,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
went  east  with  Kearny.  v.  452;  and  testified  at  Wash,  in  the  Fremont  court- 
martial,  v.  456. 

Halleck  (Henry  Wager),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  graduate  of  West  Point,  and 
lieut  of  engineers  U.  S.A.,  who  came  with  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  to  inspect 
Pacific  coast  fortifications,  v.  518-20.  Besides  attending  to  his  duties  as  engi 
neer  officer,  being  soon  brevetted  captain,  he  went  down  the  coast  to  take 
part  in  the  military  operations  at  Mazatlan  and  in  L.  Cal.;  prepared  a  report 
on  Cal.  land  titles;  and  acted  in  '48-9  as  govt  secretary  and  auditor  of  reve 
nues.  In  '49  he  was  an  active  and  influential  member  of  the  constitutional 
convention;  and  in  '50-4  acted  as  inspector  of  light-houses  on  the  Pac.  coasf. 
Then  he  resigned  his  commission,  and  in  '54-60  was  a  member  of  the  law  firm 
of  Halleck,  Peachy,  &  Billings  in  S.F.,  taking  part  as  counsellor  in  many  of 
the  great  land  suits,  acting  as  a  kind  of  director  of  the  New  Almaden  mines, 
acquiring  a  vast  estate,  and  in  '60-1  serving  as  major-gen,  of  militia.  In  '61 
he  went  east  and  was  commissioned  major -gen.;  commanded  thedept.  of  Mo. 
in  '61-2;  was  the  highest  mil.  authority  at  Wash,  as  senior  general,  and  later 
as  chief  of  staff  in  '62-5;  commanded  for  a  time  at  Richmond;  was  in  '65-9 
com.  of  the  dept.  of  the  Pacific;  and  from  '69  of  the  dept  of  the  South  until 
his  death  at  Louisville,  Ky,  in  '72,  at  the  age  of  56.  No  analysis  of  Gen.  Hal- 
leek's  character  is  called  for  here;  his  reputation  is  national,  though  he  was 
essentially  a  Calif orniauj  and  the  positions  held  by  him  are  sufficient  to  show 


774  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

his  abilities.  He  was  a  cold-blooded,  generally  unpopular  man;  plodding 
rather  than  brilliant  in  all  his  efforts;  arousing  bitter  enmity  as  well  as  pro 
found  admiration.  He  was  the  author  of  several  professional  works  and  trans 
lations,  and  his  treatises  on  military,  mining,  and  international  law  are  re 
garded  as  of  standard  value.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  John  C.  Hamilton, 
and  survived  him  with  a  son.  H.,  1847,  brother  of  H.W.,  said  to  have  been 
in  the  Q.M.  dept.,  and  to  have  died  at  Mont.  '48.  It  may  be  that  there  is  an 
error  in  the  date  of  death,  and  that  this  was  Jabez  Halleck,  who  was  col 
lector,  harbor-master,  and  com.  of  deeds  in  '49. 

Haller  (John  J.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Halloran  (Luke),  1846,  memb. 
of  the  Dormer  party,  who  died  before  reaching  Cal.  v.  531.  Halls  (John), 
1847,  surveyor  at  S.F.,  Mont.,  and  N.  Helv.  '47-8.  v.  GS3.  Halpin  (Michael), 

1846,  Irish  bugler  of  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).       Halsey,  1846,  mr 
of  the  Caroline,  v.  576. 

Ham  (Hiram),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  H.  (R.S.),  1848,  early  settler 
and  alcalde  at  Sonora.  H.  (Zacarias),  1831,  with  Wolf  skill  from  N.  Mex.; 
said  to  have  been  drowned  in  the  Col.  a  little  later,  iii.  387.  Hamel  (Win), 

1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  died  in  '84.  Swan.       Hamell  (Dr),  1847, 
doubtful  name  at  N.  Helv.       Hames  (John),  1844  (?),  named  at  Soquel.  iv. 
453;  in  '45  signed  the  S.  Jose"  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  599;  ment.  in  '46.  v.  641; 
memb.  of  Sta  Cruz  council  '48.   v.  642;  alcalde  in  '49;  claimant  of  Arroyo  del 
Rodeo '53.  iii.  677.       Hamilton,  1847,  of  firm  H.  &  Foster,  Mont.       H.,  1845, 
one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  5S3.       H.  (Geo.  W.),  1846,  of  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
lumber  dealer  at  Mont.  '48;  at  S.  Jose"  '50.       H.  (James),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499):  d.  at  Jackson,  Amador  Co.,  '58.       H.  (J.R.),  1846,  act.  mid. 
on  the  Dale.;  lieut  confed.  navy  '61-5.       H.  (Mary),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon 
col.,  perhaps  with  family,  v.  546;  Mary  Sparks  was  her  daughter. 

Hamlen  (Mortimer  J.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Hamley  (Geo. 
W.),  1846,  mr  of  the  Stonington.  v.  578,  580;  bearer  of  despatches  from  Stock 
ton  to  Fre'mont  in  Jan.  '47.  v.  401;  and  in  Dec.  witness  at  Wash.,  D.  C. ;  in 
'53  cl.  for  Giiejito  rancho.  v.  621.  His  name  is  written  in  many  ways,  but  I 
have  his  autograph.  Hammer  (Robert),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d. 
on  Amer.  Riv.  '49.  Hammond  (Francis  A.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the  Cur 
rency  Lass;  kept  a  shoe-shop  in  S.F.  '48.  v.  685.  H.  (Thos  C.).  1846,  lieut 
Co.  K,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  v.  336,  341,  313;  died  of  his  wounds  at  S.  Pascual. 
v.  343-7.  Hampton  (Wade),  1841,  Amer.  gunsmith  in  Workman-Rowland 
party  from  N.  Mex.  iv.  278;  at  Los  Aug.  '42;  returned  via  Mazatlan  in  '43, 
and  was  mysteriously  killed  on  the  way.  Given. 

Hance  (Wm),  1838,  Amer.  sailor,  who  deserted  from  the  Sarah  and  Caro 
line,  perhaps  in  '36.  iv.  118;  arrested,  but  not  exiled,  in  '40.  iv.  17;  got  a  pass 
in  '41,  being  then  a  lumberman  near  Monterey.  In  '42  he  signed  an  appeal  on 
the  sufferings  of  the  arrested  party;  in  '44  got  his  pass  renewed,  living  at  S. 
F.,  age  35.  Hancock  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  H.  (Geo. 
W.),  1847,  Co.  C,  ditto.  H.  (Levi  W.),  1847,  musician  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat., 
being  also  poet,  preacher,  and  spiritual  director  of  the  battalion,  v.  477,  485, 
488,  493-4;  in  Utah  '82.  Hand,  1841,  mr  of  the  Hamilton,  iv.  566.  H. 
(ChasS.),  1847,  at  Benicia '47-8.  v.  673.  H.  (Patrick),  1847,  sergt  Co.  F. 
3d  U.S.  artill.  v.  519.  Handerick  (James),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  v.  679. 
Handford,  1847,  mr  of  the  J6ven  Guipuzcoana.  •  Handley  (Win),  1837,  mr  of 
the  Loriot.  iv.  105.  Hands,  1848,  arrested  at  S.  Jose",  v.  662. 

Hanks  (Ephraim).  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  H.  (Ebenezer), 
1847,  sergt  ditto,  v.  477.  H.  (Julian),  1845,  mr  of  the  Maria  Teresa,  v. 
587,  579;  perhaps  came  earlier;  at  S.  Jose"  from  '46,  being  member  of  the 
council,  v.  664;  in  '49  memb.  of  the  constit.  convention,  a  nat.  of  Conn,  age 
37.  He  went  later  to  L.  Cal.  Hanley  (James),  1835-7,  mr  of  the  Clementine. 
iii.  382,  442;  iv.  102.  Hann  (Win),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Hanna,  1848, 
mr  of  the  Lady  Adams,  v.  579.  Hannah  (Dolphus),  1845,  doubtful  overl. 
immig.  iv.  578.  Hanner  (Joseph),  1842,  Amer.  from  N.  Mex.  at  Los  Ang. 
'42-3.  Hannoah  (Baptists),  1848,  d.  at  N.  Helv.  Hanns  (H.),  1848,  at 
Hon.  from  S.F.  on  the  Julian.  Hausen  (Christian),  1840,  mrof  the  Catalina 


HANSEN— HARMON.  775 

'40-2.  iv.  192,  564;  lieut  in  Mex.  navy.  Hanson  (Geo.  M.),  1846  (?),  miner 
in  early  times,  and  later  publisher  of  newspapers;  perhaps  an  immig.  of  '46, 
died  in  Lake  Co.  78.  Hanton  (Matthew  O.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v. 
499).  Harbin  (James  M.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  (v.  526),  who  settled  in  Yolo 
'47,  and  about  '57  at  the  springs  in  Lake  that  bear  his  name;  sometimes  ac 
credited  to  '44.  iv.  446;  cl.  for  land  in  Napa  and  Yolo;  d.  Lake  Co.  '77.  H. 
(Joshua),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Son.,  Oct.  H.  (Mat 
thew),  1844,  son  of  J.  M.,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Stevens  party,  iv.  445, 
453.  He  went  south  and  was  one  of  the  prisoners  at  Chino.  v.  313—14;  later 
a  resid.  of  Napa  and  Lake,  and  about  '75  went  to  Mexico  to  engage  in  stock- 
raising.  Harcourt  (Geo.),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247);  Co.  G, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Hardcoop,  1846,  Belgian  of  the  Donner  party,  who  died  before  reaching 
the  Sierra,  v.  531-2.  Hardie  (James  A.),  1847,  lieut  3d  artill.  U.S.A., 
major  N.Y. Vol.  v.  574;  in  com.  of  S.F.  garrison  '47-8.  v.  513,  515,  649,  659; 
owner  of  town  lots.  In  the  war  of  '61-5  a  brig. -gen.;  d.  Wash.  76.  Hard 
ing,  1846,  doubtful  name  at  Los  Aug.  H.,  1847,  mr  of  the  Thos  H.  Benion. 
H.  (Francis),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  H.  (James),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  358).  H.  (Thomas),  1845,  Amer.  sailor  of  the  Tasso  and  Vandatia,  aided 
by  the  consul,  v.  587.  Hardmont  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499), 
at  S.  Jose"  '50;  d.  before  '82.  Hardy,  1848,  com.  of  the  U.S.  Ohio.  v.  579. 
H.  (Daniel),  1848,  newspaper  record.  H.  (H.  C.),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 

Hardy  (Thomas  M.),  1843,  Canadian  who  possibly  came  earlier  or  had 
been  naturalized  in  some  other  Mex.  province,  iv.  400;  grantee  this  year  of 
Rio  de  Jesus  Maria  on  the  Sac.  near  mouth  of  Cache  cr. ;  in  '44  named  in  sev 
eral  records  as  carpenter  and  translator  in  Sonoma  district,  age  43.  iv.  448; 
in  '45-8  often  named  in  N.  Helv.  Diary  as  visiting  Slitter's  Fort.  I  have  an 
original  letter  in  Span,  of  May  '46.  The  Bear  captors  of  Vallejo  and  Prudon 
spent  the  night  at  H.'s  place,  v.  120.  He  was  unpopular  with  the  settlers, 
perhaps  because  of  his  sympathy  for  the  Mex.  Had  a  Cal.  claim  for 
horses;  in  the  gold  mines  May  '48;  and  a  little  later  in  '48  or  '49  he 
\vas  drowned  in  Suisun  Bay,  perhaps  accidentally.  His  property  was  sold  by 
the  public  administrator,  and  as  late  as  70  the  sons  of  John  Hardy — claimed 
to  be  identical  with  Thos  M. — were  trying  in  the  courts  to  overthrow  the 
title  of  J.  M.  Harbin  and  other  holders  under  the  administrator's  sale  and 
U.S.  patent  to  the  rancho.  H.  (Thos),  1847,  at  Benicia;  perhaps  same  as 
preceding.  H.  (Win  H.),  1845,  landed  at  Sta  Cruz  from  a  whaler,  v.  587; 
worked  for  Larkin  and  others  as  a  carpenter  and  lumberman,  building  a 
schooner  '46;  of  H.  &  Jenkins  '48;  still  at  Sta  Cruz  '80.  Hare  (Henry), 
1836,  Engl.  clerk  with  Jas  Watson  at  Mont.,  age  26,  and  single. 

Hargrave  (Win),  1844,  Amer.  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  Kelsey  party,  iv. 
444-5,  453;  settling  in  Napa  as  a  hunter.  He  was  prominent  in  the  Bear  re 
volt,  v.  78-9,  95,  104,  110.  119;  and  later  served  in  the  south  as  lieut  of  Co. 
C,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  361,  283.  He  is  occasionally  ment.  in  divers  records  of  '45-8. 
In  78  he  still  lived  in  Napa,  where  he  dictated  for  my  use  an  interesting  nar 
rative  of  California,  in  '^6'.  Harlan  (Geo.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  from  Ind. 
with  wife — Elizabeth  Duncan — 2  sons,  and  2  daughters,  v.  528-30.  He  lived 
at  S.F.,  and  later  in  Contra  Costa,  dying  in  Sta  Clara  '50,  and  his  wife  in  '48. 
H.  (Elisha),  1846,  son  of  Geo.,  in  same  party.  H.  (Joel),  1846,  son  of  Geo., 
b.  Ind.  '28;  in  '49  married  Minerva,  daughter  of  Wm  Fowler;  lived  at  many 
dif.  places,  and  from '82  in  Amador  Val.,  where  he  died  in  72,  leaving  a 
widow  and  7  children.  Portrait  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  Hist.,  78.  Harlem  (P. 
W.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Harley  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  near  Sac.  after  70. 

Harmand,  see  'Harmon.'  Harmes  (Henry),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot. 
H.  (Wm),  1847,  ditto.  Harmon  (De  Witt  J.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  Murphy's,  Calav.  Co.,  71-4.  H.  (Ebenezer),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  H.  (Jacob),  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  8.7.  v.  685;  in  '48  had  a 
garden  at  the  mission,  and  a  wife,  Elenora,  who  obtained  a  divorce  in  '49.  He 
died  at  S.F.  '50,  leaving  a  widow  and  2  children,  Mary  Ann  and  Jacob.  The 


776  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

widow  married  Michael  Foley  in  '50,  and  died  at  Sta  Clara  'GO.  H.  (Lorenzo 
P.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  H.  (Oliver  N.),  1847,  Co.  E, 
ditto;  home  missionary  at  Hoytsville,  Utah,  '82. 

Harnden,  1847,  mr  of  the  Naslednik.  v.  579.  Harner  (Joseph),  1843, 
Amer.  tailor  from  N.  Mex.,  who  had  a  shop  at  Mont.,  where  he  worked  at 
his  trade,  sold  grog,  and  smuggled  in  a  small  way.  Died  in  '44  of  small-pox, 
leaving  property  worth  about  $2,000,  of  which  the  consul  wrote  to  his  mother, 
Dolly  H.  of  Va,  Harnes  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Har 
ness  (Wm),  1846,  at  N.  Helv.  Jan.-March. 

Haro  (Francisco  de),  1819,  Mex.  sub-lieut  of  the  S.  Bias  infantry  comp. 
in  Cal.  ii.  253,  371.  In  '21  accomp.  Argiiello  on  his  trip  to  the  north,  ii.  445; 
and  in  '22-3  served  as  sec.  of  the  govt  and  dip.  ii.  461-3,  486,  676.  In  '24  2d 
in  com.  of  the  exped.  against  revolted  neophytes,  ii.  531-2;  and  the  same 
year  retired  from  mil.  service,  ii.  675  (error  in  ii.  585);  elector  de  partido  '27. 
ii.  584,  592;  iii.  33;  land  grants  in  '29.  ii.  595;  iii.  75;  suplente  of  the  dip. 
'30-1.  iii.  50,  187;  vocal  '33-4.  iii.  246,  249-50.  In  '35  and  '38  he  was  alcalde 
at  S.F.,  and  elector  in  '37.  iii.  703-5;  in  '41-4  sec.  of  the  juzgado,  and  owner 
of  town  lots.  iv.  665-6,  669,  676,  683.  In  '42,  age  50,  apparently  a  widower 
(his  wife  had  been  a  daughter  of  Jose"  Sanchez),  child.  Francisco  and  Ramon 
b.  '27,  Rosalia  '28,  Natividad  '29,  Prudencio  '31,  Carlota  '33,  Dolores  '36,  Je 
sus  Felipe  '40,  Alonzo.  The  oldest  daughter,  Josefa,  b.  '25,  was  the  wife  of 
Fran.  Guerrero,  and  cl.  for  the  ranchos  granted  to  her  father  and  brothers. 
Rosalia  became  the  wife  of  A.  A.  Andrews,  and  later  of  Chas  Brown,  iv.  669. 
In  '46  Don  Francisco  was  at  times  acting  sub-prefect,  inspector  of  election, 
and  candidate  for  alcalde,  v.  295,  648.  He  died  in  '48.  His  twin  sons,  Fran 
cisco  and  Ramon,  were  militiamen  at  S.F.  in  '43;  were  granted,  or  permitted 
to  occupy,  the  Potrero  in  '44.  iv.  673;  Ramon,  or  'Chico,'  was  involved  in 
the  Libbey  assault  of  '45  (iv.  569);  and  both  were  murdered  by  Fremont's 
men  at  S.  Rafael  in  June  '46.  v.  171-4.  H.  (Ignacio),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  20. 

Harper  (Thos  W.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sta  B.  '56.  Har- 
ran  (Geo.  and  Joel),  1847,  lots  at  S.F.,  prob.  'Harlan,'  q.  v.  Harriens  (David), 
1826,  mr  of  the  Cyrus;  also  in  '30.  iii.  146.  Harrington  (John),  1847,  Co. 
D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Harris,  1847,  in  prison  atN.  Helv.  for  stealing  horses. 
H.,  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the  Currency  Lass.  H.  (Austin),  1848,  passed  mid. 
on  the  U.S.  Independence.  H.  (Geo.  Aug.),  1826,  trader  who  had  a  quarrel 
with  Dav.  Spence.  H.  (Geo.  C.),  1846,  on  the  Sarah  Parker  ace.  to  Swan. 
H.  (Henry),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  col.,  joining  at  Hon.,  and  somewhat  prom 
inent  by  reason  of  his  suit  against  Brannan.  Annals  of  S.F. ,  750.  At  S.F. 

'47-8;  owner  of  town  lots.  v.  685.  His  wife  was  Mary ,  and  their  only 

child,  Henry  Wm,  died  in  '48.  H.  (James),  1830,  shipwrecked  sailor  of  the 
Danube;  still  at  Sta  B.  '36.  iii.  180.  H.  (John),  1844,  Engl.  at  Mont.  H. 
(John  D.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  685.  H.  (J.  H.),  1848,  subscribes  for 
a  ball  at  Mont.  H.  (Robert),  1847,  captain's  clerk  on  the  Columbus;  perhaps 
same  as  preceding.  H.  (Robert),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  H. 
(Silas),  1847,  Co.  B,  ditto;  a  Utah  farmer  '81;  mail-carrier  '48. 

Harris  (Stephen),  1847,  Q.  M.  sergt  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  503;  with  wife  and  2 
daughters.  One  of  the  latter  died  at  S.F.  in  Aug. ;  the  other  was  born  on  the 
voy. ,  and  christened  Alta  California  at  Rio  Janeiro  with  much  ceremony,  v. 
512,  getting  a  S.F.  lot  in  '48,  as  her  father  had  in  '47;  candidate  for  council 
in  '47.  v.  650;  still  in  Cal.  '54.  H.  (Stephen  A.),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lot; 
left  Cal.  in  '50  and  d.  '67.  His  lot  was  claimed  in  '54  by  Stephen,  whose  grantees 
held  it  from '64;  and  the  heirs  of  Stephen  A., in '70-9,  were  unable  to  recover  the 
land  in  the  courts.  H.  (Mrs  S.  E.),  1845,  at  Sonoma  '77;  maiden  name  not 
given.  H.  (Wm),  1844,  Amer.  sailor  put  ashore  by  the  Vandalia;  shipped 
by  the  consul  on  the  C.  W.  Morgan.  H.  (Wm).  1846,  Fanntleroy's  dragoons 
(v.  232,  247).  H.  (Wm  A.),  1847,  asst  surg.  on  the  Independence  '47-8. 

Harrison  (Ed.  H.),  1847,  Q.M.  clerk  of  N.Y.Vol.  and  of  the  dept  at  S.F.; 
a  prominent  man  from  '48,  school  trustee,  president  of  public  meetings,  owner 
of  lots,  and  collector  of  the  port.  v.  575,  650-1,  656-7,  659,  678,  685;  appar 
ently  of  DeWitt  &  H.,  a  well-known  S.F.  firm.  H.  (G.),  1847,  mid.  on  the 


HARRISON— HARTNELL.  777 

U.S.  Columbus.  H.  (Henry  A.),  1848,  had  a  store  in  S.F.;  memb.  of  coun 
cil  '49;  died  in  N.  Y.  '57.  H.  (H.H.),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  St  Louis. 
H.  (Isaac),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Sandy,  Utah,  '81.  H. 
(Israeli,  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  H.  (N.B.),  1846,  mid.  and  act.  master  of 
the  U.S. Portsmouth:  sent  by  Montgomery  to  Sloat  with  despatches,  v.  228; 
at  Mont.  '48.  H.  (Thos),  1846,  doubtful  mention;  a  Mrs  Russell  is  also  said 
to  have  come  in  '46  with  her  father  and  mother  named  Harrison.  Harron 
(James),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sentinel,  Fresno,  '83.  Harsh 
(Dan.),  1847,  in  Napa  Val. 

Hart,  1839,  mr  of  the  Flibberty-gibbet.  iv.  103-4.  H.  (Henry  L.),  1847, 
Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  in  L.'  Cal.  '48.  H.  (James  S.),  1847,  Co.  E, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  H.  (Jerome),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  in  Shasta  '52.  H.  (John),  1829-30,  mr  of  a  vessel  on  the  coast.  H. 
(John),  1847,  Co.  D,  ditto;  at  S.F.  '71-4;  d.  before  '82.  H.  (Joseph),  1846, 
Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  enlisted  at  S.  Jose,  Oct.  Hartcell  (David),  1847, 
Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Hartman  (Henry),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot, 
who  had  a  tin-shop  in  '48.  v.  684.  Hartnell  (Horatio  Nelson),  see  'Hart- 
well.'  H.  (Jack),  1834,  at  Mont.  H.  (Win  A.),  1846,  celador  of  Mont, 
custom-house,  v.  570. 

Hartnell  (Win  Edward  Petty),  1822,  nat.  of  Lancashire,  Engl.,  b.  1798, 
who,  after  a  resid.  of  several  years  in  S.  Amer.,  came  to  Cal.  on  the  John  Begy, 
as  member  of  the  firm  McCulloch,  H.,  &  Co.,  agents  of  Begg  &  Co.  of  Lima, 
and  of  the  Brothertons  in  Liverpool  and  Edinburgh.  This  firm  made  a  con 
tract  to  take  mission  produce  for  3  years  from  '23,  and  for  some  years  did  a 
large  business,  ii.  474-9,  564,  591,  603,  659;  iii.  24,  28.  In  '24  he  was  bap 
tized  at  S.  Carlos,  the  name  Edward  being  added  at  that  time  (the  '  Paty ' 
of  ii.  475  is  prob.  an  error);  and  in  '25  married  Maria  Teresa  de  la  Guerra. 
iii.  27,  29.  His  business  was  prosperous  down  to  '26,  and  some  loans  were 
made  to  the  govt;  but  in  '27-9  there  came  reverses  that  caused  him  to  go  to 
S.  Amer.  in  '29  to  close  the  partnership,  leaving  him  with  a  heavy  burden  of 
debt.  iii.  49,  57-8,  71,  118,  121-2,  127-8,  138, 147,  176.  In  '30  he  was  natural 
ized,  and  in  '31  undertook  the  life  of  a  ranchero  at  Alisal  in  partnership  with 
the  Soberanes.  In  '32  he  com.  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Monterey  in  support  of 
Zamorano.  iii.  221-5,  672;  and  in  '33-6  acted  as  Cal.  agent  of  the  Russian 
comp.  iv.  162-4;  grantee  in  '34  of  the  Alisal,  or  Patrocinio,  rancho,  ii.  616, 
where  with  Father  Short  he  established  a  kind  of  college,  called  sometimes 
Seminario  de  S.  Jose",  iii.  317,  670,  677-8.  In  '35-6  he  was  regidor.  iii.  293, 
673,  675;  his  children  then  being  Guillermo  Ant.  b.  '27,  Adalberto  '32,  Jos<§ 
'34,  and  Matilde  '36,  one  or  two  having  died  and  others  perhaps  not  living  at 
the  college,  where  there  were  then  13  students.  He  was  also  collector  of  taxes 
and  customs  in  '36-7,  and  employed  to  make  a  padron  of  the  district,  iii.  672; 
iv.  96,  116;  but  about  this  time  the  school  was  given  up  as  unprofitable,  and 
H.  found  it  difficult  to  support  his  family.  In  '39-40  he  served  by  Alvarado's 
appointment  as  visitador  general  of  missions,  at  a  salary  of  $2,000,  his  faith 
ful  efforts  for  reform  being  recorded,  with  his  reports,  in  iii.  600-1,  620,  624- 
8,  645,  657-8,  661,  664,  666,  683,  685,  688,  691,  718,  720,  725,  728;  iv.  9,  55- 
62,  194-5.  Visited  by  Douglas  '41.  iv.  212;  interpreter  in  '42  for  Com.  Jones' 
investig.  of  the  Graham  affair;  in  '43  an  officer  of  customs,  iv.  377,  tithe  col 
lector,  court  clerk,  and  teacher;  in  '44,  1st  officer,  inspector,  interpreter,  and 
acting  admin,  of  the  custom-house,  having  also  an  interesting  corresp.  with 
Wyllie  on  plans  of  Engl.  colonization,  iv.  403,  430-1,  451-2,  654;  ment.  in 
'45.  iv.  515,  559;  being  still  in  the  custom-house  '45-6,  somewhat  unfriendly 
to  the  U.S.  until  he  lost  all  hope  of  an  Engl.  protectorate,  v.  7,  9,  61,  235, 
570.  After  the  change  of  flag  he  was  appointed  by  Stockton  surveyor  and 
appraiser  of  customs,  being  elected  councillor,  serving  on  the  1st  jury,  and 
making  a  trip  to  Honolulu  in  Dec.  v.  289,  293,  637.  In  '47-50  H.  was  em 
ployed  by  the  U.S.  authorities  as  official  interpreter  and  translator,  v.  609,  in 
which  capacity  he  rendered  most  important  services,  both  in  connection  with 
legal  and  land  matters  and  the  constit.  convention.  Later  he  was  county 
assessor  and  held  other  positions,  being  claimant  for  two  ranches,  iv.  643;  iii.. 


778  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

676;  dying  in  '54  at  the  age  of  56.  Hartnell  was  a  man  who  enjoyed  and 
merited  the  respect  and  friendship  of  all  who  knew  him,  being  perfectly 
honest  and  straightforward  in  all  his  transactions,  of  most  genial  tempera 
ment,  and  too  liberal  for  his  own  interests.  In  some  directions  he  was  a  man 
of  rare  ability,  being  a  master  of  the  Spanish,  French,  and  German  languages 
besides  his  own.  He  was  not  a  good  business  manager,  lacking  application, 
method,  and  energy,  and  being  always  in  financial  trouble;  but  in  any  cleri 
cal  or  subordinate  capacity  he  was  most  reliable  and  efficient.  In  the  later 
years  he  drank  to  excess.  Besides  the  original  records  of  the  Convention  of  '4$ 
and  the  valuable  Diario  del  Visitador  Gen.  '39-40,  I  have  hundreds  of  his 
letters  in  various  private  archives;  and  indeed,  his  family  doc.  form  more  than 
one  vol.  of  the  Vallejo  collection,  which  should  bear  his  name.  His  correspond 
ents  were  men  of  education  and  standing  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  His 
widow  still  lives  at  Salinas  in  '85,  at  the  age  of  76,  being  still  owner  of  the 
Alisal  rancho.  She  gave  me  a  personal  Narrativa.  There  were  20  sons  and  5 
daughters  ace.  to  her  own  statement.  In  '40  there  had  been  13,  of  whom  9 
were  living.  Besides  the  4  named  above,  I  find  the  following  in  the  Sta  B.  Co. 
Hist.:  Juan,  Uldarico,  Pablo,  Alvano  (?),  Nathaniel  (died),  George,  Frank, 
Benjamin,  Teresa,  Anita,  Magdalena,  and  Amelia.  There  was  also  an  Estevau. 
Ramon  (perhaps  Jos6)  was  majordomo  at  S.  Juan  in  '40;  Wm  A.  was  custom 
house  guard  in  '45-6.  Most  of  the  sons  seem  to  have  inherited  the  father's 
weaknesses  rather  than  his  abilities;  but  several  became  respectable  citizens. 

Hartwell  (Lorenzo  Nelson),  1834,  Amer.  sailor  from  the  Catalina  at  S. 
Diego,  iii.  412;  still  there  in  '40,  naturalized  and  married.  Called  generally 
Horatio  and  Lawrence  Hartnell,  but  1  have  his  authograph  of  '38.  H. 
(Wm),  1834,  Engl.,  age  36,  testifies  in  favor  of  John  Reed.  Hartwig,  1847, 
a  naturalist  at  N.  Helv.  in  June.  Harvan  (Wm),  1846,  doubtful  name  at 
Los  Ang.  Harvey  (Thos),  1831,  mate  of  the  Catalina. 

Hashagen,  1847,  mr  of  the  Clementine,  v.  577.  Haschal  (A.  G.),  1846, 
one  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  546;  lot  at  S.F.  '47;  did  not  go  to  Utah;  perhaps 
'Haskell.'  Thales  Haskell  is  also  named.  Haskell  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  B, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  H.  (J.  G.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  H.  (John  W.), 

1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sta  B.  78.       Hasking  (Henry),  1847,  at 
Hon.  from  S.F.  on  the  Julia.       Haslitt  (Geo.),  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's 
men.  iv.  583,  587;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '74;  a  Cherokee  Ind.       Hassard  (J.  G.), 

1848,  passp.  from  Hon.       Hassel  (H.),  1848,  ditto.       Hastie,  1848,  from  Hon. 
on  the  Sagadahoc. 

Hastings  (Lansford  W.),  1843,  nat.  of  Ohio,  b.  '19,  a  lawyer  who  com.  a 
party  crossing  the  plains  to  Or.  '42,  and  came  to  Cal.  '43  in  com.  of  the  immig. 
party  that  bears  his  name.  iv.  389-92,  400,  444.  His  views  were  those  of  a 
filibuster,  but  he  found  that  the  time  had  not  come  for  a  successful  movement; 
so  he  went  back  in  '44,  by  sea  and  across  Mex. ,  to  publish  a  worthless  book 
called  an  Emigrant's  Guide,  and  to  attract  settlers  and  prospective  revolu 
tionists  by  lectures  and  other  methods,  iv.  396-9,  355-6,  2,  6,  20,  26.  In  '45 
he  returned  with  another  party  overland  to  Cal.  iv.  585-6;  but  in  the  spring 
of  '46.  after  the  settlers'  revolt  had  been  postponed,  went  with  Clyman's  party 
to  Salt  Lake  in  search  of  more  immig.,  and  thus  missed  the  Bear  movement. 
v.  526,  529;  but  returned  in  the  autumn  with  Harlan's  party,  by  H.  's  new  cut 
off,  which  proved  so  fatal  to  the  Donners,  in  time  to  serve  as  capt.  of  Co.  F, 
Cal.  Bat.  v.  529-30,  359,  361.  Before  going  east,  however,  he  and  Bid  well  had 
laid  out  the  new  town  of  Sutterville,  reported  at  the  time  to  be  intended  for 
a  Mormon  town,  v.  58;  and  indeed,  H.  was  an  agent  for  the  Mormons  in  the 
secular  phases  of  their  enterprise,  v.  548;  selecting-  a  site  at  Montezuma, 
Solano,  where  some  time  in  '47-8  he  built  an  adobe  house,  still  standing  in  '80, 
and  established  a  ferry  across  the  S.  Joaquin.  v.  552.  In  '47-8  he  also  prac 
tised  law  at  S.F.,  being  the  owner  of  town  lots.  v.  579,  645,  678,  681.  In  March 
-April  '48  he  was  trying  to  recruit  a  battalion  of  volunteers  to  put  down  an 
imaginary  revolt  in  the  south;  in  May  was  elected  school  trustee  at  S.F. ;  in 
July  married  Charlotte  Catherine,  daughter  of  Hopeful  Toler,  at  Sac.,  and  in 
Sept.  was  appointed  judge  of  the  northern  district.  In  '49  he  was  a  member 


HASTINGS— HAY.  779 

of  the  constit.  convention,  utilizing  his  geographical  acquirements  in  the  fixing 
of  a  boundary.  He  lived  at  or  near  Sac.  till  '57;  then  went  to  Arizona;  came 
back  on  a  visit  in  '64;  and  is  said  to  have  died  in  Brazil  about  '70.  He  was  an 
intelligent,  active  man,  never  without  some  grand  scheme  on  hand,  not  overbur 
dened  with  conscientious  scruples,  but  never  getting  caught  in  anything  very 
disreputable.  H.  (Sam.  J.),  1841,  mrof  the  Tasso  '41-4.  iv.  569.  Haswell 
(Robert),  1788,  Engl.  mate  of  the  Washington  in  voy.  to  N.  W.  coast,  the  1st 
Amer.  vessel  to  enter  Cal.  waters.  H.  kept  a  diary  which  was  furnished  me 
by  his  daughter,  Mrs  John  J.  Clark,  who  died  at  Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  '83,  at  the 
age  of  80. 

Hatch  (James  B.),  1842,  mr  of  the  Barnstable'42-3,  '44-5;  possibly  on  the 
coast  before,  iv.  341,  563,  101;  iii.  381;  also  mr  of  the  Loo  Chooin  '47.  v.  511. 
H.  (J.  W.),  1848  (?),  killed  accidentally  at  Napa  '79.  H.  (Meltliah),  1847, 
Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469):  at  Panguich,  Utah,  '82,  H.  (Orin),  1847,  ditto, 
at  Bountiful,  Utah,  '82.  H.  (Prince  G.),  1847,  in  S.F.  list  of  letters.  H. 
(Sam.  B.),  1843,  at  Sta  Cruz.  Hathaway  (Humphrey)',  1838,  came  on  a  ves 
sel  com.  by  Capt.  Howland,  and  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  Mont.  On  Larkin's 
books  '38-43;  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrests  in  '40;  left  Mont. — and  his  debts — 
on  the  Rajah  in  '43.  iv.  17,  119.  H.  (James  M.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  d.  Downieville  '51.  H.  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Sagadahoc.  Hatler 
(Alex.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  v.  685.  Hatton  (Wm),  1826,  on  the  Rover. 
Hauff  (Ernest),  1847,  musician  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  '71-4;  in  Men- 
docino  Co.  '83.  Haughty  (Michael),  1847,  Co.  I,  ditto.  Haulstorn  (Alex.), 
1830,  doubtful  name  in  a  business  account.  Haun  (JohnS.),  1846(?),  nat.  of 
Mo.;  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '76;  perhaps  son  of  Wm.  H.  (Wm),  1846,  settler  at 
Sta  Clara  with  wife,  Lavinia  Whisman,  the  latter  still  living  in  '80.  Haust 
(Joseph),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Havey  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  West  Point,  Calaveras  Co.,  '71-82. 

Hawes  (Horace),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  who  visited  Cal.  from  Hon.  on  the 
Angola,  en  route  to  Tahiti,  where  he  had  been  appointed  U.S.  consul.  In  '49 
he  came  back  and  was  prefect  at  S.F..  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  as  a 
prominent  lawyer  and  legislator.  He  was  the  author  of  an  important  treatise 
on  the  Cal.  mission  cases,  and  of  many  other  well-known  briefs,  political 
pamphlets,  and  speeches;  also  of  the  S.F.  consolidation  bill  of  '56  and  registry 
law  of  '66;  a  member  of  the  assembly  for  two  terms,  and  of  the  state  senate 
in  '63-4.  Hawes  was  a  self-made  man,  a  shrewd  lawyer,  a  man  of  powerful 
mind,  original  in  his  views  and  methods,  but  full  of  conceit,  suspicions  by 
nature,  always  unpopular,  and  eccentric  to  the  verge  of  insanity  in  his  later 
years.  He  became  a  millionaire,  and  by  his  will  of  '71 — the  year  of  his  death 
at  the  age  of  58 — left  the  bulk  of  his  estate  for  the  foundation  of  Mount  Eagle 
University  and  a  Chamber  of  Industry,  making  but  a  comfortable  provision 
for  his  heirs  and  relations.  But  the  heirs,  in  a  suit  that  is  one  of  the  causas 
cclebres  of  Cal. ,  succeeded  in  breaking  the  will  on  the  ground  of  the  testator's 
insanity,  and  thus  defeated  his  plans  for  the  public  good  and  his  own  perma 
nent  fame.  His  2d  wife,  married  in  '58,  was  Catherine  Coombs,  who  survived 
him  with  a  son,  Horace,  who  died  in  '84,  and  a  daughter,  Caroline,  who  mar 
ried  James,  the  son  of  Alfred  Robinson,  and  is  still  living  in  '85. 

Hawk  (Nathan),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  overland  mail-carrier 
in  '48,  being  employed  by  Brannan.  H.  (Wm),  1847,  ditto;  at  Salt  Lake 
City  '81.  Hawkhurst,  1837,  perhaps  one  of  the  men  emploved  to  drive  cat 
tle  to  Or.  iv.  85.  Hawkins,  1848,  lieut  with  Gen.  Lane,  Sta  F<§  to  Or.  via 
S.  Diego.  Coutts.  H.  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  S.  F. 
letter  list  '48.  H.  (John  A.  or  P.),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another 
name  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.  F.  H.  (Sam.),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl. 
immig.  iv.  578.  H.  (Wm),  1830  (?),  trapper  of  Ashley's  comp.,  said  to  have 
hunted  in  the  S.  Joaquin  Val.  in  very  early  times,  and  again  in  '52.  Mont. 
Co.  Hist.,  29.  H.  (Zacarias),  1845,  doctor  and  overl.  immig.  prob.  to  Or., 
and  not  Cal.  iv.  578.  Hawley  (Jos.),  1842,  mr  of  the  whaler  Hague,  '42,  '44; 
iv.  566.  Haws  (Alpheus  P.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477. 

Hay,  1847,  Scotchman,  of  H.  &  Dickson,  S.F.  traders  at  the  'Beehive' 


780  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

store  '47-50;  owner  of  town  lots.  v.  675,  684;  left  Gal.  after  '50.  H.  (G.C.), 
1848,  treasurer  of  S.F. ;  called  'Dr';  perhaps  same  as  preceding.  Hayden 
(Geo.  W.j,  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4<J9).  Hayes,  1845,  Amer.  immig. 
from  Or.  in  the  McM.-Clyman  party;  prob.  went  back  in  '46;  but  may  have 
been  the  H.  wounded  at  Natividad.  iv.  572;  v.  526,  367.  H.,  1848,  at  Mont, 
from  Hon.  on  the  S.  Francisco.  H.  (Elias),  1833,  Amer.  at  Mont.  '33-6;  in 
'34-5  making  shingles  for  Abel  Stearns,  iii.  409.  H.  (Jacob),  1846,  one  of 
the  Mormon  col.  v.  546;  did  not  go  to  Utah;  d.  before 'SO;  called  also  '  Hayse. ' 
H.  (James),  1846,  at  Mont,  as  a  kind  of  policeman;  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  wounded 
at  Natividad  in  Nov.  v.  367;  also  called  John.  H.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  mid.  on 
the  U.S.  Dale;  died  at  sea  in  '49.  Hayt  (Elisha),  1848,  doubtful  name  at 
Mont. ;  prob.  *  Hyatt. '  Hay  wood  (Philip  H. ),  1846,  mid.  on  the  Independence; 
lieut  in  Stockton's  bat.  '47.  v.  386,  391-5. 

Healy,  1845,  on  the  Sterling  at  Mont.  Hearn  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  Heartstene  (H.T.).  1842,  lieut  U.  S.  N.,  sent  east  by  Com. 
Jones  with  despatches,  iv.  313.  Heath  (Chas),  1843,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  who  got 
a  carta  in  Oct.,  living  at  Sta  Cruz.  iv.  400,  356;  ment.  at  N.  Helv.  '45-7;  in 
'47  owner  of  S.F.  lot,  and  builder  of  a  ferry-boat  at  Benicia.  v.  671,  673,  678. 
H.  (Rich.  W.),  1846  (?),  came  as  quartermaster  U.S.A.,  and  later  had  a  ferry- 
on  the  Stanislaus.  Tinkham.  H.  (Russell),  1847,  doubtful  mention  at  S. 
Buen.  H.  (W.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Heathcoat,  1847,  possibly  of  N. 
Y.Vol.  under  another  name.  Heathcote  (Theodore),  1846,  sergt  Co.  C,  1st 
U.S.  dragoons;  in  '48  ordnance  sergt  at  Los  Ang. 

Heceta  (Bruno),  1775,  Span.  capt.  and  com.  of  the  Santiago  in  explor.  voy. 
to  Cal.  and  the  N.  W.  coast,  i.  241,  247-8,  280,  330.  Hecox  (Adna  A.), 

1846,  nat.  of  Mich.,  b.  1806,  and  overland  immig.  with  wife,  Margaret  M. 
Hamer,  and  3  children,  v.  529.  Remaining  at  Sta  Clara  during  the  winter- 
that  is,  '  taking  an  active  part  in  the  war  with  Mexicans ' — he  went  to  the 
Sta  Cruz  region,  where  he  built  a  saw-mill,  and  worked  as  carpenter  and 
builder;  went  to  the  mines  for  a  short  time  in  '48;  alcalde  at  Sta  Cruz  '48-9. 
v.  642;  later  justice  of  the  peace;  county  treasurer  '61-3;  from  '70  in  charge 
of  the  Sta  Cruz  light-house  till  his  death,  in  '83.  He  was  a  methodist,  and  one 
of  the  first  who  preached  protestant  sermons  in  Cal.   v.  641.  His  narr.  of  his 
early  life,  overl.  trip,  and  experience  in  Cal.,  was  published  in  the  S.  Jose 
Pioneer  of  '77,  and  was  embodied  by  Willey  in  the  Sta  Cruz  Co.  Hist.  His 
testimony  on  events  connected  with  the  'war'  in  '46-7,  like  that  of  so  many 
other  immigrants,  has  little  value.  His  widow  survived  him,  with  the  follow 
ing  child.:  Mrs  M.  E.  Stampley  of  Carson,  Nev.,  Mrs  C.  M.  Brown  of  S.F., 
and  Adna  H.  Hecox  of  S.  Luis  Ob. ,  all  pioneers  of  '46,  and  of  those  born  in 
Cal.  Mrs  M.  Longley  of  Sta  Cruz,  Mrs  A.  Rigg,  Laura  J.,  and  Orville  S.  Por 
trait  of  Adna  A.  in  Sta  Cruz  Hist. ,  44.  He  was  an  active  and  respectable  man 
of  business.       Hedges,  1844,  mr  of  the  Monmouth.  iv.  567. 

Heeney  (Robert),  1846,  marine  on  the  U.S.  Dale;  one  of  Marston's  men  in 
the  Sanchez  campaign  of  '47;  slightly  wounded,  v.  381.  Hefferman  (Chas), 

1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  the  mines  '48;  died  at  S.F.  before  '82. 
Heft  (Geo.),  1816,  sailor  on  the  Lydia.  ii.  275.       Hegarty  (Peter),   1845, 
signer  of  the  S.  Jose"  call  to  foreigners.  iv.599;onthe  1st  S.JostS  jury'48.       Hegel 
(Fred.),  1841,  named  in  Larkin's  accts  '41-2.  iv.  279;  said  to  have  been  in  the 
Bodega  region  '48-9;  perhaps  some  confusion  or  relationship  bet.  him  and 
'Hiigler;'  also  'Hugel,'  q.v.       Hehn  (Henry),  1847,  musician  of  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499).       Heil  (Fred.),  1832,  passp.  at  Mont. ;  perhaps  '  Hegel '  or  '  Hugel.' 
Heinrich  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  299);  in  the  mines  '48;  later  a 
trader  at  Sac.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82;  nat.  of  Germany,  b.  '24;  wife  from 
'50,  Sarah  Neubauer.       Heinricks (Ed. ),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336). 
Heitleman,  1847,  from  Mazatlan  with  letters  from  Talbot  &  Co. 

Hcleno,  grantee  of  Cosumnesrancho'44.       Helmstadler  (James),  1847,  Co. 

B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).       Hembkey  (Conrad),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons 
(v.  336).     Hemen  (James),  1828,  Irish  sailor,  age  40.  at  Mont.  '28-9.       Hem- 
enror  (M.  W.),  1846,  doubtful  name  at  Los  Ang.       Hemerle  (John),  1846,  Co. 

C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).       Hempstead,  1847,  mr  of  the  Corea.  v.  577. 


HEMPSTEAD— HERMOSILLO.  781 

Hempstead  (Sidney  C.),  1831,  traderon  the  coast.  Hen  (Wm),  1846,  doubt 
ful  name.  IJittdl,  and  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  roll.  See  '  Haun.J  Henderson  (And.  J.), 
1S4G,  asst  surg.  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth:  at  N.Helv.  and  Sonoma  in  Bear 
times,  v.  126,  128,  300;  surg.  of  Stockton's  bat.  '47.  v.  385.  H.  (Christian), 
1S4G,  Fuuntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  H.  (James),  1842,  lieut  U.S.N. 
j\faxirdl.  H.  (Levin),  1846,  sailor  in  navy,  on  sentry  duty  at  Mont. ;  deserts 
with  his  escaping  prisoners.  H.  (Moses),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  H.  (T.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  H.  (Wm,)  1826,  mr  of  the  Olive  Branch  '26-7.  iii. 
148,  154.  H.  (Wm),  1870,  doubtful  name  in  Farnham's  list;  perhaps  'An 
derson,' q.v.  H.  (W.  T.),  1848,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  air.  S.F.June;  perhaps  same 
as  T.  above;  in  '50  slayer  of  Joaq.  Murieta;  in  Fresno  '80.  Hendricks 
(Joseph),  1844,  at  Sonoma,  age  54.  H.  (Wm),  1848,  barber  at  S.F.  v.  682. 
11.  (Wm  D.),  1S47,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Richmond,  Utah,  '82. 
Hendricksou  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo  '74.  H. 
(James),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm  Bat.  (v.  469).  Hendy  (James),  1846,  marine  on 
the  Conytws.  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel,  Jan.  '47.  v.  395.  Henge  (T. ),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon. 

Hennet,  1829,  mr  of  the  John  Coleman.  iii.  147.  Henriquez  (Antonio), 
artisan  at  Sta  Cruz,  1795.  i.  496.  H.  (Abraham),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
(v.  518).  Henry  (Dan.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Monte,  Utah, 
'82.  H.  (Francis),  1844,  Irish  sailor  of  the  VandaHa,  arrested  at  Mont. 
H.  (James),  1844,  Scotch  sailor  on  the  Vandalia;  prob.  same  as  preceding. 
iv.  453.  Known  as  'Scotch  Harry;'  at  Mont,  and  Sta  Cruz  '45-6;  in  Fallen's 
comp.  at  S.  Jose";  then  served  2  years  on  the  Portsmouth  and  Cyane.  In  '48 
kept  a  shop  at  Mont.;  in  the  mines  '49-52;  traveled  10  years  in  dif.  parts  of 
the  world;  went  to  Frazer  River,  and  died  in  the  Sonoma  Co.  hospital  '76.  His 
narr.  was  pub.  in  the  Stockton  Indep.  of  July  14,  '76,  but  no  reliance  can 
be  put  in  details.  H.  (James),  1847,  Co.  E,  K  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  H. 
(Robert),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  683.  Henschel  (H.  L),  1848,  German 
custom-house  broker  in  S.F.  from  '52  to  '68,  the  year  of  his  death;  left  a  wife 
and  two  daughters.  Henshaw  (Geo.),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson 
party,  who  went  back  in  '42.  iv.  266,  270,  275.  H.  (Hiram),  1846,  doubt 
ful  name  in  list  of  Cal.  claimants  (v.  462). 

Hensley  (Samuel  J.),  1843,  nat.  of  Ky,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Chiles- 
Walker  party,  iv.  392,  394,  400.  He  had  been  a  trapper  and  had  spent  some 
years  in  N.  Mex.  In  '44  he  was  naturalized,  got  a  grant  of  the  Agua  de  Nie- 
ves  rancho,  iv.  670,  and  entered  Sutter's  service  as  supercargo  of  the  launch; 
signing  the  order  for  Weber's  arrest,  iv.  483.  He  served  as  commissary  in 
Sutter's  army  during  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  485-7,  517.  Returning 
to  the  north,  he  took  charge  of  Hock  farm  and  attended  to  Sutter's  general 
business,  being  often  named  in  the  N.  Hdv.  Diary,  In  '46  he  was  prominent  in 
fomenting  the  Bear  revolt,  v.  80,  104,  127-8,  170;  was  capt.,  and  later  major, 
of  the  Cal.  Bat.  in  the  south,  v.  309,  328,  356,  360,  386,  391-5,  435;  had  a  Cal. 
claim  (v.  462);  and  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  685.  Going  east  with  Stockton  in  '47,  he 
testified  at  the  Fremont  court-martial,  v.  454,  456;  but  returned  to  Cal.  in 
'48,  and  after  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines  opened  a  store  at  Sac.  in  partner 
ship  with  Reading.  From  '50  he  engaged  in  navigation  of  the  Sac.  river,  and 
a  little  later  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cal.  Steam  Nav.  Co.,  of  which  he 
became  president.  His  residence  for  many  years  was  at  S.  Jose",  and  he  died 
at  Warm  Springs,  Alameda  Co.,  in  '66,  at  the  age  of  49.  Of  his  career  and 
that  of  his  fellow-filibusters  Li  '46  enough  is  said  elsewhere;  otherwise  Maj. 
Hcnsley's  record  is  that  of  an  honest  and  successful  man  of  business,  of  strong 
will  and  well-balanced  mind,  generous,  temperate,  and  brave.  His  wife  was 
Helen,  daughter  of  E.  0.  Crosby,  who  survived  him  with  a  son  and  daughter. 
Henysey  (James),  1842,  Scotch  sawyer  in  a  S.F.  list. 

Herbert  (Thos),  1842,  Engl.  lumberman  at  S.F.,  age  33.  Herd  (Henry), 
1834,  Amer.  in  Mont.  dist.  '34-7.  iii.  412.  Heredia  (Bernardo),  settler  at  S. 
Jose  from  1791;  in  '95  owner  of  Chupadero  rancho;  in  1803  regidorat  S.  Jose", 
i.  683,  716;  ii.  134.  Herman  (Jacob),  1845,  overl.  immig.  iv.  578,  587;  lived 
at  S.F.  mission  '46-9  with  a  family;  d.  before  '55.  Hermosillo  (Nicolas), 
leader  of  a  revolt  at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Diego  '46.  v.  308,  329. 


782  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Hernandez  (Antonio),  saddler  instructor  1702-6.  i,  015,  084.  H.  (Anto 
nio),  soldier  in  S.F.  comp.  '19-33.  H.  (Cornelio),  at  S.  Jose"  '49,  a  soap- 
maker.  H.  (Domingo),  a  Mex.  convict  whose  term  expired  in  '35.  H. 
(Dom.),  nat.  of  Cal.  and  a  noted  desperado  and  murderer  from  '45-6;  sentenced 
to  be  hanged  on  one  occasion,  but  saved  by  the  breaking  of  the  rope,  only  to 
be  hanged  by  vigilantes  in  later  years.  Some  of  his  brothers  and  sisters  are 
said  to  have  been  criminals;  but  there  is  little  definite  information  about  any 
of  them.  H.  (Encarnacion),  soldier  murdered  at  Mont.  '34.  iii.  673.  H. 
(Felipe),  convict  settler  of  1798;  alcafcle  of  Branciforte  1805;  grantee  of  La- 
guna  de  Calabazas  '33.  i.  606;  ii.  156;  iii.  677.  H.  (Joae"),  convict  settler  of 
1798,  pardoned  1803,  grantee  of  llinconada  de  los  Gatos  '40.  i.  606;  ii.  156;  iii. 
712.  H.  (Juan),  convict  settler  of  1798.  i.  606.  H.  (Juan),  regidor  at  S. 
Jose"  '22;  stabbed  by  Mojica.  ii.  604-5.  H.  (Juan  Ant.),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age 
58.  H.  (Juan  Maria),  Mex.  at  S.  Jose*  '41,  age  65,  wife  FranciscaLorenzana, 
child.  Pedro  b.  '20,  Jose"  Jesus  '25;  grantee  of  Ojo  de  Agua  '35.  iii.  712.  H. 
(Juana),  poisoned  her  husband  '43.  iv.  364.  H.  (Mariano),  at  S.  Jose"  '41, 
age  29,  wife  Rosario  Bernal,  child.  Fernando  b.  '37,  Maria  '38,  and  2  others] 
grantee  of  Puerto  in  '44.  iv.  672.  H.  (Santiago),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp. 
'39-43.  iv.  667.  H.  (Simon),  soldier  in  the  Hidalgo  piquete  at  Mont.  '36, 
age  32.  H.  (Tomasa),  Cal.  claim  $100  (v.  462).  Hernano  (Antonio),  ment. 
of  his  lawsuit  '47.  v.  663. 

Herrera  (Dolores),  1840,  nat.  of  N.  Mex.,  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  to  '83.  H.  (Ig- 
nacio),  took  church  asylum '30.  ii.  660.  H.  (Jose"),  corp.  of  S.F.  comp.  prom,  to 
sergt  1811  for  bra  very  in  Ind.  exped.  ii.  91.  Still  sergt  '20-4.  H.  (Jos6  Maria), 
1825,  Mex.  sub-comisario  at  Mont.,  who  was  involved  in  controversies  with 
Gov.  Echeandia  and  was  sent  to  Mex.  for  alleged  complicity  in  the  Solis  re 
volt,  ii.  551,  607,  614,  648;  iii.  14,  33,  38,  59-85,  117,  125,  159.  In  '34  he 
came  back  in  the  same  capacity  with  the  H.  &  P.  colony;  was  in  new  troubles 
arising  from  the  amours  of  his  wife,  Ildefonsa  Gonzalez;  and  was  again  exiled 
in  '36  because  he  refused  to  support  the  Alvarado  govt.  iii.  261-7,  377,  436- 
9,  672;  iv.  96.  See  also  biog.  ment.  in  iii.  466.  He  was  a  man  of  much  ability 
and  good  education,  to  whom  the  Californians,  without  much  apparent  reason, 
give  a  bad  character.  In  '36  he  was  33  years  old,  and  had  2  children  at  Mont., 
Vicente  b.  '33,  and  Eulalia  b.  '35.  H.  (Jos<§  M.),  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '35-8; 
age  33  in  '39;  served  under  Castro  '47.  iii.  481,  509,  564-5,  630;  v.  363.  II. 
(Tomtis),  grantee  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  del  Camote  '46.  v.  637;  still  a  ranchero  in 
S.  Luis  Ob.  '60,  having  held  several  local  offices  after  '48.  H.  (Trineo), 
Mex.  at  S.  Miguel  rancho,  Mont.,  '36,  age  28,  wife  Antonia  Garcia,  child 
Teresa  b.  32. 

Herriot  (Adam).  1846,  at  Sta  Cruz.  Herron  (James  C.),  1845,  mid.  on 
the  U.S.  Portsmouth.  H.  (Walter),  1846,  one  of  the  Donner  party  from  111. 
v.  530,  532.  He  came  in  advance  over  the  mts  with  Reed;  served  in  the  Cal. 
Bat.,  Co.  B;  got  a  S.F.  lot  in  '47,  and  aided  O'Farrell  as  a  surveyor  at  Stock 
ton;  but  I  find  no  later  record  of  him.  Hersey  (Stephen),  1832,  mr  of  the 
Neiccastle.  iii.  383.  Herven  (Jon.),  1840,  doubtful  name  of  Farnham's  list, 
iv.  17.  Hescock  (Isaac),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  Amer.  in  the  Brancif. 
padron,  age  65,  in  the  family  of  Isabel  Patterson  (?).  Hess,  1845,  at  N. 
Helv.,  prob.  overl.  immig.  of  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  578-80.  His  daughter 
Nancy  married  John  Chamberlain  in  Jan.  '40,  and  all  the  fam.  went  to  Or. 

Hetherington  (Wm  E.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Hense  (Sam. 
E.),  1840,  sailor  in  the  navy;  in  Amador  Co.  '52-79,  the  date  of  his  death. 
Hcwen  (Jon.),  1840,  in  Farnham's  list.  Hewes,  1847,  mr  of  the  Iris.  v.  578. 
Hewitt  (A.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  perhaps  at  N.  Helv.  '48;  see 
also  'Huet '  of  '45.  H.  (Geo.),  1839,  Amer.  sailor  and  otter-hunter  in  Sta  B. 
dist.  '39-41.  iv.  119,  24.  Hewlett  (Palmer  B.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol. 
v.  504;  later  militia  gen.;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '71-82.  Heyclenrich  (Wm),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Heyerman  (A.),  1847  (?),  doctor  said  to  have  left 
the  Clementine;  at  N.  Helv.  May  '48,  on  his  way  to  the  mines;  also  said  to 
have  lived  at  Petaluma  from  '45  (?)  to  '52,  and  to  have  returned  in  '73.  Hey- 
land  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Heyward  (James),  1847, 


HEYWARD— HIGUERA.  783 

nephew  of  Com.  Slmbrick,  at  Mont,  with  letters  to  Larkin;  returned  to  Hon 
olulu  '48.       Heywood  (Chas),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Independence. 

Hibler  (Geo.),  1845,  Amer.  immig.  from  Or.  in  McM.-Clyman  party,  iv. 
572,  526;  prob.  went  back  in  '46.  Hickenlooper  (Wm  F.),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Mann.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  Hickey,  1818,  com.  of  an  Engl.  vessel  at  Mont, 
ii.  291.  Hickman  (Thos),  1842(?),  German  butcher  in  Alameda  '70-8.  iv.  341. 
Hickmot  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Hicks  (Harry),  1833, 
Amer.  in  Mont.  dist.  '33-5;  also  called  George,  iii.  409.  H.  (Henry),  1839, 
negro  cook  on  the  California.  H.  (Joseph),  1833,  Amer.  tailor  on  the  Leonor; 
at  Sta  B.  '36;  perhaps  same  as  Harry,  iii.  409.  H.  (Joseph),  1846,  one  of 
the  Mormon  col.  who  remained  in  Cal. ;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47;  died  before  '80. 
v.  546,  678.  H.  (Joseph  Henry),  1841,  built  a  house  for  Prudon  at  Sonoma; 
prob.  same  as  Harry  and  Joseph  of  '33.  H.  (Wm),  1843,  nat.  of  Tenn., 
overl.  immig.  from  Mo.  in  Walker-Chiles  party,  iv.  392,  400;  at  Sutter's  Fort 
'47;  claimed  a  land  grant  on  theCosumnes,  iv.  671,  where  the  town  of  Hicks- 
ville  was  named  for  him,  and  where  he  died  in  '84,  at  the  age  of  67.  His  wife 
was  a  Mrs  Wilson,  who  died  a  few  years  before  him.  Hicky,  1847,  at  N". 
Helv. ;  prob.  Hicks.  Hidalgo  (Miguel),  at  Mont,  and  Los  Ang.  '35.  iii.  285. 
Higares  (Francisco),  1833,  named  as  a  Dutch  shoemaker  from  the  U.S.  at 
Los  Aug.  in  '36,  age  29.  iii.  409.  Higgins,  1846,  in  Pt  Reyes  region.  Marin 
Co.  Hist.  H.,  1848,  from  Australia  with  his  family.  El  Dorado  Co.  Hist. 
II.,  1848,  with  Buffum  in  the  mines.  H.,  1848,  deserter  arrested  at  S.  Jose". 
v.  663.  H.  (Edward),  1847,  at  work  on  Larkin's  house  at  Benicia  '48.  v. 
673.  H.  (Edward),  1846,  act.  lieut  U.S.N.,  and  capt.  Stockton's  bat.  '46-7; 
later  capt.  in  merchant  marine  N.Y.,  and  officer  in  confed.  navy;  in  '75  agent 
of  P.M.S.S.Co.  at  S.  F.,  where  he  died  in  that  year.  v.  386.  H.  (Isaac), 
1848,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  H.  (James),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  8t  Louis.  H. 
(James),  1830,  one  of  Young's  party,  iii.  174.  H.  (John),  1830,  Irish  trap 
per  of  Young's  party  from  N.  Mex.,  where  he  had  been  naturalized,  iii.  180, 
388.  At  Sta  B.  in  '36,  age  39,  and  single,  being  often  a  companion  of  Nidever 
in  hunting  tours.  From  '37  named  on  Larkin's  books  at  Mont. ;  in  '40  a  lum 
berman  on  Carmelo  Creek,  where  he  was  arrested  and  sent  to  S.  Bias.  iv.  1$, 
23;  never  came  back.  H.  (Xelson),  1847,  capt.  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477; 
with  wife  and  4  children,  but  did  not  reach  Cal.  v.  477,  482.  H.  (N.D.), 
1847,  servant  to  officer  of  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  H.  (Silas  G.),  1847,  Co.  C, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (W.D.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon, 

Higuera,  ment.  in  1793-1808.  i.  617,  640;  ii.  192.  H.  in  Mont,  revolt 
.'37.  iii.  525.  H.  (Antonino),  in  S.  Jose"  district  '41,  age  38,  wife  Josefa 
Alviso,  5  children  named,  but  all  called  Alviso  in  the  padron.  The  date  of 
this  man's  death,  in  '46,  is  the  turning-point  in  litigation  for  the  Livermore 
rancho  now  in  progress  '85.  Some  papers  of  my  col.  bearing  on  the  case — in 
which  Antonino's  name  seems  to  have  been  rather  clumsily  forged  before  the 
papers  came  into  my  hands — were  introduced  as  evidence.  H.  (Antonio), 
soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  H.  (Bernarda  Soto  de),  widow 
at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  52,  child.  Joaquin  b.  '15,  Jose"  Ant.  '18,  Ramona  '22,  Juan 
Maria  '25,  Domiuga  '32,  Encarnacion  '36.  H.  (Bernardo),  in  Los  Ang.  dist. 
'19-43;  grantee  of  Rincon  de  los  Bueyes.  ii.  355, 565;  iv.  635.  H.  (Dolores), 
arrested  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  541.  H.  (Doroteo),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  H. 
(Kate" van),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '19-30;  militiaman  '37.  H.  (Francisco),, 
soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-24;  elector  '27;  drowned  in  '30.  ii.  592,  594.  H. 
(Fran.),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '37-42.  H.  (Fran.),  son  of  Bernardo;  at  S. 
Pascual  '46.  v.  352;  claimant  of  Rincon  de  Bueyes  '52.  iv.  635.  H.  (Fulgen- 
cio),  son  of  Jose";  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-30;  alf.  of  militia  at  S.  Jose"  '37. 
iii.  732;  grantee  of  Agua  Caliente.,  Alam.  Co.,  '39.  iii.  711;  in '41  living  at  his 
rancho,  age  42,  wife  Clara  Pacheco,  child.  Albino  b.  '24,  Tomas  '26,  Narciso 
'29,  Gabriel  '31,  Jose*  Jesus  '32,  Fernando  '35,  Leandro  '37,  Francisca  '22, 
Maria  L.  '27,  Maria  de  los  Ang.  '36.  H.  (Gregorio),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  prob. 
son  of  Bernardo,  age  29. 

Higuera  (Ignacio),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1790;  majordomo  in  1805,  killed  by 
lud.,  but  ment.  in  1807.  i.  478;  ii.  34,  135.       H.  (Ignacio),  soldier  of  S.  F. 


784  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

comp.  '30-40;  at  Sonoma  in  '44,  age  33.  H.  (Ignacio),  soldier  of  S.F.  c,omp. 
'35-6;  sergt  '39-40.  iii.  702;  encargado  of  the  contra  costa  '39.  iii.  705.  H. 
(Ignacio),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  '36,  age  24.  H.  (Ignacio),  maj.  at  Sta  B. 
1799-1801.  ii.  120.  H.  (Ignacio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  H.  (Jer6n- 
imo),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  23,  wife  Rosario  F^lix,  one  child.  H.  (Joaquin), 
settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790;  alcalde  in  1800.  i.  461,  661;  ii.  349.  H.  (Joaquin), 
regidor,  alcalde,  and  juez  de  campo  at  S.  Josd  at  dif.  times  '20—46.  ii.  378, 
604-5;  iii.  729;  iv.  662,  684;  Cal.  claim  '46-7  (v.  462);  claimant  for  Pala,  Sta 
Clara  Co.,  '52. 

Higuera  (Jose"),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-41;  perhaps  the  man  who  settled 
in  Napa.  H.,  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  66,  wife  Rarnona  Garcia,  child.  Florencio 
b.  '36,  Encarnacion  '18  (?),  Miguel  '37,  Rita  '40.  H.  (Jose"),  grantee  of  Tu- 
larcitos  and  Llano  del  Abrevadero  '21-2,  and  of  Pala  '35.  ii.  594,  664,  712-13; 
Antonia  H.  et  al.  were  claimants.  H.  (Jose"),  perhaps  the  same;  the  distrib. 
of  his  estate  took  place  in  March  '46,  and  I  have  the  orig.  expediente  in  Pico 
(Ramon),  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  i.  107-24,  which  shows  the  following  heirs:  Ful- 
gencio,  Valentin,  Mariano,  5  minors  whose  guardian  was  Mariano  (prob. 
their  father  by  a  daughter  of  Jose"),  Mrs  Robert  Livermore,  wife  of  LazaroH., 
Florentine  Archuleta,  and  Antonio  Mesa,  each  receiving  133  cattle,  88  vines, 
and  10  fruit-trees.  It  was  in  these  papers  that  the  name  of  Antonino  was 
fraudulently  introduced,  as  noted  above.  H.  (Jose"),  ment.  in  '46.  v.  235. 
H.  (Jose"  Ant.),  son  of  Manuel;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  52,  wife  Ambrosia  Pacheco, 
child.  Ricardo  b.  '22,  Juan  '24,  Miguel  '26,  Leonardo  '27,  Isidro  '29,  Fernando 
'33,  and  Encarnacion  '31.  H.  (Jose"  Maria),  at  Salinas  rancho  '36,  age  50, 
wife  Maria  de  Jesus  Cota,  child.  Juan  b.  '14,  Tomas  '18,  Pilar  '19,  Bias  '21, 
Jose  '26,  Encarnacion  '28,  Gertrudis  '31,  Manuel  '33,  and  Luisa  '35. 

Higuera  (Juan),  in  '31  comisionado  of  S.  Juan  B. ,  and  regidor  of  Mont, 
iii.  212,  307,  672,  692;  juez  aux.  '42.  iv.  653;  at  S.  Jose  '50.  H.  (Juan),  of 
Sta  Cruz,  killed  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  492.  H.  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  '39, 
age  45.  H.  (Juan  Jose"),  soldier  at  S.  Jose"  mission  1797-1800.  i.  556.  H. 
(Juan  Jose"),  juez  at  S.  Juan  B.  '42.  iv.  661.  H.  (Juan  Jose"),  at  Los  Ang. 
'19,  '25.  ii.  354;  iii.  7.  H.  (Lazaro),  at  N.  Helv.  '47;  his  wife  was  an 
Higuera,  daughter  of  Jose".  H.  (Leonardo),  in  Los  Ang.  revolt  '46.  v. 
308;  Cal.  claim  of  $12,072  (v.  462);  age  37  in  '39.  H.  (Manuel),  soldier 
and  settler  at  S.  Jose"  and  S.  Juan  B.  before  1800.  i.  477,  558;  in  1793  named 
in  S.  Jose"  padron  as  a  soldier,  wife  Antonia  Arredondo,  child.  Ignacia, 
Ana  Maria,  Gabriela,  Jose"  Joaquin,  and  Jose"  Ant.  H.  (Manuel),  inv&- 
lido  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-29,  perhaps  the  same.  H.  (Manuel),  at  S.  Jose 
'41;  age  32,  wife  Maria. N.  Mesa,  child.  Antonio  M.  b.  '30,  Jose"  Jesus  '32, 
Jose"  Balfino  '37,  Jos<§  Maria  '40,  Argentina  '34,  Maria  Ant.  '36.  H.  (Man 
uel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  H.  (Mariano),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-46.  H.  (Mariano), 
at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  26,  wife  Maria  Antonia  Higuera,  child.  Emilio  b.  '39, 
Jose  '41,  Rosario  '32,  Maria  Ascension  '34,  Ine"s  '38.  H.  (Marta  Frias 
de),  cl.  of  Entre  Napa  rancho. 

Higuera  (Nicolas),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-23;  alcalde  on  the  frontier  and 
grantee  of  Entre  Napa  and  Carneros  ranches  '36.  iii.  705,  711,  722;  at  N.  Helv. 
'48.  H.  (Policarpo),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  H.  (Salvador),  soldier 
and  settler  at  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Jos<§  1791-1800.  i.  495,  556,  716.  H.  (Secun- 
dino),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  H.  (Tomas),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '30-2.  H.  (Va 
lentin),  resid.  of  Sta  Clara  region  from  '41,  grantee  of  Pescadero  rancho  '43. 
iv.  672;  juez  de  paz,  suplente,  '46,  at  S.  Jose"  '46.  v.  662;  died  '79,  age  70. 
Hijar  (Carlos  N.),  1834,  nephew  of  Jose"  M.,  with  whom  he  came  in  the  colony 
in  '34,  and  again  in  '45;  and  in  '77,  then  a  resident  of  S.  Jose",  gave  me  his 
recollections  of  California  in  '34.  H.  (Jose"  Maria),  1834,  a  wealthy  and  in 
fluential  Mex.  of  Jalisco  who  joined  J.  M.  Padre's  and  others  in  organizing  the 
Cal.  colony  that  bears  their  name.  He  also  got  an  appointment  as  gov. ;  but 
Gov.  Figueroa  refused  to  recognize  his  title,  the  colony  was  a  failure,  and  H. 
was  sent  to  Mex.  in  '35  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  which  was  but  very  slightly 
founded  in  fact.  iii.  259-69,  272-91,  344-5,  383,  613,  652,  670.  Nothing  is 
known  of  his  experience  in  Mex. ;  but  in  '45  he  was  sent  back  to  Cal.  as  a 


HIGUERA— HINCKLEY..  785 

commissioner  of  the  govt  to  prepare  for  resisting  the  U.  S.  He  died  at  Los 
Aug.  very  soon  after  his  arrival,  iv.  526-31,  631.  He  was  an  honorable  man 
of  many  accomplishments  and  frail  health,  with  little  fitness  or  fondness  for 
political  wrangles.  Hilgers  (Gerard),  1846,  at  Mont. ;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47. 
Hill,  1848,  called  major  at' Mont.  H.,  1847,  at  N.  Helv.;  brother  of  Tom 
Hill,  Delaware  Ind.  H.,  1848,  mr  of  the  Rhone,  v.  580.  H.  (Daniel 
Antonio),  1823,  nat.  of  Mass.,  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Rover,  and  settled 
at  Sta  B.  ii.  495,  573;  iv.  117.  He  was  baptized  by  P.  Ripoll  in  '25,  iii.  29, 
being  then  26  years  old;  and  soon  married  Rafaela  Ortega,  being  naturalized 
in  '29.  Robinson,  Life  in  Gal.,  89,  describes  him  as  'a  sort  of  factotum  for  the 
whole  town,  carpenter  or  mason  by  turns  as  his  services  were  needed.'  In  '36 
he  had  6  children.  In  '45  he  leased  the  Sta  B.  mission,  iv.  553,  558,  644;  in 
'46  was  the  grantee  of  La  Goleta  rancho,  having  some  trouble  with  the  Flores 
govt.  v.  317,  330,  632,  644;  regiclor  in  '49;  went  east  in  '60  on  a  visit;  and 
died  at  Sta  B.  in  '65.  A  son,  Ramon  J. ,  was  assemblyman  and  court  interpre 
ter,  dying  in  '84.  One  of  his  daughters  married  Dr  Nicholas  Den,  and  another, 
Susana,  married  T.  W.  More  'in  '53.  H.  (Henry  de  Jesus),  1840,  German 
who  got  a  pass,  in  June;  perhaps  Jos.  Henry.  H.  (Henry),  1847,  owner  of 
S.F.  lot;  nat.  of  Va,  and  memb.  of  the  constit.  convention  in  '49.  H.  (Johu), 
1846,  sailor  of  the  navy,  on  sentry  duty  at  Mont. ;  deserts  with  his  prisoners. 
H.  (John),  1847,  later  policeman.  H.  (John  E.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499.);  d.  at  Pendleton,  Or.,  '82.  H.  (Joseph  Henry),  1834,  German  from 
Mex.  in  the  H.  &  P.  col.  iii.  412;  at  Sta  Cruz  '42-3.  H.  (Thos),  1845,  Del 
aware  Ind.  in  Frdmont's  party,  who  distinguished  himself  by  bravery  on 
several  occasions,  iv.  583;  v.  367,  371,  400.  H.  (Thos  J.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  '71-82.  H.  (Wm  Luther),  1831,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and 
partner  of  Louis  Bouchet  in  a  Los  Ang.  vineyard;  died  this  year,  making  his 
will  on  the  Catalina  in  July.  There  was  a  property  of  $406  for  his  father, 
Peter  Hill.  iii.  405.  Hilton  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d. 
Mont.  '47.  H.  (Giknan),  1845,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  the  Warren's  launch, 
iv.  587;  v.  384.  Hilts,  1848,  mate  of  the  Isaac  Walton  from  N.Y.  Grimshaw. 
Hina  (Jack),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Hinckley,  1847,  mr  of  the  Alice,  v. 
576.  H.,  1848,  mr  of  the  Starling,  v.  400.  H.,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the 
Currency  Lass.  H.  (AzraE.),  1837,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  a  Utah 
farmer  '81.  H.  (F.  G.),  1842,  in  Dwindle 's  list;  wife  Susana  Suart  (?); 
doubtless  a  confused  ref.  to  Capt.  Wm  S.  H.  (Sam.  A.),  1844,  Amer.  who 
rec'd  naturalization  in  June.  iv.  453.  H.  (Thomas),  1831-2,  mr  or  sup.  of 
the  Crusader,  iii.  382.  He  was  a  brother  of  Wm  S.,  a  partner  of  Henry  A. 
Peirce  at  Honolulu,  and  died  in  Cent.  America  on  his  voy.  home.  H.  (Wm 
Crawley),  1847,  nat.  of  Mass.,  from  Valparaiso  on  the  Georgiana;  mr  of  the 
Providence  in  '47-8,  to  Tahiti,  Hon.,  Mazatlan,  then  up  the  Sac.  from  Sta 
Cruz  with  a  cargo  of  goods,  converting  the  vessel  temporarily  into  a  country 
store;  at  S.F.  from  '49  to  "72,  when  he  gave  me  an  autobiog.  sketch,  v.  580. 
Hinckley  (Wm  Sturgis),  1830,  nat.  of  Mass.,  nephew  of  Wm  Sturgis,  for 
several  years  a  trader  at  Honolulu,  and  mr  of  the  Volunteer,  going  to  the  U. 
S.  iii.  85,  149,  170,  179.  In  '33-4  he  came  again  as  sup.  of  the  Don  Quixote, 
and  in  '34-5  mr  of  the  Avon.  iii.  381-2.  After  rendering  aid  to  Alvarado  in 
his  revolution  of  '36,  for  which  he  was  poetically  and  otherwise  sharply  criti 
cised  by  Mexicans,  his  vessel  having  been  wrecked,  apparently,  he  went  to 
Hon.  on  the  Quixote,  iii.  466-1,  487;  iv.  82,  103,  116,  141.  In  '37-8  he  was 
mr  of  the  Diana  or  Kamamalu,  being  arrested  at  S.F.  for  smuggling,  still  a 
confidential  friend  of  the  gov.,  and  from  this  time  interested  in  business  with 
Nathan  Spear  and  Leese  at  S.F.,  obtaining  and  occupying  a  lot  on  Montgomery 
St.  iii.  549,  699,  705,  709-10;  iv.  699.  In '39  he  was  mr  and  owner  of  the  Corsair, 
being  again  in  trouble  with  the  revenue  authorities,  also  grantee  of  town  lot. 
iii.  705;  iv.  103,  130;  v.  681.  In  '42,  dating  his  permanent  residence  from  '40, 
he  was  naturalized  and  married;  in  '44  was  alcalde,  getting  more  lots.  iv.  666, 
C76,  679,  683;  in  '45-6  capt.  of  the  port,  having  much  controversy  with  Leides- 
dorflf  and  Forbes,  escaping  arrest  by  Fremont's  men  as  a  Mex.  official  by  death 
in  June  '46,  at  the  age  of  39.  iv.  593,  666;  v.  3,  131,  136,  178,  649,  681.  His 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  III.  50 


786  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

1st  wife  went  east  in  '37,  iv.  101,  and  died  in  Mass.  '40;  his  2d  wife  was 
Susana,  daughter  of  Ignacio  Martinez,  who,  after  H.'s  death,  married  Wm  M. 
Smith  in  '48.  I  have  no  record  of  children.  Capt.  Hinckley  was  a  handsome, 
jovial,  intelligent  man,  immensely  popular  with  the  natives,  somewhat  reck 
less  in  the  use  of  his  tongue  when  under  the  influence  of  liquor.  If  there  was 
anything  he  liked  better  than  contraband  trade  it  was  probably  practical 
joking.  Some  of  his  jokes,  like  the  one  of  Christmas  night  at  S.  Juan  in  '37, 
are  not  exactly  adapted  to  print;  and  for  others  space  is  lacking;  but  I  may 
note  how,  in  an  interview  with  Gov.  Alvarado  on  matters  of  state,  he  disposed 
of  an  over-inquisitive  secretary  who  came  in  too  often  to  snuff'  the  candle,  by 
filling  the  snuffers  with  powder;  also  how  Gen.  Vallejo  avenged  himself  for 
some  prank  by  mounting  H.  on  a  bear-hunting  horse  at  Sonoma.  The  horse 
made  it  very  lively  for  the  mariner,  who  returned  on  foot  with  tales  of  en 
counters  with  grizzlies  not  wholly  credited  by  the  listeners.  Hinds  (R.  B.), 
1837-9,  surgeon  in  Belcher's  exped. ;  author  of  Regions  of  Vegetation,  Botany 
and  Zoology  of  the  exped.  iv.  143-6.  Hinton,  see  'Hoornbeck.'  Hintz 
(Herman),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 

Hipwood  (Thos),  1847,  sergt  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  killed  in  L.  Cal. 
'48.  Hitchcock,  1844,  guide  of  the  Stevens  immig.  party,  iv.  475-6.  Ace. 
to  Schallenberger  he  had  no  family,  the  boy  generally  called  H. ,  Jr,  being  Pat 
terson.  Mrs  P.  of  that  party  with  3  children  was  apparently  H.'s  daughter. 
He  claimed  to  have  visited  Cal.  11  years  before,  and  had  possibly  been  one  of 
Walker's  party  in  '33.  H.  (Isaac),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518);  in 
the  mines  '49;  in  Salinas  Val.  '77-80;  d.  at  Sta  Rita,  from  an  accident,  in  '81, 
at  the  age  of  64.  H.  (John  C.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (R. 
B.),  1845,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Savannah.  H.  (Rufus),  1848,  overl.  immig., 
who  kept  a  boarding-house  at  N.Helv.  in  '48,  with  son  and  2  daughters;  later 
kept  a  hotel  on  the  Amer.  Riv.  and  at  Green  Springs,  where  H.  and  wife  died 
of  small-pox.  One  of  the  daughters,  Mrs  Lappeus,  was  in  Or.  '72;  the  other 
dead.  Hitt  (Calvin),  1848,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Winona,  Minn.,  '82. 
Hoar  (John  A.),  1843  (?),  prob.  error  in  a  list  of  pioneers;  in  S.  F.  '54. 
Hoarde  (John),  1833,  said  to  have  been  a  member  of  Walker's  party,  iii. 
391.  Hoban  (Chas  F.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  from  Honolulu  on  the  Com. 
Shubrick;  Brannan's  clerk  at  Mormon  Isl.  '49;  d.  S.F.  '63,  age  43.  Hobson 
(Joseph),  1848,  nat.  of  Md,  perhaps  came  on  the  Lady  Adams  from  Callao; 
memb.  of  constit.  conven.  in  '49.  H.  (Wm  L.),  1847,  from  Valparaiso  with 
letters  from  Atherton;  at  Hon.  as  sup.  of  the  Maria  Helena;  of  S.  F.  guard 
'49.  Hodges  (Hiram  B.),  mr  of  the  Monmoulh.  Hoen  (Francis),  1845, 
overl.  immig.  of  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  iv.  576,  587;  for  a  time  in  Sutter's 
employ;  in  '46  owner  of  S.F.  lots  and  candidate  for  treasurer,  v.  295,  684-5; 
kept  a  cigar-store;  still  in  S.F.  '54. 

Hoeppner  (Andrew),  1844,  German  long  in  Russian  employ  at  Sitka,  where 
he  married  a  half-breed  wife.  The  exact  date  and  manner  of  his  coming  to 
Cal.  are  not  known,  but  he  was  here  in  '45.  iv.  453.  Lived  at  Yerba  Buena 
and  Sonoma  '45-9;  a  musician  and  man  of  many  accomplishments,  besides  de 
feating  Vioget  in  an  eating-match,  'as  Davis  relates.  In  '47  he  had  great  ex 
pectations  from  his  warm  springs  of  Annenthal,  near  Sonoma,  as  advertised  in 
the  Star.  v.  667.  Markof  visited  him  in  '45  and  Sherman  in  '47.  In  '48  he  was 
2d  alcalde  at  Sonoma,  v.  668;  and  is  named  at  N.  Helv.  on  his  way  to  the 
gold  mines.  About  '49  he  left  his  wife  and  went  to  Hon.  and  Chile,  where  he 
is  said  to  have  died  about  '55.  Hoffheins  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  Hoffman  (Chas),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another  name. 
H.  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  528).  H.  (Henry  A.),  1847,  ditto;  corporal,  v.  519.  Hoff- 
stetter(John  J.),  1847,  died  at  N.  Helv.;  property  sold  at  auction.  Hoit 
(John),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Holbrook  (Washington),  1848,  sup.  of  the  Sabine;  came  back  on  the  Eliz 
abeth  from  Hon.;  negotiates  for  lot  at  S.F.  v.  681.  Holdaway  (Shadrach), 
1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Provo.  Utah,  '82.  Holden  (Dr),  1848, 
with  Gen.  .Lane  from  N.  Mex.  for  Or.;  in  S.  Diego  region  Dec.  H.  (W.  S.), 


HOLDEN— HOPPER.  787 

1848,  p?.ssp.  from  Hon.  Holland  (F.  S.),  1847,  at  Benicia.  v.  673.  H. 
(J.),  1847,  iu  S.F.  letter  list.  Hollingsworth  (John  McIIenry),  1847,  lieut 
Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  memb.  of  the  constit.  conveii.  '49;  at  Georgetown,  D. 
C.,  '74-82.  H.  (Z.),  1846,  an  overl.  immig.  with  Russell,  at  Sonoma;  killed 
by  Ind.  in  the  mines  '48;  left  a  family  in  Solano,  consisting  of  Harriet  (later 
Mrs  Anderson),  John  D.,  Hezekiah  S.,  Joseph  B.,  Win  T.,  and  Sarah  E. 
(later  Mrs  Duncan).  Holloway  (Adam),  1847,  doubtful  dace;  veteran  of  the 
Mex.  war;  at  S.  Jose"  '52-79;  brewer  and  chief  of  fire  dept;  left  a  family  at 
his  death  in  79;  also  accredited  to  '46.  H.  (M.),  1846,  came  to  Sta  Clara 
Co.  (?).  Holly  (Gray),  1834,  named  in  Larkin's  accts.  Holman  (James  D.), 
1848,  left  Cal.  a  week  after  the  discov.  of  gold;  d.  at  Portland,  Or.-,  '82.  H. 
1847,  lieut  of  Morm.  Bat.  (?);  prob.  'Holmes.' 

Holmes,  1848,  Conn,  mechanic  in  the  mines.  H.,  1841;  surgeon  of  U.S. 
ex.  ex.  (?).  H.  (H.  P.),  1846,  in  Sonoma  Co.  '52-77;  doubtful  date  of  arrival. 
H.  (John  Andrew  Christian),  1827,  Boston  trader,  sup.  and  mr  of  the  Frank 
lin,  Maria  Ester,  and  Catalina  '27-32.  iii.  147-8.  176-7,  381.  He  died  in 
March  '32  between  Acapulco  and  Callao.  His  wife  Rachel  came  from  Hon.  to 
Cal.  the  same  year  to  meet  him,  but  only  to  hear  of  his  death;  and  she  soon 
married  Thos  0.  Larkin,  a  fellow- passenger  on  the  Newcastle,  iii.  408.  H. 
(Jonathan),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat,  and  presid.  of  a  party  on  the  return  in 
'48,  after  working  as  shoemaker  at  N.  Helv.  v.  496.  Holstein  (W.),  1845, 
mr  of  the  Maria,  iv.  567.  Holt  (John),  1846,  veteran  of  1812,  sailor  in  the 
navy,  in  Stockton's  bat.,  at  S.  Gabriel  '72,  age  81.  Los  Any.  Express.  H. 
(Win),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Holton  (Benj.  1).),  1847,  Co.  F, 
3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Hommitch  (John),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 
Honey  (Wm),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 

Hood  (Frisbie),  1848,  negro  steward  on  the  Isaac  Walton;  at  Mokelumne 
Hill  '52.  Grimshaw.  H.  (\Vm),  1846,  Scotch  carpenter  at  S.F.  '47-8,  of  H. 
£  Wilson;  owner  of  lots  and  a  house,  v.  650,  684-5;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '50-77. 
Hook  (Henry),  1831,  writes  to  Cooper  from  Sta  Fe";  connected  with  the  Globe, 
and  had  apparently  been  in  Cal.  H.  (Solomon),  1846,  one  of  the  Donner 
party  who  survived;  a  son  of  Mrs  Elizabeth  Donner.  v.  530,  534.  W.  C. 
Graves  tells  me  he  saw  H.  in  Lake  Co.  in  '63-4.  H.  (Wm),  1846,  brother 
of  Sol.,  who  died  in  the  Sierra,  v.  530,  534.  Hooker,  1841,  sec.  of  Sir  Geo. 
Simuson.  Hooker  (Wm),  1840,  sent  to  Mont,  from  Branciforte;  written 
'Guca.'  Hooper  (Simon),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  H. 
(Win  M.),  1833,  from  Boston,  with  a  letter  from  Childs  to  Larkin,  iii.  409; 
went  to  Hon.  in  '45,  and  returned  in  '48;  prob.  the  same  who  advertised  as  a 
merchant  at  S.  F.  '48-9;  of  the  firm  Cross,  Hobson  &  Co.  Hoornbeck  (A. 
T.D.),  1848,  known  as  Francis  Hinton;  died  at  S.  Luis  Rey  '70.  Hoover 
(Westley),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  a  family,  who  settled  at  S.  Jose",  where 
he  served  on  the  1st  jury  in  '48.  v.  529.  H.,  1846,  at  N.  Helv.  in  charge  of 
a  launch  in  Feb. ;  Sutter  mentions  him  as  a  scientific  man  who  superintended 
his  farm  for  several  years,  and  who  was  thought  to  be  living  at  Sta  Clara  in 
'To;  perhaps  Westley,  though  he  could  not  have  been  an  immig.  of  '46. 

Hope  (Alex.  W.),  1848,  nat.  of  Va,  who  had  been  surg.  in  U.S.A.;  at  Los 
Ang.  '48-56,  where  he  died;  memb.  of  1st  Cal.  senate.  H.  (Gerard),  1834, 
Irish  hatter  of  H.  &  Day  at  Mont.  '34-6,  age  30.  iii.  412.  H.  (John),  1833, 
named  in  Larkin's  accts  '33-4;  perhaps  the  same.  Hoppe  (Jacob  D.),  1846, 
nat.  of  Md,  and  overl.  immig. ;  owner  of  town  lots,  proprietor  and  editor  of 
the  Calif ornian,  and  candidate  for  alcalde  in  '47-8.  v.  652,  658,  685;  projector 
of  the  new  town  of  Halo  Chemuck.  v.  674;  went  to  the  mines,  was  a  memb.  of 
the  constit.  convention  of  '49,  and  settled  at  S.  Jose",  where  he  made  a  for 
tune  in  trade  and  lost  it  by  speculation.  Claimant  of  Ulistac  rancho.  v.  674; 
killed  by  the  explosion  of  the  Jenny  Lind  in  '53,  at  the  age  of  about  40.  He 
was  an  enterprising  and  popular  man,  against  whom  nothing  appears. 

Hopper  (Chas),  1841,  nat.  of  N.  C.,  a  hunter  who  came  with  the  Bartleson 
party,  but  went  back  as  guide  with  part  of  thecomp.  in  '42.  iv.  270-1,  275-6, 
279,  342.  In  '47  he  came  back  overl.  to  Cal.  with  his  family,  v.  556,  and  bought 
a  Napa  farm,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life,  dying  in  '80,  at  the  age  of  '81, 


738  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

and  leaving  5  children.  Hopper's  Narrative  in  my  col.  was  written  from  con 
versations  with  H.  by  R.  T.  Montgomery  in  '71.  Portrait  in  Menefee's  Hist. 
SIxtch-book,  128.  H.  (James),  184,  in  Sta  Clara  Val.  '60.  Ifittell.  H. 
(John),  1848,  on  1st  S.  Jose"  jury.  H.  (Thomas),  1847,  nat.  of  Mo.,  and 
overl.  immig.  with  his  wife,  Minerva  Young;  in  Sta  Cruz  region  '47-8;  in  the 
mines  '48-9.  From  '49  at  dif.  places  in  Sonoma  Co.,  being  in  'SO  a  rich  land 
owner  with  7  children.  Portrait  in  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.,  384.  H.  (Wm),  1847, 
Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Los  Ang.  '47. 

Horden  (Stephen),  1844,  doubtful  name  of  an  Amer.  in  S.F.  list.  Horn 
(Win),  1846,  settler  in  Sta  Clara  Val.  with  fam.  j  Cal.  claim  (v.  462).  Horn- 
clell  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  St Louis,  Mo.,  '82.  Horner 
(John  M.),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  from  N.  J.  with  wife.  v.  546;  settled 
as  a  farmer  at  mission  S.  Jose",  with  a  variation  of  mining  experience  in  '48. 
In  partnership  with  his  brother,  who  came  in  '49-50;  he  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  early  annals  of  Alameda  Co.  By  agriculture,  trade  in  farm  produce,  and 
land  speculations,  the  Homers  became  rich  and  extended  their  operations  to 
the  peninsula  of  S.F.,  where  their  name  is  preserved  in  Homer's  Addition. 
They  lost  their  property  in  '54,  and  from  that  time  lived  on  their  Alameda 
farm  till  '80,  when  they  went  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Horra  (Antonio  de 
la  Concepcion),  1796,  Span,  friar  who  served  -at  S.  Miguel  for  a  very  brief 
term,  and  was  sent  away  by  Pres.  Lasuen  in  '97  on  a  charge  of  insanity.  In 
Mex.  he  made  a  long  report  against  the  Cal.  friars,  and  the  investigation  of 
his  charges  formed  one  of  the  causas  celebres  of  mission  annals,  i.  560-1,  567, 
587-97.  Horry  (Irwin),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  H.  (James),  1848,  ser 
vant  of  Brooks'  party  in  the  mines;  killed  by  Ind.  in  Bear  Valley.  Horsely 
(Joseph),  1833,  at  Mont.  '33-4;  also  called  Horseman.  Horton,  1847,  mr  of 
the  Triad,  v.  580.  H.  (Wm),  1840,  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  foreigners. 
iv.  17.  Hoseir  (E.),  1848,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  Hoskins  (Henry),  1847,  Co. 
E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469.)  Hotchkiss  (H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 

Houck  (James),  1845,  Amer.  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McM.-Clyman  party, 
iv.  572;  about  10  days  after  arrival  at  Sutter's  Fort  lie  was  charged  with  an 
attempt  at  rape,  and  nothing  more  is  known  of  him.  Hough  (H.),  1845, 
purser's  clerk  on  the  Savannah.  Houghtailing,  1847,  at  Hon.  from  S.F. 
Houghton  (Sherman  O.),  1847,  sergt  of  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  503.  A  nat.  of  N. 
Y.,  who  became  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Sta  Clara  Co.,  being  mayor  of  S.  Jose", 
county  recorder,  and  member  of  congress  '71-5.  His  1st  wife  was  Mary  M. 
Donner,  who  died  in  '60  leaving  one  daughter,  Mary  M.;  the  2d  wife  was  Eliza 
P.  Donner,  who  still  lived  in  '85  with  7  children,  Eliza  P.,  Sherman  O.,  Clara 
H.,  Chas  D.,  Francis  J.,  Stanley  W.,  and  Herbert  S.  (died  '76).  Portrait  of  S. 
O.  H.  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.,  32.  Houptman  (Wm),  1840,  German  who  got 
passports  in  '40  and  '44,  the  former  in  Mex.,  so  that  he  may  have  come  later, 
iv.  120.  House  (James),  1844,  at  Sonoma,  age  50.  H.  (Joseph),  1846, 
came  to  S.  Jose".  Hall.  Houston  (Thos  B.  or  T.),  1846,  act.  mid.  on  the  U. 
S.  Dale;  died  '63,  as  lieut,  at  Naples. 

How  (Oliver  H.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Howard  (Wm),  1848, 
Swedish  sailor  on  the  U.S.  St  Mary,  who  quit  the  service  at  S.F.,  went  to 
the  mines,  and  in  '50  settled  in  Sonoma  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '80,  at  a 
R.R.  station  bearing  his  name;  wife  from  '55  Caroline  Kolmer  of  '46;  9  chil 
dren.  Portrait  in  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.,  296.  H.  (Wm  Davis  Merry),  1839,  nat. 
of  Boston,  sent  to  sea  by  his  mother  with  a  view  to  needed  discipline,  who 
came  to  Cal.  as  a  cabin-boy  on  the  California,  iv.  117,  119;  and  worked  fora 
while  as  clerk  for  Stearns  at  Los  Ang.  He  went  east  in  '40,  and  came  back  in 
'42  as  sup.  of  the  California.  At  Honolulu,  on  the  way,  he  married  Mary 
Warren,  adopted  daughter  of  Capt.  Grimes,  a  native  of  Hon.  and  daughter  of 
Wm  Warren,  q.v.,  who  was  returning  on  the  vessel  from  Boston,  where  she 
had  been  educated.  In  '43-5  H.  acted  as  sup.  of  the  Vandalia  and  California. 
iv.  564,  569,  640;  and  in  '45  opened  a  store  at  S.F.  with  Henry  Mellus,  buy 
ing  the  H.B.Co.  establishment.  In  '46-9  Mellus  &  H.  were  the  leading  firm 
in  town,  and  after  the  gold  excitement  did  an  immense  business,  having 
branches  at  Sac.  in  charge  of  Brannan,  and  at  S.  Jos6  under  Belden's  care, 


HOWARD— HUDSON.  789 

both  being  partners  in  the  interior  business,  as  was  Talbot  H.  Green  in  the 
city.  The  firm  was  dissolved  in  '50,  and  H.  retired  a  rich  man.  See  mention 
of  H.  in  various  minor  matters,  he  being  a  member  of  the  council,  and  admin, 
of  the  Leidesdorff  estate,  v.  240,  321,  359,  539,  648-52,  678;  cl.  for  the  S. 
Mateo  rancko.  v.  660.  After  a  visit  to  the  east  in  '53  his  health  failed,  and 
he  died  in  '56,  at  the  age  of  about  37.  Howard  was  a  large  man,  of  fine  per 
sonal  appearance;  jovial,  generous,  and  humorous;  fond  of  practical  jokes, 
late  suppers,  and  private  theatricals;  but  always  attentive  to  business.  He 
had  no  political  ambitions,  but  was  fond  of  helping  his  friends  into  office. 
Among  all  the  pioneer  traders  of  S.F.  there  was  probably  no  better  man,  nor 
more  deservedly  popular.  A  street  in  the  city  bears  his  name.  His  1st  wife 
died  in  '49,  leaving  one  child,  who  died;  and  his  2d  wife,  Agnes  Poett,  mar 
ried  in  '49,  survived  him,  marrying  his  brother  George,  and  later  a  man  named 
Bowie.  A  son  by  the  2d  wife  was  still  living  in  '80. 

Howe  (Elisha  W.),  1848,  nat  of  R.  I.,  who  came  by  sea  and  went  to  the 
mines;  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  '50-83;  married  Gabriela  Estudillo,  and  had  6  children. 
IT.  (Franklin),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  H.  (Eenry),  1848, 
in  Sonoma,  as  he  stated  later.  Howell,  1848,  from  Honolulu.  H.  (Chas), 
1848,  mining  at  Rose  Bar.  H.  (Isaac),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  and  overl.  im- 
mig.,  settling  in  Napa  Co.  with  his  family.  In  '69  he  moved  to  S.  Luis  Ob., 
where  he  died  in  '78,  at  the  age  of  80;  known  as  Father  Howell;  left  a  widow 
and  7  children,  one  or  more  of  whom  came  with  him  in  '46.  A  son  is  ment.  at 
N.  Helv.  in  '48;  the  widow  died  in  '83,  also  aged  80;  two  of  the  sons  were 
John  and  Joseph.  H.  (John),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  at  Sonoma  and  N. 
Helv.  '47-8;  perhaps  son  of  Isaac.  H.  (T.C.D.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  in  '82  a  farmer  at  Clifton.  Id.  H.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  Howes  (Horan),  1847.  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  roll.  Howland  (Henry  S.), 
1837,  mr  of  the  Com.  Rodgers  '37-8.  iv.  103.  H.  (Wm),  1848,  sailor  on  /. 
Walton. 

Hoxie,  1847,  mr  of  the  S.  Boston,  v.  550.  Hoyer  (Cornelius),  1842,  mr 
of  the  Fama  '42-3,  and  perhaps  '41;  at  Hon.  '36.  iv.  141,  565;  passp.  from 
Hon.  '48.  Hoyt  (Aug.  A.),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247);  Co. 
F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  H.  (C.),  1847,  at  Mont.  '47-8.  H.  (Daniel  C.),  1847, 
Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (Henry  P.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469);  d.  on  the  return  journey.  H.  (R.C.M.),  1846,  leased  land  and  house 
at  Mont.;  Taber  &  H.,  hotel-keepers  at  Mont.  '47-8;  at  S.  Jose"  '50. 

Hubbard,  1845,  apparently  one  of  Fremont's  men;  v.  453,  583,  587;  at  N. 
Helv.  Feb.  '46;  in  F.'s  exped.  of  '48,  when  he  died.  H.  (Charles),  1834,  Ger 
man  and  naturalized  Mex.;  mr  of  the  Peor  es  Nada  '34-5,  and  of  the  Soledad 
'43.  iii.  383,  412;  iv.  568.  H.  (Geo.  C.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  v. 
504;  a  printer;  mem b.  of  legisl.  '49;  d.  in  111.  before  '60.  H.  (JohnE.), 
1848,  nat.  of  Chile,  who  came  with  his  parents  to  S.F.  at  the  age  of  6;  liquor- 
dealer  at  Vallejo'79.  Solano  Co.  Hist.  H.  (T.  W.),  1845,  nat.  of  N.Y.; 
came  at  age  of  5;  messenger  in  assembly  '55.  H.  ( W.  H.),  1847,  rented  a 
house  at  Sonoma.  Hubbell  (Ezekiel),  1801,  mr  of  the  Enterprise,  ii.  2. 
Huber  (Henry),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270,  275,  279; 
grantee  of  Honcut  rancho  '45,  for  which  he  was  an  unsuccessful  claimant  in 
'53.  iv.  671;  rnent.  at  Sutter's  Fort  '46;  owner  of  lots  at  S.F.  '47-8.  v.  676.  I 
think  he  is  the  man  who  for  15  years  or  more,  down  to  '85,  has  kept  a  well- 
known  liquor-store  at  S.F.  Hubert  (Nicholas),  1844,  deserter  from  the 
Warren.  Huchas  (Heinrich),  1847,  musician  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Huddart  (John  M.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  d.  at  the  Sandw. 
Isl.  before  '60.  Hudgekison  (David),  1847,  contract  to  haul  lumber  at  N. 
Helv.  Dec.  Hudson  (A.  J.),  1845,  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '68-83.  8.  Luis  Ob.  Co. 
Jfist.,  388.  H.  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (David),  1845, 
nat.  of  Mo.,  b.  '20,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  578,  587,  with 
his  brother,  Win,  and  sister,  Mrs  York;  settled  in  Napa  Val.,  where — but  for 
his  service  with  the  Bears,  v.  110,  later  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  356),  and  a  brief 
mining  experience  in  the  mines  '48 — he  lived  till  73.  Then  he  moved  to  a 
farm  in  Coyote  Val.,  Lake  Co.,  where  he  lived  in  '81  with  wife— Francis 


790  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Griffith,  married  in  '47 — and  6  children,  Rodney  J.  b.  '50,  Lavonia,  Elbeit, 
Ella,  Ada,  Bertha  (died),  and  Robert  L.  Prob.  still  alive  in  '85.  In  '72,  at 
Calistoga,  he  wrote  his  Autobiography  for  me.  Portrait  in  Lake  Co.  Hist.,  188. 
Six  of  his  brothers  and  sisters  came  to  Cal.,  sooner  or  later.  H.  (Edward), 
181-7,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  682;  still  in  S.F.  '52,  a  carpenter.  H.  (Hiram), 

1847,  laborer  and  watchman  at  Mont.       H.  ( James  T.),   1845,  a  trader  at  B. 
Pedro.       H.  (John  T.),   1805-6,  mr  of  the  Tamana.  ii.  24.       H.   (Martin), 

1848,  nat.  of  Va,  brother  of  David,   and  overl.   immig.  with  wife  and  5 
children;  settled  in  Guilicos  Val.,  Son.  Co.,  '48-9  and  lived  there  until  his 
death  in  '71,  at  the  age  of  64.     His  widow,  Elizabeth  McAlroy,  and  7  children 
were  living  in  '80.  The  sons  who  came  in  '48,  and  were  still  living  in  '80,  were 
Michael  E,  John  W.,  David  A.,  and  Matthew  T.       H.  (Thos),  1844,  said  to 
have  come  to  Sta  Clara  Val.  iv.  453;  at  Mont.  '45;  in  '46-7  of  Co.  B,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358),  serving  also  a  courier  in  Oct.  '46;  at  Mont.  '47-8.       H.  (T.  F.), 
1843,  settler  in  Sonoma  Co.;  at  Sta  Rosa  '77.       H.  (Wilford),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Sutter's  Fort  in  '48  when  gold  was  discovered.       H. 
(Wm),    1845,  brother  of  David,  overl.  immig.   of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party, 
apparently  with  a  family,  iv.  579,  587;  at  Sta  Rosa  from  '46,  in  which  year 
his  daughter  Mary,  later  Mrs  McCormick,  was  born.  His  wife  is  credited 
with  having  furnished  some  material  for  the  famous  Bear  flag.  v.  148.  He 
died  in  '66,  leaving  a  large  family.       H.  (Wm  L.),  1841,  com.  of  the  U.S. 
Peacock  ia.  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241. 

Hudspeth  (Benj.  M.  or  N.),  1846,  lieut,  and  later  capt.,  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  v. 
361.  I  lind  nothing  more  about  him.  '  H.  (James  M. ),  1843,  nat.  of  Ala,  who 
crossed  the  plains  to  Or.  in  '42,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv. 
390,  400.  He  worked  for  Stephen  Smith  at  Bodega  for  a  while,  iv.  396;  and 
subsequently  visited  various  parts  of  Cal.,  working  as  a  lumberman  at  Sauza  - 
lito,  and  hunting  in  the  Sac.  Val.;  served,  perhaps,  as  a  2d  lieut  of  Gantt's 
comp.  during  the  Micheltorena  war  of  '44-5;  and  in  the  spring  of  '46  went 
east  to  the  Salt  Lake  region  with  Hastings  and  Clyman  to  aid  in  diverting 
immig.  and  prospective  filibusters  from  Or.  to  Cal.  v.  526,  529.  He  re 
turned  in  the  autumn,  v.  530,  and  served  as  lieut  of  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  in  '46-7. 
v.  361,  435.  After  the  war  he  bought  land  in  Sonoma,  and  worked  with 
O'Farrell  as  surveyor  at  Benicia — where  he  owned  a  lot,  v.  672,  as  also  at  8. 
F.f  v.  679 — Napa,  and  other  places;  in  the  mines  '49-50;  later  a  farmer  in 
Sonoma  Co.;  memb.  of  legislature  '52-5;  and  still  living  in  '85.  at  the  age  of 
63.  His  wife,  from  '54,  was  Matilda  Fuller,  and  he  had  no  children.  Portrait 
in  Son.  Co.  Hist.,  1GO. 

Huefner  (Win),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  ment.  at  Sonoma,  where 
he  took  part  in  theatrical  performances,  and  at  N.  Helv.;  resid.  of  S.  F.  and 
for  a  long  time  marshal  of  the  pioneer  society  to  '82;  but  I  think  died  before 
'85.  Huerstel  (Laurent),  1844 (?),  in  S.F.  '81,  said  to  have  arrived  in  '44. 
Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  roll.  iv.  453.  Huet,  1845,  Amer.  farmer  from  Or.  in  McM.- 
Clyman  party,  who  prob.  went  back  in  '46.  iv.  572,  526;  perhaps  'Hewitt.' 
Huff  (Columbus),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  in  Napa  '48. 

Hugel  (Fred. ),  1837,  German  who  had  been  in  Cal.  5  years  when  applying 
for  a  pass  in  '42.  iv.  118;  at  Sutter's  Fort  '46;  in  '47  bought  land  of  Rufus  in 
Son.  Co.;  perhaps  ' Hegel,' q.v.  Hugenin  (Dan.  C.),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U. 
S.  Portsmouth;  lost  on  the  Warren's  launch,  iv.  587;  v.  384.  Hughes  (H. 
M.),  1839  (?),  in  Sonoma  Co.  '74-7.  H.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v. 
499).  H.  (Wm),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  583;  Cal.  claim  '46-7  (v. 
462).  He  was  a  nephew  of  Cyrus  Alexander,  and  also  in  the  exped.  of  '48. 
H.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (Wm  O.),  1836,  on  Larkin's 
books  '36-7;  perhaps  'Hewes.'  Huguee,  1845,  mr  of  the  Mcdicis.  iv.  567. 
Huie  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  physician  said  to  have  come  with  Lieut  Thompson  of 
the  U.S.N.;  joined  by  his  family  '49  at  S.  F.;  at  Petaluma  '53-68,  and  later 
at  S.F.,  where  he  died  in  '77. 

Hulett  (Sylvester),  1847,  lieut  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  in '82  at  Manti, 
Utah.  Hull,  1844,  mr  of  the  Georgia,  iv.  566.  H.  (Isaac),  1848,  passp. 
from  Hon.  H.  (Joseph),  1848,  nat.  of  Ohio,  who  came  to  Or.  in  '45,  and  to 


HULL— HUTCHINSON.  791 

Cal.  on  the  discov.  of  gold;  joined  by  his  family  '49;  from  '50  on  a  Sac.  farm, 
where  he  still  lived  in  '80  with  wife  and  4  children.  H.  (Joseph  B.),  1843, 
com.  of  the  U.S.  Warren  '43-7;  in  com.  at  S.F.  '46-7,  succeeding  Mont 
gomery,  iv.  569;  v.  284,  289,  380,  434,  539,  581,  649,  659. 

Humphrey,  1840,  at  Mont.;  Larkin  urged  to  use  his  influence  to  start  him 
for  home.  H.  (Benj.  F.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  H.  (Geo.  L.), 
1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Coulterville  '74.  H.  (Isaac),  1848,  nat. 
of  Ga,  at  Sutter's  Fort  when  gold  was  discovered;  having  been  a  miner  in  Ga, 
he  hastened  to  the  mill,  made  a  rocker,  and  thus  became  the  pioneer  in  a  new 
industry.  Ment.  in  If.  Helv.  Diary  in  April.  Died  at  Victoria  in  '67.  H. 
(Wm),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Coulterville  71-4;  perhaps  con 
founded  with  Geo.  L.  H.  (W.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Humphries,  1840, 
mr  of  the  Columbia  '40-1.  iv.  102-3,  564.  H.  (Stephen),  1848,  in  S.F.  list. 

Hunnewell  (James),  1830,  a  well-known  Boston  trader  in  business  at  Hon. 
for  some  years.  The  only  evidence  I  have  that  he  ever  came  to  Cal.  is  a  letter 
of  Oct.  '30,  in  which  he  hopes  to  visit  the  country  'again;'  but  in  '33  he  was 
in  Mass,  and  intended  to  stay  there.  He  died  in  '69.  He  may  have  visited 
Cal.  before  '20.  Hunsacker  (Abraham),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
later  sergt;  in  '82  a  bishop  at  Brigham  City,  Utah.  H.  (Daniel),  1847, 
overl.  iminig.  from  Mo.  with  his  family;  ment.  at  N.  Helv.  in  Aug.  with  news 
of  approaching  immigration,  v.  556.  Settled  at  Benicia,  and  later  in  Contra 
Costa,  where  he  was  treasurer  of  the  county.  Of  his  sons  who  came  in  '47, 
Harrison  K.  was  at  one  time  deputy  sheriff  of  Contra  Costa;  James  C.  was 
sheriff,  and  lost  on  the  Brother  Jonathan;  and  Nicholas,  also  sheriff,  was  a 
miner  at  Park's  Bar  in  '48,  and  a  resid.  of  S.  Diego  '74. 

Hunt,  1813,  agent  of  Astor's  fur  company,  on  the  Pedler.  ii.  271.  H. 
(Gilbert),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  H.  (Jefferson),  1847,  capt.  Co. 
A,  Morm.  Bat.,  and  also  preacher,  v.  477-80,  488,  493;  had  a  project  for 
raising  a  new  battalion,  v.  496.  He  was  accomp.  by  his  wife  and  4  sons, 
Hiram,  John,  Joseph,  and  Martial;  and  three  daughters,  Jane,  Harriet,  and 
Mary;  but  it  is  doubtful  if  all  the  family  came  to  Cal.  In  later  years  Capt. 
H.  came  back  to  Cal.  and  represented  S.  Bernardino  in  the  legisl.  of  '55. 
H.  (Martial),  1847,  son  of  Capt.  H.,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.;  in  '81  at  Snowflake, 
Ariz.  H.  (Timothy  Dwight),  1841,  protestant  clergyman  who  came  from 
Honolulu  in  Nov.,  and  was  employed  for  a  time  as  city  chaplain.  In  '55  he 
was  in  Cal.  as  the  agent  of  the  Amer.  Home  Miss.  Soc.  v.  657. 

Hunter  (Barry),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.       H.  (Benj.  F.), 

1846,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Portsmouth;  at  N.Helv.  June.  v.  102;  acting  capt.  of 
Co.  C,  Stockton's  bat.   '46-7.  v.  385.       H.  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  in  '82  a  bishop  in  Utah.       H.  (Jesse  D.),  1847,  nat.  of  Ky,  and 
capt.  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  in  com.  of  S.  Diego  garrison,  v.  488,  617. 
Ind.  agent  for  southern  Cal.  at  S.  Luis  Rey  from  Aug.  v.  492,  568,  621-2. 
His  wife  died  at  S.D.  in  '47.  v.  490.  He  remained  in  Cal.,  went  to  the  mines 
in  '48,  but  returned  to  the  south  to  act  again  as  Ind.  agent.  He  died  at  Los 
Aug.  in  '77,  at  the  age  of  73,  leaving  7  grown  children  with  families.       H. 
(Win),  1847,  musician  of  Morm.  Bat.,  Co.  B.  (v.  469).       Huntington  (Dimick 
B.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  499);  at  Salt  Lake  City  '55.       Huntley 
(Ezra),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).       Huntsman  (Isaiah),  1847,  Co.  B, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Utah  '81. 

Huppertz  (Gerard),  1834,  succeeded  Sill  &  Co.  as  baker  at  Sta  B.       Hurst, 

1847,  at  N.  Helv.  from  S.F.,  Oct.       Hurtado  (Joaquin),  1791,  piloto  in  Malas- 
pina'sexped.  i.  490.       Huse  (Sam.  E.),  1846,  gunner  on  the  U.S.  Congress,  and 
in  com.  of  a  gun  in  Stockton's  campaign  of  '46-7;  in  Amador  Co.  from  '51 ; 
died  at  Yount  in  '79.       Hutcheon  (Walter),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  '80.       Hutcheson,  1848,  sentenced  to  corporal  punishment 
by  court-martial.       Hutchins,  1846,  mr  of  the  whaler  Columbus.       Hutchin- 
son  (G.N.),  1846,  in  the  U.S.N.;  drowned  in  '78  at  Vallejo,  where  he  was  mr 
of  the  navy-yard  yacht  Freda,  and  had  lived  for  20  years. 

Hutchinson  (Jacob  A.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  family,  who  in  '49  set 
tled  on  the  Cosuinnes  River,  and  soon  started  on  a  prospecting  tour,  from 


702  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

which  he  never  returned.  H.  (Jacob  A.,  Jr),  1847,  son  of  the  preceding; 
living  on  the  Cosumnes  with  family  in  '80;  perhaps  date  of  arrival  should  be 
'46,  or  that  of  his  father  '47.  The  H.  brothers  are  named  as  having  bought 
label's  claim  in  S.  Joaq.  '48.  H.  (Joseph),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v. 
232,  247).  H.  (Wm  A.),  1848,  advertised  for  a  lost  rifle  at  S.F.  Hiitt- 
mann  (Francis),  1847,  mr  and  sup.  of  the  Matilda,  Primavera,  and  Callao  in 
'47-8;  made  advances  of  money  to  Fremont,  about  which  there  was  much 
trouble  later,  v.  441,  465-6,  576.  Hutton  (James  D.),  1847,  surveyor  of 
pueblo  lands  at  S.  Jose1;  appointed  official  surveyor  of  the  southern  dept,  but 
the  appointment  was  withdrawn  on  account  of  charges  in  connection  with  his 
S.  Jos6  work.  v.  665.  Huxley  (J.  Mead),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  S.F.  '54;  officer  in  the  war  of  '61-5;  died  before  '82. 

Hyatt  (Elisha),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  with  wife  and  son.  v.  546; 
excommunicated  at  S.  F.;  and  in  Oct.  at  Mont.,  making  tubs,  etc.  Hyde 
(Geo.),  1846,  nat.  of  Penn.,  who  came  on  the  U.S.  Congress  as  Com.  Stockton's 
sec.  For  a  time,  in  Aug.,  he  was  alcalde  at  S.  Jose\  v.  294-5,  662;  then  came 
to  S.F.,  where  he  was  2d  alcalde  with  Bartlett,  and  1st  alcalde  from  June  '47 
to  March  '48,  having  much  trouble  in  his  administration  of  the  office,  as  fully 
explained  in  v.  648-52,  680.  There  seems  to  have  been  but  slight  foundation 
for  the  many  and  bitter  charges  against  him.  He  was  a  lawyer,  of  good  abil 
ities  and  character.  He  was  somewhat  prominent  in  city  politics  in  '49  and 
the  few  years  following;  and  has  resided  in  S.  F.  ever  since  to  '85,  being  in 
the  real 'estate  business.  In  '78  he  gave  me  a  valuable  statement  of  Historical 
Facts,  including  not  only  his  own  controversies,  but  many  other  points  of  in 
terest  connected  with  early  S.F.  annals.  Hyde  (Wm),  1847,  sergt  Co.  B, 
Morm.  Bat. ,  being  also  an  elder  and  preacher,  and  a  capt.  of  50  on  the  return, 
v.  477,  488,  490-1,  493. 

To  BE  CONTINUED  AT  THE  END  OF  VOL.  IV. 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 
1542-1848. 

CONTINUED  ALPHABETICALLY  FROM  'VOLUME   III. 

Ibanez  (Florencio),  1801,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Antonio  and  Sole- 
dad,  dying  in  '18.  Biog.  ii.  385-6;  ment.  152,  159,  205,  230,  394,  427.  I. 
(Dona  Maria),  mentioned  at  S.  Diego  '21  and  '46.  ii.  546;  v.  329.  I.  (Se 
bastian),  Mex.  at  Mont.  '48. 

Ibarra  (Agustin),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  I.  (Andr6s),  at  Los  Ang.  '19.  ii.  357; 
took  part  in  revol.  of  '31.  iii.  201;  juez  de  campo  at  S.  Diego  '36.  iii.  615-16; 
kept  a  dram-shop  '41.  iv.  619;  grantee  of  Encinitos  '42.  iv.  620.  I.  (An 
tonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '19,  taking  part  in  revol.  of  '31.  ii.  357;  iii.  201;  at  Sta 
Gertrudis  rancho  '39,  age  37.  I.  (Calixto),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  I.  (Desi- 
derio),  settler  at  Los.  Ang.  '14,  and  regidor  in  '26-8.  ii.  349,  560;  still  there 
in  '48.  I.  (Francisco),  sirviente  at  Sta  Clara  1776.  i.  306.  I.  (Francisco 
Gonzalez  de),  1820,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Fernando  and  S.  Luis  Rey, 
dying  in  '42.  Biog.  iv.  622-3;  ment.  ii.  357,  394,  436,  569-70,  580;  iii.  20-1, 
96,  205,  353,  62J-4,  641,  646-7.  I.  (Gabriel),  at  Los  Coyotes  rancho,  Los 
Aug.  '39,  age  35.  I.  (Geronimo),  at  Los  Ang.  '46,  wounded  at  the  Chino 
fight,  v.  314. 

Ibarra  (Gil),  sindico  of  Los  Ang.  '31.  iii.  634.  He  was  born  at  S.  Diego  in 
1784.  In  '36-7  he  was  alcalde  of  Los  Ang.,  and  was  prominent  as  a  partisan  of 
the  south  against  Alvarado's  govt  in  '37-8,  being  more  than  once  arrested  by  the 
nortenos.  iii,  485,  509,  518,  548,  555,  558,  565-6,  636;  grantee  of  Rincon  de  la 
Brea  in  '41.  iv.  635;  and  still  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  I.  (Isidro),  said  to  have 
been  the  man  who  killed  Avila  in  the  battle  of  '31.  iii.  208;  at  S.  Luis  Ob. 
from  '33.  iii.  682.  I.  (Jose"  M.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Ibarra  (Juan  Maria),  1819,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  escuadron  de  Mazatlan.  ii.  254; 
stationed  at  S.  Diego  '21-30,  taking  part  in  Ind.  exped.  and  other  affairs,  ii. 
534-6,  543,  549,  67o;  iii.  88,  109;  in  '30-1  memb.  of  the  junta  to  try  P.  Mar 
tinez,  fiscal  in  the  trial  of  Atanasio,  and  defender  of  Alcalde  Duarte.  iii.  99, 
190,  195.  In  '32  he  was  a  prominent  supporter  of  Zamorano,  being  sent  south 
in  command  of  the  northern  forces,  iii.  222-7;  and  in  '33-6  was  comandante 
at  Sta  B.  iii.  650-1;  but  was  unwilling  to  submit  to  the  new  govt,  and  left 
Cal.  in  '36.  He  is  described  as  a  rough,  coarse  man  of  very  dark  complexion, 
but  energetic  and  brave.  He  had  a  wife  in  Sinaloa.  I.  (Leonardo,  Luis,  and 
Pedro),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  I.  (Rafael),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  48.  I.  (Ra 
mon  L.),  juez  de  campo  at  Los  Ang.  '40,  '42-4.  iii.  637;  iv.  632-3;  still  at  Los 
Ang.  '46-8.  I.  (Severiano),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-48.  Ibera  (Nicolas),  1779, 
chaplain  of  the  Santiago,  i.  328.  Idahl  (Christopher),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S. 
artLl.  (v.  518). 

Ide  (Wm  Brown),  1845,  nat.  of  Mass,  of  pilgrim  ancestry,  b.  in  1786, 
who  worked  as  a  carpenter  in  Vt  and  N.  H.  to  '33,  and  in  '34-44  as  carpenter, 
farmer,  and  sometimes  teacher,  in  Ohio  and  111.  In  '45  he  came  overland  in 
the  Grigsby-Ide  party  with  his  wife  (Susan  G.  Haskell,  married  in  '20),  4  sons, 
and  a  daughter,  iv.  578-81,  587.  He  encamped  for  the  winter  on  Thomes' 
rancho,  and  in  the  spring  of  '46  moved  into  a  cabin  on  Belden's  rancho,  Te- 
hama  Co.,  owned  by  Ide  later.  In  June  '46  he  joined  the  Bear  party,  being 
apparently  one  of  the  few  settlers  who  acted  in  good  faith  and  was  induced 
to  believe  the  false  reports  that  the  Americans  were  in  danger.  After  the  oc 
cupation  of  Sonora  and  the  departure  of  Capt.  Grigsby,  Ide  was  chosen  com 
mandant  of  the  Bears,  and  held  that  position  until  the  reorganization  of  the 

(G88) 


IDE— INGERSOLL.  689 

forces  under  Frdmont  in  July,  just  before  the  cause  was  merged  in  that  of  the 
U.  S.  For  his  acts  in  this  capacity,  including  much  that  throws  light  on  the 
peculiar  character  of  the  man,  see  v.  78-100,  104,  110,  115-19,  145-69,  175, 
179-84,  231;  or,  better  still,  all  the  chapters  relating  to  the  Bear  movement. 
Ide  soon  came  to  regard  himself  as  leader  in  a  grand  revolutionary  movement, 
as  the  conqueror  of  Cal. ;  his  men  regarded  him  simply  as  temporary  com 
mandant  at  Sonora,  chosen  to  that  position  for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  and  some 
educational  advantages,  and  they  were  willing  to  indulge  him  in  harmless 
eccentricities,  paying  but  slight  attention  to  his  grandiloquent  proclamations, 
or  to  his  peculiar  views  of  himself  and  the  republic  he  thought  he  had 
founded.  The  assumption  of  the  command  by  Fre"rnont  was  regarded  by  Ide 
as  a  grievous  wrong  to  himself;  but  his  views  and  writings  on  this  subject — re 
specting  which  his  idiosyncrasy  came  very  near  to  insanity — are  fully  presented 
elsewhere.  After  the  change  he  served  as  a  private  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  during 
the  first  expedition  to  the  south,  but  returned  to  Sonoma  in  Sept.  v.  298;  and 
to  the  Sac.  Valley  in  Nov.  In  April  '47  he  was  at  Sonoma,  taking  part  in  a 
public  meeting  in  behalf  of  Alcalde  Nash.  v.  609;  on  June  7th  he  was  ap 
pointed  by  Gov.  Mason  surveyor  for  the  northern  department;  on  the  17th  he 
married  a  couple  at  Cache  Cr. ;  in  July  was  referee  in  a  slander  case  at  So 
noma;  and  in  '48  was  at  Mont.  In  '48-9  he  had  some  experience  in  the  mines, 
but  the  home  of  his  family  in  these  and  later  years  was  on  the  rancho  Bar 
ranca  Colorada,  bought  of  Belden,  near  Red  Bluff,  claimed  by  him  in  '52.  iv. 
670;  and  confirmed  to  his  heirs  in  ';>5.  In  '51-2  he  seems  to  have  held  pretty 
nearly  all  the  county  offices  in  Colusa  at  the  same  time,  the  highest  being 
that  of  county  judge,  and  the  seat  of  his  govt  being  at  Monroe's  rancho, 
where  he  died  in  Dec.  '52.  He  retained  to  the  end  his  fondness  for  long  re 
ports  and  for  political  theorizing,  but  with  all  his  eccentricity  he  was  always  a 
most  worthy  and  honest  man,  and  had  somewhat  remarkable  tact  and  exec 
utive  ability  in  several  directions.  The  Biographic  Sketch  published  in  '80  by 
his  brother  is  noticed  in  v.  188-9.  It  is  stated  by  several  writers,  including 
Belden  and  Baldridge,  that  Ide  was  a  Mormon,  but  I  have  found  no  positive 
evidence  on  the  subject.  Mrs  I.  died  a  few  years  before  her  husband.  Infor 
mation  about  the  children  is  meagre.  The  oldest  son,  James  M.,  lived  long 
in  Colusa  and  Tehama  counties,  then  went  to  Utah,  where  he  died  in  '78. 
Win  H.  worked  for  Sutter  a  while  in  '45,  then  went  south  to  the  Sta  Cruz 
region,  and  is  said  to  have  been  held  a  prisoner  by  Castro  for  a  while  in  '46. 
Daniel  and  Lemuel,  small  children  in  '45,  lived  with  the  family  in  Tehama, 
and  1  think  one  of  them  still  survived  in  '85.  The  daughter,  Sarah  E.,  be 
came  Mrs  Healy,  and  lived  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '80,  when  she  contributed  her 
recollections  of  the  overland  trip,  with  other  material,  for  the  Bioy.  Sketch. 
There  were  4  other  children,  but  of  the  9  only  2  survived  in  '80. 

Idirbe  (Basilic),  1834,  mr  of  the  Urup.  iii.  384.  Igadera  (Jose"),  1798, 
convict  settler,  i.  606.  Iglesias  (Jos6  M.),  1825,  Span,  from  the  Aquikft; 
named  in  list  sent  to  Mex.  '28,  and  passport  ordered  in  '30.  iii.  51-2;  in  '32 
joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221.  Hire  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  B, 
N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Iliasovich  (Livovich),  1831-3,  mr  of  the  Baikal,  doubtful 
name.  iii.  381.  Illyn,  1806,  pilot  with  Rezanof  from  Sitka.  ii.  70.  Illig, 
see  'Ellick.'  Imman,  1848,  at  N.Helv.  Imparan  (Jos6),  1779,  com.  of  the 
1st  galleon  that  touched  at  Mont.  i.  330. 

Imus  (Chas),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.  who  came  overland  from  111.,  being  capt. 
of  a  party,  and  accompanied  by  his  nephew,  Chas  A.  Imus.  v.  529.  Both  are 
said  to  have  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  and  later  were  stock-raisers  OD 
the  S.  Joaquin.  Their  parents  came  to  Cal.  in  '50.  The  capt.  died  at  Sta 
Cruz  in  '56,  and  the  nephew  was  perhaps  still  living  in  '77.  Inciarte  (Juan), 
1791 ,  piloto  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Indart,  1845,  mr  of  a  vessel.  Iii- 
estrumo,  1826,  mr  of  the  Argosy,  iii.  146.  Ingals  (Dav.),  1845,  doubtful 
name  of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  Ingalls  (Rufus),  1848,  nat.  of  Me,  lieut 
1st  U.S.  dragoons,  came  on  the  Huntress  to  act  as  asst  Q.M. ;  in  N.Y.  '81  at 
a  pioneer  reunion.  Ingersoll  (Chester),  1847,  overl.  iminig.  from  111.,  who 
bought  land  at  Napa  in  Dec.  In  '48  he  is  said  to  have  sent  instructions  east 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  IV.  44 


690  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

to  sell  his  property,  purchase  500  bbls  of  dried  apples,  and  distribute  the  bal 
ance  among  relatives,  as  he  had  made  a  fortune  in  Cal.  Ho  died  in  S.F.  '49, 
leaving  a  family.  Initia  (C.),  doubtful  name  of  grantee  of  Olompali  '43.  iv. 
672.  Inwood"(Geo. ),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  ( v.  358).  Inigo  (Lope),  grantee 
of  Posolomi  and  Pozito,  Sta  Clara,  '44.  iv.  672.  Inigues  (Juan),  1796,  sergt 
Catalan  volunteers,  i.  540.  Iquina,  1793,  Nootka  Ind.  baptized  at  Mont. 
i.  498. 

Ira,  or  Irea  (Cyrus),  1 846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  left  the  church, 
and  was  living  in  the  eastern  states  '84.  Irante  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
Irish,  1846,  said  to  have  been  in  the  Pt  Reyes  region.  Irvin  (John),  1840, 
one  of  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias.  iv.  18.  Irwin  (Edward),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  N. 
Y.Vol.  v.  503;  in  the  mines  '48-50;  then — after  a  year  or  two  in  Nicaragua 
— a  resident  of  Sierra  Co.,  where  he  was  sheriff '55-9;  lived  3  years  in  Napa 
and  went  to  Nev.  in  '63,  serving  as  sheriff  and  U.S.  marshal  in  Nye  and 
White  Pine  counties.  In  '70  he  returned  to  Cal.  and  settled  in  Lake  Co., 
where  he  still  lived  at  Middleton  in  '83.  I.  (Wm),  184-7,  doubtful  memb.  of 
N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F. '74.  Irwood  (Henry),  1848,  at  Benicia.  Yuba 
Co,  Jfi*t. 

Isbel  (James  C.),  1846,  physician  from  Ohio,  overl.  iminig.  accomp.  by  his 
wife.  v.  529;  settled  in  S.  Joaquin  '47,  where  he  is  mentioned  in  connection 
with  various  mining  operations  in  '48.  His  wife,  Olive  M.,  taught  the  1st 
English  school  in  Sta  Clara — possibly  in  Cal. — in  the  spring  of  '47,  while  the 
immig.  families  were  gathered  there  awaiting  the  close  of  the  war.  Both  the 
doctor  and  his  wife  were  living  in  Ventura  Co.  as  late  as  '79,  the  former  dis 
abled  and  the  latter  still  a  teacher.  The  name  is  also  written  Isbell  and 
Isabell.  Isidore,  Ind.  said  to  have  been  killed  at  Olompali '46.  v.  l(J6.  Isi- 
dro,  Ind.  mentioned  at  Soledad  '26.  ii.  623.  Islas  (Santiago),  Mex.  alfdrez 
commanding  guard  at  the  Colorado  pueblos  1780-1;  killed  by  Ind.  i.  359-03. 

Iturrate  (Domingo  Santiago),  1800,  Span,  friar,  who  served  at  S.  Juan  B. 
until  his  departure  from  Cal.  in  1S09.  Biog.  ii.  154;  ment.  i.  577;  ii.  100, 
159-60.  Iven  (Alfred),  1847.  Co.  D,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  died  at  Acapulco 
'49.  Ives,  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  with  family;  prob.  error  for  'Ide.'  Ivie 
(Thomas  C.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  farmer  at  Scipo,  Utah,  '82. 
Ivy  (Richard  A.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  farmer  in  Utah  '81. 

Jackson,  1845,  at  N.Helv.,  prob.  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578,  587;  said  to 
have  come  to  Napa  with  N.  Coombs  in  '45,  and  to  be  living  at  Oakland  '78. 
J.  (Mrs),  1846,  Mormon  woman  on  the  Brooklyn  (v.  544),  wife  of  Col  J. 
Tulidge.  J.  (A.),  1848,  steward  on  the  Elizabeth;  later  in  the  City  Hotel  at 
Mont.  J.  (B),  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Sagadahoc.  J.  (Dav.  E.),  1831,  of 


D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  ree'nl.  J.  (James),  1845,  passport  from  Los  Ang.  to 
Sonora.  J.  (James  M.),  1846,  coxswain  of  Dale's  launch,  disch.  at  S.F.  '49; 
later  mr  of  a  vessel,  and  in  the  war  of  '61-5  ensign  on  the  Comanche;  at  S.F. 
'84.  Lancey.  J.  (Joseph),  1827,  Irish  shoemaker  in  Mont.  dist.  '29,  age  27. 
iii.  176.  J.  (Joseph),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  J.  (Sam.),  1847,  asst  surg. 
on  the  U.S.  Independence.  J.  (Wm),  1848,  in  S.F.  list  of  letters. 

Jacob  (Richard  Taylor),  1846,  Kentuckian  who  accomp.  Bryant  on  the 
overland  trip,  and  was  capt.  of  Co.  H,  Cal.  Bati  in  the  campaign  of  '46-7, 
returning  east  probably  by  way  of  Panama,  with  Lieut  Emory,  and  being  in 
Wash,  at  the  time  of  Fremont's  court-martial,  v.  359,  361,  454,  528.  He  later 
married  a  daughter  of  Thos  H.  Benton;  was  col  of  the  9th  Ky  cavalry  in  the 
war  of  '61-5;  and  became  lieut-gov.  of  Ky.  Jacobs  (Sanford),  1847,  Co.  D, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  employed  by  Brannan  as  mail-carrier  in '48.  Jacobson 
(Andr6s),  1848,  at  S.F.  from  Valparaiso. 

James,  1846,  boy  on  the  Savannah,  said  to  be  at  Oakland  in  '76.  Alta. 
Jaime  {Antonio),  1795,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  Soledad,  and  died 
at  Sta  B.  in  '29.  Biog.  ii.  576-8;  nient.  i.  500,  576,  686;  ii.  152,  159,  385,  394, 


JAIME-JENNISON.  GDI 

491,  530,  622,  655;  iii.  96-7.  Jalapa  (Fran.),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '39-42; 
at  Sonoma  '44,  age  25.  J.,  1848,  one  of  the  Weber's  prospectors,  for  whom 
Jamestown  \vas  named.  J.  (Antonio),  1847,  lumberman  in  S.F.  disc.  J. 
(Noah),  1846,  memb.  of  the  Donner  party  from  III.,  believed  to  be  still  living 
in  '80.  v.  530,534.  J.  (Zacarias),  1832,  debtor  of  Purisima  mission.  Jameson 
(F.  A.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Jamieson  (Geo.  Wm),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499). 

Jan  (Barnaby),  1798,  Boston  sailor  at  S.  Diego,  i.  545,  654.  Janes  (Alden 
\V.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Kenton,  Ohio, '83;  present  at  a 
review  of  survivors  in  N.Y.  '84.  Janion  (R.  C.),  1847,  Engl.  trader  who 
came  from  Hon.  on  the  Laura  Ann;  member  of  the  S.F.  firm  of  Starkey,  J., 
&  Co.  in  '47-9,  making  several  trips  to  the  islands;  died  in  England  some 
years  later.  Jansen  (Cornelio),  see  'Johnson.' 

Janssens  (Victor  Eugene  Auguste),  1834,  Belgian  who  came  from  Mex.  in 
the  H.  &  P.  colony  at  the  age  of  17.  iii.  263,  412.  After  the  colony  v,*as 
broken  xip  he  worked  at  the  Corralitos  rancho  with  the  Coronel  family  in 
'35-G.  Later,  in  '36,  he  kept  a  shop  at  Mont,  with  Ayala,  but  on  the  down 
fall  of  Gov.  Gutierrez  he  wished  to  return  to  Mex.,  where  his  mother  still  lived, 
and  failing  in  this  he  went  south,  and  in  '37-8  took  part  in  many  of  the  Aha- 
jefios'  operations  against  Alvarado,  besides  serving  against  the  Ind.  on  the  S. 
Diego  frontier,  iii.  504,  516-20,  558.  Later  he  had  an  orchard  and  worked  as 
a  distiller  at  Los  Ang. ;  and  in  '40-2  he  lived  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  acting  as  ma- 
jordoaioand  juez.  iii.  627-8;  iv.  624-7;  naturalized  in  '41,  and  in  '42  married 
Maria  Antonia,  daughter  of  Vicente  Pico.  Subsequently  he  was  agent  for 
Aguirro  and  partner  of  Lataillade  at  Sta  B.,  obtaining  the  rancho  of  Lomas 
do  la  Purficacion  in  '44.  iv.  642;  and  perhaps  elected  alcalde  for  '45,  but  not 
serving,  iv.  491,  672.  In  '46  he  was  justice  of  the  peace  at  Sta  Lie's,  and 
under  the  Flores  govt  was  mil.  com.  of  that  region,  v.  320,  635.  He  was  again 
juez  in  '48-9,  and  lived  on  his  rancho,  confirmed  to  him  by  the  courts,  till 
about  '5i>,  going  to  the  mines  in  '48  for  a  time,  but  later  residing  at  Sta  B., 
where  at  various  times  in  '61-8  he  served  as  county  assessor,  postmaster, 
trustee,  and  deputy  collector  and  sheriff.  In  '78,  residing  at  Sta  B.,  he  dic 
tated  to  me  his  Vida  y  Adventuras,  an  excellent  narrative  of  colony  affairs 
and  of  later  Cal.  events;  and  also  permitted  me  to  copy  his  col.  of  Doc.  Hist-. 
Cat.,  containing  several  important  records.  He  was  an  intelligent  man  of 
good  repute,  a  widower  with  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  I  think  he  is  still 
living  in  '85.  Janston,  1846,  mid.  U.  S.  N.  at  Mont,  with  Baldwin  in  com. 
of  guard.  Lanccy.  Jantzen  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  liv- 
at  S.  F.  '74-83.  Jaramillo  (Juan  Jose),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  30.  Jarvis 
(James  J.),  1847,  at  S.  Diego  and  Mont.  '47-8,  representing  Everett  of  Hon. 
Jatinil,  Ind.  chief  on  the  S.  Diego  frontier,  a  faithful  ally  of  the  whites. 

Jauffrey  (Agustin),  maj.  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  Jaume  (Luis).  1771,  Span, 
friar,  who  served  as  missionary  at  S.  Diego  until  killed  by  the  Ind.  on  Nov. 
5,  1775.  i.  173,  176,  195,  229/250-2,  255,  455,  654,  657;  ii.  106-7.  Javier 
(Fran.),  Ind.  chief  on  the  Colorado  1781.  i.  361.  Jaw,  or  Jay,  at  N.  Helv. 
'47-8;  doubtful  name  of  a  N.  Y.  vol.  Jaynith  (Ed.),  1847,  doubtful  name 
of  a  Benicia  settler. 

Jefferson  (Geo.),  1843-4,  at  S.  F.  in  trouble  about  debts,  etc.;  prob.  a 
sailor.  Jeffray  (Wm),  1848,  memb.  of  Soc.  Cal.  Pioneers;  in  S.  F.  '81-3. 
Jcggc  (Jacob),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Jelvero  (Fran.), 
1825,  Span,  who  came  on  the  Aquilcs;  at  Sta  B.  '36,  age  36,  with  wife  and  5 
children.  Jcna(N.),  1840,  mr  of  the  Angelina,  iv.  101.  Jankins,  named 
by  the  Los  Ang.  vigilantes  in  '36  as  having  been  killed,  perhaps  some  years 
earlier,  iii.  419.  J.,  1848,  of  J.  &  Hardy,  at  Mont.  (?)  J.  (A.  and  H.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  J.  (Jackson  W.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  apparently 
•with  Aram.  J.  (John  W.)  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  perhaps  same  as 
preceding.  J.  (Wm  K.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Jenks  (Chas 
N.),  1845,  Amer.,  at  Mont.  Jennings,  1848,  in  the  mines,  from  Or.,  later 
asst  Q.  M.  Gen.;  in  real  estate  business  at  Sac.,  but  returned  to  Or.  J. 
(John),  1815,  mr  of  the  Columbia,  ii.  273-4.  Jennison  (Dan.),  1823,  at  Sta 
B.  ii.  495. 


692  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Jesse  (Archer  C.,  or  Archibald  C.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  settled  in 
Napa  Val.,  served  as  lieut  of  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  3G1,  529;  and  had  a  Cal.  claim 
of  $13.50  (v.  402).  I  have  no  later  information  about  him.  Jesus  (Felipe 
de),  at  Soledad  '26.  ii.  623.  J.  (Jose),  Ind.  chief  of  S.  Joaq.,  aiding  the 
whites  '43-S.  v.  360,  662.  J.  (Jose"  Ant.),  Mex.  convict,  set  free  in  '33. 
J.  (oerafin),  grantee  of  lot  at  S.  Gabriel  '43.  iv.  637.  Jeupas,  1847,  mr  of 
the  KfoneAna.  v.  579.  Jewell  (Ben.),  1848,  in  Son.  Co.;  prob.  'Dewell,' 
q.  v.  Jcwett  (Enoch  P.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the  Eveline:  owner  of  S.  F. 
Ijt.  v.  685.  J.  (Geo.),  1836,  Amer.  who  landed  from  a  whaler  at  Sta  B., 
age  21.  J.  (Thomas),  1836,  Amer.  cooper,  age  28,  who  came  with  Geo.,  and 
was  perhaps  his  brother,  iv.  118;  hi  Larkin's  employ  at  Mont.  '40.  Jim 
('Kanaka,'  or  '  Yankee  '),  in  charge  of  Hock  for  Sutter  '46. 

Jimenez,  1791-1800,  chaplain  on  one  of  the  S.  Bias  transports.  J.  (An 
tonio  LL),  Mex.  priest  at  S.  Gabriel  and  curate  of  Los  Ang.  from  '44.  iv.  422, 
634,  637.  He  died  at  S.  Gabriel  in  '53.  Jimeno  (Antonio),  1827,  Mex.  friar 
of  the  S.  Fernando  college,  who  served  as  missionary  or  curate  at  Sta  Cruz 
in  '27-3,  at  S.  Buen.  '40-3,  and  at  Sta  B.  '29-40  and  '44-56,  being  chosen  su- 
picnte  president  in  '30.  ii.  576,  625,  655;  iii.  87,  433-4,  656,  658;  iv.  45,  421-2, 

420,  643-5.    Padre  Antonio  is  remembered  as  stout  and  dark  in  person,  ami 
able  in  disposition,  kind  to  his  neophytes,  but  strict  in  all  religious  matters. 
Ho  left  Cal.  in  '56  or  a  little  later,  and  in  71  was  still  living  in  the  city  of 
Mex.,  blind  and  indigent,  probably  the  last  survivor  of  the  Fernandinos.       J. 
(Jose"  Joaquin),    1827,  or  perhaps  '28,  Mex.  friar  of   S.    Fernando  college, 
brother  of  Antonio,  whose  missionary  service  was  at  S.  Luis  Rey  in  '27-30, 
Sta  Cruz  '30-3,  Sta  Inc"s  '33-50,  S.  Gabriel  '50-3,  and  StaB.  '54-6.    From  '38 
ho  was  president  of  the  Fernandinos,  being  vicar  in  '38-9,  and  prefect  after 
Duran's  death  in  '46.   In  '44  he  was  the  founder  of  the  Sta  Ine~s  seminary,  of 
which  he  was  the  rector  to  '50.  In  '54  he  founded  the  missionary  college  of  Do 
lores  at  Sta  B.,  of  which  he  was  president  to  his  death  in  '56,  at  the  age  of 
52.  ii.  553,  618-19,  625,  655;  iii.  309,  319,  433-4,  661,  693-4;  iv.  63-4,^372, 

421,  425-6,  549,  645;  v.  620,  635.    A  good  account  of  his  life  is  given  by  P. 
Gonzalez  in  his  burial  record.    Savage,  Doc.,  ii.  144-6.    Padre  Joaquin  re 
sembled  Antonio  in  most  respects,  being  somewhat  shorter  in  stature  and  less 
affable  or  more  reserved  in  manner,  being  a  very  zealous  missionary,  though 
sometimes  in  trouble  with  his  ecclesiastical  superiors. 

Jimeno  Casarin  (Manuel),  1828,  nat.  of  Mex.,  and  brother  of  the  friars 
Jimeno,  sub.  comisario  and  contador  in  the  Mont,  custom-house  in  '28-30. 
ii.  607;  iii.  46,  65,  69,  86,  136.  In  '32  he  was  sindico  of  the  Mout.  ayunt. ; 
in  '34  alcalde,  and  grantee  of  Salsipuedes;  in  '35  member  of  the  diputacion 
and  comisionado  for  the  secularization  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  iii.  291,  354,  673,  678, 
682.  In  '37  he  was  again  vocal,  and  in  '39-42  \vas  Alvarado's  sec.  of  state, 
besides  being  1st  vocal  and  often  acting  gov.  during  Alvarado's  illness,  and 
grantee  of  Sta  Rosa,  Sta  B.  Co.  in  '39.  iii.  506,  585,  590,  593-9,  604;  iv.  133, 
137,  193,  282,  294-5.  Under  Micheltorena  he  continued  to  serve  as  sec.  iii 
'43-5,  being  the  grantee  of  Sta  Paula  in  '43,  and  the  Jimeno  rancho,  Colusa 
Co.,  in  '44.  iv.  357,  360,  403,  409,  643,  671.  In  the  troubles  of  '45-7  Don 
Manuel  seems  to  have  taken  no  active  part,  but  in  these  and  later  years  gave 
his  whole  attention  to  private  business,  being  also  in  bad  health.  He  does  not 
appear  as  claimant  for  any  of  the  ranchos  granted  to  him.  He  went  to  Mex. 
early  in  '53,  and  died  there  in  Dec.  of  that  year.  Jimeno  was  a  man  of  good 
character  and  abilities;  a  faithful  official,  well  fitted  for  his  position  as  govt 
secretary;  devoted  to  Mexico,  but  not  bitter  in  his  prejudices  against  for 
eigners;  small  and  lean  in  physique;  vivacious  and  witty  in  conversation. 
His  wife,  married  about  '32,  was  Dona  Angustias  de  la  Guerra,  who  later 
married  Dr  Ord,  and  is  still  living  in  '85.  There  were  11  children,  only  2  or 
3  of  whom  survive.  Two  of  the  sons — Antonio  and  Porfirio — were  sent  east 
with  Lieut  Sherman  in  '50  to  be  educated,  and  Porf.rio  was  a  capt.  of  Cal. 
volunteers  in  the  war  of  '61-5.  Jimkins  (Henry),  1848,  lumberman  and 
farmer  at  Sta  Cruz  to  '61,  later  a  soldier  and  miner  in  Nev.  Jimrnerson 
(Chas),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Joaquin  (Emilio),  Ind.  grantee 
of  S.  Gabriel  land  '43.  iv.  637. 


JOHN-JOHNSON.  693 

John,  1836,  cook  from  Coromandel,  age  40,  at  Mont.  John,  1836,  Amer. 
at  Salinas,  age  18.  John  (James),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Baroicauii 
party;  went  soon  to  Or.  iv.  234,  '210,  272,  275.  Johns  (Juan  C.),  1833,  at 
Sonoma.  Johnson,  1834,  doubtful  name  of  an  Engl.  sailor  at  Gomez' 
rancho.  J.,  1840,  blacksmith  arrested  at  Los  Ang.,  but  escaped.  J.,  1843, 
doubtful  mention  as  an  overl.  immig. ;  perhaps  of  Chiles-Walker  party,  iv. 
392.  J.,  1846,  midshipman  arrested  by  Capt.  Montgomery.  J.,  1847, 
carpenter  at  Mont.  J.,  1847,  fined  at  S.  Diego  for  stabbing,  v.  618.  J., 
1848,  overl.  immig.  with  Lawton. 

Johnson  (Archibald),  1832,  testified  in  '68  that  he  had  lived  in  Cal.  since 
'32.  iii.  408.  J.  (A.  B.),  1837.  trader  on  the  coast;  also  called  Benjamin. 
J.  (A.  M.),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Warren.  J.  (Chas),  1840,  doubtful  men 
tion.  J.  (Chas  F.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 
J.  (Chas  B.),  184b,  memb.  of  Pion.  Soc.,  at  Los  Ang.  '54.  Annuls.  J. 
(Chas  H.),  1848,  nat.  of  Md;  S.F.  trader  in  '48-9,  of  firm  Findley,  J.,  &  Co.; 
in  '01  represented  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  the  legislature.  J.  (Chas  R. ),  1846,  auc 
tioneer  in  S.F.  '4S,  who  at  Los  Ang.  '76  testified  that  he  was  in  Cal.  '46.  There 
is  prob.  some  confusion  between  this  man  and  the  2  preceding^  J.  (Corne 
lius  Adru),  1826,  German  soldier  from  Mex.  iii.  176;  at  work  on  HartnelFs 
rancho  '3b',  age  60;  in  '40  worked  for  Leese  at  S.F.  His  name  was  perhaps 
Jansen. 

Johnson  (David  W.),  1846,  farrier  Co.  K,  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons;  killed  at 
S.  Pascual.  v.  346.  J.  (Ed.),  1845,  nat.  of  Md,  sailor  on  tlie  U.S.  Erie 
'45-8.  iv.  587;  came  back  to  Cal.  '49-50,  and  again  in  '54;  lived  at  S.  Jose* 
'58-81  and  later.  ,V.  «/.  Pion.  J.  (Francis),  1840,  sup.  of  the  D.  Quixote 
and  Maryland  '40-1.  iv.  103,  120,  567.  He  was  a  Mass,  man  who  had  been 
clerk  for  Peirce  &  Brewer  at  Hon.,  and  later  in  business  for  himself.  He  died 
in  Mass,  abt  '48.  J.  (Francis),  1845,  at  Los  Ang.,  pleading  exemption  from 
mil.  service;  went  to  Hon.  on  the  Portsmouth;  perhaps  the  son  of  Don  Santi 
ago.  J.  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  J.  (Geo.  A.),  1848,  nat. 
of  N.Y.,  who  in  the  legislature  of  '63  represented  S.  Diego  Co.,  age  37.  J. 
(Henry),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  J.  (Ira),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  409);  smuggler  at  S.  Diego  and  builder  at  Mont.  '48.  J.  (Isaac  C.),  1847, 
Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  469);  at  Astoria,  Or.,  '82. 

Johnson  (James),  1833,  Engl.  trader,  8  years  at  Guaymas,  engaged  also  in 
pearl-fishing,  who  came  to  Cal.  both  by  land  and  on  the  Facio,  making  sev 
eral  trips  to  Sonora  and  back  in  '33-4.  iii.  382,  409.  He  represented  some 
kind  of  a  Sonora  company  and  bought  the  right  of  Manuel  Gutierrez  in  the  S. 
Pedro  rancho,  with  large  quantities  of  live-stock;  but  presently  became  finan 
cially  embarrassed.  He  was  accused  of  complicity  in  the  Apalategui  revolt 
of  '35,  and  is  mentioned  occasionally  in  Los  Ang.  annals  of  '36-40.  iii.  285, 
519;  iv.  14,  117.  Grantee  of  S.  Jacinto  and  S.  Gregorio,  S.  Diego  Co.,  in  '43. 
iv.  621,  563.  Don  Santiago  was  a  large  stout  man  of  variable  temperament. 
He  died  in  '47.  His  widow,  Carmen  Guirado,  sister  of  Eafael  G.  and  Mrs 
Manuel  Hequena,  still  survived  in  '78,  as  does  a  son  Francis  in  '85,  he  being 
mentioned  at  Hartnell's  school  in  '36,  and  as  the  owner  of  Los  Ang.  lands  in 
'48.  There  was  another  son  named  Santiago.  The  3  daughters,  Anita,  Ade 
laide,  and  Margarita,  married  respectively  Henry  and  Francis  Mellus  and 
James  H.  Lander.  J.  (James),  1836,  Amer.,  age  32,  who  worked  for  Spear 
at  Mont.  J.  (John),  1845,  at  Mont.  J.  (John  Michael),  1821,  Scotchman 
baptized  at  S.  Buen.  ii.  444.  J.  (John  W.),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons 
(v.  232.  247).  J.  (Joseph),  1845,  deserter  from  the  Hopewdl  at  S.  Diego;  in 
'47  sentenced  to  2  months  of  public  works  and  $50  fine  for  stabbing  Garcia  at 
Sta  Isabel. 

Johnson  (Robert  E.),  1841.  in  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241.  J.  (Sampson  W.), 
1S46,  "V  irginian  and  overl.  immig.,  perhaps  via  Or.,  who  served  in  Co.  E,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  3J8);  in  the  mines  '48-9;  at  S.  Jose"  '50-4,  serving  as  constable; 
farmer  in  S.  Joaq.  '54-9;  keeper  of  a  stable  at  Pacheco  and  Martinez  '00-80. 
He  married  Annie  McClellan  in  '50.  J.  (Sam.),  of  Morm.  col.,  see  'Ladd.1 
J.  (Win),  1832,  memb.  of  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221. 


694  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Johnson  (Wm),  1840,  nat.  of  Boston  and  mate  of  the  Alciope,  engaged  In 
trade  at  S.F.  and  getting  a  pass,  in  June  '41 ;  also  grantee  of  town  lot  in  '44.  iv. 
669;  v.  679.  From  '42  he  owned  a  lighter  in  company  with  Leese;  asking  in 
'44  for  a  license  for  his  boat,  he  called  himself  an  Irishman  and  naturalized  Mex. 
(There  are  indications  that  in  '40-1  there  were  2  of  the  name  at  S.F.,  one  of 
whom  came  as  pilot  on  the  Trinidad. )  In  '45  he  bought  the  Gutierrez  ran- 
cho  on  Bear  River,  where  he  lived  from  that  time,  being  often  named  in  the 
N.lldv.. Diary  as  making  trips  up  and  down  the  river.  His  ranch  was  on  the 
immig.  route  and  is  mentioned  by  all  parties  from  '45.  v.  23,  452,  484.  In 
June  '47  he  married  Mary  Murphy,  who  in  Nov.  was  advertised  as  having  left 
him  and  later  became  Mrs  Covillaud.  In  '52  he  was  the  claimant  for  his  ran- 
clio.  iv.  671;  and  a  little  later  (or  earlier,  as  would  appear  but  for  the  land 
claim)  he  either  died  or  went  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  J.  (Wm),  1842, 
surg.  U.S.N.  at  Mont.  Maxwell.  J.  (Wm),  1847,  sergt  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  v. 
504;  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  J.  (Wm  S.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  later 
a  prominent  citizen  of  Monterey  Co.,  holding  several  county  offices;  claimant 
for  El  Pleito.  iv.  655;  cashier  of  the  Salinas  City  bank  '82.  He  is  also  said 
to  have  lived  in  '48-9  and  '75  at  Stockton. 

Johnston  (Abraham  R.),  1846,  capt  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  who  came 
with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex.,  and  was  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  336,  343-4; 
author  of  a  published  Journal  of  the  march.  J.  (Wm  J.),  1847,  Co.  C, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Sutter's  employ  in  '47-8,  and  at  the  Coloma  mill 
v/hen  gold  was  discovered.  Johnstone  (A.),  1847,  at  S.F.  from  Hon.  on  the 
Currency  Lass;  went  back  on  the  Columbia.  J.  (Charles),  1834,  Dane  in 
the  Mont,  dist  '34—7.  iii.  412.  Larkiu's  Accts.  Jonas,  1840,  doubtful  name 
in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  foreigners. 

Jones,  1841,  com.  of  H.  B.  M.  S.  Ouragoa.  iv.  38,  564.  J.,  1841,  mr  of 
the  Llama,  iv.  567.  J.,  1846,  orderly  sergt  Cal.  Bat.  Lancey.  J.,  1846, 
sailor  of  the  Savannah;  in  the  mines  '48.  J.,  1847,  mr  of  the  Confedera- 
cion.  v.  577. 

Jones  (A.  F.),  1846,  came  to  S.  Josd  with  wife  and  3  children.  Hall;  per 
haps  the  J.  ment.  in  the  mines  from  S.  Jos6  '48.  J.  (Albert  G.),  1844,  Amer. 
who  got  naturalization  papers,  iv.  453.  J.  (C.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 
J.  (Carlos),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  J.  (Chas  B.),  1847,  in 
S.F.  list  of  letters.  J.  (David  H.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  J. 
(E.),  1846,  purser's  clerk  on  the  Warren;  at  Mont.  '48. 

Jones  (Elbert  P.),  1846,  Kentuckian  lawyer  and  overl.  immig.  who  prac 
tised  law  in  S.F.,  was  the  1st  editor  of  the  Star  in  '47,  kept  the  Portsmouth 
House,  was  member  and  sec.  of  the  town  council,  took  an  active  part  in  polit 
ical  wrangles,  became  the  owner  of  many  city  lots,  and  I  think  gave  his 
name  to  Jones  St.  v.  645,  648-53,  657-8,  676,  678,  680,  685.  He  married 
Sarah  Kittleman  of  the  Mormon  colony  in  '47,  and  lived  in  S.F.  till  after  '50, 
dying  at  Charleston  S.C.  in  '52.  Jones  was  a  man  of  much  talent  and  versa 
tility,  not  in  all  respects  of  model  character.  J.  (Eli),  1847,  at  Hon.  from 
S.F.  on  the  Currency  Lass.  J.  (H.  L.),  1847,  blacksmith  in  Sutter's  employ 
'47-8;  had  a  family.  J.  (Harold),  1846,  sailor  on  the  U.S.  Dale. 

Jones  (Mrs  Isabella),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  v.  546;  owner  of  a  S.F. 
lot  '47;  never  went  to  Utah.  J.  (James  H.),  1842,  Amer.  farmer  naturalized 
in  '44  claiming  2  years'  residence,  being  then  a  resident  of  N.Helv.,  where  he 
still  lived  apparently  in  '45-7.  iv.  341.  J.  (John),  1837,  trader  at  S.F.  J. 
(John),  1846,  at  S.  Jose.  Hall.  J.  (John),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  before  '53,  when  his  widow,  Sarah — who  came  with  him  in  '47 — married  D. 
McC.  Murray.  She  lived  at  Healdsburg,  where  she  died  in  79. 

Jones  (John  Coffin,  Jr),  1830,  Boston  man  and  long  a  merchant  at  Honolulu, 
where  he  was  also  U.S.  consul.  He  had  large  transactions  with  Cal.  which  he 
visited  nearly  every  year  in  '30-\8,  as  mr  or  sup.  of  his  own  vessels,  the  Vol 
unteer,  Louisa,  Harriet  Blanchard,  Avon.  Bolivar,  Griffon,  and  Itasselas,  finally 
marrying  Monuela,  daughter  of  Carlos  Carrillo.  iii.  85,  145,  180,  381,  383-4, 
4G1;  iv.  101,  104-5,  117,  141.  After  settling  his  affairs  at  the  Islands  and 
making  a  visit  east,  he  came  back  on  the  Julia  Ann  from  Panama  in  '41  and 


JONES-JOYNES.  695 

settled  at  Sta  B. ,  though  still  making  visits  to  Hon.  I  have  many  of  his 
original  business  letters,  and  others  on  current  events  in  the  south  which  have 
much  historical  value,  iv.  291,  333,  523,  563,  560,  640.  Early  in  '46  he  sailed 
with  his  family  on  the  Admittance  for  Boston,  where  he  died  a  few  years 
later.  His  widow  was  claimant  for  Sta  liosa  Isl.  iv.  643;  which  Jones  with 
A.  B.  Thompson  had  stocked  with  cattle  and  sheep;  also  for  La  Calera.  She 
is  still  living  in  '85,  having  married,  I  think,  a  man  named  Kittle.  J.  (John 
M.),  1846,  nat.  of  Ky  and  prob.  overl.  iminig.;  at  S.F.  and  S.  Jos6  '48-50; 
memb.  of  constit.  convention  '49. 

Jones  (Nathaniel),  1846,  nat.  of  Tenn. ;  overl.  immig.  with  wife  and  son 
from  Mo.  Leaving  his  family  at  Chiles'  rancho  in  Napa  Val.,  he  served  in 
tiie  Sanchez,  or  Sta  Clara,  campaign,  and  then  settled  in  Contra  Costa,  where 
he  still  lived  in  :82  with  wife  and  5  children.  Portrait  in  Contra  C.  Co.  Hist.y 
264.  He  served  as  sheriff,  public  administrator,  and  county  supervisor.  His 
daughter,  Martha  A.,  born  in  '47,  married  John  Slitz.  The  son  who  came  with 
him,  at  the  age  of  2  years,  was  Eobinson  M.,  a  newspaper  man,  farmer, 
teacher,  county  surveyor,  and  warehouseman,  living  at  Martinez  in  '82  with 
wife,  Nettie  Ken  wick,  and  3  children.  J.  (Nathaniel  V.),  1847,  sergt  Co. 
D,  Morm.  Bat.;  in  Kearny's  return  escort,  v.  453,  477,  492.  J.  (Owen), 
1S41,  at  S.F.  J.  (Peter),  1834-5,  Frenchman  at  Mont.  J.  (Robert),  1836, 
named  in  Mont,  accounts.  J.  (Sam.  E.),  1846,  son  of  Zacarias;  resident  of 
Mont.  Co.  '59-70.  J.  (T.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  J.  (Thomas),  1840, 
one  of  the  S.  Bias  exiles,  arrested  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  14,  18.  J.  (Thomas), 
1841,  Amer.  immig.  of  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270,  272,  275,  279;  in  '45  signed 
tho  S.  Jose  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  599;  in  '46  applied  for  land  at  S.  Jose\  J. 
(T.  H.  or  M.),  1848,  at  N.  Helv.  May. 

Jones  (Thoa  Ap  Catesby),  1842,  commodore  U.S.N.,  in  com.  of  the  Pac. 
squadron,  taking  possession  of  Mont.  See  iv.  39,  208-323,  569,  631 ,  636,  640, 
6;52,  GG5;  v.  579.  He  was  again  in  com.  of  the  squadron  in  '48-9.  J.  (Thomas 
Jeremiah),  1821,  Engl.  sawyer,  baptized  at  S.  Juan  B.  in  '23,  and  naturalized 
in  '41,  at  which  time  he  had  a  native  wife.  Jeremiah  J.,  often  meiit.  in  records 
of  '39-40,  and  perhaps  one  of  the  arrested  foreigners,  may  have  been  the  same 
man.  ii.  444,  496;  iv.  17. 

Jones  (Walter),  1846,  at  S.  Jose".  Hall.  J.  (Wm),  1838,  doubtful  name 
of  an  Amer.  captured  by  Mex.  pirates  and  forced  to  work  as  a  slave  in  the 
mines;  at  Mont,  with  wife  and  2  children  in  '44,  ace.  to  Geo.  Keed,  in  S.F. 
Calif.,  May  22,  '47.  iv.  119.  J.  (Wm),  1843,  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  Has 
tings  party,  iv.  390;  nothing  more  known  of  him  unless  he  is  the  J.  who  left 
N.  Helv.  for  Or.  in  '46.  v.  526.  J.  (Wm).  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  Sonoma  '71-4.  J.  (W.D.)T  1847,  in  U.S.N.  '47-54,  spending  the  rest  of 
his  life  at  Vallejo,  where  he  died  in  '76.  J.  (Wm  Owen),  1816,  pilot  of  the 
Lydia.  ii.  275.  J.  (Zachariah),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  settled  at  S.  Jose" 
with  wife  and  5  children,  Margaret,  Keuben,  Sam.  E.,  and  Clark.  He  kept  a 
hotel  in  '47,  built  a  saw-mill  at  Los  Gatos  '48,  and  was  still  living  in  '60.  One 
of  his  daughters  married  Josiah  Belden  in  '49.  Jongh  (Wm  F.D.),  1846,  in 
com.  of  a  gun  in  Mars  ton's  Sta  Clara  campaign.  Jonvera  (Louis),  1829, 
Frenchman,  age  28,  at  S.  Jose"  April. 

Jordan  (J.),  1841,  carpenter  on  the  U.S.  St  Loui«.  J.  (Jackson),  1848, 
owner  of  S.F.  lot;  perhaps  the  same.  J.  (Louis),  1842,  trader  at  Los  Ang. 
'42-6,  being  regidor  in  '45-6.  iv.  341,  633-4;  v.  625.  J.  (Mariano),  1846,  at 
Los  Ang.  J.  (Philip),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Jourdain  (Etienne), 

1847,  at  Los  Ang.;  Fr.  consular  agent  at  S.F.  '48.  v.  614-15.       Joy  (Man 
uel),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  Cal.  claim  of  $20  (v.  462).       J.  (Wm), 

1848,  clerk  for  C.  L.  Koss  at  S.F. ;  still  in  S.F.  '54.       Joyce  (John),  1846,  one 
of  the  Mormon  col.,  with  wife,  Caroline,  and  2  daughters,  Augusta  and  Helen 
F.  v.  546.  He  was  a  carpenter  who  got  a  town  lot  in  '47.  v.  686;  went  to  the 
mines  in  '48;  was  still  at  S.F.  in  '50;  and  in  '64  lived  at  Centreville,  Alameda 
Co.,  age  42.     Possibly  there  was  another  Mrs  J.  and  fain.,  who  went  to  Utah 
and  died  before  '84.       J.  (Thos),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.       Joynes  (J.),  1845, 
sailmaker  011  the  U.S.  Warren. 


696  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Juan  (Luis),  1840,  reward  offered  for  the  discov.  of  his  murderers  at  8. 
Diego.  Juan  (Ricardo),  1845,  Frenchman  at  Branci forte,  age  28,  wife  Maria 
Cota,  child  Jesus.  Juan  Bautista,  1836,  Greek  fisherman  at  Mont.  Juan 
de  Dios,  executed  at  Mont.  '45.  Juan  Evangelista,  neophyte  taken  to 
Mex.  by  P.  Serra.  i.  321.  Juarez  (Andr6s),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp.  '30,  age 
19;  juez  of  valley  ranchos  '46.  v.  637. 

Juarez  (Cayetauo),  nat.  of  Cal.;  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '28-31,  corp.  '32- 


built  an  adobe  house  and  spent  tho  rest  of  his  life,  being  alcalde  at  Sonoma 
in  '45,  and  grantee  of  Yukaya  (Ukiah)  in  the  same  year.  iv.  674,  678.  In  '48 
he  somewhat  distinguished  himself  by  his  plans  to  rescue  the  Bear  prisoners. 
v.  120;  and  by  a  famous  swim  of  some  9  miles  to  escape  capture.  In  '75  he 
gave  me  some  rambling  Noias.  He  died  at  Napa  in  '83,  at  the  age  of  about  75. 
Portrait  in  Napa  Co.  Hist.  J.  (Francisco),  at  Branciforte  '28-30.  ii.  627; 
sindico  '36.  iii.  697;  his  wife  was  Dolores  Cota;  children  in  '28,  Mateo  and 
Antonio.  J.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  35,  wife  Andrea  Pinto,  child. 
Narciso  b.  '29.  Juan  '31,  Maria  '32,  Jesus  '34,  Paula  '36,  Juan  de  Dios  '38, 
Natividad  '40.  J.  (Joaquin),  at  Brancif.  '30-45,  age  60  in  '45,  wife  Pascuala 
Lorenzana,  child.  Luis  b.  '17,  Solano  '33.  ii.  627.  J.  (Jose),  soldier  of  S.F. 
comp.  '37-9.  J.  (Jos6  C.),  at  Brancif.  '45,  age  26,  wife  Fernanda  Figueroa. 
child  Jos<§.  J.  (Jose  Manuel),  at  Brancif.  '28;  at  S.  Isidro  ;36;  at  S.  Jos6 
'4!,  age  39,  wife  Pascuala  Figueroa,  children  Benjamin  b.  '29,  Gertrudis  '30, 
Andrea,  '35,  Jost*  M.,  Jr,  '36.  J.  (JosS  Maria),  at  Brancif.  '30.  ii.  627.  J. 
(Marcos),  soldier  at  Mont.  '34.  iii.  673;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  45.  J.  (Mateo), 
at  La  Brea,  Mont.,  '36,  age  23,  wife  Tomasa  Galindo,  child  Trinidad.  J. 
(Vicente),  at  S.  Jose"  '33-41,  age  23  in  '41;  also  a  soldier  in  S.F.  comp.  '37. 

Judd  (Hiram),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Judd  (Zadock  K.), 
1847,  ditto;  in  Utah  '82.  Judson  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
died  Mokelumne  Hill  '49.  Julian,  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  iv.  578,  587.  He  was 
a  French  Canadian  who  settled  on  a  rancho  in  the  upper  Sac.  Val.,  and  is 
said  by  Bidwell  to  have  joined  Gillespie  and  Fremont,  and  to  have  been  killed 
by  the  Ind.  in  May  '48.  Julio,  neophyte  alcalde  killed  in  '13  near  Mission 
S.  Jose\  ii.  324-5.  Julio  C6sar,  ex-neophyte  of  S.  Luis  Rey,  living  in  '78 
with  a  son  and  3  grandchidren  at  Tres  Pinos,  S.  Benito  Co.,  where  he  gave 
me  an  interesting  narrative  of  old-time  Cosas  de  Indlos.  Juncosa  (Domingo), 
1771,  Span,  friar,  nat.  of  Cataluiia,  who  came  on  the  S.  Antonio.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  missionaries  of  S.  Luis  Ob.,  though  not  present  al  the  founding, 
and  he  served  there  until  1774,  when  he  retired  to  his  college.  Very  little  ap 
pears  in  the  records  about  this  padre;  mention  in  i.  173,  176,  178,  188-9,  196. 

Kaan,  1848,  at  N.  Helv.  Kal  (C.),  1846,  doubtful  name  at  Los  Ang. 
Kalohe,  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.,  with  wife.  Kamp  (Harold),  1847,  Co.  C, 
N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sonoma  '71-82.  Kampt,  1846,  blacksmith  at  N. 
Helv.,  had  a  fight  with  Day  lor.  Kane  (Elias  K.),  1848,  lieut  of  dragoons 
in  Graham's  battalion  from  Mex.  v.  522;  capt.  and  asst  Q.  M.  at  Mont.  '50. 
K.  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  died  before  '82.  K.  (Win  S.), 
1847,  at  S.  Pedro.  Kapawa,  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Kappis  (Geo.),  1847, 
Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Karr  (Win),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 
Katt  (Win),  1798,  Boston  sailor  at  S.  Diego,  i.  545,  654.  Kaufman  (Julius), 
1837,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Kay  (James),  1838,  at  Mont.  Kays  (John 
C.),  1846,  at  Los  Ang.;  at  Sta  B.  from  '48  to  '85;  his  wife  was  Josefa  Burke. 
See  'Keyes.' 

Keapnell  (Fred.),  1847,  Co,  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Kearney,  1843,  com. 
of  the  U.S.  Constellation,  iv.  564.  K.  (James),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
(v.  518).  K.  (John),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.  (v. 
358).  Kearny  (Stephen  W.),  1846,  nat.  of  N.J.;  lieut  of  13th  U.S.  in 
fantry  from  1812;  col  1st  dragoons  '36-46,  stationed  much-of  the  time  at  Ft 
Leavenworth.  In  '46,  being  put  in  com.  of  the  exped.  to  N.  Mex.,  he 


KEARNY— KELSEY.  697 

was  made  brigadier-gsn.  and  sent  across  the  continent  to  occupy  Cal.  His 
march  to  Cal.,  defeat  at  S.  Pascual,  and  final  mil.  operations  of  '47  with 
Stockton  are  recorded  in  v.  107,  328,  334-56,  385-99,  473,  483.  For  his  con 
troversies  with  Stockton  and  Fremont,  his  rule  as  mil.  gov.  from  March  1 
to  May  31,  '47,  his  return  east  overland,  and  his  prosecution  of  Fremont, 
see  v.  411-02,  489-90,  543,  564,  645,  460-2.  The  affair  at  S.  Pascual  must  be 
regarded  as  an  inexcusable  blunder  on  Kearny's  part,  but  otherwise  his  course 
in  Cal.  was  consistent  and  dignified  in  the  midst  of  difficult  circumstances,  and 
his  military  record  throughout  his  whole  career  was  an  honorable  one,  the 
violent  tirades  of  Benton  and  other  partisans  of  Stockton  and  Fremont  being 
for  the  most  part  without  foundation  in  justice.  He  died  in  '48.  His  name  is 
borne  by  one  of  San  Francisco's  principal  streets.  His  wife  was  a  step-daughter 
of  Clarke,  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  exploring  fame. 

Keeney  (Jonathan),  1848,  miner  from  Or.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82. 
Keeny,  1845,  of  Grigs by-Ide  party,  iv.  579;  prob.  'Kinuey,'  q.  v.  Kefier 
(J.  L.),  1847,  commander's  clerk  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  Kehoe  (Joseph  H.), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  Mont.  '48.  Keith  (Win),  1833,  Amer. 
physician  who  had  lived  some  years  in  Souora.  He  came  to  Cal.  prob.  with 
Santiago  Johnson  and  John  Forster.  iii.  409;  and  lived  at  Los  Ang.  for  3 
years  as  surgeon  and  trader,  going  back  to  Hermosillo  in  '36.  He  returned  to 
Cal.  in  '48,  went  to  the  mines,  and  died  at  or  near  Stockton  soon  after  '49. 
The  Sonorense  of  Oct.  6,  '48,  contains  a  very  flattering  notice  of  his  services 
in  Sonora.  Kekuacaca,  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 

Kell  (John  M.),  1843,  mid.  U.S.N.,  who  took  part  in  Marston's  Sta  Clara 
campaign  of  '46-7.  v.  380.  K.  (Thomas),  184G,  nat.  of  Engl.  and  overl. 
immig.  from  Mo.  In  the  mines  '48-9,  and  later  a  resident  of  S.  Jose"  or  vicin 
ity,  till  his  death  in  78  at  the  age  of  84.  He  left  4  or  more  sons  and  2  daugh 
ters,  the  latter  being  the  wives  of  C.  Colombet  and  T.  Carrol.  Kellett,  1837, 
lieut  in  com.  of  H.  B.  M.  S.  Starling  of  Belcher's  exped.  '37,  '39.  iv.  106, 
142-6;  capt.  of  the  Herald  in  '46.  v.  578. 

Kelley,  1846,  at  N.  Helv.  K.  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 
K.  (Hall  J.),  1834,  Amer.  enthusiast  on  the  subject  of  Pacific  coast  coloniza 
tion,  who  visited  Cal.  en  route  to  Or. ;  writer  of  books,  pamphlets,  and  letters 
on  his  favorite  subject.  See  iii.  409-11;  iv.  129,  147;  also  Hist.  Or.  K. 
(Henry),  1831,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  Leonor.  iii.  405;  at  Sta  B.  '36,  age  46  and 
single.  K.  (James),  1840,  in  Farnham's  list  of  arrested  foreigners,  iv.  17. 
K.  (John  H.),  1842,  sailor  in  Suiter's  employ  at  Ross;  at  S.  Jose"  '44;  at  N. 
Helv.  '45.  iv.  578,  587;  prob.  one  of  the  Bears  in  '46.  v.  110;  in  Co.  E,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  in  the  mines '48-50;  last  seen  by  Bid  well '51.  K.  (Nicholas), 
1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  K.  (Win),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8  as  boat-builder  and  lumberman.  K. 
(Win),  1826,  mrofthe  Washington,  iii.  149.  See  also  'Kelly.' 

Kelliher  (Jeremiah),  1846, 'Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v"  336).  Kellogg 
(Benjamin  F.),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  The  K.  family  seem  to  have 
been  overl.  immig.  of  this  year,  but  I  -am  unable  to  distinguish  between  the 
members.  K.  (Frank),  1846,  resid.  of  Napa  Co.  to  '68  and  later.  K.  (F. 
E.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  from  111.  with  a  family;  Napa  Co.  official  '50,  '56; 
perhaps  same  as  Frank.  K.  (Fred.),  1845,  mid.  on  U.S.  Warren.  K.  (H.), 
184S,  named  in  Mont,  accounts.  K.  (Irwiu),  1846,  near  St  Helena  '69; 
father-in-law  of  Wm  Nash. 

Kelly,  1816,  mr  of  the  Atala.  ii.  282.  K.,  1824,  mr  of  the  Haivctii.  ii. 
519.  K.  (James),  1847,  musician  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  K.  (John), 
1847,  Co.  K,  ditto;  at  N.  Helv.;  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  K.  (Philip),  1847, 
Co.  I,  ditto;  died  in  Calaveras  '60.  K.  (Thomas).  1839,  pilot  of  a  Peruv. 
brig  at  S.F.  K.  (Wm  H.),  1847,  mr  of  the  American  whaler  Georgian; 
died  '72. 

Kelsey  (Andrew),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270.  275, 
279;  went  to  Or.  in  '43  with  his  brothers,  but  returned  in  '44  with  the  party 
bearing  his  name.  iv.  390,  444-5.  He  prob.  served  under  Capt.  Gantt  in  the 
Micheltorena  campaign  of  '44-5.  iv.  486;  and  took  part  in  the  Bear  revolt. 


698  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

v.  110;  perhaps  joining  the  Cal.  Bat.,  though  I  find  no  definite  record  of  his 
name.  In  '47  he  and  his  brother  with  others  bought  live-stock  of  Salvador 
Vallejo  and  obtained  the  privilege  of  grazing  their  cattle  near  Clear  Lake. 
Andrew  and  a  man  named  Stone  went  to  live  at  the  place  where  Kelseyville 
— so  named  for  him — now  stands,  thus  becoming  the  1st  settlers  of  Lake  Co. 
The  natives  were  numerous,  and  under  oppression  became  hostile;  K.  and  S. 
were  men  who  scorned  to  use  conciliatory  methods  with  '  Injuns  and  such 
varmint;'  and  they  were  both  killed,  as  they  well  deserved  to  be,  in  '49;  but 
soon  a  force  was  sent  to  butcher  hundreds  of  the  Ind.  in  vengeance. 

Kelsey  (Benj.),  1841,  brother  of  Andrew,  and  one  of  the  Bartleson  party, 
accomp.  by  his  wife,  Nancy  A.,  the  1st  woman  who  came  to  Cal.  by  the  direct 
overland  route,  iv.  270,  272,  275,  279.  What  has  been  said  of  Andrew  above 
may  be  applied  to  Benj.,  except  what  relates  to  the  former's  death,  iv.  390, 
444-5;  v.  110,  148.  The  brothers  called  Napa  Val.  their  home  from  '45,  and 
though  they  worked  sometimes  at  N.Helv.  they  preferred  the  adventurous 
life  of  hunters.  They  were  rough  men,  often  in  trouble  with  the  authorities. 
Though  one  of  the  owners,  Benj.  did  not  live  at  the  Clear  Lake  establishment, 
but  his  treatment  of  Ind.  carried  practically  as  slaves  to  the  mines  did  much 
to  provoke  the  killing  of  his  brother.  The  family  lived  in  Or.  again  '51-5, 
later  in  Texas,  and  at  various  points  of  southern  Cal.  in  '60-78  or  later.  There 
were  2  children  in  '45,  and  the  scalping  of  a  daughter  on  the  way  to  Texas  is 
mentioned.  Ellen  K.,  said  to  have  been  born  at  N.Helv.  Aug.  2,  '45,  may 
have  been  his  daughter. 

Kelsey  (David),  1844,  brother  (or  possibly  father)  of  Andrew  and  Benj. ; 
came  to  Or.  in  '43,  and  to  Cal.  in  the  Kelsey  party  of  '44  with  his  wife,  3 
daughters,  and  perhaps  a  son.  iv.  444-5.  He  settled  at  French  Camp,  but  died 
at  Stockton  in  '45  of  small-pox,  from  the  effects  of  which  disease  Mrs  K.  be 
came  blind,  v.  674.  Of  the  son  nothing  appears.  A  married  daughter,  Mrs 
Rebecca  Fowler,  left  her  husband  and  was  married  by  Sutter,  in  Dec.  '45,  to 
Grove  Cook.  Josephine  married  Dr  C.  Grattan,  and  died  at  Stockton  in  '71. 
America  married  Geo  F.  Wyman  in  '46;  and  a  4th  daughter  became  the  wife 
of  Willard  Buzzell.  K.  (Samuel),  1844,  brother  of  Andrew  and  Benj.,  and 
member  of  the  Kelsey  party  from  Or.,  having  started  with  Hastings  in  '43, 
but  turned  back  on  meeting  his  brothers,  iv.  269,  444-5,  453.  I  have  his  autog. 
letter  of  Sept.  7,  '44,  at  Sonoma,  on  troubles  in  which  the  brothers  were  in 
volved  in  connection  with  the  Bale  affair.  He  was  prominent  in  the  Bear 
revolt  and  a  signer  of  the  original  proclamation  of  June  14th,  in  my  possession. 
v.  95,  104,  110,  153;  also  one  of  the  Cal.  claimants  (v.  462).  Nothing  appears 
about  his  family  or  what  became  of  him.  K.  (Wm)  1847,  boat-builder  at 
N.Helv. 

Kemble  (Edward  C.),  1846,  printer  who  came  with  the  Mormon  colony, 
though  possibly  not  a  member  of  the  church,  v.  546.  He  served  in  Co.  G,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  and  from  April  '47  was  editor  of  the  S.  F.  Star,  succeeding 
Jones,  v.  657-9.  His  connection  with  the  Star  and  its  successors,  the  Star  and 
Calif ornian  and  Alia  California,  as  editor  or  proprietor  continued  to  '55, 
though  he  was  also  the  founder  of  the  Sac.  Placer  Times  and  its  editor  in 
April-June  '49.  He  was  sec.  of  the  S.F.  council  in  '48,  and  somewhat  promi 
nent  in  local  matters,  vi.  649,  656;  being  regarded  as  a  young  man  of  good 
abilities  and  character.  After  '55  he  went  east,  and  in  the  war  of  '61-5  was 
connected  with  the  army  as  paymaster,  subsequently  spending  some  years 
from  '67  on  the  Pacific  coast  as  inspector  of  Ind.  affairs;  and  being  later  con 
nected  with  the  Associated  Press  in  N.Y.,  where  he  still  lives  in  '85,  a  card 
from  him  on  'Early  journalism  in  S.F.'  appearing  in  the  Bulletin  of  Feb. 
Kempsey  (Bartholomew ),  1848,  died  in  '61.  Herald.  Kempst  (Geo.  W.), 
1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Keinsey  (Thomas),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  358). 

Ken  (John  M.),  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah.  Kendall  (Alva), 
1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Kendrick  (John),  1789,  mr  of  the  Colum 
bia,  the  1st  Amer.  vessel  to  visit  the  N.  W.  coast,  sighting  the  Cal.  coast  on 
the  way  north.  He  visited  Mont,  in  com.  of  the  Aranzaza  in  1794,  and  ir* 


KENDRICK— KEYSER.  699 

*99  was  perhaps  sup.  of  the  Eliza,  i.  445,  523-4,  545.  Kennedy  (Andy),  1 848, 
said  to  have  come  to  Cal.  with  Col  Davis.  K.  (Edm.  P.),  1836,  com.  of  the 
U.S.  Peacock,  iv.  104-5,  140-1.  K.  (Edw.  P.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  K.  (James),  1831,  Irishman  who  in  '35  got  a  lot  at  Mont.,  and  in  '36 
was  a  clerk  for  Watson,  age  46,  and  single,  iii.  405.  Naturalized  in  '41, 
when  he  lived  at  S.  Jose",  and  claimed  10  years  of  residence  in  Cal.;  at  Sta 
Cruz,  '42-3.  K.  (Joseph),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons;  fatally  wounded 
at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346,  345.  K.  (Wm  A.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 
Kennersly  (A.  J.),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto.  Kenney  (Chas),  1847,  watchman  at 
Mont.  '47-8.  K.  (Wm  S.),  1847,  inspector  of  hides  at  S.  Pedro;  called 
Guillermo  S.  Kene.  Keno  (T.),  1846,  one  of  the  Donner  relief  party  (?); 
had  a  claim  on  the  Cosumnes;  at  Stockton  in  '80.  Sac.  Co.  Hist.  Kentz- 
burg  (Adolphus),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Kenway  (Geo.  S.),  1847, 
from  Hon.  on  the  Gen.  Kearny,  and  went  back  on  the  Toulon. 

Kerby  (John),  1844,  sailor  on  the  schr  California.  Kern  (Edward  M.), 
1845,  artist  of  Fremont's  exped.,  and  author  of  a  published  Journal.  From 
the  outbreak  of  the  Bear  Revolt  he  commanded  the  garrison  at  N.  Helvetia, 
ranking  as  lieut  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  He  started  east  with  Stockton  in  '47,  but 
was  left  behind  ill,  and  sailed  from  S.  F.  in  Oct.  on  the  Com.  Shubrick;  owner 
of  a  S.  F.  lot;  Kern  river  and  county  are  named  for  him.  iv.  583,  585;  v.  3, 
6,  123,  244,  298-9,  359-60,  450,  453-4,  538,  675.  Kerphy,  1847,  mr  of  the 
Maria  Helena.  Kerr  (Thomas),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot. 

Keseberg  (Louis),  1846,  Prussian,  member  of  the  Donner  party,  with  wife 
Philipine,  and  children  Louis  and  Ada.  Both  the  children  perished,  the 
parents  surviving,  v.  531,  534,  541,  544.  K.  was  the  last  of  the  party  to  be 
rescued;  was  forced  to  subsist  on  human  flesh  longer  than  his  companions, 
among  whom  he  had  been  unpopular  from  the  first,  and  by  some  of  whom — 
but  chiefly  by  Capt.  Fallon  and  his  disappointed  treasure-seekers  of  the  last 
relief  party — he  was  charged  with  robbery  and  murder.  On  this  man  have 
been  concentrated  in  the  public  mind  all  the  horror  and  loathing  arising  from 
the  events  of  that  terrible  winter;  he  has  been  pictured  as  a  fiend  exulting 
in  his  cannibalism.  It  is  fair  to  state  that  the  charges  rest  on  no  tangible 
evidence,  and  that  K.  is  entitled  to  be  regarded  as  an  unfortunate  victim. 
His  narrative  as  given  by  McGlashan  bears  every  mark  of  truth,  while  the 
statements  of  his  accusers  are  clearly  tainted  with  exaggeration  and  false 
hood.  A  portrait  is  given  by  McG.,  p.  220.  Keseberg  worked  for  Sutter  as 
supercargo  of  his  launch  in  '47,  and  later  for  Vallejo  at  Sonoma;  went  to  the 
mines  in  48-9;  kept  a  boarding-house  and  hotel  at  Sac. ;  and  was  later  a 
brewer  at  Calistoga  and  Sac.  He  made  and  lost  several  fortunes,  being  the 
victim  of  successive  reverses  by  fire  and  flood.  His  wife  died  in  '77;  and  in 
'80  he  was  living  at  Brighton,  at  the  age  of  66,  in  extreme  poverty,  with  two 
grown-up  daughters,  both  idiots.  Two  other  married  daughters  survived, 
and  7  of  his  children  had  died.  He  was  a  man  of  intelligence,  good  educa 
tion,  and  much  business  ability;  and  his  record  in  Cal.,  except  as  affected  by 
suspicions  growing  out  of  the  affair  of  '46,  was  a  good  one.  In  '85 1  have  not 
heard  of  his  death. 

Ketchum  (Thomas  E.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.,  leaving  N.Y.  with 
recruits  after  the  departure  of  the  regiment,  v.  503-4,  511;  capt.  of  Cal.  vol 
unteers  in  the  war  of  '61-5;  and  later  brigadier-gen,  of  militia.  A  resident 
of  Stockton,  71-82.  Kettle,  1848,  at  S.  F.  from  Tahiti.  Kettleman,  see 
Kittleman.  Kcyes  (John),  1843,  Irish  steward  on  the  Soledad,  who  had  a 
barber-shop  at  Mont.,  but  went  soon  to  Los  Ang.  and  Sta  B.,  where  he  mar 
ried  a  Miss  Burke,  and  still  lived  in  70;  claimant  for  Canada  de  Salsipuedes. 
iv.  400,  642.  Apparently  identical  with  John  C.  'Kays,'  q.  v.  K.  (Robert 
C.),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  who  went  to  Or.  early  in 
'46,  but  came  back  in  '47;  at  Mont.  '48;  sheriff  at  S.  Jose"  '49.  v.  526,  576, 
579,  587.  K.  (Mrs),  1846,  of  the  Donner  party,  but  died  before  reaching 
the  Sierra.  She  had  a  son  in  Or.,  whom  she  expected  to  meet  at  Ft  Hall,  and 
who  was  possibly  Robt  C.  Keyser  (Guy  M.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469);  in  Utah  '81. 


700  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Keyser  (Sebastian),  1040,  nat.  of  the  Austrian  Tyrol,  a  trapper  who  came 
overland  to  Or.  with  Sutter  in  '38,  and  again  joined  him  at  N.  Hclv.,  possibly 
not  till  '41.  The  first  definite  record  is  a  letter  of  introd.  from  Sutter  to 
Suiiol  in  Aug.  '41.  iv.  117,  120,  139.  He  accompanied  Dr  Sandels  in  his  val- 


Capt.  Gantt's  company,  iv.  486.  In '46  he  was  probably  a  Bear  Flag  man; 
may  have  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  had  part  of  his  left  hand  blown 
off;  and  married  Elizabeth  Rhoads,  who  left  him  soon,  but  returned  to  make 
him  happy  in  '47.  He  was  one  of  the  4th  Donner  relief  party,  v.  541;  sold 
his  interest  in  the  ranch o  in  '49;  and  subsequently  lived  on  Daylor's  place, 
running  a  ferry  on  the  Cosumnes  for  Daylor  and  Grimshaw,  by  the  sinking  of 
which* craft  he  was  drowned  in  '50.  He  left  one  child  and  §15,000  in  gold- 
dust.  His  widow  became  Mrs  Pierce,  and  was  living  in  Fresno  Co.  '72.  I 
have  a  letter  of  that  year,  in  which  she  gives  information  about  Keyser. 
Khlebnikof  (Cyril),  1820,  agent  of  the  Russ.  Amer.  Fur  Co.  at  Sitka,  who 
visited  Cal.  in  '20,  '25-6,  and  '30-1.  ii.  263,  317-19,  383,  644,  648;  iii.  146, 
213;  iv.  1GO.  Khorstof  (Nicholas),  1806,  mr  of  the  Juno.  ii.  70. 

Kilbey  (James),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  409),  reenl.  Kiddey  (Wm), 
1848  (?),  Engl.  liquor  dealer  at  Sta  Clara  '76.  Kiernan  (John  B.),  1847,  Co. 
E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Stockton  after  '60.  Kiesler  (Lafayette),  1847,  Co. 
C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sonoma  '48.  Kilborn  (Wm  K.),  1847,  mr  and 
owner  of  the  Henry  '47-8.  v.  578;  of  the  S.F.  firm  K.,  Lawton,  &  Co.  '48-9. 
Kilburn  (Beiij.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  Co.  B,  artill,  enlisting  at  S.  Jose'  (v.  358); 
owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  676.  K.  (Ralph  L.),  1842  (?),  a  settler  of  Napa 
Val.  from  '44,  but  generally  accredited  to  '42.  iv.  341.  In  later  years  he 
stated  that  he  built  a  mill  on  Dr  Bale's  rancho  in  43.  I  find  nothing  about 
the  manner  of  his  coming.  Naturalized  '45,  and  subsequently  married  by  Sut 
ter;  in  '47-8  had  an  interest  at  Benicia,  where  he  built  houses  for  Larkin.  v. 
673.  Alcalde  at  Napa  '49;  county  treasurer  '50;  cl.  for  lands  in  '52.  He  died 
at  Rutherford  in  '79,  age  70.  His  daughter  married  a  man  named  Lockwood. 
Kilcl  (Adam  H.),  1835,  named  as  one  of  the  owners  of  Palo  Colorado  rancho, 
Mont.  Kile ven  (Tom),  1806,  mate  of  the  Peacock,  in  prison  at  iS.  Juan  Cap. 
ii.  38;  perhaps  the  following. 

Kimball,  1806,  mrof  the  Peacock,  ii.  37-8,  109.  K.  (Hazen),  1848,  over 
land  ?,Iormon  immig.  met  by  Bigler  at  the  Humboldt  sink  in  Aug.;  memb.  of 
Soc.  Cal.  Pion.,  and  a  resident  of  S.F.  '83.  Kimsey  (Alvis  and  Thos  L. ),  1847, 
owners  of  S.F.  lots.  Kinch,  1847,  mr  of  the  Coin.  Stockton,  v.  577.  King 
(Ed  A.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Elizabeth  and  purchaser  of  the  Primavera;  mr  of  the 
Hope  in  '48.  v.  577,  580;  lumber  dealer  and  underwriters'  agent  at  Mont.  '48; 
harbormaster  '49  at  S.F.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '54.  K.  (Henry),  1839,  clerk 
in  Sutter's  employ. 

King  (Henry),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  party,  who  served  as  capt.  and 
commissary  of  the  Cal.  Bat.,  and  went  east  on  the  Com.  Shubrick  in  Oct.  '47. 
v.  94,  360,  450,  453-4,  583.  Joining  Fremont's  4th  exped.  in  '48,  he  was  frozen 
to  death  before  reaching  Sta  FC",  and  probably  eaten  by  his  companion.  He 
seems  to  have  been  a  brother  of  James  King  of  William.  K.  (John  H.), 
1846,  overland  immig.  who  played  poker  in  Eureka  down  to  a  late  date  ace. 
to  the  papers.  K.  (John  M.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  K.  (Man 
uel),  1835,  Portuguese  on  Larkin's  books '35-8.  iii.  413.  K.  (Robert),  1834, 
Engl.  lumberman,  who  was  one  of  Graham's  men  in  '36-8,  and  was  arrested 
in  '40,  but  left  at  Sta  B.  sick.  iii.  412;  iv.  17.  Naturalized  in  '41  and  arrested 
for  stealii-g  lumber  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '42,  but  escaped  from  jail;  perhaps  the  man 
named  in  Larkin's  Accts  '45.  K.  (Thomas),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  K. 
(Wm),  1846,  came  to  S.  Jose".  Hall.  K.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
490). 

King  of  William  (James),  1848,  nat.  of  Georgetown,  D.  C.,  assuming  the 
affix  'of  William'  at  the  age  of  16,  from  his  father's  given  name,  to  distinguish 
himself  from  others  named  James  King.  He  came  to  Cal.  by  way  of  Panama 


KING-KITTLEMAN.  701 

and  Valparaiso  in  Nov.  '48,  made  some  money  in  the  mines,  worked  as  clerk 
for  Reading  &  Co.  at  Sac.,  and  in  '49  opened  a  bank  at  S.F.,  his  family  from 
the  east  joining  him  in  '51.  In  '54-5  he  was  obliged  to  close  his  business,  and 
was  employed  by  Adams  &  Co.  until  the  failure  of  that  firm.  In  Oct.  '55  he 
started  the  S.F.  Evening  Bulletin,  and  began  a  violent,  fearless,  and  desperate 
crusade  against  prevalent  corruption  in  the  city.  Though  harsh  and  often  in 
judicious  in  his  methods,  bitter  in  his  prejudices,  and  generally  disposed  to 
abuse  all  who  did  not  agree  with  his  ideas  of  reform,  he  was  honest  in  stating 
facts  and  aimed  to  be  just  in  his  attacks;  and  he  was  indirectly  the  instru 
ment  of  great  good  to  the  community.  He  was  shot  in  May  '56  by  James  P. 
Casey,  a  politician  and  newspaper  man  whose  unsavory  record  he  had  ex 
posed,  and  his  murder  led  to  the  organization  of  the  famous  Vigilance 
Committee.  In  my  Popular  Tribunals,  vol.  ii..  the  reader  will  find  much  in 
formation  about  King;  and  there  is  a  sketch  of  his  life  and  a  portrait  in  the 
Contemp.  Biography.  He  left  a  widow  and  6  children,  some  of  whom  still 
live  in  S.F.  in  '85.  Kingery  (Sam.),  1848,  nat.  of  Ohio;  resid.  of  S.  Luis 
Ob.  Co.  '68-83.  Kingsbury,  1846,  doubtful  mention  of  a  major  at  Sutter- 
ville.  Sntter  Co.  Hist. ,18.  K.  (Elisha),  1818,  on  roll  of  Soc.Cal.  Pion.  Kings- 
ley  (Francis),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  Kink  (Robert), 
1843,  doubtful  name  of  an  Englishman  at  Branciforte  in  '45,  age  36,  wife 
Estefana  Juarez,  child  Robert,  v.  43.  Kinley,  1846,  doubtful  mention  at 
Hock  Farm. 

Kinlock  (Geo.),  1830,  Scotch  carpenter  and  trader  at  Mont,  with  his  wife, 
Mary  Anderson,  also  Scotch,  and  the  1st  foreign  woman  who  lived  in  Cal.  As 
their  son  Geo.  David — the  1st  child  of  foreign  parents  born  in  Cal. — was  born 
in  '30,  they  may  have  arrived  a  year  or  two  earlier.  From  '30  K.'s  name  ap 
pears  constantly  in  all  kinds  of  Monterey  records.  In  '36  his  age  was  39.  He 
died  about  '58.  His  sou  Geo.  D.  in  '48-9  was  with  Rose  &  Reynolds  at  Rose 
Bar.  There  was  a  daughter  Catalina,  born  in  '33.  iii.  179-80,  221,  609;  iv.  17. 
Kinnane  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F.  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Kinney  (A.  and  S.), 
1845,  overl.  immig.,  perhaps  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party.  A.  had  a  family  and 
perhaps  went  to  Or.  in  '46;  S.  was  a  'hard  case,'  employed  by  Sutter  during 
the  winter,  and  went  back  east  in  the  spring,  v.  526,  579.  K.  (James),  1847, 
teamster  in  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Khms  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  C, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  Sonoma  Dec.  '47.  Kinsey,  1845,  at  N.  Helv.:  and 
a  Dan.  D.  Kinsey  is  named  in  one  list  as  one  of  the  Stevens  party  of  '44. 
Kintring  (Chas  M.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Kirby  (Henry),  1839,  Engl.  steward  of  the  Corsair,  who  kept  a  restau 
rant  at  S.  F.  in  '40;  a  witness  against  Capt.  Hinckley  in  '40-1.  iv.  119.  K. 
(James),  1844,  attendant  of  a  sick  sailor  at  Mont.;  perhaps  same  as  John  K., 
a  sailor.  K.  (Richard  C.),  1846,  Engl.  tanner,  who  left  a  whaler  on  the 
Or.  coast  in  '45,  and  came  by  laud  to  Cal.  with  a  party  the  next  year.  v.  526. 
He  worked  at  his  trade  for  Sutter  during  Bear  Flag'times,  and  later  had  a 
small  tannery  in  the  North  Beach  region  at  S.  F.  In  '47-8  he  worked  at  Sta 
Cruz;  as  miner  and  trader  in  the  mines  '48-9  he  made  a  small  fortune,  which 
he  soon  lost  in  a  city  speculation;  and  from  '50  he  was  engaged  in  the  manu 
facture  of  leather  at  Sta  Cruz,  where  he  still  lived  in  '79,  and  I  think  in  '85. 
Portrait  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.  Hist.,  16.  Kirchner  (Henry),  1848.  partner  of 
Weber  at  Stockton.  Tinkham.  Kirk  (Thomas),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  Kirkwood  (James  and  John),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
there  was  also  a  James,  Jr,  at  Mont,  in  '47.  The  K.'s  were  overl.  immig. 
mentioned  by  Bryant.  Kisling  (John  W.),  1846,  Danish  sailor  at  S.  F., 
who  got  a  lot  in  '47,  went  to  the  mines  in  '48,  and  returning  lived  in  town  to 
'59,  later  at  S.  Mateo,  and  died  in  '61,  leaving  a  widow  and  2  children. 

Kittleman  (John),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  a  family;  owner 
of  S.F.  lot  '47;  died  at  Sta  Cruz  '52.  His  children,  each  of  them  obtaining  a 
S.F.  lot,  were  George;  Thomas,  who  married  Angeline  Lovett  at  S.F.  in  '47, 
and  was  a  constable  in  the  same  year;  Sarah,  who  married  E.  P.  Jones;  and 
Wm,  who  died  in  Utah  '55,  leaving  a  widow  and  6  children  living  at  Centre- 
ville,  Uiah,  '85.  None  of  John's  4  children  survives  in  '85.  v.  546,  678,  680, 


702  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

685.       Kleinbroth  (John),  1847,  musician  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F. 
lot.  v.  678.       Kleinscbrooth  (John),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto;  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  in 

5  F.  '52;  in  Germany '82.       Klengel  (Francis),    1847,  Co.   C,  ditto.       Klier 
(Win),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).       Klopper  (Michael),  1847,  Co. 
K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Knapp  (Albert),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Mont.  '48.  K. 
(Joel  B.),  1848,  came  from  Hon.  and  went  to  the  mines.  K.  (M.),  1848, 
from  Hon.  on  the  Julian.  Knight,  1846,  said  by  Lancey  to  have  come  with 
Kearny;  a  newspaper  writer  in  S.F.  '84.  Knight  (Henry),  1840,  one  of  the 
S.  Bias  exiles,  iv.  18.  K.  (Henry),  1844,  Swiss,  at  S.  F.;  age  40;  perhaps 
same  as  preceding.  K.  (John),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Ukiah 
71-82.  K.  (Thomas),  1841,  German  sailor  and  sawyer,  who  left  the  Alert 
and  got  a  passport.  K.  (Thomas),  1845,  native  of  Me;  trader  in  La,  Ark., 
and  Mo.;  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  or  of  the  Swasey-Todd 
branch  of  that  party,  iv.  576,  579,  587.  All  his  property,  including  a  stock 
of  goods  for  sale,  was  destroyed  by  the  explosion  of  a  keg  of  powder  under 
his  wagon  in  the  Sierra.  He  settled  in  Napa  Val.,  took  part  in  the  Bear  re 
volt,  v.  1 10;  and  had  some  experience  in  the  mines.  In  '51-70  he  was  a 
farmer  in  Napa  and  Sonoma  counties,  being  owner  of  the  Moristal  or  Berrey- 
esa  rancho.  v.  671-2;  and  later  a  dealer  in  real  estate  at  S.F.  In  '72  he  wrote 
for  me  his  Recollections,  containing  much  information  about  early  times  and 
men;  and  in  '79  he  dictated  another  and  briefer  statement  of  Early  Events  in 
Cal.  His  wife  was  Serena  Haines,  married  in  '54;  and  in  '72  they  had  two 
children,  Chas  P.  S.  and  Thos  G.  He  still  resides  in  S.F.  '85,  at  the  age  of  G5. 

IxJiight  (Wm),  1841,  nat.  of  Ind.,  naturalized  and  married  to  a  native  in 
N.  i.lex.,  who  came  with  the  Workman-Rowland  party,  returning  in  '42  to 
bring  his  family,  v.  278-9.  He  settled  in  '43  on  the  Sacramento,  at  the  place 
named  for  him,  Knight's  Landing — obtaining  in  '44  a  renewal  of  his  natu 
ralization  papers  that  had  been  lost.  He  served  Micheltorena  in  Gantt's 
comp. ;  was  a  signer  of  the  S.  Jose"  call  to  foreigners;  got  a  land-grant  in 
'46;  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  Bear  revolt,  perhaps  serving  in  the  Cal. 
Bat.  iv.  486,  501,  573,  599:  v.  106,  110,  114-19,  637.  After  the  discovery  of 
gold  he  established  Knight's  Ferry  on  the  Stanislaus,  where  he  died  in  '49. 
He  was  a  great  hunter,  and  though  said  to  have  been  educated  as  a  physi 
cian,  was  a  man  of  very  rough  ways,  violent  in  temper,  always  ready  to  take 
offence;  and  to  settle  all  differences  by  force.  His  title  to  lands,  resting  on 
Sutter's  general  title  and  a  fraudulent  grant  from  Pico,  was  not  confirmed; 
and  though  reputed  to  be  rich,  his  heirs  are  said  to  have  received  very  little. 
Three  of  his  daughters,  still  living  in  '85,  I  think,  married  respectively  Chas 
F.  Reed,  J.  N.  Snowball,  and  Nathaniel  Jacobs.  A  good  sketch  of  Knight  is 
given  in  Yolo  Co.  Hist.,  31. 

Knoss  (M.),  1846,  Co.  B,  artill.  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sac.  in  Oct.  (v. 
358).  Knott,  1847,  mr  of  the  Sweden,  bringing  recruits  for  the  N.Y.Vol. 
v.  511.  Knowles  (Richard),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  his  wife; 
owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  546,  678.  He  died  in  the  faith,  and  his  widow  was 
living  in  Utah  '84.  Knox  (Sam.  P.),  1841,  com.  of  the  Flying  Fish,  of  U.S. 
ex.  ex.  iv.  241,  565. 

Kob(Geo.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Koeger  (Henry  E.),  1846, 
at  S.  Jose".  Hall.  Kohler  (Deoden),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  K.  (Theo 
dore  G.),  1845,  Raid  to  have  arrived  this  year.  iv.  587;  in  '49  a  clerk  for  Wells 

6  Co.,  S.F.;  later  connected  with  the  Cal.  press;  died  at  S.F.  '75.       Kolan, 

1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.       Kolmer  (Michael),  1846,  accomp. 
by  wife  and  3  children;  settled  near  Bodega,  one  daughter  marrying  Wm 
Howard  and  another  Wm  Benitz.  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.,  201.       Koenig  (Wm), 

1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  drowned  in  Sac.  Riv.  '47.      Koutz  (John G.), 
1847,  Co.  F,  ditto.      Kook  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).      K. 
(Theodore),  1839,  at  S.  Diego. 

Kooser  (Benj.  Park),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.;  nat.  of  Pa.  He  was  a 
printer  and  connected  with  the  press,  even  before  his  discharge,  working 
as  pressman  on  the  Cdlifornian  in  '47,  and  writing  letters  for  the  eastern 


KOOSER— LAFRENZ.  703 

papers.  To  one  of  his  letters  on  the  gold  disco v.  in  the  N.Y.  Herald  is  at 
tributed  much  influence  in  directing  the  1st  stream  of  gold-seekers  to  Cal. 
After  quitting  the  mil.  service  he  was  connected  chiefly  with  S.  Joaquin  Co. 
papers  till  '65,  having  married  Belle  Ward  of  S.  Jos<5  in  '02.  Then  he  became 
editor  and  publisher  of  the  Sta  Cruz  Sentinel  for  1 1  years,  his  valedictory  ad 
dress  appearing  May  27,  '76.  He  took  a  deep  interest  in  pioneer  reminis 
cences,  and  wrote  many  articles  on  the  subject,  his  Pioneer  Soldiers  of  CaL, 
an  account  of  the  artill.  company,  being  published  in  the  Alta  of  '64.  v.  520. 
In  '76  he  went  east  as  centennial  commissioner  for  Cal.;  and  died  at  Sta  Cruz 
in  '78,  at  the  age  of  56.  Korn  (Julius),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under 
another  name.  Kornish,  1847,  ditto.  Kosier,  1848,  mr  of  a  launch  at  N. 
Helv.  Kostromitinof  (Peter),  1829,  Russ.  manager  of  Ross.  '29-36;  and  in 
'40-1  agent  for  the  sale  of  Ross  and  settling  up  all  Russian  business  in  Cal.; 
also  visiting  the  country  several  times  in  later  years  on  the  same  mission,  ii. 
651piii.  426;  iv.  161-4,  174-5,  178-80.  Kotzebue  (Otto  von),  1816,  com.  of 
the  Russ.  exploring  ship  fiurik,  and  author  of  a  Voyage  of  Discovery;  and 
again  com.  of  the  Predpriate  in  '24,  and  author  of  a  New  Voyage.  For  notice 
of  his  visit  and  writings,  containing  much  useful  information  about  Cal.,  see 
ii.  212-13,  278-80,  299,  309-10,  373,  517,  519,  522-5,  587,  590,  592,  597,  602- 
3,  645-6.  Kountze  (Win),  1847-8,  Mormon,  at  Sutter's  mill.  Bigler. 

Kraft  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Krauss  (Chas),  1847, 
musician,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Kreutzer  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  (v. 
518).  Krewzburg,  1847,  named  at  N.  Helv.  as  one  of  the  N.Y.Vol.  Krie- 
nan,  1847,  named  in  '48  as  a  deserter  from  the  N.Y.Vol.  Krohn  (John  M.), 
1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Krusof  (Stephen),  1822,  mr  of  the  Apollo. 
ii.  643. 

Kunhardt,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Sagudahoc.  Kuntze  (John  C.),  1847, 
at  N.  Helv.  and  S.F.,  where  he  owned  a  lot.  Kuppertz  (Gerard),  1836,  mr 
of  the  Peor  es  Nada.  iv.  105;  in  '37  (or  '34)  he  announces  that  he  has  suc 
ceeded  Sill  &  Co.  as  a  baker  at  Sta  B.  Kuprianof  (Ivan),  1840,  ex-gov.  of 
the  Russ.  estab.  in  Alaska;  visited  Cal.  on  the  Nikolai,  iv.  105,  167,  174-G. 
Kurtz  (Lewis),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Kuskof  (Ivan  A.),  1808, 
Russ.  explorer  of  the  coast  in  1808-11;  founder  of  Ross  in  '12,  and  manager 
of  that  establishment  until  succeeded  by  Schmidt  in  '21,  having  visited  SJ?. 
in  '16.  ii.  80-2,  88,  198,  203-4,  210,  212-13,  267,  280,  294-318,  373,  630, 
672-3.  Kutchback  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Kyburz  (Daniel),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  K.  (Sam.  E.),  1846,  overl. 
immig.  from  Wisconsin  with  his  wife  and  her  brothers.  Entered  Sutter's  em 
ploy  as  a  kind  of  superintendent,  and  is  often  mentioned  in  the  N.  Helv. 
Diary  '47-8,  also  owning  a  S.F.  lot  in  '47.  He  took  an  active  part  in  events 
connected  with  the  gold  discovery;  and  in  '48-9  kept  a  hotel  at  Sac.  In  '50-4 
he  seems  to  have  been  a  trader  at  S.  F.  Mrs  K.  had  two  children  born  at 
Sutter's  Fort,  one  of  them,  a  son,  in  Feb.  '48;  and  she  was  living  at  Clarks- 
ville,  El  Dorado  Co.,  in  '80. 

Labastida,  soldier-teacher  at  S.  Jos6  '22.  ii.  603.  Labra  (Juan  Ant. ), 
soldier,  sentenced  to  death  at  Mont,  for  robbery  1781.  Lacousse,  1848,  Cana 
dian  at  Bear  River  and  Mormon  Diggings.  Brooks.  Lacy  (Sam.),  1839, 
Hir  of  a  Peruv.  brig  at  S.F.  Ladd  (Milton),  1845,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  the 
Warren's  launch  '46.  iv.  384,  587.  L.  (Sam.),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  col 
ony,  who  went  by  the  name  of  Johnson;  formerly  a  soldier,  being  a  teacher 
of  tactics  on  the  Brooklyn;  went  to  Utah,  where  he  still  lived  in  '84.  v.  546, 
550.  L.  (S.  G.),  1847,  at  Benicia.  Laez  (Mazario),  claimed  to  have  been 
grantee  of  land  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  1785. 

Lafleur  (Louis),  1846,  Canadian  in  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Jose" 
Nov.;  went  east  with  Com.  Stockton  '47.  v.  454;  but  returned,  and  in  Dec. 
'48  was  drowned  in  the  Yuba.  Laframboise  (Michel),  1832  (?),  chief  of  the 
H.  B.  Co.  hunters  in  Cal.,  making  half  a  dozen  or  more  visits  in  '32-46,  espe 
cially  in  '35-42.  The  date  of  the  1st  visit  is  uncertain,  iii.  392-3,  408;  iv.  135, 
213,  220.  Lafrenz  (C.  F.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the  Xylan.  L.  (J.  H.), 


704  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Lagos  (J.  B.),  1848,  ditto.  Lagrace  (Fran.),  1840, 
perhaps  one  of  the  arrested  foreigners,  iv.  17. 

Laidlaw  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Laighton  (John  B.), 
1835,  lieut  in  Mex.  navy  stationed  at  Mont. ;  went  to  S.  Bias  to  join  his  corps 
in  '36.  He  was  an  American.  Laine  (Thos  II.),  1847,  nat.  of  Mo.,  who  came 
to  Cal.  at  the  age  of  15,  and  became  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Sta  Clara;  memb. 
of  the  state  senate  '74-7,  and  of  the  constit.  convention  of  '78.  Laird  (John 
W.),  1847,  nat.  of  Pa  and  overl.  iminig.  with  his  family.  In  Feb.  '48  he  kept 
a  ferry  on  the  Sac.  Riv.  at  Montezuma.  v.  674;  ace.  to  the  newspapers  Mrs 
L.  had  a  son  born  on  the  Amer.  Riv.  in  May,  '47,  but  it  was  prob.  in  '48. 
Laird  kept  a  store  at  Angels,  living  also  at  Stockton  and  other  places;  but  in 
'50  settled  in  Stanislaus  Co. ,  where  he  died  in  '78,  leaving  a  widow — a  sister 
of  Thos  Pyle— and  3  children. 

Lajeunesse  (Basil),  1845,  Canadian  trapper  and  member  of  Fremont's  ex 
ploring  party,  who  was  killed  by  Ind.  on  the  Or.  frontier  in  the  night  attack 
on  Fremont's  camp,  April  '46.  iv.  583,  587;  v.  24.  L.  (Fran9ois),  1833  (?), 
probably  brother  of  Basil,  said  to  have  visited  Cal.  either  in  the  Walker 
party  or  in  one  of  the  H.  B.  Co.  parties.  He  was  one  of  Fremont's  men  in 
'44,  but  did  not  reach  Cal.  iii.  391.  Lake  (John),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dra 
goons  (v.  232,  247). 

Lamanon,  1786,  with  LaPdrouse.  i.  435.  Lambaren  (Juan),  1842,  adj.  of 
the  batallon  fijo,  who  died  '44.  iv.  289.  Lambdon,  1847,  at  N.  Helv. 
Lambert  (John  A.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Lamoine,  1847,  mr  of 
the  Francois.  Lamoreux  (Louis),  1840,  Canadian  carpenter,  age  37,  at  Los 
Ang.  with  a  N.  Mex.  passport;  perhaps  his  name  was  Lamoreau,  still  at  Los 
Aug.  '48.  Lamotte  (Francois),  1845,  negro  deserter  from  the  Heroine  at 
Mont.  Lamplicie  (Win),  1824,  mate  of  the  Rover.  Lamprnan  (WmL.), 
1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Mexico  '82.  Lance  (VVm),  1847,  Co.  E, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl. 

Lancey  (Thomas  Crosby),  1846,  nat.  of  Me.,  born  in  '24,  and  a  sailor  from 
'42;  a  coxswain  on  the  U.S.  Dale  in  '46-9.  After  his  discharge  from  the  navy 
in  '49  he  took  charge  of  a  store  at  Mormon  Isl. ,  and  later  was  drayman, 
teamster,  and  stage-driver  in  the  Sac.  region  till  '51,  when  he  came  to  S.  F., 
and  has  since  resided  here  as  mining  agent  and  painter.  For  4  or  5  years,  in 
'85,  he  has  been  confined  to  his  room,  and  much  of  the  time  to  his  bed.  He 
kept  a  journal  during  his  service  in  the  navy,  supplemented  with  many  items 
obtained  from  later  observations,  reading,  and  association  with  pioneers,  with 
a  view  to  publication  in  book  form  as  material  for  history.  Being  prevented 
by  failing  health  from  carrying  out  his  purpose,  he  furnished  a  part  of  his 
historical  gleanings  to  the  S.  J.  Pioneer  for  publication  in  '79-81.  The  result, 
Lancvy's  Cruise  of  the  Dale,  preserved  in  my  Library  in  scrap-book  form,  v. 
190,  is  in  many  respects  the  most  complete  collection  extant  of  data  on  the 
conquest  of  Cal.  The  author  has  shown  not  only  indefatigable  zeal,  but 
marked  ability  in  his  researches.  The  matter  is  not  always  systematically  ar 
ranged;  the  effect  is  marred  by  typographic  errors,  resulting  chiefly  from  the 
newspaper  medium  of  publication;  the  author  is  often  in  error  respecting 
matters  resting  on  Spanish  documentary  evidence;  and  he  is,  in  my  opinion, 
excessively  American  in  his  views;  but  with  all  its  faults,  the  work  merits 
praise,  and  justifies  me  in  placing  the  author  high  in  the  list  of  those  who 
have  done  faithful  work  on  Cal.  history.  Lancey  also  wrote  a  sketch  of  the 
N.Y.  Volunteers,  published  in  Clark's  First  Reylmcnt.  (Died  in  '85.) 

Landaeta  (Martin),  1791,  Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly  at  8. F.,  and  died 
atS.  Fern,  in  1810.  Biog.  ii.  115-16;  mention  i.  510,  514,  576-7,  706,  712, 
721;  ii.  130-1,  159-60.  Landers  (Ebenezer),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
4G9);  at  Salem,  Utah,  '82.  L.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  sher 
iff  in  '48;  died  at  S.  F.  '50.  Lane,  1848,  sutler  in  Graham's  battalion  (v. 
522).  L.  (Emmeline  A.),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546.  L. 
(Joseph),  1848,  passed  through  Cal.  on  his  way  from  Sta  Fd  to  Or.;  a  promi 
nent  man  in  the  north.  See  Ifist.  Or.  L.  (Lewis),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  L.  (Samuel),  1846,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  the  tTarren'tlaonch. 
v.  384.  Land,' 1842,  doubtful  name  of  a  ranch  owner  near  S.  Luis  Ob. 


LANG— LARIOS.  705 

Lang  (Charles),  1828,  Amer.  smuggler  at  S.  Diego  '28-9;  ii.  551;  iii.  139, 
168.  L.  (Chas),  1848,  from  Boston  on  the  Sabine.  L.  (John  P.  and  Wil 
lis),  1848,  brothers  from  Mo.,  at  Slitter's  Fort  and  in  the  mines.  Langdon 
(Maurice),  1846,  came  with  Kearny.  Lancey.  Langenberger(A.),  1848,  Ger 
man  miner  on  the  Yuba  and  Stanislaus  '48-9;  later  a  trader  at  S.  Gabriel  and 
Anaheim,  where  he  lived  in  '80  with  7  children  by  his  1st  wife,  a  daughter  of 
Juan  P.  Ontiveros,  married  in  '50.  Langle,  1786,  with  La  Pe>ouse.  i.  428, 
431-3.  Langlois  (A.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Langlois  (William),  1840, 
Canadian,  exiled  with  the  Graham  party,  who  returned  in  '41;  perhaps  the 
Lainglcs  named  at  Sonoma  in  '50.  iv.  18,  33,  37,  120.  Langsdorff  (G.  H. 
von),  1806,  German  naturalist  with  Rezanof  at  S.F.,  and  author  of  a  book  of 
Voyages  and  Travels,  containing  a  narrative  of  the  author's  visit  and  obser 
vations  in  Cal.  ii.  46-7,  65-76,  115,  128,  130,  138-40,  164,  176.  Lanman 
(Joseph),  1847,  licut  U.  S.N.,  com.  of  the  Warren  '47-8.  v.  581.  L. 
(Stephen),  1846,  sailrnakeron  the  U.S.  Dale.  Lansing,  1847,  mrof  the  Citi 
zen,  v.  577.  Lanson  (J.),  1847,  blacksmith  at  S.  Diego. 

La  Pdrouse  (Jean  F.  G.),  1786,  French  navigator,  the  first  foreign  voyager 
to  touch  the  coast  of  Cal.  after  Span,  occupation;  and  author  of  a  Voy€LQ€ 
which  contains  much  valuable  information  about  Cal.  See  account  of  his 
visit  and  book  in  i.  428-40;  also  ment.  i.  282,  475,  509,  512,  519,  527,  619; 
ii.  23,  131,  616.  Lapierre  (Louis),  1845,  Canadian  boat- maker  of  Fremont's 
party.  i\r.  583.  He  is  said  to  have  built  a  schooner  for  Sainsevain  at  Sta  Cruz 
in  later  years.  Laplace  (Cyrille  P.  T.),  1839,  com.  of  the  French  mau-of- 
war  Artemise,  and  author  of  a  Campagne  de  Circumnavigation,  iv.  152-5; 
ment.  iii.  695,  700;  iv.  93,  101,  165.  Lappeus  (James  H.),  1847,  Co.  H, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  trader  at  Sac.  '48;  married  in  '49  to 
Ann  Hitchcock.  He  went  later  to  N.Y.  and  Idaho,  and  in  '82  lived  at  Port 
land,  Or.,  where  he  had  been  city  marshal,  and  for  12  years  chief  of  police. 

Lara,  sentinel  at  Los  Ang.  '37.  iii.  519.  L.  (Antonio),  alguacil  at  Mont. 
'36.  iii.  675.  L.  (Casimiro),  invalido  of  Sta  B.  comp.  '32.  L.  (Fran.),  sol 
dier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '39-42.  L.  (Fran.),  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  347.  L. 
(Jose"),  one  of  the  1st  settlers  at  Los  Ang.  1781;  Span.,  with  an  Ind.  wife. 
L.  (Juan),  soldier  and  corp.  S.F.  comp.  '37-42.  L.  (Julian),  soldier  at  Sta 
B.  before  '37.  L.  (Romualdo),  1837,  Mex.  of  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  impli 
cated  in  the  troubles  of  '35,  and  sent  to  Mex.  under  arrest,  iii.  281,  286,  288. 

Lard  (Fielding),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  his  family.  The  marriage  of  his 
daughter  (Mary  to  R.  S.  Moultrie)  on  the  trip  is  mentioned  by  Bryant;  at 
Sutler's  Fort  in  '47,  and  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot,  but  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Val., 
where  he  still  lived  in  '60;  often  called  Wm.  L.  (Joseph  A.),  1846,  came  to 
Sta  Clara;  prob.  son  of  Fielding.  Lardner,  1842,  lieut  U.S.N.,  with  Jones  at 
Mont.  iv.  308.  La  Reintrie  (Henry),  1842,  commander's  sec.  on  the  York- 
town. 

Larios  (Gracia),  sent  to  Mex.  as  a  prisoner  '30.  iii.  85.  L.  (Jose*  Maria), 
Mex.  sold,  who  came  between  1780  and  '90;  from  '91  a  settler  at  S.  Jose",  and 
later  at  Las  Aromas,  near  S.  Juan  B.  He  was  a  blacksmith  and  builder  of 
mills,  but  was  chiefly  noted  as  a  bear-hunter,  being  killed  by  a  grizzly  in 
1818.  i.  642,  716,  718;  ii.  135,  170,  387.  His  first  wife  was  Juliana  Linares, 
and  the  2d  Eusebia  Alvarez;  his  children  were  Antonio,  Manuel,  Jose"  Do 
lores,  Justo,  Maria  del  Pilar,  Antonia,  and  Antonina.  L.  ( Justo),  son  of  Jos<5 
M.,  b.  at  S.  Jose"  1808;  soap-maker  and  ranchero  who  served  as  miltia  artil 
leryman  in  the  war  against  Micheltorena  '44-5,  and  for  a  short  time  under 
Castro  in  '46;  grantee  of  Canada  de  los  Capitancillos  in  '42.  iv.  671;  all  his 
horses  were  taken  by  Fremont.  He  made  two  successful  visits  to  the  mines 
in  '49-50,  but  in  later  years  lost  all  his  land  and  other  property,  through  no 
fault  of  his  own,  as  he  believes.  In  '78,  living  at  Gilroy,  he  gave  me  an  in 
teresting  narrative  called  Convulsiones  en  California.  His  wife  was  Cecilia, 
daughter  of  Joaquin  Castro,  married  in  '33;  children  '41,  Adelino  b.  '34,  Juan 
'36,  Olivero  '39,  Soledad  '38.  L.  (Manuel),  son  of  Jose  M.,  b.  at  S.  Jose" 
1798.  He  seems  to  have  served  as  a  soldier  in  '15-29,  and  was  later  an  alfe'rez 
of  militia,  serving  in  Gov.  Alvarado's  time.  In  '39  he  was  grantee  of  Sta, 
HIST.  CAL..  VOL.  IV.  45 


706  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Ana  rancbo  near  S.  Juan  B.,  which  was  finally  confirmed  to  him.  iii.  679, 
713.  In  '40  he  was  juez  at  S.  Juan,  and  took  part  in  the  arrest  of  the  for 
eigners,  iii,  693;  iv.  20.  He  was,  like  his  father,  a  famous  bear-hunter,  took 
part  in  various  exped.,  and  his  rancho  suffered  much  from  Ind.  depredations, 
iv.  302;  v.  6G2.  He  died  in '63.  His  wives  were  successively  Maria  A.  Pacheco, 
Guadalupe  Castro,  and  Rosario  Armas,  by  whom  he  is  said  to  have  had  22 
children.  In  '78  his  son  (or  grandson),  Estolano  Larios,  gave  me  some  informa 
tion  on  the  Vida  y  Adventures  of  Don  Manuel. 

Larkin  (Thomas  Oliver),  1832,  nat.  of  Mass.,  b.  at  Charlestown  in  1802,  in 
business  at  Wilmington,  N.C.,  from  '21  to  '30,  and  in  '31  accepting  an  invita 
tion  from  Capt.  Cooper,  his  half-brother,  to  join  him  at  Monterey.  His  mother 
was  then  married  to  a  3d  husband,  Mr  Childs,  L.'s  passport  from  the  gov.  of 
Mass,  is  dated  Sept.  2,  '31,  and  he  came  on  the  Newcastle  via  Honolulu,  ar 
riving  in  April  '32.  iii.  364,  408.  In  '32  he  was  employed  by  Cooper  as  clerk, 
or  accountant;  in  Feb.-Sept.  '33  he  did  a  small  commission  business,  and 
then  with  a  capital  of  $500  he  opened  a  little  store  at  Mont,  for  the  sale  of 
groceries,  grog,  produce,  and  dry  goods,  starting  a  flour- mill  the  next  year, 
and  dealing  to  a  considerable  extent  in  lumber.  In  '33  he  was  also  married  on 
board  the  Volunteer  at  Sta  B.,  by  Consul  Jones  of  Honolulu,  to  Mrs  Rachel 
Holmes,  ne'e  Hobson,  his  fellow-pacsenger  on  the  Newcastle,  who  had  come  to 
Join  her  husband,  Capt.  John  C.  Holmes,  but  on  arrival  had  found  herself  a 
widow,  iii.  365,  408,  652.  She  was  the  1st  Amer.  woman  to  live  in  Cal.,  and 
her  son  Thomas  O.,  born  in  April  '34,  was  the  1st  child  born  of  Amer.  parents 
in  Cal.  Having  the  proverbial  Yankee  shrewdness  in  trade,  with  no  incon 
venient  veneration  for  the  revenue  laws,  Larkin  prospered  from  the  first.  In 
his  ledgers  he  has  left  careful  memoranda  of  his  wealth  on  Jan.  1st  of  each 
year  as  follows:  '35,  $2,650;  '36,  $4,708;  '37,  $5,626  (chiefly  in  house  and  mill, 
for  he  had  spent  all  his  money  on  the  house  and  had  no  goods);  '38,  $11,013; 
'39,  $13,788;  '40,  $15,895;  '41,  $21,493;  '42,  $37,958;  '43,  $19,147;  '44,  $46,- 
505;  '45,  $60,175;  '46,  $06,644.  He  did  not  seek  to  become  a  Mex.  citizen, 
but  in  '38  obtained  a  carta,  which  was  renewed  from  year  to  year.  He  took 
no  part  openly  in  politics,  but  quietly  supported  Alvarado's  movement  in  '36. 
iii.  461;  iv.  141.  I  have  much  of  his  business  corresp.  from  the  first.  In  '39 
he  made  a  special  effort  to  induce  whalers  to  touch  at  Mont.  iv.  92.  In  '40  he 
did  all  that  he  could  for  the  comfort  of  the  arrested  foreigners,  but  because 
he  did  not  join  in  the  loud  protests  and  absurd  threats  of  Graham  and  his 
gang  he  was  the  subject  of  some  unfavorable  criticism  at  the  time  and  later,  iv. 
8,  9,  24,  32-3.  He  visited  Mex.  in  '40-1  on  business,  iv.  102,  207;  on  his  return 
took  a  contract  to  build  the  Mont,  custom-house;  and  in  '42  did  good  service 
in  maintaining  friendly  relations  between  Com.  Jones  and  the  Californians.  iv. 
307,  310,  329.  The  same  year  he  established  a  branch  store  at  Sta  Cruz  in  charge 
of  Josiah  Belden;  but  an  incendiary  fire  destroying  $6,000  worth  of  lumber  in 
'43  made  this  part  of  his  business  unprofitable.  In  '43-4  he  had  somewhat  inti 
mate  business  relations  with  Gov.  Micheltorena,  making  loans  to  the  govt,  and 
doubtless  was  induced  by  personal  interests  to  look  with  too  much  favor  on 
the  cholo  cause,  making  also  another  visit  to  Mex.  on  govt  business,  and 
.'bringing  back  the  small-pox,  among  other  results,  iv.  364,  366,  401-3,  405, 
473,  478-9,  558-9,  563,  651.  On  his  return  he  assumed  the  position  of  U.S. 
consul  at  Mont.,  his  appointment  having  been  made  at  Wash,  in  '43  and  re 
newed  in  '44,  and  from  the  first  was  active  in  sending  accurate  information  to 
his  govt  respecting  Cal.  affairs,  as  well  as  in  the  routine  duties  of  his  office. 
iv.  385,  408,  428,  430,  450,  454,  561,  589-98.  Larkin's  closeness  in  money 
•  matters,  in  contrast  with  the  reckless  prodigality  affected  by  many,  prevented 
his  ever  reaching  in  a  certain  sense  the  highest  popularity,  but  he  was  always 
respected  by  the  better  classes  of  natives  and  foreigners  as  a  man  of  honora 
ble  conduct,  of  sound  judgment,  and  of  conservative  though  not  selfish  views 
on  general  topics.  He  was  a  man  of  slight  education,  but  of  much  tact  and 
practical  good, sense.  Duly  devoted  to  the  interests  of  his  govt  and  of  the 
Amer.  immigrants,  he  had  no  sympathy  with  filibusterism,  and  did  not  ignore 
the.rights  and  ^prejudices  of  the  Californians.  He  fully  believed  that,  either  in 


LARKIN— LA  ROCQUE.  707 

the  event  of  war  with  Mex.  or  by  purchase,  the  people  and  local  rulers  might 
be  induced  voluntarily  to  transfer  their  allegiance  to  the  U.S.  At  the  end  of 
'45  he  was  formally  appointed  a  secret  and  confidential  agent  of  the  adminis 
tration  at  Wash,  to  bring  about  this  result;  and  from  the  beginning  of  '46, 
turning  over  his  private  business  to  Talbot  H.  Green,  he  worked  earnestly, 
and  as  he  believed  with  good  prospects  of  success,  to  make  friends  for  the  U.S. 
and  to  counteract  the  effects  of  the  few  who  favored  an  English  protectorate, 
v.  4-28,  54-76,  109,  142,  219-20.  Fremont's  foolish  bravado  at  Gavilan,  and 
the  still  more  foolish  and  criminal  Bear  revolt,  were  wellnigh  fatal  blows  to 
his  plans;  but  still  he  did  not  despair,  and  having  used  his  influence  with 
Com.  Sloat  successfully  in  favor  of  a  conservative  policy,  v.  224-54,  he  went 
south  with  Stockton,  hoping  with  the  aid  of  his  associate,  Abel  Stearns,  to 
induce  Castro  and  Pico,  with  the  people  of  the  south,  to  submit  without  re 
sistance,  artfully  presenting  to  them  the  danger  that  the  U.  S.  forces,  in  case 
the  report  of  war  should  prove  unfounded  as  in  '42,  would  retire  and  leave 
Cal.  at  the  mercy  of  the  Bears.  That  Stockton  took  effective  and  dishonorable 
steps  to  prevent  the  success  of  these  plans,  fearing  that  the  submission  of  the 
gov.  and  general  would  interfere  with  the  immediate  prospects  of  himself 
and  his  associate  filibusters,  is  no  discredit  to  Larkin,  whose  course  through 
out  is  worthy  of  all  praise,  his  statesmanship  being  incomparably  superior  to 
that  of  the  opera-bouffe  'conquerors'  of  Cal.  v.  271-2,  281.  Returning  to 
Mont.,  L.  was  appointed  acting  U.S.  naval  agent,  interesting  himself  also  in 
the  release  of  the  Bears'  captives  at  N.  Helvetia,  v.  281,  298-9,  304.  In  '45-G 
he  was  a  correspondent  of  the  N.Y.  Herald  and  -Sun.  In  Nov.,  while  on 
his  way  to  visit  a  sick  daughter  at  S.F.,  L.  was  captured  by  the  Calif  or  - 
nians  under  Manuel  Castro,  became  a  witness  of  the  fight  at  Natividad,  and 
was  carried  south  to  be  retained  as  a  captive  till  the  end  of  the  war.  He  was 
kindly  treated,  there  being  no  ill-will  toward  him,  and  the  intention  being  to 
utilize  the  possession  of  so  prominent  a  man  either  in  exchange  or  in  making 
favorable  terms  of  capitulation,  v.  358,  364-5,  367-70,  402.  Returning  north 
in  '47,  he  served  as  naval  store-keeper,  and  his  appointment  as  naval  agent 
was  confirmed  in  Wash.  v.  614.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  legislative 
council  which  never  met.  v.  433.  He  took,  however,  but  slight  part  in  public 
affairs,  v.  443,  448,  455,  571;  being  notified  in  June  '48  that  his  functions  as 
counsel  and  confidential  agent  terminated  in  May  with  the  treaty  of  peace. 
He  had  become  the  owner  of  various  S.F.  lots,  and  in  partnership  with  Sem- 
ple,  the  founder  of  Benicia  in  '47.  v.  653,  660,  671-4.  In  '49  he  was  a  member 
of  the  constit.  convention,  and  his  naval  agency  was  discontinued  by  orders 
from  Wash.  In  '50-3  he  resided  with  his  family  in  N.Y.,  but  returned  to  S.F. 
and  gave  his  attention  to  the  care  of  his  property.  Though  unable  to  sustain 
his  title  to  a  S.F.  grant  and  the  Sta  Clara  orchard,  he  was  the  successful 
claimant  for  the  Fliigge  and  Jimeno  ranchos  in  the  Sac.  Val.  v.  665-6,  670-1; 
and  these,  with  his  possessions  in  S.F.,  Mont.,  and  Benicia,  made  him  a  very 
rich  man.  His  sons  had  also  been  the  grantees  in  '44  of  a  rancho  in  Colusa. 
iv.  671.  Larkin  died  at  S.F.  in  '58.  He  was  a  man  to  whom  nothing  like  just 
credit  has  hitherto  been  given  for  his  public  services  in  '45-6.  Portraits  are 
given  in  Cotton's  Three  Years  in  Cal. ,  Annals  of  S.F. ,  and  there  are  photographs 
in  the  library  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  A  street  in  S.F.  bears  his  name.  Mrs  L. 
died  in  '73,  at  the  age  of  66.  The  children  were  Thos  O.  b.  in  '34;  an  infant 
son  who  died  in  '36;  Fred.  H.  b.  in  '37,  d.  '69;  Adelaide  who  died  at  S.F. 
in  '40;  Francis  R.  b.  '40,  d.  '74;  Alfred  O.  boru  in  '48;  and  a  daughter  who 
married  Sampson  Tarns.  Thomas,  Alfred,  and  Mrs  Tarns  are  still  living,  I 
think,  in  '85.  The  Larkin  manuscripts  furnished  for  my  use  as  materiarfor 
history  by  representatives  of  the  family  have  been  named  in  my  list  of  au 
thorities,  with  some  comments,  in  i.  49-50.  They  constitute  a  most  magnifi 
cent  and  unequalled  contribution  to  the  history  in  which  the  father  of  the 
donors  took  so  prominent  and  honorable  a  part.  L.  (Wm  M.),  1843,  on  the 
roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  iv.  400.  Larragoyli  (Rafael),  1822,  mr  of  the  S.F. 
dc  Paula,  ii.  474.  La  Roche  (Eugene),  1846,  witness  in  the  Sautillan  case 
'55,  age  33.  La  Rocque  (Geo.),  1848,  Canadian  miner  from  Or.  on  the 


708  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX, 

Henry;  went  back  in  '49  to  Or.,  where  he  died  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow  and  4 
children.  Laskey  (Alex.  B.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  killed  by 
Ind.  '48. 

Lassen  (Peter),  1840,  Danish  blacksmith  who  came  to  Amer.  in  '19,  to  Or. 
overland  in  '39,  and  to  Cal.  by  the  Lausanne,  landing  at  Bodega,  and  thence 
proceeding  to  Sutter's  Fort,  S.F.,  and  S.  Jose",  where  he  worked  at  his  trade 
though  the  winter  of  '40-1.  iv.  117,  120-1,  136.  In  the  spring  of  '41  he  built 
a  saw-mill  near  Sta  Cruz,  which  he  sold  to  Graham  early  in  '43.  Dr  Sandels 
describes  him  this  year  as  a  travelling  blacksmith  and  hunter  between  S.Jos6 
and  Sac. ;  he  had  a  hut  on  the  Cosumnes  in  Nov. ;  applied  for  naturaliza 
tion,  and  selected  a  rancho.  In  '44  he  got  his  papers  and  his  land-grant  of 
Bosqucjo  on  Deer  Cr.,  Tehama  Co.  iv.  670-1.  His  place  is  often  mentioned 
in  '45-6.  iv.  229,  580;  v.  22,  24-5,  102;  he  was  with  Gillespie  and  Fremont 
and  probably  one  of  the  Bears  in  '46;  but  is  said  to  have  gone  east  in  the 
Stockton  party  of  '47,  returning,  prob.  with  Chiles,  in  '48;  but  I  think  there 
may  be  an  error  in  this,  and  that  L.  went  no  farther  east  than  Fort  Hall,  his 
mission  being  to  divert  immigration  into  the  Lassen  route  to  the  upper  Sac. 
Val.  He  was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  in  '47.  In  '50  he  sold  half  of  his  rancho  and 
stock,  engaging  in  unfortunate  steamboat  speculation  at  Sac.  which  soon 
ruined  him  financially.  In  '51  he  settled  in  Indian  Val.,  Plumas  Co.;  and  in 
'55,  as  miner  and  farmer  in  Honey  Lake  Val.,  Lassen  Co.  In  '59,  while  on  a 
prospecting  tour  in  the  region  north  of  Pyramid  Lake,  he  was  killed  by  Ind., 
or  possibly  white  man  disguised  as  Ind.,  being  then  59  years  old.  Portrait  in 
Plumas,  Laxsen,  and  Sierra  Co.  Hist.,  56.  His  memory  is  preserved  in  the 
name  of  Lassen  peak  and  county. 

Lasso  de  la  Vega  (Ramon),  1781,  Mex.  alferez  of  the  S.F.  comp.,  and 
sometimes  habilitado;  retired  on  half  pay  in  '94;  later  a  teacher  at  S.  Josd; 
died  in  1821,  at  the  age  of  64.  Biog.  i.  4/0-1;  inent.  340,  342-3,  385,  584, 
642,  693,  716.  Lasuen  (Fermin  Francisco),  1773,  Span,  friar  who  served  as 
missionary,  chiefly  at  S.  Diego  till  1785,  when  he  was  chosen  president  of  the 
missions,  a  position  held  until  his  death  at  S.  Carlos  in  1803.  In  all  the  annals 
of  the  Fernandinos  there  is  presented  no  more  admirable  character  than  that 
of  Padre  Fermin.  Biog.  ii.  8-10;  ment.  i.  122,  194-6,  248-9,  266-7,  300,  302-4, 
316, 328,  388,  398-406,  417,  422-5, 432, 439,  441,  454-9,  469,  471, 474,  476,  489, 
491-3,  498-9,  512-13,  522,  531,  537,  542,  544,  553-5,  557,  559-64,  568,  573-4, 
576.  578-99,  600-23,  626,  655,  686,  689,  709-11,  727-8;  ii.  3,  146,  159,  165, 
378,  623. 

Lataillade  (Cesareo),  1842,  Span,  of  French  descent,  and  member  of  a  Mex. 
trading  firm,  who  came  as  sup.  of  the  Trinidad,  iv.  341,  569.  He  became  well 
known  as  a  man  of  business,  making  Sta  B.  his  home.  From  '46  he  was  vice- 
consul  of  Spain  at  Mont.,  being  allowed  to  reside  at  Sta  B.  from  '47,  and  be 
ing  the  grantee  of  Cuyamas  rancho  in  '46.  iv.  590;  v.  218,  615,  632.  His  name 
often  appears  in  official  commun.  during  the  mil.  regime  of  '47-8;  he  was  men 
tioned  in  connection  with  idle  rumors  of  revolts,  v.  586;  and  took  a  promi 
nent  part  in  arresting  the  murderers  of  the  Reed  family,  v.  640.  He  acci 
dentally  shot  and  killed  himself  at  Sta  B.  in  '49.  His  wife  was  Maria  Antonia 
de  la  Guerra,  who  was  claimant  for  several  ranchos,  iii.  655;  iv.  642,  became 
the  wife  of  Gaspar  de  Orena,  and  is  still  living  in  '85.  Latham,  1846,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358).  Lathrop  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Lauber  (Matthew),  1846,  Co.  C..  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Lauff  (Chas 
August),  1844,  German  sailor  on  the  Whaler  Warren,  transferred  to  the 
Tasso,  and  making  a  trip  to  Callao  with  Capt.  Cooper,  iv.  453.  In  '45-6,  he 
worked  as  a  lumberman  in  Marin;  in  '46-7  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  Co.  B, 
artill.  (v.  358);  went  to  the  mines  in  '48-9;  and  in  '49  was  pilot  on  the  bay 
and  S.  Joaquin.  From  '50  he  lived  at  different  places  in  Marin  Co.,  being  in 
'80  on  a  rancho  near  Bolinas,  with  wife— Maria  J.  Cibrian,  daughter  of  Gre- 
gorio  Briones,  married  in  '62 — and  9  children.  Portrait  in  Marin  Co.  Hist., 
64.  Laughlin,  1827,  see  iii.  160.  L.  (James),  1848,  nat.  of  S.C.,  who  came 
from  Or.  to  the  mines;  died  in  Stanislaus  Co.  '78.  L.  (Richard),  1828,  Amer. 
trapper  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  with  Pattie's  party,  with  a  passport  dated 


LAUGHLIN-LEAVENWORTH.  709 

Paso  del  Norte,  Apr.  IS,  '27.  iii.  103,  178.  He  settled  at  Los  Ang.  as  a  carpen 
ter,  ii.  558;  got  a  carta  in  '31;  and  later  owned  a  vineyard,  perhaps  marrying 
a  native.  He  is  named  in  various  records  of  '34-43,  took  part  in  the  Michel- 
torena  campaign  of  '45.  iv.  495;  and  is  said  to  have  had  a  garden  near  S. 
Buen.  in  '46.  He  died  at  the  end  of  that  year,  at  the  age  of  44.  Laure, 
1830,  drowned  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  attempting  to  land  from  a  ship.  iii.  180. 
Laurend  (M.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Laurencel  (Henry),  1848,  roll  of  Soc. 
Cal.  Pion.  Lavallette  (Eric  A.  F.),  1847,  com.  of  the  U.S.  Independence. 
Lavin  (Thos),  1844,  Engl.  who  received  a  pass. 

Lawlor  (John),  1827-8,  mr  of  the  Karimoko,  in  trouble  in  the  south  by 
reason  of  his  smuggling  operations,  ii.  551,  564;  iii.  94-5,  134-5,  147.  He  was 
lost  on  a  voy.  from  Hon.  to  Australia  in  '34,  as  mr  of  the  Alpha.  Lawrence, 
1848,  sailor  on  the.  Isaac  Walton.  L.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  L.  (J.  C.),  1848,  died  in  Utah  before  '77.  L.  (John),  1846,  Faun- 
tleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  L.  (Joseph  Vicente),  1821,  nat.  of  N.Y.  who 
landed  from  the  Blirkivood  at  Bodega  and  came  to  S.F.  in  a  boat.  ii.  478.  In 
'23  he  went  to  Los  Aug.,  where  he  was  baptized  in  '24,  married  Maria  Arriola, 
and  in  '29  was  still  there  with  wife  and  son,  age  32.  ii.  496,  526,  558;  iii.  179. 

Lawrey  (Amos  G. ),  1846,  Amer.  mason  and  perhaps  overl.  immig.,  who 
in  '47  worked  on  the  1st  brick  house  built  at  Mont,  for  G.  D.  Dickensou, 
whose  daughter  Margaret  he  married  a  little  later.  In  the  Salinas  Index,  Oct. 
2u,  '76,  'Jack  the  Pioneer'  (Swan)  tells  how  the  young  man  went  to  Hon.  for 
a  v,  edding  outfit,  and  attempting  to  smuggle  the  goods  ashore,  had  to  pur 
chase  them  anew  at  a  round  price;  and  indeed  his  arrival  at  Hon.  on  the 
Charles  in  Feb.  '48  is  recorded.  L.  died  at  S.  Jose"  in  '81,  having  been  blind 
for  many  years.  He  left  a  widow  and  3  grown  children,  one  of  them  Mrs 
Hollenbach.  Lawson  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  L.  (John), 
1847,  Co.  B,  ditto;  died  at  Mont.  '49.  L.  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  409).  Lawton,  1848,  overl.  immig.  with  Johnson.  L.,  1848,  of  Kilboru, 
L.,  &  Co.,  S.F.  L.  (Benj.  H.),  1834,  mr  of  the  S.  Feiahton.  iii.  384. 

Layden  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  died  at  Honolulu  '54. 
Layton  (Chas),  1847,  ordnance  sergt  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  v.  519.  A  nat.  of 
Engl.  who  had  served  in  the  British  army;  in  the  mines  '49-52;  later  light 
house  keeper  at  Pt  Pinos;  died  at  Mont.  '55,  being  fatally  wounded  while 
attempting  to  capture  the  outlaw  Garcia.  His  widow — ne'e  Charlotte  Wade, 
and  mar.  in  '43— was  in  '78  the  wife  of  Geo.  C.  Harris  at  S.F.,  where  a 
daughter,  Mrs  Amos  Burr,  also  lived.  One  son  was  a  sailor  and  another  lived 
in  N.  South  Wales.  Swan.  L.  (Christopher),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469);  in  '82  at  Kaysville,  Utah.  Lazaref  (Andrew),  1815,  mr  of  the  Snvdrof, 
and  of  the  Ladoga  in  '23.  iii.  307,  492.  L.  (Michael),  1823,  mr  of  the  Crei- 
sc.r.  ii.  492,  519.  Lazaro  (Nicolas),  1805,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  a  brief 
term  at  S.  Fern,  and  S.  Diego,  where  he  died  in  1807.  ii.  115;  iii.  159-60. 

Leach  (Kendrick  N.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  '83  at  Fountain 
Green,  111.  Leahy  (Dan.),  1845,  Irish  cooper  at  Slitter's  Fort  '45-6,  and  prob. 
an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578,  587.  In  '47  owner  of  a  lot  at  S.F.,  where  he  still  lived 
in  '48-54.  He  died  in  Nevada  '75,  leaving  a  family  in  Or.  Leandry  (Juan 
B.),  1827,  Ital.  who  came  by  sea  at  the  age  of  '23.  iii.  176.  In  '32  he  joined 
the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iv.  221;  in  '36  kept  a  store  at  Los  Ang. ;  was 
naturalized  in  '39.  Juez  de  paz  '40-1,  holding  other  local  offices;  owner  of 
part  of  S.  Pedro,  and  grantee  of  Los  Coyotes,  where  he  died  in  '43.  iii.  614, 
633,  637;  iv.  629,  633.  Leary  (Wm),  1844,  deserter  from  the  Warren  near 
Mont. ;  perhaps  at  Sonoma  '48. 

Leavens  (Wm),  1846,  one  of  the  men  captured  with  Alcalde  Bartlett  by 
Sanchez  at  S.F.  (v.  377).  Leavenworth  (Thaddeus  M.),  1847,  nat.  of  Conn., 
physician  and  episcopal  clergyman,  who  came  as  chaplain  of  the  N.Y.Vol.  v. 
504,  511.  He  took  some  part  in  matters  pertaining  to  church  and  schools,  and 
was  alcalde  of  S.  F.  in  '47-9.  v.  648-52,  657.  He  was  also  owner  of  town  lots, 
and  a  street  in  the  city  bears  his  name.  His  official  acts  have  been  severely 
criticised,  but  I  find  no  data  for  a  just  estimate  of  his  character.  In  '50  he 
went  to  Sonoma  Co.,  where  he  was  claimant  for  a  part  of  Agua  Caliente  ran- 


710  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

cho,  iii.  711,  and  where  he  still  lived  in  '82.  Leavy  (Owen),  1847,  corp.  Co. 
F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  The  name  was  perhaps  Leary.  v.  529.  Lebeau  (Joseph), 
1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Lecky  (Wm  C.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons, 
killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346.  Lecointe,  1845,  com.  of  the  Heroine,  iv.  566. 
Lecoq  (Martin),  1834,  Frenchman  in  a  Mont.  list.  Ledcly  (Michael),  1847, 
Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  died  in  Mendocino  Co.  bef.  '83.  Ledesma  (Jose*), 
grantee  of  land  at  S.  Gabriel,  v.  628. 

Lee,  1847,  a  son  said  to  have  been  born  to  Mrs  Lee  in  Jan.,  at  N.  Helv. 
L.,  1847,  of  L.  &  Reily,  bakers,  Mont.  L.,  1848,  flogged  and  imprisoned 
for  attempt  at  murder  near  S.  Jose".  L.  (Barton),  1848,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  who 
came  from  Or.  to  the  mines;  member  and  successor  of  the  Sac.  firm  of  Priest, 
L. ,  &  Co. ;  prominent  also  in  local  politics.  He  failed  for  a  large  amount  in  '50, 
and  went  to  live  in  the  Sandwich  Isl.,  but  returned  to  Cal.,  and  died  at  Sac. 
in  '56.  L.  (Cornelius  R.V.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  presid.  of  the 
regulators  at  S.F.  '49;  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '63.  L.  (Elisha),  1847,  owner  of 
S.F.  lot.  L.  (James  R.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo  in  '82. 
L.  (John  C.),  1847,  Co.  F,  ditto.  L.  (Lawton),  1845,  one  of  the  men  lost  on 
the  Warren's  launch  in  '46.  iv.  587;  v.  384.  L.  (Milton),  1847,  trader  at 
Mont.  L.  (Sam.),  1846,  mate  of  the  Eupkemia  '46-8.  L.  (Theodore),  1846, 
mid.  on  the  Congress;  act.  lieut  Co.  A,  Stockton's  naval  bat.,  '46-7.  v.  386. 
Levy  (Wm),  1848,  miner  on  the  Yuba. 

Leese  (Jacob  Primer),  1833,  native  of  Ohio,  b.  in  1809,  and  engaged  in  the 
Sta  F6  trade  from  '30,  who  seems  to  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  late  in  '33,  but 
perhaps  went  back  and  came  again  in  July  '34,  engaging  in  trade  at  Los  Ang. 

111.  388,  409.  In  '36  he  came  to  Mont,  with  Gov.  Chico,  whose  good-will  he 
succeeded  in  gaining,  formed  a  partnership  with  Nathan  Spear  and  Wm  S. 
Hinckley,  obtained  a  lot  at  S.F.,  and  on  it  built  the  1st  solid  structure  in 
town  before  July  4th,  being  naturalized  in  Sept.  iii.  421,  431,  705,  709;  iv. 
86,  116;  v.  680.  The  next  year  he  erected  a  larger  store  on  the  beach,  and 
married  Rosalia,  sister  of  Gen.  Vallejo,  much  against  the  general's  wishes. 
He  had  a  lighter,  the  Isabella,  running  on  the  bay  and  rivers,  and  the  busi 
ness  of  the  firm,  in  exchanging  goods  for  rancho  products,  was  profitable; 
but  he  quarrelled  with  Spear  and  Hinckley  about  the  division  of  the  $13,000 
profits,  and  the  partnership  was  dissolved  in  '38,  though  L.  continued  the 
business  for  several  years,  failing  to  get  the  appointment  of  receptor  in  '39, 
and  getting  another  town  lot  in  '40.  iii.  700,  705-6,  709-10;  iv.  98;  v.  679. 
In  '41  he  was  grantee  of  the  Canada  de  Guadalupe,  Visitacion,  y  Rodeo  Viejo 
rancho  at  S.F.,  and  of  Emchica  at  Sonoma;  and  this  year  he  sold  out  his 
store  to  the  H.  B.  Co.  iv.  37,  179,  217,  671.  He  also  transferred  his  residence 
and  place  of  business  to  Sonoma,  owning  one  lighter  in  comp.  with  Wm  John 
son,  and  another,  the  Rosa/ia,  with  Salv.  Vallejo.  In  '43  he  went  to  Or.  with 
a  drove  of  cattle,  iv.  377,  390;  and  in  '44-5  he  was  alcalde  at  Sonoma,  hav 
ing  serious  quarrels  with  Victor  Prudon.  iv.  445,  448,  678-9.  In  '46  he  was  to 
a  certain  extent  a  sub-agent  for  the  carrying-out  of  Larkiu's  plans,  v.  03; 
and  for  this  reason,  perhaps,  having  accompanied  the  Bears  to  Sac.  as  inter 
preter,  was  thrown  into  prison  by  Fremont  with  the  Vallejos  and  Prudon.  v. 

112,  119-21,  298-9.  His  Bear  Flag  Revolt,  an  original  MS.  in  my  col,  is  one 
of  the  best  narratives  extant  on  the  subject,  v.  187.  He  had  a  '  Cal.  claim  ' 
of  $6,189,  besides  a  claim  for  the  construction  of  a  wharf  at  Mont.  v.  467;  i. 
list  auth.  In  '47  he  is  named  as  a  member  of  the  Sonoma  council,  v.  668;  and 
is  said  to  have  made  considerable  money  in  the  mines  '48-9.  He  made  a  voy 
age  to  China  in  '49  on  the  Eveline,  under  an  arrangement  with  Larkin;  and 
subsequently  resided  at  Mont.,  holding  some  local  offices;  being  the  claimant 
for  several  ranches,  iii.  678-9;  iv.  671;  and  in '55  vice-president  of  the  Soc. 
Cal.  Pion.  He  was  an  uneducated  and  not  very  intelligent  man.  active  and 
enterprising  in  business,  whose  many  speculations  were  marked  by  boldness 
rather  than  ability;  and  his  large  property,  with  that  of  his  wife,  all  disap 
peared.  In  '63  he  obtained,  in  company  with  others,  a  concession  of  lands  for 
colonization  in  L.  Cal.,  but  the  scheme  was  a  failure;  and  about  :65  he  left 
Cal.  for  the  east.  I  have  no  definite  record  of  his  subsequent  career,  but  in 


LEESE-LEIVA.  711 

Feb.  '85  an  apparently  reliable  newspaper  report  represents  him  as  living  at 
S.  Antonio,  Texas,  in  good  health,  but  extreme  poverty,  an  appeal  being 
made  to  pioneers  in  his  behalf.  Portrait  in  Annals  of  S.  F.  and  Hetperian. 
Mrs  Leese  lives  at  Mont,  in  '85,  and  has  7  grown  children.  She  furnished  for 
my  use  a  History  of  the  Osos,  of  no  special  value.  A  daughter,  Rosalia,  born 
at  S.F.  in  '38,  and  the  1st  child  born  at  Yerba  Buena,  iii.  710,  died,  and  her 
name  was  given  to  a  younger  daughter.  The  oldest  son,  Jacob,  was  born  in 
'39,  and  resides  in  '85  at  Salinas,  where  he  has  been  county  clerk  and  deputy 
sheriff,  his  wife  being  an  Estrada,  a  niece  of  Gov.  Alvarado.  One  of  Leese's 
daughters  married  a  son  of  Jos6  A*brego.  (L.  returned  to  Cal.  in  '85.) 

Lefevre  (Minard  J.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Lefort 
(Geo.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Le  Fourri  (Francois),  1831,  from 
N.  Mex.  with  Wolfskill  or  Jackson.  Legar  (Miguel),  1602,  sergt  in  Vizcai 
no's  exped.  i.  98.  Legarda  (Jos6),  1841,  mr  of  the  Jdven  Carolina,  iv.  50C5. 
Legare  (Burnett),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  died  at  sea  'G6.  L.  (Win 
H.),  1847,  ditto;  died  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  v.  625.  Legendre  (Louis),  1847,  Fr. 
settler  in  Russ.  Riv.  township,  where  he  was  murdered  after  '52.  Son.  Co. 
J/ist.,  358-60.  Legge,  1844,  officer  in  the  Modeste.  Leggett  (Wm),  1847, 
Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Lehigh,  1847,  son  said  to  have  been  born  to  Mrs 
L.;  perhaps  ' Leahy,'  q.  v.  Leicer,  1844,  Walla  Walla  chief,  iv.  545;  see 
'Elijah.'  Leick  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Leidesdorff  (Wm  Alex.),  1841,  nat.  of  the  Danish  West  Indies,  son  of  a 
Dane  by  a  mulattress,  who  came  to  the  U.S.  as  a  boy,  and  became  a  masler 
of  vessels  sailing  from  N.Y.  and  N.  Orleans.  He  came  to  Cal.  as  mr  of  the 
Julia  Ann,  on  which  he  made  later  trips  to  the  Islands  down  to  '45.  iv.  279, 
5G6.  Engaging  in  trade  at  S.F.,  he  got  a  lot  in  '43  at  the  cor.  of  Clay  and 
Kearny  streets,  and  in  '44  or  '45  built  a  warehouse  on  the  beach  at  Cal.  and 
Leidesdorff  streets,  iv.  669,  678;  in  '46  building  the  City  Hotel  on  his  1st  lot, 
and  in  '47  buying  from  Ridley  the  cottage  at  the  cor.  of  Montgomery  and  CaL 
streets,  where  he  passed  the  rest  of  his  life.  iv.  678,  680.  In  '44  he  obtained 
naturalization  papers  and  a  grant  of  the  Rio  de  los  Americanos  rancho.  iv. 
673;  and  from  Oct.  '45  served  as  U.S.  vice-consul  by  Larkiu's  appointment, 
iv.  188,  557,  589-90,  665.  His  corresp.  of  these  years,  especially  with  Larkin, 
is  a  most  valuable  source  of  historical  information.  In  '46  he  had  controversies 
with  Forbes,  Ridley,  and  Hinckley,  who  were  not  intensely  American  enough 
to  suit  this  Danish  citizen  of  Mex.;  visiting  N.  Helv.  and  Monterey;  and  in 
this  and  the  following  years  becoming  owner  of  many  city  lots.  v.  3-4,  28, 
1.36,  178,  239,  295,  648-9,  678,  680.  In  '47,  having  a  Cal.  claim  of  $8,740  (v. 
462),  and  launching  the  1st  steamer  that  ever  sailed  on  S.F.  bay,  v.  577-8, 
64G,  he  was  not  only  one  of  the  town's  most  prominent  business  men,  but  a 
member  of  the  council,  treasurer,  and  member  of  the  school  committee,  tak 
ing  an  active  part  in  local  politics,  v.  455,  648-52,  656.  He  died  in  May  '48, 
at  the  age  of  38.  He  was  an  intelligent  man  of  fair  education,  speaking  sev 
eral  languages;  active,  enterprising,  and  public-spirited;  honorable  for  the 
most  part  in  his  transactions;  but  jealous,  quick-tempered,  often  quarrel 
some,  and  disagreeable.  His  estate,  burdened  by  heavy  debts  at  the  time  of 
his  death,  after  the  gold  excitement  became  of  immense  value.  It  was  ad 
ministered  by  W.  D.  M.  Howard,  with  the  assistance  of  C.  V.  Gillespie,  and 
was  for  years  the  subject  of  complicated  litigation;  but  the  title  of  Capt. 
Folsom,  who  had  found  the  mother  and  other  heirs  of  Leidesdorff  at  St  Croix 
Isl.,  and  had  bought  their  interests,  was  finally  adjudged  to  be  valid. 

Leigh  (Isaac),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  Col.  with  his  wife.  v.  546;  never 
went  to  Utah.  Leighton  (James  C.),  1848,  at  S.F.  from  Tahiti;  lieut  of 
S.  F.  guards;  of  firm  L.,  Swasey,  &  Co.  v.  681.  L.  (Nathaniel  S.),  1840, 
Amer.  carpenter  who  got  a  carta  at  S  F.  in  Oct. ;  at  Mont,  in  '42.  iv.  120. 
L.  (Peter),  1838,  named  in  Larkin's  accts.  Leinhard  (J.  H.),  1847,  in  Sut 
ler's  employ  '47-8.  Leister  (Thomas),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v. 
336).  Leiva,  maj.  of  Jamul  near  S.  Diego,  killed  by  Ind.  '37.  iii.  614;  iv. 
68.  L.  (Antonio),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  23.  L.  (Francisco),  soldier  at 
Sta  B.  '32;  wife  Maria  C.  Valencia;  at  Sta  B.  '50.  L.  (Jose),  soldier  of  S.F. 


712  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

corap.  '39-42;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  L.  (Juan),  corporal  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  at 
Los  Ang,  '46.  L.  (Miguel),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '33.  L.  (Ramon),  ditto.  L. 
(Rufino),  corp.  of  Sta  B.  comp.,  in  com.  of  escolta  at  S.  Buen.,  where  he  was 
killed  by  Ind.  in  '19.  ii.  333.  L.  (Santiago  and  Teodoro),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
Lelland  (John  M.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  perhaps  McLelland.  Lelong 
(Martin),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Lem  (Win),  1828,  Engl.  sailor  who  deserted  from  a  Fr.  whaler  at  Todos 
Santos  and  came  to  S.  Diego;  or  perhaps  left  drunk  at  S.  D.  by  the  General 
Sucre.  Leman  (John),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.  Jos<$ 
Nov.  Lemoine  (G.  D.),  1846-7,  mr  of  the  Francisco,  and  pass,  on  the  Eliza 
beth;  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  578,  679.  Lemon  (Geo.  F.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  A, 
N.Y.Vol.  v.  503;  S.F.  assessor  '51;  lieut-col  N.Y.Vol.  in  the  war  of  the  re 
bellion;  killed  in  battle  '62.  L.  (James  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469);  reenl.;  at  Weston,  Utah,  '81. 

Le  Netrel  (Ed.),  Fr.  lieut  on  the  Heros.  iii.  129.  Lenoir,  1845,  Fr.  hat 
ter  from  Or.  in  the  McM.-Clyman  party;  prob.  returned  to  Or.  '46.  iv.  572, 
526.  Lenox  (E.  H.),  1848,  Kentuckian  in  Sta  Clara  '68-76.  L.  (John  A.),' 
1846,  overl.  immig.  with  his  parents  at  the  age  of  2  years.  The  family  settled 
at  Sonoma,  where  John  died  in  '74.  Sac.  Union.  L.  (J.  W.),  1848,  nat.  of 
Ind.;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '48-77.  Son.  Co.  Hist.  L.  (T.),  1847,  in  Sutter's  em 
ploy  '47-8;  had  a  family;  prob.  came  in  '46.  All  the  preceding  are  prob.  vague 
ref.  to  the  same  family.  Leon  (Andre's),  in  the  Mont,  revolt  of  '29;  sent  as 
prisoner  to  Mex.  '30.  iii.  69,  71,  85.  Leon  y  Luna,  1793,  mr  of  the  Activo. 
i.  544.  Leonard  (Geo.  W.  M.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  colonel 
under  Walker  in  Nicaragua;  in  N.Y.  city  '82.  L.  (Louis),  1846,  overl. 
immig.  with  Hoppe  and  Harlan;  went  back  east  and  died.  Balhaus.  Leon 
ardo  (Pedro  B.),  sirviente  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499. 

Lepage  (Francois),  1842,  Frenchman  who  got  a  cartaat  S.F. ;  owner  of  a  lot 
in  '45,  which  he  sold  to  James  Lick  in  '48.  iv.  341,  669.  L.  (Nicholas),  1842, 
brother  of  Fra^ois,  who  also  got  a  carta.  Lequez  (J.  V.),  1831,  doubtful 
name  of  a  Scotchman  permitted  to  marry.  Lerma,  soldier  killed  by  Ind.  in 
'21.  ii.  550.  Leroux,  1847,  guide  to  Morm.  Bat.  v.  483.  Leroy  (Joseph), 

1836,  Frenchman,  aged  29,  at  the  Verjeles  rancho  near  Mont. ;  perhaps  the  same 
rnan  was  an  otter-hunter  with  Nidever  in  '39-40.  iv.  119.      L.  (R.),  1839,  Fr. 
surgeon  at  Sta  B.  and  Mont.       Lester  (Thomas),  1817,  Engl.  sailor  baptized 
as  Jose"  Tomas  Ignacio,  and  living  at  S.  Jose"  '29-33.  ii.  284,  286,  393,  602; 
perhaps  the  same  who  went  to  Hon.  on  the  Mary  Ann  in  '47.       Letterman 
(Henry),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Levelain  (Chas),  1843-4,  Fr.  boy  who  left  the  Ferdinand  (?),  and  lived  with 
Capt.  Richardson  at  Sauzalito.  iv.  400;  at  S.F.  from  '49;  married  a  daughter 
of  F^usebio  Soto  in  '50;  at  Butte  City  '60;  at  S.F.  '64-7.  Levitt,  1848,  mr 
of  the  Eagle,  v.  577.  Levick  (Isaac),  1845,  at  S.F. ;  also  in  '54.  L.  (John), 

1837,  deserter  from  an  Engl.  schr  with  a  man  named  Morgan.     They  built  a 
cabin  at  what  became  the  cor  of  Dupont  and  Broadway,  S.F.  (?),  and  acquired 
a  large  fortune.   He  left  Cal.  in  '57,  and  was  lost  on  the  Central  America. 
Herald,  Oct.  31,  '57.  iv.   118.       Levin  (Louis),  1835,  at  Los  Ang.       Levy 
(Thos),  1848,  overl.  immig.  to  Or.  in  '46,  and  came  from  Or.  to  the  mines; 
found  dead  at  Mosquito  '74.  age  49.  Sac.  Union. 

Lewis,  1847,  of  firm  of  L.  &  Lynch,  Mont.  '47-8.  L.  1846,  deserter  from 
an  Engl.  man-of-war,  who  on  pretence  of  having  great  wealth  married  an 
orphan  who  left  him  when  she  learned  the  truth;  so  wrote  Leidesdorff.  Per 
haps  Win  Lewis  of  '40.  L.,  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  Stephen  Cooper.  L., 
1848,  from  Honolulu.  L.  (Abraham),  1848,  nat.  of  N.Y.;  in  Sta  Clara  Co. 
'76.  L.  (Allen),  1830,  Amer.  blacksmith,  age  25,  who  came  on  the  Planet. 
iii.  180;  at  Sta  B,  '36.  L.  (F.  W. )  1847,  mate  of  the  Elizabeth;  perhaps  at  Sta 
B.  '50.  L.  (Geo  W.),  1846,  nat.  of  Mo.,  said  to  have  come  with  his  father's 
family  and  to  have  settled  at  Sonoma,  where  his  mother  lived  in  '80,  and  he 
was  candidate  for  county  assessor.  L.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  L.  (H.  E.),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto;  at  S.  Jos6  71-4;  not  in  Clark's  latest 
list.  L.  (Henry  H.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  L.  (J.),  1848, 


LEWIS— LILLIE.  713 

passp.  from  Hon.  L.  (James),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  the  McM.-Clyman 
party,  iv.  573.  L.  (James  D.),  1843,  sailor  on  the  Admittance,  disch.  in  '45. 
Peterson's  Diary.  L.  (John  B. ),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  S  wasey-Todd  party, 
iv.  576,  587;  one  'of.  the  committee  representing  new-comers  in  the  treaty 
with  Castro  in  Nov.  iv.  606;  at  Sonoma  and  Napa  '46-8,  and  member  of  the 
Sonoma  council  '47.  v.  668;  at  S.  Jose  '50.  L.  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sta  B.  '48.  L.  (John),  1834,  at  Los  Ang.;  doubtful  name. 
L.  (Joseph),  1847,  commander's  clerk  on  the  Columbus.  L.  (Joseph  B.) 
1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  in  Texas  '82.  L.  (Louis),  1835,  nat.  of 
Pa,  trader  at  Los  Ang.,  age  25;  accused  of  complicity  in  the  Apalategui  re 
volt  (iii.  282).  L.  (Sam.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Bangui ch, 
Utah,  '82.  L.  (Thomas),  1833,  Amer.  from  S.  Bias,  accused  of  illegal  otter- 
hunting  in  Sept.  In  '36  he  was  at  Los  Ang.,  a  single  carpenter,  aged  25.  In 
'40  one  of  the  Graham  exiles,  who  returned  in  '41  and  worked  at  Sta  Cruz  as 
a  lumberman  in  '42-3.  He  may  have  been  the  Tom  Lewis  who  accompanied 
John  Brown  on  his  famous  ride  of  '46.  iii.  393,  409;  iv.  18,  33;  v.  304.  L. 
(Thomas),  1844,  Engl.,  age  30,  at  S.F.  L.  (Wm),  1840,  naturalized  this 
year  and  named  on  Larkin's  books,  iv.  120.  At  S.F.  and  S.  Jose"  in  '41;  in 
'45  at  N.  Helv.,  where  he  was  married  in  Dec.  His  wife  may  be  the  Mrs  L. 
who  married  Perry  McCoon  in  Feb  '46,  and  died  in  June. 

Libbey  (Elliott),  1845,  mr  of  the  Tasso  '45-8;  also  of  the  Com.  Shubrick 
in  '47.  iv.  569;  v.  577,  580.  For  assault  on  him  and  Spear  at  S.F.,  see  iv.  589, 
665-6.  According  to  Thomes  there  was  a  '  woman  in  the  case. '  Capt.  L.  was 
the  owner  of  a  town  lot  in  '46  (v.  685),  and  in  54  lived  at  S.  Rafael.  It  is  pos 
sible  that  he  visited  Cal.  on  some  vessel  from  Hon.  earlier  than  '45.  Lichten- 
stein,see  'Lightstone.'  Lick  (James),  1848,  nat.  of  Pa,  a  piano-maker  by  trade, 
who  had  lived  for  over  20  years  in  Buenos  Aires,  Chile,  and  Peru,  and  who 
came  to  S.F.  from  Callao  on  the  Lady  Adams,  arriving  Jan.  7,  '48.  He  had 
already  a  small  fortune,  which  he  invested  in  S.F.  lands  (v.  678),  and  patiently 
waited  for  the  increase  in  the  value  of  his  real  estate  to  make  him  immensely 
wealthy.  Among  his  enterprises  of  later  years  were  a  grand  flouring  mill  at 
S.  Jose",  finished  with  mahogany  in  the  interior,  and  the  Lick  House,  in  which 
some  of  the  fine  decorations  in  wood  are  the  work  of  his  own  hands.  He  was 
an  honest,  industrious  man,  of  much  common  sense,  though  noted  for  his 
many  eccentricities  and  whims,  and  in  his  later  years  of  irritable  and  thor 
oughly  disagreeable  temperament.  He  had  no  family,  except  an  illegitimate 
son,  who  was  recognized  by  him  and  spent  some  years  with  him  in  Cal.  He 
took  a  deep  interest  from  the  first  in  the  Society  of  Cal.  Pioneers,  to  which 
he  made  liberal  gifts.  His  great  and  well-merited  fame  rests  on  the  final  dis 
position  of  his  millions,  which,  after  provision  for  his  relatives,  were  devoted 
to  various  scientific,  charitable,  and  educational  enterprises,  for  the  benefit  of 
the  donor's  adopted  state.  He  died  in  '76,  at  the  age  of  '80;  and  after  the 
usual  delays  caused  by  financial  and  legal  complications,  the  results  of  Lick's 
bequests  are  beginning,  in  '85,  to  assume  practical  shape. 

Light  (Allen  B.),  1835,  negro,  who  deserted  from  the  Pilfjrim,  or  some 
other  vessel,  and  became  an  otter-hunter,  iii.  413.  He  was  known  as  Black 
Steward,  his  encounter  with  a  grizzly  bear  in  the  Sta  B.  region  being  men 
tioned  by  Alfred  Robinson,  and  other  adventures  by  Nidever.  He  was  one  of 
Graham's  men  in  '36-8;  and  in  '39,  being  a  naturalized  resident  of  Sta  B. , 
was  appointed  by  the  govt  agent  to  prevent  illegal  otter-hunting,  iv.  91 ;  at 
Los  Ang.  in  '41,  and  in  '46-8  at  S.  Diego,  still  a  hunter.  L.  (James),  1846, 
nat.  of  Me,  and  one  of  the  Mormon  Col.,  with  wife  and  child,  though  some 
times  accredited  to  the  N.Y. Vol.  v.  546.  He  lived  in  S.  Joaq.,  and  later  at 
Sauzalito;  but  from  '50  was  a  resident  of  Humboldt  Co.,  where  he  died  at 
Arcata  in  '81.  His  wife,  Mary  J.,  died  in  '75.  Lightstone  (Frank),  1845, 
German  soap-maker  and  chandler;  original  name  Franz  Lichtenstein,  who 
came  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party,  and  settled  at  S.  Jose*  '46.  iv. 
572,  487;  still  living  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  I  think,  in  '85. 

Lillie  (Leonard  G.),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  prob.  overl.  immig.  from  111.,  and 
settler  in  Napa  Val.  He  died  at  Calistoga  in  '72,  age  48,  leaving  a  widow  and 


714  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

6  children.  Limantour  (Joseph  Yves),  1841,  Fr.  trader  in  Mex.,  who  came 
to  Cal.  as  sup.  of  the  Ayacucho.  iv.  279,  563.  The  schr  was  wrecked  near 
Pt  Reyes,  and  L.  opened  a  store  at  S.F.  to  dispose  of  the  cargo  '41-2.  He 
came  back  in  '43-4,  '47,  and  '52-3.  v.  449,  576.  During  the  visit  of  '43-4  he 
furnished  aid  to  Gov.  Micheltorena,  and  received  in  return,  as  there  seems  to 
be  no  reason  to  doubt,  several  grants  of  land.  In  '52-3  he  presented  his  claims 
before  the  land  commission,  iv.  352,  386,402,511,559,634,655,671-4.  His  chief 
claim,  to  about  half  the  site  of  San  Francisco,  was  at  first  confirmed  by  the 
commission;  but  in  '58  was  rejected  by  the  district  court,  the  grant  being 

E renounced  a  forgery  supported  by  false  testimony.  This  famous  case  is  more 
illy  noticed  elsewhere  (see  vol.  vi.).  The  truth  would  seem  to  be  that  L. 
had  really  obtained  grants  of  land  at  S.F.  and  elsewhere;  but  that  in  later 
years,  by  forged  papers  and  with  the  aid  of  Ex-gov.  Micheltorena,  he  over 
reached  himself  by  attempting  to  improve  the  location  and  extent  of  his 
grants.  He  is  still,  in  '85,  a  wealthy  resident  of  the  City  of  Mexico.  Lim- 
cante  (Bias),  1806,  sailor  on  the  Peacock,  arrested  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  ii.  3$. 
Limon  (Cayetano),  1781-2,  Mex.  alfe"rez,  who  came  to  Cal.  in  com.  of  escort 
to  Rivera's  colony,  i.  342-4,  361,  364-5.  Limon  (Fran.),  criminal  at  S.  Fern. 
'39.  iii.  638.  L.  (Fran.),  apparently  alieut. ;  at  Mont.  '46;  went  to  Mex. 
with  Flores  '48.  v.  41,  407-8.  L.  (Jose"  M.),  1842;  sub-lieut  of  the  batallou 
fijo;  suspended  in  '43.  iv.  289,  354,  364. 

Linares  (Fran.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  L.  (Ignacio),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1786. 
i.  477.  In  1793  invalido,  wife  Gertrudis  Rivas,  child.  Salvador,  Marceia, 
Francisco,  Mariano,  Nicolasa,  Santos,  Antonia,  and  Rosa.  L.  (Jose"),  lla- 
yero,  at  Sta  Ine"s  '39.  iii.  664.  L.  (Jos6  de  la  Cruz)r  grantee  of  Nogales  '40. 
iii.  633;  at  S.  Gabriel  '46.  L.  (Juan  Jose"),  soldier  of  the  guard  at  S.  Jose* 
mission  1797-1800.  i.  556.  L.  (Margarito),  Mex.  soldier  at  Mont.  '36.  L. 
(Maria  Ant.),  grantee  of  Los  Carneros  '42.  iv.  655.  L.  (Miguel),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46.  L.  (Ramon),  soldier  at  Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Josd  1795-1800.  i.  490,  556; 
invalido  of  the  S.F.  comp.  1819-21.  L.  (Rafael),  at  the  Natividad  light  (v. 
363).  L.'(Rosa),  had  a  son  in  the  Mont,  school  '46.  L.  (Santiago),  shot 
for  murder  at  Los  Ang.  '41.  iv.  630.  L.  (Vicente),  grantee  of  ranch o  at  S. 
Luis  Ob.  '42.  iv.  656.  L.  (Victor),  soldier  at  S.  Diego  '26.  ii.  549;  in  '37 
grantee  of  Tinaquaic.  iii.  656,  557;  in  39-40  maj.  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  militia 
alfe"rez.  iii.  683;  iv.  13;  in  '42  grantee  of  Canada  de  los  Osos.  iv.  655;  in  '46 
juez  at  S.  Luis,  v.  638,  where  he  still  lived  in  '51.  Linch,  see  'Lynch.' 

Lincoln  (John),  1822,  mr  of  the  John  J3e;ig.  ii.  474.  L.  (Jonas),  1847, 
son  of  Seth,  who  came  at  the  age  of  10,  bom  in  Engl.  He  was  later  a  member 
of  the  Pac.  Stock  Exchange,  S.F.,  and  died,  as  did  his  wife,  in  '76,  leaving  7 
children.  L.  (J.  S.),  1847,  candidate  for  the  S.F.  council,  v.  650;  prob. 
same  as  the  following.  L.  (Seth  S.),  1847,  from  Hon.  with  wife  and  2  chil 
dren  on  the  Francesco,.  He  was  the  owner  of  several  town  lots  in  '47-8,  and 
by  some  is  said  to  have  been  a  Mormon  preacher,  v.  547.  All  the  family  ex 
cept  Jonas  left  S.  F.  for  Australia  and  were  lost  at  sea. 

Linder  (Francis),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Lindsay,  1848,  mr  of 
the  Tans').  L.  (J.  H.),  1845,  at  S.F.  June  '46.  Terr.  Pion.,  1st  An.  L. 
(Thomas),  1841,  immig.  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman  -  Rowland  party, 
called  a  'mineralogist'  in  the  Rowland  list.  iv.  278-9.  In  '44  he  settled  at 
what  was  later  Stockton,  building  a  tule  hut.  He  went  south — as  the  entire 
pop.  of  Stockton— with  Sutter  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  486;  and 
soon  after  his  return,  in  the  spring  of  '45,  was  killed  by  Indians,  his  body  be 
ing  burned  with  the  hut.  iv.  516,  543,  674.  Lineda  (Arcadio),  1789,  lieut 
in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Linel  (Joseph),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot. 
Link,  1848,  from  S.  Jose*  to  the  mines.  Linn  (James  S.),  1847,  owner  of  S. 
F.  lot;  also  at  N.  Helv.,  Sta  Clara,  and  in  the  mines  '47-8;  had  a  family. 
Lino,  neoph.  at  Sta  Cruz  1817.  ii.  388.  L.,  sacristain  at  Sta  B.  '38.  iii.  656. 
Linson  (Fran.),  a  litigant  in  Los  Ang.  district  '39.  Linton  (James),  1847, 
Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Linty  (J.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.,  Co.  B,  artill.  v.  358. 

Lipp  (Carl),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo  '71-82.  Lipper 
(Augustus),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto.  Lippincott  (Benj.  S.),  1846,  nat,  of  N.Y. 


LIPPINCOTT-  LIVERMORE.  715 

who  came  overland  with  Bryant,  being  wounded  on  the  way  by  Ind.  v.  528. 
He  was  active  in  raising  recruits  for  the  war,  and  served  as  lieut  of  Co.  H, 
Cal.  Bat.,  acting  also  as  asst  Q.  M.  v.  359,  361.  In  this  connection  he  is  often 
called  Geo.  M.  Lippincott,  but  1  find  no  evidence  that  there  were  two  of  the 
name.  In  '47-8  he  lived  at  S.F.,  being  a  gambler  by  profession,  owner  of  town 
lots,  v.  078,  and  a  candidate  for  the  council,  v.  650.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  constit.  convention  of  '49,  representing  S.  Joaq.  Co.  in  the  1st  legislature, 
and  Calaveras  in  those  of  '55  and  '61.  He  was  a  popular  man  as  trader,  politi 
cian,  and  '  one  of  the  boys.'  He  died  in  N.  J.  70,  at  the  age  of  55.  Lippctt 
(Francis  J.),  1847,  nat.  of  R.  I.,  capt.  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.,  and  in  com.  of  the 
garrison  at  Sta  B.  v.  504,  514,  584,  631;  owner  of  a  town  lot,  v.  GS5,  and 
from  '48  a  lawyer  at  S.F.  to  '52  or  later,  v.  686;  member  of  the  constit.  con 
vention  of  '49;  col  of  1st  Cal.  infantry  in  war  of  'Gl-5;  at  Providence,  R.  I., 
71 ;  Boston,  74,  and  Washington,  D.C.,'82.  Lisa  (Dan.),  1816,  nat.  of  Mass. 
who  came  on  the  Lydia,  and  was  baptized  at  Sta  B.  in  '18  as  Daniel  Murtir 
Jose"  de  Sta  Rosa.  The  name  was  prob.  Daniel  Eleazer,  the  surname  being 
unknown.  L.  (Jose"  Manuel),  1816,  brother  cf  Dan.,  bapt.  at  StaB.  '16.  ii. 
277.  Lisarraga  (Jos6  M.),  1842.  iv.  642. 

Little,  1837.  mr  of  the  Griffon,  iv.  104;  perhaps  Wm  C.  iv.  141.  L. 
(August),  1847,'  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  L.  (John),  184S(?),  trader  and  postmaster 
at  (Joloma.  L.  (Milton),  1843,  nat.  of  N.  Y.  and  overl.  immig.  of  the 
Walker-Chiles  party,  being  wounded  by  Ind.  on  the  trip.  iv.  392,  394,  400. 
He  settled  at  Mont,  as  a  trader  in  '44,  and  from  that  time  his  name  constantly 
appears  in  various  records.  He  got  a  carta  in  '44,  was  a  partner  of  Belden  in 
'45,  was  2d  alcalde  in  '46,  serving  on  the  1st  jury,  and  having  a  Cal.  claim. 
v.  289,  637  (462).  In  '48  he  married  Mary  Eagar,  also  visiting  the  gold  mines, 
After  '49  he  continued  to  trade  at  Mont.,  holding  several  county  offices,  be 
ing  claimant  for  lands,  iv.  656,  and  dying  in  79  at  the  age  of  '67.  He  left  a 
widow  and  several  children.  Littlefield  (Geo.),  1845,  mr  of  the  Ilopewell. 
iv.  566. 

Littlejohn  (David),  1824,  Scotch  farmer  and  carpenter  from  Call ao  on  one 
of  Hartnell's  vessels,  ii.  526;  baptized  in  '25  at  S.  Ciirlos  as  Francisco  Javier 
David;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221;  naturalized  in  '33,  being 
then  40  years  old,  married  to  a  native,  and  owner  of  some  cattle.  In  '34  he 
was  grantee  of  Carneros  rancho,  Mont.  Co.,  later  confirmed  to  his  heirs,  iii. 
677;  named  often  in  Larkin's  accounts  and  other  records  '34-46.  Being  par 
tially  insane  (?),  he  objected  to  the  plundering  of  his  rancho  by  Fremont's  men 
and  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  He  died  a  little  later,  and  his  widow 
married  Jose  M.  Castro  before  '50.  Littleton  (John),  1826,  Engl.  sailor  who 
landed  sick  at  Mont,  from  the  Rover,  iii.  176;  ii.  609.  In  '29,  being  22  years 
old,  he  worked  at  the  inn  when  able:  lived  with  Larkin  in  '36;  and  is  last 
mentioned  in  '37. 

Livermore  (Robert),  1822,  nat.  of  London,  b.  1799,  apprenticed  to  a  mason, 
from  whom  he  ran  away  in  '16  and  went  to  sea.  After  serving  in  the  U.S.  navy 
he  left  that  service  on  the  S.  Amer.  coast,  and  joined  the  allied  fleet  under 
Lord  Cochrane,  taking  part  on  the  Esmeralda  in  the  naval  operations  at  Callao 
(which  were  in  '20-1),  and  perhaps  joining  an  exped.  to  the  north  (though 
he  could  not  apparently  have  been  in  the  Gulf  of  Cal.  in  '22.  See  Ilist.  JV". 
Mex.  St.,  ii.).  Leaving  the  naval  service,  he  shipped  on  the  Colonel  Young,  a 
trading  craft,  from  which  he  deserted  in  Cal.,  probably  in  '22,  the  date  of  her 
arrival,  ii.  478,  but  possibly  later  on  another  trip  of  '25.  iii.  29.  There  is  a 
strange  confusion  in  records  of  his  coming,  the  date  being  given  by  different 
writers  all  the  way  from  '16  to  '29.  He  is  understood  to  have  lived  some 
years  on  the  Laguna,  or  Al vires,  rancho,  spending  some  time  in  the  south  at 
S.  Gabriel,  and  working  in  the  Sta  Clara  redwoods;  but  this  was  prob.  later, 
as  Geo.  Frazer,  of  '33,  is  named  as  his  comrade.  The  earliest  original  record 
is  in  '29,  when,  being  maj.  on  the  rancho  of  Torre  and  Mulligan,  he  claimed 
to  be  23  years  old,  and  to  have  come  in  '19,  intending  to  remain  and  marry, 
St.  Pap.  Sac.,  xiii.  3,  both  of  which  statements  must  be  erroneous.  lu 
another  record  of  '29,  being  a  resident  of  S.  Jos6,  '  Roberto '  said  he  had  de- 


716  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

serted  from  the  Conollango  about  '21,  was  22  years  old,  and  had  been  bap 
tized  at  Sta  Clara  (as  Juan  Bautista  Roberto).  Dept.  St.  Pap.,  xix.  3.  I  have  a 
receipt  of  money  from  L.,  dated  Los  Pozitos,  in  '25.  Alviso,  Doc.,  6;  but  this 
may  be  a  slip  of  the  pen  for  '35.  He  is  mentioned  at  S.  Jose"  in  '30  and  '31, 
but  as  intending  to  quit  the  place.  Vallejo,  Doc.,xxx.  61,  313.  In  '42  he  writes 
of  a  cattle-brand  that  he  had  used  for  15  years  (since  '27).  Estudillo,  Doc.,  ii. 
54.  Soon  after  '30  he  went  to  the  Tularcitos  rancho,  where  he  married  Josefa 
Higuera,  widow  of  Fuentes  Molina,  as  early  as  '34,  if  we  follow  the  padron  of 
'41,  which  makes  his  daughter  Casimira  6  years  old,  though  the  date  is  gen 
erally  given  as  later;  and  before  '37 — when  Edwards  visited  him — he  had  es 
tablished  himself  on  the  Pozitos  rancho,  in  what  was  later  called  Livermore 
Valley,  and  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  iv.  86,  117.  In  '39  he  was  ap 
parently  granted  the  rancho  on  Apr.  8th.  Leg.  Rec.,  iii.  61;  but  2  days  later 
it  was  granted  to  Salvio  Pacheco,  prob.  as  a  formality,  L.  not  being  a  citizen. 
He  at  once  bought  the  property  in  partnership  with  Jose"  Noriega,  whose  in 
terest  he  purchased  later.  In  a  list  of  foreigners  of  '40 — when  L.  was  per 
haps  arrested,  iv.  17 — as  per  extract  furnished  by  J.  A.  Forbes  for  my  use, 
L.  is  said  to  be  36  years  old,  and  to  have  come  with  Mancisidor  on  the  Coro- 
nel  Yon  20  years  ago.  In  '40-1  he  had  some  dealings  with  Sutter,  iv.  134, 
233,  being  called  39  years  old  in  a  padron;  and  in  all  these  years  he  had 
much  trouble  with  the  Ind.,  being  wounded  in  one  of  his  exped.  In  '44  he 
was  naturalized,  being  a  resid.  for  *  over  20  years, 'and  having  a  large  family. 
In  '46  he  rendered  some  service  in  carrying  despatches,  v.  246-7;  about  this 
time  purchased  the  Canada  de  los  Vaqueros  of  the  Alvisos;  and  his  place  was 
a  well-known  station  on  the  route  from  Mont,  and  S.  Jose"  to  Sac.  The  two 
mnchoa  were  later  confirmed  to  him.  iii.  712;  iv.  671;  and  the  former  sailor 
became  a  rich  man.  His  reputation  is  that  of  a  hospitable  and  honest  man,  a 
good  representative  of  his  class.  In  '51,  through  the  medium  of  a  neighbor 
named  Strickland,  who  had  a  sister  living  in  England,  L.  resumed  commun. 
with  his  relatives  after  35  years  of  silence.  The  original  corresp.,  Livermore 
Papers,  MS.,  chiefly  of  his  brother,  Wm  C.,  in  London,  has  been  furnished 
to  me  by  Valentin  Alviso,  his  son-in-law.  The  corresp.  extended  from  '51  to 
'57,  showing  L.'s  father  to  have  died  in  '26  and  his  mother  in  '48,  but  several 
brothers,  sisters,  and  other  relatives  still  survived;  and  the  English  builder's 
views  and  advice  respecting  Cal.  ranchero  life  must  have  been  more  amusing 
than  instructive  to  Don  Roberto.  One  suggestion  was  to  surround  his  rancho 
with  a  ditch,  and  another  to  brand  his  cattle.  Livermore  died  in  '58.  Portrait 
in  Halleifs  Centen.  Year-Book,  563.  He  left  a  widow  and  8  children.  His  son 
Robert,  b.  in  '40,  still  resides,  '85,  in  Livermore  Valley  with  wife,  Teresa  Ber- 
nal,  and  6  children.  Portrait  in  A  lam.  Co.  Hist.,  16.  One  of  the  daughters, 
Josefa,  is  the  wife  of  Valentin  Alviso. 

Livingstone  (John  W.),  1846,  lieutU.S.N.,  com.  of  the  Congress  '46-8.  v. 
253,  577;  rear-admiral  living  in  N.Y.  '77.  L.  (Peter  F.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  I  have  his  letter  of  Apr.  '48,  at  S.F.,  in  which  he  expresses  his 
desire  to  buy  a  tract  of  land  near  the  presidio  as  soon  as  discharged;  alcalde 
at  S.f  Jose"  '49.  He  died  at  Sonora  '73.  Lizalde  (Ignacio),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife 
Maria  Ign.  Arellanes,  3  children.  L.  (Juan),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '39-42. 
L.  (Pedro),  corporal  of  S.  Diego  comp.  1797.  i.  562;  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1803. 
ii.  349.  Llanos  (Wm),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  Llepe 
(Jerome),  1834,  doubtful  name  of  an  Engl.  hatter  at  Mont.,  age  27.  Lloyd 
(Horace),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  perhaps  the  L.  in  Alameda 
Co.  '55-78.  Lobar  (Juan),  1831,  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Wolfskill  party,  iii. 
387.  Lobato  (Miguel  Garcia),  Mex.  lieut.  of  engineers,  who  perhaps  came 
with  Echeandia  in  '25.  He  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  trial  of  P. 
Martinez  in  '29-30.  iii.  84,  99;  and  was  sent  to  Mex.  in  '30  as  a  comisionado  by 
the  junta  de  guerra.  L.  (Diego),  at  S.  Gabriel  '46.  Lobo  (Juan),  resid.  of  Los 
Ang.  '46;  prominent  at  the  fight  of  S.  Pascual.  v.  352.  L.  (Juan  Jos6),  set 
tler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  461.  L.  (Juan  Jose"  and  Santiago),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
L.  (Marcial),  at  S.  Diego  '26.  L.  (Pedro),  sergt  at  S.  Diego  '25-8.  ii.  543. 

Locke,  1795,  mr  of  the  Resolution,  i.  538,  625.      L.  (James  O.),  1829,  mr 


LOCKE— LOPEZ.  717 

of  the  BrooJdine  '29-30.  iii.  146.  In  '40,  at  Boston,  he  jumped  from  a  3d-story 
window  and  fractured  his  skull.  Lockwood  (Isaac),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499);  at  S.  Jos6  '50.  L.  (Wm  A.),  1842,  prof,  of  mathematics  on  Cora. 
Jones'  fleet,  iv.  308. 

Lodge  (Michael),  1822,  Irish  carpenter,  who,  in  '29,  was  living  at  Mont., 
age  30,  married  to  Martina  Castro,  ii.  479.  I  have  his  autograph  letter  of  May 
'28.  His  name  appears  on  Larkin's  books  in  '33-47,  his  business  being  that  of 
lumberman,  and  from  about  '37  owner  of  a  rancho  near  Sta  Cruz.  In  '40  he 
was  arrested  but  not  exiled  (iv.  17),  though  in  '41  fined  $20  for  applying  an 
opprobrious  epithet  to  the  Mex.  govt.  In  '45  he  is  named  in  the  Branciforte 
padron  as  50  years  old,  wife  39,  children  Refugio,  b.  '32,  Maria  Ant.  35,  Mi 
guel  '39,  Joaquin  '41,  and  Maria  '42.  In  Nov.  '47  he  was  still  a  lumberman  at 
Soquel,  but  I  have  no  later  record  of  him,  or  of  his  family,  except  that  one 
of  his  daughters  married  Thos  Fallen.  Loesa,  chaplain  of  the  S.  Bias  trans 
ports,  1791-1800.  i.  G55.  Loeser  (Lucien),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
v.  518;  sent  east  with  despatches  '48. 

Logan  (Joseph  B.j,  1847,  sergt  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  died  at  Spring 
field,  Tuol.  Co.,  '57.  L.  (L.  L.),  1846,  from  Mich.;  a  soldier  in  N.  Mex. 
'61-4,  when  he  was  fatally  wounded  by  the  Ind.  Watsonvilk  Pdjaro  Times. 
L.  (Wm),  1824,  owner  of  a  vineyard  at  Los  Ang.  '31.  ii.  526;  prob.  same  as 
Wm  Lobe,  named  in  '40  as  an  Amer.  carpenter  from  N.  Mex.,  who  had  been 
14  years  in  Cal.,  married,  and  38  years  old.  iii.  176.  Loker  (Wm  N.),  1845, 
Amer.  trader  from  Mo.,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  586-7; 
clerk  in  Sutter's  employ  from  Jan.  '46;  in  charge  of  the  Bear  prisoners,  v. 
125,  80;  lieut  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.,  and  later  adjutant;  had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462); 
went  east  with  Frdmont,  and  testified  at  the  court-martial,  v.  453-456.  In 
'76  he  is  named  as  a  broker  at  St  Louis.  Lomer,  1848,  Mont,  firm  of  Cop- 
man  &  L.  '48-9. 

Londerman,  1848,  at  N.  Helv.  Long  (Dr),  1847,  at  N.  Helv.;  mining  at 
Parks  Bar  '48,  with  his  brothers.  L.  (A.  K.),  1841,  com.  of  the  fielief,  U.S. 
ex.  iv.  271.  L.  (A.  11.),  184S,  capt  U.S. N.,  on  the  Warren;  com.  of  marine 
guard  at  S.F.  L.  (David),  1847,  came  on  the  Fama,  perhaps  earlier,  and 
worked  at  S.F.,  '47-8,  for  Ward  &  Smith,  and  for  Leidesdorff;  at  N.  Helv., 
on  Leidesdorff's  launch,  '48.  L.  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 
L.  (John  P.),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Mont.  Oct.;  had  a 
Cal.  claim  for  quarters  and  clothing  (v.  462);  in  the  mines  at  Park  and  Long 
bars  '48.  L.  (Wm  or  Willis),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  living  in  Vaca 
Valley  '74.  Longdeau  (Maurice),  1846,  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex.  v.  337. 
Longley  (Wm  Rufus),  1846,  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Eujthemia,  as  clerk  for 
Davis,  '46-7;  clerk  at  Mont,  for  naval  store-keeper,  and  agent  for  McClurg  & 
Co.;  2d  alcalde  at  Mont.  '48;  also  trading  in  the  mines,  v.  637.  Look,  1843, 
doubtful  name  of  a  saloon-keeper  at  Mont.  ace.  to  newspapers.  Loper 
(Andrew  J.),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sonoma  Oct.  (v.  358). 

Lopez,  sailor  sirviente  at  Sta  Cruz.  i.  496.  L.( Alejandro),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
L.  (Antonio),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '13.  ii.  359;  in'32inval.  of  the  Sta  B.  comp., 
wife  Gertrudis  Fe"lix,  child.  Josefa,  Filomena,  Juan  Jose",  Bernardino,  and 
Jose"  Maria.  L.  (Baldomero),  1791,  Span,  friar;  founder  of  Sta  Cruz,  where 
he  served  till  his  retirement  in  '96;  guardian  of  S.  Fernando  College  '18-25. 
Biog.  i.  497-9;  ment.  i.  494,  576;  ii.  397-8,  402,  431-2;  iii.  21.  L.  (Bernar 
dino),  son  of  Antonio;  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '37-8.  iii.  509,  636;  encargado  of 
S.  Gabriel  '47.  v.  628;  had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462);  still  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  L. 
(Bonifacio),  juez  del  campoat  S.  Diego  '35.  iii.  615;  in  charge  of  the  mission 
'43.  v.  620.  L.  (Capistrano),  at  S.  Juan  B.  '44;  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  Fr<5mont-Gavilan  affair  of  '46.  v.  18;  in  later  years  a  noted  desper 
ado  finally  hanged  at  Sta  Cruz.  L.  (Cayetano),  artisan-instructor  1792-5;  i. 
615,  725.  L.  (Claudio),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '11;  maj-  at  S.  Gabriel  '21-30; 
alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  '26.  ii.  349,  560,  568.  L.  (Cornelio),  resid.  of  Los  Ang. 
'33-48.  L.  (Estdvan),  1602,  corp.  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  L.  (Estd- 
van),  at  Los  Ang.  '28-39.  L.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Fern.  '39;  sec.  in  the  juz- 
gado  at  Los  Ang.  '41.  iv.  641;  named  as  discov.  of  the  southern  gold  mines 


718  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

in  '42.  iv.  630-1;  grantee  of  Los  Alamos  '46.  v.  627;  clerk  in  governor's  office 
'45;  juez  de  campo  '48.  v.  626.       L.  (Francisco),  corp.  of  Sta  B.  comp.  '32; 
wife  Maria  Ant.  F6lix;  grantee  of  Temescal'43.  iv.  643;  living  on  his  rancho 
'45.       L.  (Ger6nimo),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.       L.  (Gregorio),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37; 
wife  Antonia  Maria  Ortega,  and  one  child;  in  '46  maj.  of  S.  Julian  rancho.  v. 
282.       L.  (Ignacio),  soldier  of  S.  Diego  comp.;  partido  elector  of  S.  Diego  '22, 
and  elected  to  legislature,  ii.  454,  462,  543;  took  part  in  revolution  of  '31.  iii. 
201;  juez  de  campo  '36.  iii.  616.       L.  (Jacinto),  1799,  Span,  friar  who  served 
for  brief  terms  at  S.  Antonio  and  S.  Juan  B.,  retiring  in  1801.  i.  558,  577;  ii. 
153,  159.       L.  (Joaquin),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado  1781.  i.  363.       L. 
(Jose"),  brother  of  Ignacio,  at  S.  Diego,  engaged  in  the  revolution  of  '31.  iii. 
201;  owner  of  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41-3.  iv.  371,  624,  626;  killed  by  Ind.  at 
Puma  '46.  v.  617;  but  another  of  the  same  name  was  regidor  at  S.  Diego 
'49.       L.  (Jose"  Ant. ),  Mex.  convict  '29-34.     L.  (Jose  de  Jesus),  soldier  of  the 
S.F.  comp.  '39-42.       L.  (Jose*  M.),  at  Sta  Cruz  1794.  i.  496.       L.  (Jose"  M.), 
soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  '37;  at  Los  Ang.   '39-48,  being  zanjero  in 
'44.  iv.  633.       L.  (Juan),  settler  at  Los  Ang.   1798-9;  i.  606;  ii.  349.       L. 
(Juan),  at  S.  Diego,  engaged  in  revolt  of  '31.  iii.  200-1;  grantee  of  Canada 
de  S.  Vicente  '46.  v.  619;  iii.  612.       L.   (Juan  Jose"),  1842,  Mex.  cornet  in 
batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289.       L.  (Juan  B.),  killed  at  Mont.  '25.  iii.  26.       L. 
(J.  B.),  otter-hunter  '30.  iii.   145.       L.   (Leandro),  at  Los  Ang.   '46.       L. 
(Manuel),   ex-llavero  S.  Antonio  '40.  iii.   687.       L.   (M.  J.),  owner  of  Je 
sus  rancho,  S.    Diego,   '36.    iii.    611-12.       L.   (Maria  Ign.),   wife  of  Joaq. 
Carrillo;    grantee  of    Sta  Rosa  '41.    iv.    673.     She  was   a   half-sister    of 
Pio  Pico's  mother,  Ignacio  and  Jose"  being  her  brothers.     Her  sisters  were 
Josefa,   wife  of  Vejar,  Juana,  wife  of  Juan  Osuna,  and  Maria  Ant.,  wife 
of  Jose1  M.  Aguilar.       L.  (Nicolas),  owner  of  a  house  at  Sta  B.  '48.  v.  632. 
L.  (Pedro),  sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.       L.  (Pedro),  at  S.  Fern.  '39,  age 
28;  grantee  of  Tujunga'40.  iii.  634;  still  at  S.  Fern.  '56.       L.    (Rafael),   sol 
dier  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Maria  Ortega.       L.  (Ramon),  Dominican  friar  from 
L.  Cal.,  at  S.  Diego  occasionally  1791-1800.  i.  655.       L.  (Tiburcio),  soldier 
of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  '37;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.       L.   (Theodore),   1847,  Co.  F, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Tuol.  Co.   77.       Lord  (Joseph  M.),   1847,  owner  of 
boats  on  bay  and  river  '48-9;  in  S.F.  after  '70. 

Lorenzana  (Apolinaria),  1800,  one  of  the  foundlings  sent  from  Mex.  to 
Cal.,  who  lived  at  Sta  B.  and  S.  Diego,  never  married,  and  became  known  as 
La  Beata,  devoting  her  life  to  charity  and  teaching,  a  favorite  godmother  at 
baptisms,  i.  606;  ii.  169.  She  was  at  S.  Luis  Rey  '21-30.  ii.  553;  and  was 
grantee  of  Jamacho  and  Canada  de  los  Coches  in  '40,  '43,  iii.  611,  621,  the 
former  being  confirmed  to  her  by  the  land  commission,  but  taken  from  her  by 
some  legal  hocus  pocus  that  the  old  woman  never  understood.  In  '78  she  was 
living  at  Sta  B. ,  entirely  blind  and  supported  by  friends  and  the  county.  Her 
Memorias  de  La  Beata,  dictated  for  my  use,  contains  many  interesting  items 
on  early  times.  Her  name  of  Lorenzana  is  that  of  the  archbishop  of  Mex. 
given  to  all  foundlings  from  that  asylum.  L.  (Felipe),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37, 
wife  Natividad  Ruiz,  4  children;  ranchero  in  '45.  L.  (Inocente),  juez  de 
policia  at  Sta  B.  before  '48.  v.  631.  L.  (Jacinto),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Carmen 
Rodriguez,  3  children;  sindico  in '40.  iii.  655.  L.  (Jose"),  at  Branciforte  '45, 
age  29,  wife  Manuela  Salazar,  child.  Josefa  b.  '36,  Prudencio  '37,  Benita  '38, 
Juan  Jose*  '40,  Rosario  '42;  a  man  of  same  name  at  Sta  B.  '50-5.  L.  (Ma- 
cedonio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  at  Brancif.  '28,  wife  Romualda  Vas- 
quez,  child.  Jos<5,  Apolinario  b.  '19,  Bernarda.  Juana,  Arcadio  '24,  and  Pedro. 
ii.  627;  in '35,  '39,  sindico.  iii.  696-7;  '38  regidor.  iii.  697;  '45-6  2d  alcalde. 
iv.  641,  664;  in  '45,  age  53,  additional  children,  Juan  b.  '25,  Matias  '26,  Fer 
nando  '30,  Jesus  '35,  Faustino  '36,  Jose"  '37,  Ricardo  '40,  Trinidad  '44.  L. 
(Manuel),  alguacil  at  Sta  B.  '39.  iii.  654.  L.  (Timoteo),  killed  in  '31.  iii. 
673.  L.  (Tomas),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  L.  (Vicente),  at  Los  Ang. 
'12-48,  a  carpenter,  age  50  in  '39.  ii.  350. 


Loring  (Sam.),  1836,  Amer.  cooper,  age  26,  in  a  Sta  B.  list.  iv.  118;  died 
at  Los  Ang.  '43.      L.  ('Major'),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  LQS  Ang.  list. 


LORING-LUGO.  719 

Lornes  (John),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Losaya  (Jose*  M.),  killed  a 
man  at  Sta  B.  '40.  iii.  055.  Loughray  (Andrew),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499).  Louis,  1847,  mr  of  the  Providence.  L.  (Henry),  1846,  Fauntleroy's 
dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  L.  (J.  Gros  and  P.  Gros),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.,  Co.  B, 
artill.  (v.  358).  Lount  (Seth  H.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  killed  by 
Rogue  Riv.  Ind.  '55.  Louzade  (James),  1840,  one  of  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias, 
iv.  18. 

Love  (Harry),  1843  (?),  arrived  in  Oct.  ace.  to  records  of  the  Soc.  Cal. 
Piou.  iv.  400.  His  wife  was  Mary  Bennett,  widow  of  Vardamon  B.  of  '43. 
She  was  living  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '55.  L.  (John),  1846,  lieut  Co.  C,  1st  U.S. 
dragoons,  as  per  muster-roll;  prob.  did  not  come  to  Cal.  Loveall  (Stephen), 

1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).       Lovejoy  (A.  L.),  1848,  Or.  lawyer  in 
the  mines.  Burnett.       Lovelaiu  (L.  F.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).       Loveland 
(Cyrus  C.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Sta  Co.  '83.      L.  (J.   B.), 

1848,  at  Monterey.      Lovett,  1848,  mr  of  the  Eagle.      L.  (Angeline  M.),  1846, 
a  woman  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  married  to  Thos  Kittleman  in  Dec. 
'47  at  S.F. 

Low  (James  C.),  1847,  Q.  M.  sergt  N.Y.Vol.  v.  503;  acting  order,  sergt; 
disch.  for  physical  disability  Sept.;  owner  of  S.F.  lots;  in  S.F.  '54;  d.  at  S. 
Rafael  before  ;82.  L.  (Thomas),  1831,  perhaps  one  of  Young's  trappers,  iii. 
388;  at  S.F.  in  '40.  Lowe,  1847,  mr  of  the  Sta  Cruz  schr  '46-8.  v.  580. 
Lowe  (Mrs  W.  H.),  1846,  at  S.  Jos<§  '81.  Lowery  (Anthony  W.),  1847,  Co. 
E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  '74-8.  Loy  (Horace),  1848,  teamster  in  Sut- 
ter's  employ.  Loze  (M.  M.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Lucas  (John),  1838,  Engl.  lumberman  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region  named  in 
Larkin's  accounts,  iv.  119;  one  of  the  exiles  of  '40,  who  returned  in  '41.  iv. 
18,  33.  Luce,  1848,  mrof  the  Tepic.  v.  580.  L.  (S.  B.),  1847,  mid.  on  the 
U.S.  Columbus.  Lucio  (Juan  Saenz  de),  1806,  Span,  friar  who  served  at 
S.F.,  retiring  in  '16.  ii.  374-5,  131,  159-60,  386,  394.  Luco  (Jnan  M.), 
1847,  Chilian  and  mr  of  the  Natalia  '47-8.  v.  579;  claimant  for  the  Ulpinos 
rancho.  iv.  674;  somewhat  prominent  in  land  matters,  and  still  in  S.F.  '85. 
Ludloff  (Charles),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Lugo  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Francisco,  nat.  of  Cal.,  b.  at  S.  Antonio 
1775,  and  a  soldier  till  1809,  when  he  settled  near  Los  Angeles,  ii.  350,  353. 
In  1810  he  was  grantee  of  S.  Antonio  rancho,  confirmed  to  him  in  later  years, 
ii.  112,  352,  565-6,  633,  664.  In  '16  and  '18  he  was  alcalde  at  Los  Aug.  ii. 
350;  juez  del  campo  '33-4.  iii.  635,  257-8;  in  '37-8  memb.  of  the  ayunt., 
taking  some  part  as  commissioner  in  the  troubles  between  north  and  south, 
iii.  509,  519,  556,  636;  grantee  of  Chino  in  '41.  iv.  634;  ment.  occasionally 
in  connection  with  Ind.  affairs  and  other  public  matters,  having  a  claim  of 
$5,000  against  the  govt  '42-6.  iv.  338,  497,  626,  629,  634.  He  was  a  wealthy 
and  widely  known,  ranchero,  uneducated  but  of  good  character.  He  died  in 
'60.  His  wife  was  Maria  Dolores  Ruiz;  and  his  daughter  Merced  married 
Stephen  C.  Foster.  Jos6  del  Carmen  and  Felipe  were  his  sons.  L.  (Ber 
nardino),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Isabel  Leiva.  L.  (Felipe),  son,  I 
think,  of  Ant.  M.,  born  about  1808;  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '32-3,  '36-7,  '44-5. 
iii.  635-6;  iv.  633;  in  '39  a  lieut.  iii.  583;  and  partido  elector,  iii.  590;  and 
juez  in  '40.  iii.  637.  After  the  Amer.  occupation  he  was  justice  of  the  peace 
and  supervisor,  residing  at  La  Mesa;  still  living  in  '78. 

Lugo  (Francisco),  Mex.  soldier  who  catne  from  Sinaloa  with  his  family 
soon  after  1769,  living  at  Los  Ang.  and  Sta  B.  i.  461;  ii.  100.  He  died  at 
Sta  B.  in  1805,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  the  Lugo  family  in 
Cal.  His  wife  was  Juaiia  Vianazul  (one  record  seems  to  say  Juana  M.  Rita 
Martinez),  and  he  brought  four  children  from  Sin.,  Salvador  killed  when  a 
boy  by  being  thrown  from  a  horse,  Jose1  Antonio  a  soldier  at  Sta  B.  who  left 
a  family,  Tomasa  who  married  Capt.  Raimundo  Carrillo,  ii.  100,  and  Rosa 
who  married  Alfdrez  Cota  and  was  the  mother  of  Joaq.  de  la  Torre's  wife, 
dying  in  1790.  i.  665.  Five  children  were  born  in  Cal.,  Jose"  Ignacio,  An 
tonio  Maria,  and  Juan,  all  soldiers;  Maria  Antonia  who  married  Ignacio  Val- 
lejo,  and  Maria  Ignacia  who  married  Jose"  Ruiz.  L.  (Francisco),  at  Pilar- 


720  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

citos  rancho  '25-6,  being  juez  de  campo  '35,  iii.  674,  age  37,  wife  Juana 
Brioues,  child.  Cayetano  b.  '31  (at  Sta  B.  '51),  Juan  de  Mata  '34,  Francisco 
'36;  in  '39  grantee  of  Paraje  de  Sanchez,  iii.  677,  for  which  his  widow  was 
claimant  in  '52;  juez  auxiliar  '44.  iv.  653. 

Lugo  (Jose),  sergtof  the  Sta  B.  comp.,  and  alf^rez  '39-46,  involved  in  sev 
eral  revolts  and  in  the  affair  of  the  canon  perdido  of  '48.  iii.  651;  iv.  476,  539, 
641,  651;  v.  35,  586,  588.  Known  as  El  Chato.  L.  (Jos<§  del  Carmen),  son 
of  Antonio  Maria,  b.  at  Los  Ang.  '13;  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '38-9.  iii.  636; 
grantee  of  S.  Bernardino  '42.  iv.  635;  juez  de  campo  '44.  iv.  633;  promi 
nent  in  the  chino  fight  and  in  several  Ind.  exped.  of  '46-7.  v.  312-14,  408, 
566,  617,  625;  alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  '49.  About  '51  he  sold  his  rancho  to 
the  Mormons,  and  from  that  time  has  lived  at  Los  Ang.,  in  good  circum 
stances  till  about  '63,  when  he  lost  his  property.  In  '78  he  dictated  his 
Vida  de  un  Ranchero  for  my  use.  He  had  a  wife  and  4  daughters.  L. 
(Jos<§  Ignacio),  son  of  Francisco,  soldier  at  San  Juan  B.  before  1800,  and 
later  settler  at  Los  Aug.  i.  558;  ii.  350;  maj.  at  S.  Fern.  '17;  in  '32  inval. 
of  Sta  B.  comp.;  wife  Rafaela  Romero,  child.  Magdalena  and  Luis;  at  Los 
Ang.  '46.  L.  (Jos<§  Maria),  juez  del  campo  at  Los  Ang.  '36,  '38.  iii.  630; 
one  of  the  grantees  of  S.  Bernardino  '42;  a  sou  of  Ant.  Maria;  still  living  at 
S.  Bern.  '50.  L.  (Juan),  corp.  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  L. 
(Luis),  at  Sta  B.  1790,  when  his  wife  died  in  giving  birth  to  twins.  L. 
(Maria  Guadalupe),  wife  of  Sergt  Verdugo,  d.  1780.  i.  663.  L.  (Miguel), 
at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Isabel  Fernandez,  2  children.  L.  (Nicanor),  had  a  Cal. 
claim  for  horses  $1,970  (v.  462).  L.  (Rafael),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37. 
L.  (Santiago),  appraiser  at  Purisima  '35.  iii.  665;  regidor  at  Sta  B.  '37.  iii. 
654;  juez  de  paz  '41.  iv.  641.  L.  (Seferino),  soldier  in  1777;  one  of  the 
earliest  settlers  at  S.  Jose.  i.  312,  477-8:  wife  Gertrudis  Pacheco.  L.  (Trini 
dad),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Rosario  Domiuguez,  6  children.  L.  (Vi 
cente),  one  of  the  grantees  of  S.  Bern.  '42,  son  of  Antonio  M.;  justice  at  S. 
Gabriel  '50;  supervisor  Los  Ang,  Co.  '62-3. 

Luis,  1836,  Ital.  fisherman  at  Mont.,  age  26.  Luis,  Ind.  in  Sutter's  em? 
ploy;  one  of  the  1st  Donner  relief;  refused  to  eat  human  flesh,  and  was  him 
self  killed  and  eaten,  v.  531-2,  534,  537.  Lujan  (Jos6),  1797,  Span,  alfdrez 
of  S.  Diego  comp.  to  1806,  when  he  left  the  country,  i.  544,  647;  ii.  101. 
L.  (Jos6  Maria),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Luker  (Win),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  Sonora,  Cal.,  '83.  Lumsden  (Wm),  1834,  Engl.  pilot  on  the  Mar 
garita,  age  31,  registered  at  S.  Bias.  iii.  412;  in  '36-7  at  S.  Diego,  iii.  618,- 
in  '40  arrested  at  StaB.,  but  released  at  S.  Diego,  iv.  14,  17;  iu  '44  at  S.P. 
and  in  '48  at  Mont.  Luna,  Dominican  friar  from  L.  Cal. ,  at  S.  Gabriel  '29, 
iii.  96.  Lunia  (Joseph),  1834,  Frenchman  in  a  Mont.  list.  Lunt  (Dan.), 
1848,  mate  of  the  Euphcmia.  Lupton  (Durah),  1848,  at  S.  Jose"  '76.  Luquc 
(Gabriel),  soldier  killed  by  Ind.  on  the  Colorado  1782.  i.  359,  362.  Lusiano 
Basilio),  zanjero  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  v.  626.  Luskey  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  died  before  '80.  Luther,  1848,  at  Sutter's  Fort  with  family. 
Lutz  (Wm  D.),  1846,  sailor  on  the  Cyane;  at  Phil  '77. 

Lyman  (Chester  S.),  1847,  clergyman  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Eu- 
phemia,  with  letters  to  Colton  and  Larkin.  In  Sept.  he  was  appointed  sur 
veyor  for  the  middle  department,  and  in  '48  made  surveys  at  S.  Jose  and  N. 
Ahnaden.  v.  665.  He  remained  in  Cal.  till  '50,  returning  in  '54  from  New 
Haven  to  testify  in  the  N.  Almaden  case.  L.  (J.  H.),  1841,  physician  from 
Mass,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  with  the  Workman-Rowland  party,  iv.  278. 
He  returned  East  in  '43,  perhaps  via  Oregon  as  he  had  intended.  Wilson  says 
he  came  back  with  his  family  and  was  in  S.F.  '77;  but  Given  thinks  he  never 
returned  but  is  still  in  Mass.,  though  G.  could  not  tind  him  in  '83. 

Lynch,  1838,  at  Mont.  '38-9.  L.,  1847,  of  the  firm  L.  &  Lewis  Mont. 
'47-8.  L.  (Ferdinand),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  L.  (James),  1847, 
Co.  F,  ditto;  nat.  of  Pa,  of  Irish  parentage;  on  a  rancho  at  Pleito,  S.  Luis  Ob., 
'71-4;  at  Jolon,  Mont.  Co.,  '82.  Quigley  tells  some  very  absurd  stories  about 
him.  L.  (John),  1842,  Engl.  sailor  on  the  J6ven  Guipuzcoana,  arrested  at 
S.F.  for  mutiny;  still  in  S.F.  '44,  age  30.  L.  (Joseph  Peter),  1847,  corp.  Co. 


LYNCH— McCLURE.  721 

G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  one  of  the  murderers  of  the  Reed  family  at  S.  Miguel, 
executed  at  Sta  B.  '48.  v.  632,  C40.  L.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  199);  atS.F.  '71-82. 

Lyon  (Albert  G.),  1846,  nat.  of  Va  and  overl.  immig.  from  Mo.;  in  Sonoma 
from  '48;  died  '79,  leaving  a  widow  and  9  children.  Lyons  (Aaron),  1847, 
sergt  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vo1.  v.  504;  sheriff  of  Mont.  Co.;  died  '65.  L.  (Geo.), 
1848,  at  S.  Diego;  possidy  in  '42.  L.  (Peter),  1840,  at  Mont.  '40-1;  said  to 
have  aided  in  the  arrest  of  the  foreigners,  iv.  22,  ICO;  later  in  Sutter's  em 
ploy,  which  he  left  in  '46.  L.  (R.  M.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  at 
Sonoma  '47.  Lytle  (Andrew),  1847,  lieut  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.;  capt.  of  100 
on  the  return,  v.  477,  493. 

M.  (J.  F.  B.),  1840,  from  Hon.  on  the  Don  Quixote,  author  of  Leaves  from 
my  Journal,  iv.  157.  McAllister  (Michael  James),  1822,  Irish  blacksmith, 
known  at  Mont.  '29  as  'el  herrero  loco,'  age  38.  Still  worked  at  his  trade 
and  drank  his  aguardiente  in  '31-40,  as  shown  by  various  records,  also  selling 
grog  at  his  shop,  without  much  profit  perhaps,  as  he  is  said  to  have  taken  no 
pay  from  sailors.  He  had  been  an  Australian  convict  for  7  years  before  com 
ing  to  Cal.;  also  called  Patrick;  died  at  Mont.  '54.  McA.  (Robert),  1840, 
one  of  the  Graham  exiles,  iv.  18,  33;  perhaps  returned,  as  there  was  a  lum 
berman  of  his  name  in  S.F.  district  '42,  age  29.  McArran  (Robert  M.),  1846, 
mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Independence.  Me  Arthur  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Scipio,  Utah,  '82.  McA.  (Wm  P.),  1848,  rnent.  in  Alia' 51. 
McAulley  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  McBride  (Haslam),  1847, 
Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl. 

McCaffery  (Hugh),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  McCallum 
(James),  1828,  Scotch  carpenter  at  Mont.  '28-9,  age  22.  McCann  (Dan.), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  McCarran  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  D,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  McCartney  (Bartholomew),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v. 
499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  McCarty  (Dav.  C.),  1847,  Co.  C,  ditto;  later  a  real 
estate  agent  and  inspector  of  customs  at  S.F.,  where  he  died  in  '62  at  the  age 
of  41 ;  an  Irishman.  McC.  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  C,  ditto;  d.  Sta  B.  '52.  McC. 
(James),  1825,  signs  a  receipt  of  payment  from  Robt  Livermore;  perhaps  an 
error  in  date.  McC.  (Nelson),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  McC. 
(Wm),  1832,  one  of  the  comp.  extranjeraat  Mont.  iii.  221;  named  on  Larkin's 
books  '33-4.  McCarver  (M.  M.),  1848,  Kentuckian  from  Or.;  memb.  of  the 
constit.  convention  '49;  went  to  Idaho  later.  McCaulley  (James),  1843, 
Fauntlcroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247);  also  ment.  in  Pt  Reyes  region. 

McChristian  (Patrick),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-lde  party,  iv. 
579,  587;  one  of  the  Bears  in  '46,  having  given  Robt  A.  Thompson  a  narra 
tive  of  that  affair,  of  which  I  have  a  copy.  v.  110;  in  the  mines  '48-9;  and 
after  a  short  residence  at  Sta  Cruz,  a  farmer  at  Sonoma,  where  he  prob.  still 
lives  in  '85.  McClain  (John  L.),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  McClarcklin 
1845,  at  S.  Jose"  (McLaughlin  ?).  McClary  (James),  1846,  overl.  immig.  in 
Bryant's  party,  v.  528;  served  in  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  in  lists  of  S.F. 
lot-owners  and  Cal.  claimants,  v.  685  (462);  interested  at  Benicia  '47;  per 
haps  in  some  cases  confounded  with  McClurg.  McClaskey  (Wm  L),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.F.  '66. 

McClellau,  1842,  went  to  Or.  with  Joel  Walker  in  '43.  McC.,  1847,  at 
Sutter's  Fort  June-July.  McC.  (Dav.  Frank),  1843,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and 
overl.  immig.  of  the  Walker-Chiles  party  (iv.  392).  He  went  east  in  '46  with 
his  uncle,  Jos.  Walker,  but  came  back  in  '48,  being  a  trader  and  butcher  in  the 
mines,  with  several  visits  to  the  east,  until  '53,  when  he  settled  on  a  Contra 
Costa  farm,  where  he  still  lived  in  '80.  McC.  (John),  1848,  nat.  of  Pa,  who 
died  at  S.F.  '63,  age  73.  McC.  (Michael  T.),  1848,  brother  of  Dav.  F.,  and 
overl.  immig.  of  the  Chiles  party  with  family;  in  Sonoma  Co.  '80.  He  had  15 
children;  one  of  his  daughters  was  the  wife  of  John  A.  Paxton,  a  well-known 
banker  of  Marysville  and  Austin,  Nev.  McCloud  (Wm),  1847,  from  Hon. 
on  the  Xylon. 

McClure  (James),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  at  Benicia;  perhaps  'McClary,' 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  IV.    4G 


722  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

q.v.  McC.  (John),  1841,  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman-Rowland  party, 
iv.  278;  in  '48  he  went  with  Leese  to  Or.  iv.  390;  and  was  still  there  as  late 
as  'GO.  McC.  (Wm),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl.  immig.;  prob.  went 
to  Or.  and  not  Cal.  iv.  578.  McClurg  (James  B.),  1847,  trader  from  Hon. 
on  the  Xylan,  also  sup.  of  the  Francesca;  member  of  the  firm  MeC.  &  Co.  (Abell 
and  Chevcr)  at  Los  Ang.  to  Feb.  '48;  owner  of  S.F.  lots  '47.  v.  (578;  at  Mont. 
'48;  at  S.F.  from  '48;  also  interested  at  Benicia.  He  died  at  S.F.  '57,  age  42. 
McClusky  (Philip),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

McComb  (Benj.),  1848,  overl.  immig.  from  Mo.;  perhaps  his  family  were 
cl.  for  parts  of  the  Entre  Napa  rancho.  McCoon  (Perry),  1844,  Engl.  sailor 
who  may  have  come  in  '43.  iv.  453.  In  Dec.  '44  he  was  sent  by  Sutter  to  8. 
Rafael  to  obtain  recruits  for  the  Michel torena  campaign,  iv.  486-501.  Re 
turning  he  worked  a  while  at  the  fort,  but  in  Dec.  '45  moved  to  a  farm  of  his 
own  near  by.  In  Feb.  '46  he  married  Mrs  Lewis,  who  died  in  June;  and  in 
'47  he  married  Elitha  C.  Donner,  having  a  launch  on  the  bay  and  river.  Men 
tioned  as  a  miner  at  Weber  Cr.  and  Hangtown  '48-9.  He  became  locally  some 
what  famous  for  his  skill  as  a  vaquero;  but  in  '51  W'as  thrown  from  his  horse 
and  dragged  to  death  by  the  riata  at  his  home  on  the  Cosnmnes.  His  widow 
married  Benj.  Wilder  and  was  still  living  in  '80  at  Elk  Grove.  McC.  (Rob 
ert),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  McCord  (Alex.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm. 
Bat.  v.  477.  McCormick  (James),  1847,  left  an  Engl.  vessel  at  Mont. ;  owner 
of  a  S.F.  lot;  in  the  mines  '48;  later  a  resid.  of  S.  Josd.  McCoy  (Redding), 
1845,  nat.  of  N.  J.  and  mate  on  the  Dromo;  disch.  at  Mont.  iv.  587.  Ship 
ping  on  the  Fama  he  was  wrecked  at  Sta.  B.  in  '46;  became  an  otter-hunter, 
having  also  several  startling  adventures  with  bears;  got  a  S.F.  lot  in '47;  at 
Bodega  '48,  and  went  to  the  mines 

McCracken  (John  C.),  1846,  at  N.  H<-lv.,  prob.  an  overl.  immig.;  nat.  of 
N.  C.;  died  at  Sonoma  '70,  age  55.  McC.  (Wm  R.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499).  McCrady,  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583. 

McCue  (Patrick),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.  with  wife  and  4  children, 
v.  546;  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  worked  as  a  blacksmith  at  Bodega  and  other  places; 
going  east  in  '52.  McCulloch  (Hugh),  1822,  merchant  of  Lima  and  member 
of  the  Cal.  branch  of  McC.,  Hartnell,  &  Co.,  who  visited  Cal.  on  the  John  Beg<j. 
ii.  474-7,  479,  492-3,  519,  613-14;  iii.  24,  71.  He  died  in  Liverpool  in  '42. 
McC.  (James),  1831,  brother  of  Hugh,  at  Mont.  '31-2;  not  behaving  in  a  man 
ner  satisfactory  to  his  relatives.  McC.  (Levi  IL),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  at  Fillmore,  Utah,  '82.  McCusker  (Mrs  T.  C.),  1843,  nat.  of  Ga, 
from  Or.,  maiden  name  not  given;  married  in  '45,  at  Sta  Cruz  to  '59,  in  Mont. 
Co.  to  '81.  McCutchen  (John),  1846,  overl.  immig.;  perhaps  went  to  Or. 
v.  529.  McC.  (Wm),  1846,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and  one  of  the  Donner  party  with 
wife  and  daughter.  He  left  the  party  before  reaching  the  Sierra  and  from  Cal. 
went  back  with  the  2d  relief  party.  The  daughter  Harriet  died,  but  the  father 
and  mother,  Amanda  M.,  survived,  settling  1st  at  Sonoma,  and  in  '48  at  S. 
Josd,  where  McC.  still  lived  in  '80.  v.  531-2,  534.  Portrait  in  McGlashan,  244. 

McDermott  (Chas),  1848  (?),  pres.  of  a  Benicia  lumber  comp.  in  '48-9. 
McD.  (David),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Columbus.  McD.  (D.  A.),  1846,  at 
S.F. '54.  McD.  (H.),  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Euphemia;  new  passp.  from 
Hon.  Aug.  McDonald,  1845,  in  Slitter's  employ  '45-6.  iv.  578,  587;  went 
to  Or.  Apr.  '46.  v.  526;  but  was  perhaps  back  again  in  '48.  McD.  (Alex.), 
1845,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  the  Warren's  launch  '46.  v.  384,  587.  McD. 
(Alex.  C.),  1847,  sergt-maj or  N.Y.Vol.  v.  503;  at  Sonoma  to  '59,  and  later  on 
a  rancho  known  as  McD.'s  station,  between  Cloverdale  and  Ukiah,  where  he 
died  in  '80  at  the  age  of  65,  leaving  a  widow,  of  the  pioneer  Smith  family. 
McD.  (Benj.),  1847,  settler  at  Benicia.  v.  672;  married  a  daughter  of  Lundy 
Alford.  McD.  (Chas),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.  Y.  Vol.  under  another  name. 
McD.  (D.),  1847,  from  Or.  on  the  Henry.  McD.  (Wm.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  McD.  (Wm),  1847,  auctioneer  at  S.F.  '47-8,  of  firm  McD.  & 
Buchanan,  v.  680,  682;  owner  of  town  lots;  died  '48  at  the  age  of  35.  McD. 
(Wm),  1847,  Engl.  at  Benicia  '47-8.  Tmtin;  perhaps  same  as  Benj.  McD. 
(Wm),  1846,  testified  at  Napa  '68  that  he  lived  in  Napa  Val.  '46-50;  prob. 


MCDONALD— McGLONE.  723 

same  as  following.  McDonnell  (Win),  1846,  nat.  of  Mo.  and  overl.  imraig. ; 
Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  disch.  in  Nov.  at  S.  Diego;  lived  in  Napa  Co.  to'oO, 
marrying  Eleanor  Graves  of  the  Doiiner  party  in  '49.  Later  in  Sonoma  Co., 
acting  as  guide  to  the  Geysers  for  many  years;  in  '80  at  Knight's  Val.  with 
family  of  0  children.  McDonough  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  409); 
capt.  in  Meagher's  brigade  war  of  '61-5;  at  S.F.  '82.  McD.  (Nicholas).  1847, 
Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  L.  Cal.  '71-4;  killed  at  La  Paz.  McDormaut, 

1847,  at  Slitter's  Fort. 

McDougal,  1816,  sup.  of  the  Colonel,  ii.  278.  McD.  (Geo.),  1845,  nat.  of 
Ohio,  and  overl.  immig.  from  Ind.  in  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  v.  575-6,  f>87. 
He  lived  at  StaCruz  and  Gilroy;  served  as  a  kind  of  unattached  volunteer  in 
the  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7;  was  a  'broker' — that  is,  a  gambler — at  S.F.  '47-8,  becom 
ing  the  owner  of  many  town  lots  in  partnership  with  Lippincott.  v.  676,  C79, 
CSO;  and  a  trader  at  Sac.  in  '48-9.  His  movements  in  later  years  were  too  numer 
ous  and  complicated  to  be  recorded  here.  He  made  several  trips  to  the  East, 
where  he  had  a  family,  and  about  '53  began  a  roving  life,  rarely  making  his 
whereabouts  known,  and  spending  much  of  his  time  among  the  Ind.  in  Arizona 
and  Mexico.  In  '67  he  was  found  by  a  naval  commander  in  Patagonia,  but 
returned  to  Ind.,  and  in  '69  went  to  Washington,  D.  C.,  when  he  died  in  '72. 
He  was  an  eccentric  but  hrave  and  popular  man.  McD.  (John),  1848,  brother 
of  Geo.,  and  overl.  immig.  from  Incl.;  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention 
'49,  and  elected  lieut-gov.,  becoining  gov.  on  the  resignation  of  Burnett.  He 
died  at  S.F.  in  '66  at  the  age  of  49. 

McDowell  (Dugald),    1837,    named  in  Larkin's  books.       McD.   (James), 

1845,  overland  immig.,  with  his  wife,  Margaret  Pyles,  and  daughter,  Maggie 
A.,  age  3  years,  iv.  578,  587.  He  came  in  a  party  which  I  am  unable  to  iden 
tify,  and  most  of  the  members  of  which  went  to  Or.  from  Ft  Hall.    He  was 
employed  as  a  gunsmith  by  Sutter  in  '45-7,  and  possibly  served  in  the  Cal. 
Bat.,  having  a  Cal.  claim  for  work  (v.  462).    In  Aug.  '47  he  moved  with  his 
family  across  the  Sac.  Iviv.,  where  he  bought  a  rancho  and  built  a  house.  He 
was  murdered  in  May  '49.   In  '50  the  widow  had  the  town  site  of  Washington 
laid  out  on  her  land;  married  Dr  E.  C.  Taylor  in  '51;  and  died  at  Washing 
ton  in  '83.  The  daughter  Maggie  became  Mrs  M.  A.  Hunt,  and  in  '84,  living 
at  Washington,  furnished  me  information  about  her  family.  Another  daugh 
ter,   Harriet,  in  '81   Mrs  Cooke,  was  born — prob.  at  the  fort,  though  Mrs 
Hunt  is  sure  it  was  at  Washington — Feb.  21,  '47;  and  a  son  Wm  according 
to  the  newspapers  in  '48.       McD.  (John),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartle- 
son  party,  who  went  back  to  Mo.  in  '42.  iv.  270,  275,  342.       McDuff  (J.), 

1848,  passp.  from  Hon.       McDuflee  (And.  J.),  1847,  connected  in  some  way 
with  the  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499),  but  not  on  the  roll;  clerk  in  the  naval  store  of 
fice  at  Mont.  '47-8,  and  named  in  many  records;  trading  at  the  dry  diggings 
'48;  at  S.  Jose"  '50.  Clark  calls  him  McDufF. 

McElroy(Alex.),  1848  (?),  long  a  resid.  of  Mariposa  Co.;  d.  at  Merced  '82,  leav 
ing  a  widow  and  a  married  daughter;  perhaps  of  Graham's  dragoons  (v.  522). 
McElroy  (Hugh),  1846.  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  McElvain  (J.), 

1846,  lieut  of  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  330);  not  in  Cal.       McFerion 
(James),  1824,  Scotch  tailor  from  Lima.  ii.  526;  at  S.  Diego  '28.  v.  545;  at 
Los  Ang.  '38,  age  50  and  single.       McGee  (Milton),  1843,  overl.  immig.  of 
the  Chiles- Walker  party,  iv.  392,  394.       McGeehan  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F, 
3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).       McGhee  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  at  S.F.  '61.       McGill  (James),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto.       McG.  (Pat.),  1847> 
Co.  A,  ditto.       McGilvery,  1841,  on  the  Cowlitz,  from  Columbia  Riv.       Me 
Gloene  (James),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.  Vol.  tinder  another  name.       McGlone 
(Wm),  1837,  Irish  sailor  on  the  wrecked  whaler  Com.  Rogers,  iv.  118;  em 
ployed  in  Graham's  distillery  and  known  as  'Billy  the  Brewer.'  He  was 
exiled  in  '40  but  returned,  iv.  18,  33;  and  I  have  his  letter  of '44  in  which 
he  complains  that  he  has  been  7  days  in  jail  without  food!  Worked  in  Lar 
kin's  soap  factory  '45;  perhaps  joined  Faiuitleroy's  dragoons  '46  (v.  232,  247); 
and  later  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.,  being  wounded  at  Natividad.  v.  371.    He  was  at 
N.  Helv.  '47,  in  the  mines  '48;  at  Mont.  '57,  and  a  few  years  later  was  drowned 


724  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

at  Sta  B.  McGranaghan  (Win  G.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  490).  Me- 
Guier  (A.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  McGuire  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  McIIollingworth  (J.),  1840  (?),  in  S.  Joaq.  Co.  '49.  Tinkham. 

Mclntosh  (Chas),  184,3,  Cherokee  or  Delaware  half-breed,  in  the  Walker- 
Chiles  party,  iv.  392,  400;  at  Mont,  and  N.  Helv.  '45,  serving  in  the  Michel- 
torena  campaign,  iv.  486,  501;  served  in  Cal.  Bat.  '4G-7,  taking  part  in  the 
Natividad  fight.  Mel.  (Edward),  1823  (?),  Scotch  sailor  who  landed  at  Mont. 
Irom  a  trader,  ii.  475,  495.  In  a  record  of  '29  he  claimed  to  have  come  in  '23; 
in  another  of  Dec.  '33,  to  have  been  12  years  in  Cal.,  or  since  '22;  while  in 
some  accounts  he  is  said  to  have  visited  Cal.  in  '13  and  returned  iti  '23.  I 
think  it  likely  he  came  on  the  Rover  with  Capt.  Cooper.  In  '28  he  was  bap 
tized  at  S.  Carlos  as  Edward  Manuel.  I  have  his  letter  of  May  '28.  In  '29 
he  appears  in  a  Mont,  list  as  a  single  carpenter,  age  34.  In  '30  he  bought  Geo. 
Allen's  interest  in  a  Mont,  inn  for  $90,  becoming  a  partner  of  Wm  Gralbatch. 
ii.  609;  was  naturalized  in  '33;  got  an  otter-hunting  license  in  '34,  making  a 
trip  with  Dye.  iii.  395;  still  at  Mont.  '35.  In  '38,  or  perhaps  a  year  or  two 
earlier,  he  settled  with  James  Dawson  on  the  Estero  Americano  rancho  near 
Bodega,  iv.  117,  being  recorded  in  that  year  as  agent  for  Vallejo  and  for  the 
H.  B.  Co.  In  '39  he  obtained  a  grant  of  the  rancho,  and  is  said  to  have  left 
his  partner's  name  out  of  the  title,  for  which  he  was  flogged  by  the  irate  Daw- 
som,  who  proceeded  to  saw  their  house  in  two  and  move  his  half  to  another 
rancho.  iii.  712;  iv.  129.  In  '40  he  guided  Spalding  of  the  Lausanne  to  S.F. 
iv.  172;  and  was  in  trouble  on  account  of  a  Frenchman  found  murdered  on 
his  place.  He  was  at  N.  Helv.  in  '44-5,  taking  part  in  the  Micheltorena  cam 
paign,  iv.  483;  but  does  not  figure  in  the  war  records  of  '46-7.  Owner  of  a 
S.F.  lot  '46.  v.  685;  alcalde  at  Sonoma  '46.  v.  297,  663;  alcalde  of  S.  Rafael 
'47.  v.  668;  when  he  leased  his  rancho  to  O'Farrell  and  went  to  live  with  his 
old  comrade  James  Black,  both  of  them  dying  in  '70,  Mel.  at  the  age  of  75. 
Mel.  (Jas  W.),  1837,  pass,  on  the  Europa  to  Hon.  iv.  103.  Mclntyre,  1845, 
making  shingles  at  Larkin's  soap  factory.  Mel.  (H.),  1848,  passp.  from 
lion,  with  family.  Mel.  (John),  1843,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Chiles-Walker 
party,  iv.  392-3;  nothing  more  known  of  him.  Mel.  (Terance),  1847,  Co. 
D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Mel.  (Wm  L.),  1847,  asst  surg.  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477, 
480. 

McKaffray  (Hugh),  1846,  perhaps  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346.  McKay, 
1846,  mid.  U.  S.  N.,  bearer  of  despatches  from  Wash.;  perhaps  'Mackae.' 
McK.  (Jean  B.  D.),  1825,  hunter  of  the  H.  B.  Co.,  who  visited  Cal.  in  '41  and 
prob.  several  times  before,  iii.  151;  iv.  212,  214.  McK.  (John  H.),  1847, 
Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  '80  claimed  to  have  aided  at  Benicia  in  '48  in 
making  the  1st  casting  in  Cal. — a  faucet  for  a  still,  made  of  copper  balls. 
McKay  (Thos),  1848,  guide  to  Burnett's  party  from  Or.  McKean,  1847, 
mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Independence  McK.  (Win  W.),  1846,  com.  of  the  U.  S. 
Dale,  '46-7;  v.  577;  d.  '65.  McKec  (James),  1848,  at  S.F.  from  Hon.  June. 
McK.  (James),  1847,  murdered  by  B.  K.  Thompson  at  Stockton  Jan.  '48. 
McK.  (James  M.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Mont.  Dec.  McK. 
(James  R.),  1846,  bugler  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  v.  336.  McK.  (Wm 
H.),  1846,  Scotch  physician  at  Mont. ,  who  possibly  came  a  year  or  two  earlier; 
often  named  in  records  of  '46-8  at  Mont.,  S.  Jos6,  and  Sac.,  where  in  '48  he 
seems  to  have  been  engaged  in  trade.  In  '52  he  was  claimant  for  the  Jacinto 
rancho,  Colusa.  iv.  671.  He  married,  I  think,  a  daughter  of  Este"van  Munras; 
and  his  son  Robert,  who  in  '76  gave  me  a  valuable  vol.  of  old  mission  records, 
still  lives  in  '85  at  Mont,  or  S.F.  McKeever  (James),  1844,  hunter  and  ad 
venturer  of  the  plains  known  as  Capt.  Jack,  killed  in  Idaho  '77;  claimed  to 
have  landed  at  S.F.  in  44,  to  have  aided  in  the  revolt  and  war  of  '46-7,  and 
to  have  a  family  at  Sta  Rosa.  S.  F.  Chronicle;  iv.  453.  McKenzie,  1845,  at 
N,  Helv.  '45,  '47;  with  Arce  in  '46.  iv.  578,  587;  v.  109;  perhaps  same  as  the 
following.  McK.  (Bernard),  1846,  carpenter  and  mason  at  Mont.  '46-8;  in 
the  mines  '48,  discovering  the  dry  diggings  at  Placerville.  Carson  and  Swan. 
A  '  Capt.'  McK.  died  at  S.  F.  in  '54.  McK.  (D'l),  1843,  trader  at  S.  Diego. 
McKern  (Ed.),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot;  prob.  'Kern,'  q.  v. 


McKIXLEY— McLOUGHLIK  723 

McKinley  (James),  1824,  Scotch  sailor  boy  left  at  S.  F.  or  Sta  B.  by  a 
whaler,  ii.  526.  This  is  the  statement  usually  made  in  accounts  of  his  li.c, 
ami  it  is  also  said  that  lie  was  but  11  years  old,  all  of  which  may  be  errone 
ous.  He  is  constantly  named  in  commercial  records  from  '30,  when  he  was 
agent  for  Capt.  Cooper  at  Mont.,  travelling  much  of  the  time,  but  mftkiug 
Mont,  his  home,  and  joining  the  coinp.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221.  1 1  '35  he 
went  to  Los  Ang.  as  agent  for  Larkin;  in  '36  is  named  in  a  padron  as  a  trader, 
aged  33;  and  from  this  year  to  '40  and  later  was  owner  of  the  Ayacucho  schr, 
making  trips  up  and  down  the  coast,  iv.  101,  117.  Perhaps  arrested  as  a  mat 
ter  of  form  in' 40.  iv.  17.  From  '42  in  partnership  with  Fitch  and  Paty,  but 
it  is  hard  to  say  what  place  he  regarded  as  home;  I  have  many  letters  writ 
ten  by  him  at  different  points.  From  '43  the  firm  had  a  store  at  S.F.  v.  C82; 
in  '44-5  McK.  took  a  leading  part  at  Los  Ang.  in  the  movement  of  southern 
foreigners  against  Micheltorena.  iv.  495,  505-8;  also  in  '44-5  was  one  of  the 
purchasers  of  the  mission  estates  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  and  S.  Luis  Ob.  iv.  5-33,  627, 
055,  659;  v.  558.  In  '46  he  seems  to  have  transferred  his  residence  from  Los 
Ang.  to  Mont.,  wherein  Jan. '47  he  was  placed  under  arrest  by  Lieut  Maddcx 
with  a  view  of  extorting  information  about  Calif,  operations  in  the  south.  Al- 
viso  Doc.,  209-10.  He  married  Carmen,  daughter  of  Jos6  Amesti,  in  '48;  was 
claimant  in  '52  for  ranches  in  Mont,  and  S.  Luis  Ob.  counties,  iv.  655;  and 
died  at  Mont,  in  '75,  leaving  several  children.  Don  Santiago  was  a  man  of 
good  repute  throughout  his  long  career  in  Cal.  I  have  a  letter  from  his  mother 
in  '43.  McK.  (J.),  1841,  boatswain  on  the  U.  S.  St  Louis.  McKinney 
(Wm  8.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Primavera.  v.  580.  McKinstry  (Geo.,  Jr),  1846, 
overl.  immig.,  who  became  the  1st  sheriff  of  the  northern  district  at  Butter's 
Fort  '46-7.  v.  675;  active  in  relief  measures  for  the  Donner  party,  v.  538,  on 
which  subject  his  letters  were  published  in  the  S.F.  Star;  passenger  on  the 
1st  steamer  to  Sac.  '47.  v.  579;  also  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  678.  He  was  some 
what  prominent  in  public  affairs  at  Sac.  in  early  mining  times;  and  had  a 
trading  post  on  the  Cosumnes  '49-50.  I  find  no  record  of  him  from  that  time 
till  '71-4,  when  he  was  a  physician  at  Old  S.Diego,  and  gave  me  the  valuable 
original  McKinstry  Papers,  including  some  of  his  summons  to  jurors,  etc.,  as 
sheriff';  and  also  some  important  records  on  the  Donner  party.  He  was  an 
eccentric  character  while  at  S.  Diego,  spending  much  of  his  time  in  long  tours 
among  the  Ind.  Beyond  a  vague  rumor  of  his  death  before  '80,  I  have  no  trace 
of  him  after  '74. 

McLanahan  (T.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Columbus;  doubtful.  McLane, 
1846,  mr  of  the  Paladin,  v.  579.  McL.  (Geo.),  1839,  at  Mont.  '39-40; 
named  in  Larkin's  books.  McL.  (Louis),  1846,  nat.  of  Del.,  b.  '19,  entered 
the  navy  '35,  and  came  to  Cal.  as  passed  mid.  on  the  Savannah.  He  served 
with  Fauntleroy's  dragoons,  v.  232,  289;  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  recruit 
ing  and  organizing  the  Cal.  Bat.,  becoming  capt.  of  the  artill.  comp.,  and 
later  in  the  campaign  ranking  as  major,  vi.  359,  361.  He  was  one  of  Fremont's 
commissioners  who  signed  the  treaty  of  Cahuenga,  closing  the  war.  v.  404-5, 
434.  In  '50  he  resigned  his  position  in  the  navy  and  returned  to  Cal.  to  en 
gage  in  a  series  of  important  industrial  and  financial  enterprises,  being  man 
ager  of  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.'s  express  from  '55  to  '68,  and  of  the  Nevada  Bank 
from  '75  to  '82.  He  left  Cal.  a  little  later,  but  is  still  living  in  '85.  His  wife 
was  Sophie  Hoffman  of  Baltimore,  and  there  were  8  children.  Portrait  in 
Contemp.  Biorj.  McLannan,  1846,  from  Hon.  on  the  Euphf.mia.  McLarey, 
1846,  sergt  Co.  B.  artill.  Cal.  Bat.  v.  358.  McLean  (Geo.),  1817,  mr  of  the 
Currency  Lass.  '47-8;  perhaps  'McLane'  of  '39.  McLean,  1848,  kept  a 
furniture  shop  at  S.F.,  of  firm  McL.  &  Osburn.  v.  678.  McL.  (James 
D.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  McL.  (Wm  S.),  1846,  ditto.  McL.,  1848,  at 
S.F.  from  Tahiti.  McLeod  (Alex.  R.),  1828,  in  com.  of  H.  B.  Co.  hunters 
from  the  N.  iii.  JM;  iv.  263.  McL.  (Francis  J.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499).  McL.  (John  C.),  1834,  Scotch  sailor  on  the  Bonanza  (?),  in  '34-6, 
iii.  412;  returned  to  Cal.  '50;  and  lived  at  Vallejo  '60-79.  Solano  Co.  Hist. 
McL.  (John  M.),  1838,  on  the  Cadboro,  agent  of  H.B.Co.  McLine  (Joseph), 
1848,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot.  McLoughliu  (John),  1841,  chief  factor  of  the  H. 


723  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

B.  Co.,  who  visited  Cal.  on  the  Cowlitz.  iv.  216-18,  250,  534;  see  also  Hist. 
B.  Col.  and  IJi*t.  Or.  McLown  (Win),  1839,  sailor  under  arrest  at  S.  F. 

McMalioa  (Green),  1841,  nat.  of  Mo.,  and  ovcrl.  immig.  of  the  Bartlcson 
party,  iv.  270,  275,  273.  He  went  to  Or.,  but  returned  in  '45  with  a  party 
to  which  I  have  given  his  name.  iv.  572-4.  Possibly  there  was  a  James  Me- 
M.  in  the  same  party,  v.  573.  Ho  settled  on  Putah  Creek,  Solano  Co.,  and 
died  at  Dixon  in  '84  at  the  age  of  G5.  By  the  death  notice  it  appears  that  his 
name  was  Samuel  G.  McM.  (Jeremiah),  1848,  Irishman  at  Mont.  '47-8; 
seems  to  have  died  about  '06.  McM.  (Nelson),  1841,  brother  of  Green,  and 
one  of  the  Bartlcson  party,  iv.  270,  275.  He  went  East  or  to  Or.,  and  I 
think  did  not  return  to  Cal.,  though  he  is  mentioned  also  as  one  of  the  Clyman 
party  of  '45.  iv.  573.  McM.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v. 
518).  McManus  (James),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  F.  '52. 
McMichael  (Grove  C.),  1848,  nat.  of  Mo.;  a  gambler  of  good  repute,  killed 
iu  S.  F.  '54.  McM.  (Win),  1831  (?),  a  sailor  said  to  have  visited  Cal.  about 
this  time.  iii.  405;  settled  at  S.  F.  '51;  a  wharf  superintendent  '53-4;  d.  at 
sea  '59,  at  the  age  of  55.  McMillan,  1845,  in  charge  of  Slitter's  launch;  also 
called  McMullen.  McM.  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  F. 
after  'GO.  McMonigle  (Simpson),  184G,  overl.  itnmig.  with  Young,  v.  529; 
served  in  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  at  Los  Ang.  '48. 

McNaniara  (Eugene),  1846,  Irish  priest  who  had  a  grand  scheme  for  col 
onizing  Cal.  with  Irishmen  to  the  glory  of  God  and  the  discomfiture  cf  the 
Yankees.  His  project  has  been  generally  given  more  importance  in  connec 
tion  with  English  plans  than  it  deserved.  McM.  came  to  Cal.  on  the  Juno. 
iv.  592;  v.  37,  215-23,  577,  G36.  McNeilly  (John),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S. 
dragoons  (v.  336).  McPhail,  1848,  from  Or.  with  Brooks.  McPherson 
(Chas  J.),  1847,  musician  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  living  in  N.  Y.  '84. 
McP.  (Geo.),  1847,  musician,  ditto;  d.  Morrisania,  N.  Y.,'69.  McP.  (James), 
1826,  on  the  Rover;  on  Larkin's  books  at  Mont.  '38;  I  have  his  autograph 
of  '43. 

McPherson  (John  C.),  1848;  Scotchman  of  good  education  and  considera 
ble  ability  as  a  writer;  but  eccentric  to  the  verge  of  insanity,  and  almost 
constantly  under  the  influence  of  liquor  in  his  later  years.  It  is  not  quite 
clear  how  he  came,  but  apparently  overl.  from  Mo.,  where  he  had  been  a 
teacher;  though  ib  is  also  said  that  he  went  to  Texas  and  served  in  the  Mex. 
war.  He  appeared  in  the  mines  in  '48,  and  is  mentioned  by  Burnett  and 
others  as  the  author  of  a  popular  song,  '  Yuba,  dear  Yuba,'  and  other  poet 
ical  effusions.  He  spent  his  later  years  in  wandering  about  the  country  and 
writing  pioneer  sketches  for  the  newspapers,  under  the  signature  of  Juanita. 
Many  of  his  sketches  were  of  real  value,  though  generally  overburdened  with 
eulogy;  and  the  author  was  always  an  inoffensive,  kind-hearted  man.  In  '80 
he  fell  through  the  trestle-work  of  a  railroad  bridge  over  the  Tuolumne  Riv. 
and  was  killed.  McQuade  (Peter),  1836,  at  Mont.  McQuieu  (D.),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon. 

McRae  (Arch.),  1846,  mid.  U.  S.  N.,  bearer  of  despatches  from  Wash. 
v.  287.  McRice,  1848,  murdered  by  Scott  at  Sonoma.  McSpadden  (James), 
1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  McRoberts  (J.),  1845;  mid.  on  the  U.  S. 
Warren.  McTavish  (Donald),  1826,  sup.  of  the  Colonel  ii.  278.  McT. 
(Dugald),  1846,  agent  of  the  H.  B.  Co.,  visiting  Cal.  to  sell  the  property  of 
the  comp.  iv.  594.  McVieker  (Henry),  1837,  Amer.  named  in  Larkin's 
book  '37-11  as  being  in  the  Mont,  district;  perhaps  arrested  iu  '40.  iv.  118, 
17.  In  '42  he  was  in  com.  of  Sutter's  trappers,  but  quarrelled  with  S.;  in  :44 
at  S.  F.,  age  24;  took  part  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  capturing  Manuel 
Castro,  iv.  486-7;  in  '45  named  at  Mont,  and  at  N".  Hclv.,  where  ho  had  a 
fight  with  Geo.  Davis.  The  latest  record  that  I  have  found  is  that  he  left 
the  fort  Jan.  '46  for  Sonoma. 

Mace  (P.),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  a  man  at  Cahuenga.  iv.  595.  Ma- 
chado,  ment.  in  '19,  '23.  ii.  354,  550.  M.,  1875,  mr  <>f  the  Republicano. 
iv.  568.  M.  (Agustin),  at  Los  Ang.  from  '24.  ii.  526:  juez  do  campo  '38, 
and  grantee  of  Ballona  '39.  iii.  633,  G2G;  age  42  in  *39;  juez  de  campo  '48.  v. 


MACHADO— MAINSFORD.  727 

G2G;  justice  of  petice  in  '56.  M.  (Andre's),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Antonio 
Ignacio),  regidor  at  Los  Arig.  '33,  '38-0  acting  sindico  and  alcalde,  iii.  G35-6; 
died  in  78  at  the  age  of  '81.  M.  (Barbara),  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  M.  (Benito), 
loo',  mr  of  the  Jocen  Dorotea.  iii.  382.  M.  (Eugeiro),  celadorat  Mont.  '44. 
iv.  431.  M.  (Dolores  and  Francisco),  at  Los  Aug.  '40.  M.  (Hilario),  at  Los 
Ang.  '19-27.  M.  (Ignacio),  at  Los  Ang.  '38-48;  grantee  of  Aguaje  del  Cen- 
tincla  '44;  age  33  in  '39.  iii.  f>G.~>;  i\'.  034.  M.  (Jesus),  at  S.  Bern.  '4G;  cl. 
for  Buenavista  '52.  iv.  G20.  M.  (Jose"),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  27.  M.  (Jose 
Ant.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Jose"  Maria),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '39;  at  Los 
Ang.  '46.  M.  (Juan),  at  S.  Diego  '40.  iii.  G10;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Jua- 
na),  daughter  of  Jose"  Manuel,  a  corp.  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.,  and  widow  of 
Thos  Bidiogtoo,  who  at  S.  Diego  in  '78,  at  the  age  of  64 — though  apparently 
about  40 — gave  me  an  interesting  narrative  of  Tiempos  Pasados  de  Cal.  She 
hao  a  son  and  4  married  daughters.  M.  (Manuel),  regidor  at  S.  Diego  and 
in  charge  of  Rosario  rancho  in  '36.  iii.  612,  G15.  M.  (Maria  Ant.),  claim 
ant  for  Las  Virgenes  rancho.  iii.  G34.  Machuca  (Jose"  IS.),  settler  at  Branci- 
forte  1797.  i.  509. 

Macicl  (Luis  G.),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo,  suspended  from 
his  rank  '43.  iv.  289,  354,  3G4;  but  signed  the  treaty  of  Sta  Teresa  in  '44.  iv. 
470.  Mack  (John  W.),  1847,  carpenter  at  Mont.  '47-8;  at  Angel's  Camp  '49. 
M.  (\Vm),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  col.,  who  prob.  did  not  come  to  Cal.  v. 
547.  Macomb  (Win  II.),  1847,  lieut  U.  S.  N".,  and  acting  mr  of  the  Lexington. 

Macondray  (Fred.  W.),  1822,  nat.  of  Mass,  and  cailor  on  the  Panther, 
which  touched  at  Mont,  from  Chile,  ii.  478.  Subsequently  he  was  mr  of 
trading  craft  and  remained  some  years  in  China.  In  '49  he  came  back  to  Cal. 
v.'ikh  his  family  and  established  the  lirm  of  M.  &  Co.,  being  a  prominent  citi 
zen  of  S.  F.  to  the  date  of  his  death  in  '62.  M.  (John  Oliver  E.),  1832, 
brother  of  Fred.  W.,  who  came  from  Boston  on  the  Newcastle  with  Larkin, 
having  a  consignment  of  goods,  iii.  208.  His  name  appears  on  Larkin's  books 
'33-7;  in  '30  he  was  a  clerk  for  Watson,  being  then  29  years  old;  taking  some 
part  with  other  foreigners  in  the  revolutionary  events  of  '36,  and  especially 
aiding  in  retaking  Mont,  from  the  Mex.  who  had  revolted  against  Alva- 
rado.  For  this  service  he  thought  he  had  a  claim  on  the  U.S.  (!)  for  3  leagues 
of  land  iii  Cal.,  writing  from  Dorchester  in  Oct.  '46  to  Larkin  on  the  subject, 
and  enclosing  a  letter  from  his  brother.  He  was  about  to  sail  for  China,  pro 
posing  to  come  to  Cal.  later.  Macy  (Alex.),  1826,  mr  of  the  Peruvian. 

Madariaga  (Bonifacio),  Mex.  clerk  at  Mont,  from  about  '30;  comis.  de 
polieia  and  regidor  in  '36-7.  iii.  675.  In  '36  age  27,  wife  Josefa  Vallejo  de 
L'strada  (mother  of  Gov.  Alvarado),  children  Dolores  b.  '32,  Francisco  '33. 
He  went  to  Mex.  in  '42.  Maddox  (Win  A.  T.),  1846,  lieut  of  marines 
U.S.N.  on  the  Cyane  and  Congress.  After  the  occupation  of  Los  Ang.  he  came 
to  Mont,  by  land,  capturing  some  Cal.  officers  on  the  way,  and  was  made 
com.  of  the  garrison  and  of  the  central  district,  ranking  as  capt.  in  the  Cal. 
Bat.  He  made  an  exped.  to  S.  Juan  B.,  and  marched  to  Sta  Clara  with  his 
comp.  to  take  part  in  the  final  Sanchez  campaign,  v.  282,  289-90,  294,  358, 
SCO,  383,  519,  639.  I  have  no  record  of  him  after  '47.  Madison  (Geo.),  1839, 
sailor  sent  away  on  the  California  for  robbing  Spear's  store;  perhaps  also 
Joseph  M.  Madox  (James),  1841,  doubtful  name  at  Mont.  Madrazo  (Jose" 
M.),  Mex.  sergt  of  artill.  who  signed  the  Zamorauo  pronunciamento  of  '32. 
iii.  223. 

Magee  (Henry),  1847,  lieut  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  at  S.  Diego  '71-9. 
Mager  (Adam),  1847,  Co.  D,  ditto.  Maggard  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  Magnent  (Ollivier),  1S44,  Canadian  immig.  of  the  Stevens 
party,  iv.  445,  453.  He  built  a  flour-mill  at  S.  Jose",  which  he  advertises  for 
sale  in  the  S.  b\  Californlan  of  Apr.  '48.  Called  also  Magnet,  Magnand,  and 
Marquet.  Ace.  to  the  Fresno  Co.  Hist,  there  were  two,  Oliver  and  Francis, 
buttheref.  is  prob.  to  Deland.  Mahon,  see  'McMahon.'  Mahony  (John), 
1848,  in  S.F.  list  of  letters. 

Main  (James),  1844.  at  Mont.  '44-5.  M.  (Russell  M.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U. 
S.  artill.  (v.  513).  Mainsford  (John),  1800,  IriJi  sawyer  at  Mont.,  age  30; 


728  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

perhaps  'Rainsforxl,'  q.  v.  Maison  (Joseph),  1840,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons 
(v.  336).  Maitorena  (Jos<§  Joaquin),  1801,  camo  to  Cal.  as  cadet  of  the  Sea 
13.  comp. ;  alfe"rez  from  1806;  lieut  from  '27;  elected  to  congress  in  !28;  died 
in  Mcx.  '30.  He  was  a  drunken,  good-natured  fellow,  with  some  skill  as  an 
accountant  when  sober.  Biog.  iii.  45-6;  ment.  ii.  47,  100,  109,  117,  2C8,  £61, 
364,  424,  530-1,  536-7,  571-2,  576,  676;  iii.  61,  64,  88.  Majors  (Alex.), 
1C45  (?);  later  of  the  pony-express  firm  of  Russell,  M.,  &  Waddell;  doubtful 
date  of  arrival,  iv.  587.  At  S.F.  '70. 

Majors  (Joseph  L.),  1834,  nat.  of  Tenn. — some  accounts  say  of  Ky,  Va, 
or  Ohio — w ho  came  from  N.  Mex.,  perhaps  with  Graham,  iii.  388,  412.  At 
Los  Ang.  in  Nov.  '34  he  signed,  with  other  foreigners,  a  protest  against  being 
obliged  to  do  military  duty.  In  '35  he  seems  to  have  settled  in  tiie  Sia  Cruz 
region,  and  from  that  year  his  name  appears  often  in  Larkin's  accounts  and 
other  records.  He  was  one  of  Graham's  men  in  the  troubles  of  '36-8;  and  ace. 
to  Job  Dye's  statement  bought  Tomlinson's  interest  in  the  Zayante  distillery 
about  '37,  selling  out  to  Dye  a  few  years  later.  In  '39  he  was  naturalized, 
calling  himself  Juan  Jose  Crisostomo,  prob.  a  name  received  at  baptism  in  N. 
Mex.  or  Cal.  About  the  same  time  he  married  Maria  de  los  Angeles  Castro, 
by  whom  he  had  19  children.  (See  'Marones.')  He  was  arrested  in '40  but 
soon  released,  iv.  17,  22,  24;  receiving  in  '41  grants  of  the  S.  Agustiu  ami 
Zayante  ranchos,  the  latter  of  which  he  sold  to  Graham,  iv.  655-6;  yet  in  '-12 
he  signed  an  appeal  to  the  U.  S.  for  indemnity  for  sufferings  while  undei; 
arrest !  In  '43  he  signed  a  protest  against  Graham's  offer  of  the  services  01 


calde  and  sub-prefect  '49-50,  and  chosen  delegate  to  the  constit.  convention. 
Sta  Cruz  Arch.,  102.  He  was  claimant  for  the  S.  Agustin  raneho,  and  a  rich 
man  in  those  years,  but  subsequently  lost  most  of  his  property,  dying  in  '08 
at  Sta  Cruz,  where  his  widow  still  lived  in  '80.  Makarof,  1814,  mr  of  the 
tiuvdrof  '14-15.  ii.  274,  306,  373.  Malaco,  a  Suisun  chief  '17.  ii.  339. 

Malarin  (Juan),  1820,  nat.  of  Peru,  and  mr  of  the  Senoriano  in  Cal.  ?20-2. 
ii.  293,  439-40,  467.  In  '24  he  came  back  as  mr  of  the  Apolonia.  ii.  518;  and 
in  '25  was  chosen  by  Gov.  Argucllo  to  take  the  Asia  and  Constants  prizes  to 
Acapulco.  iii.  26;  for  which  service  he  was  made  a  licut  in  the  Mcx.  navy. 
About  the  same  time  he  married  Josefa  Estrada,  and  made  Monterey  his  home, 
though  still  going  to  sea.  Mentioned  in  '29-30,  being  partido-elector.  ii.  013; 
iii.  49-50,  76,  82;  signed  the  Zamorano  pronunc.  '32,  being  called  into  service 
as  alferez.  iii.  223,  672;  in  '33  mr  of  the  Lctinidas,  capt.  of  the  port,  and  grr.n- 
tee  of  Guadalupe  raneho.  iii.  383,  673,  677;  ment.  in  '37-8.  iii.  501;  iv.  104; 
grantee  of  Chualar  and  mr  of  the  Cervantes  '39.  iii.  677;  iv.  102;  justice  and 
president  of  the  tribunal  superior  '41-5.  iii.  605;  iv.  296,  357,  532;  in  '46  mem 
ber  of  the  Mont,  council  and  of  the  1st  jury.  v.  289,  637.  He  died  in  '49  or 
'50  at  the  age  of  nearly  60,  leaving  a  large  estate.  Don  Juan  was  a  quiet,  un 
obtrusive  man  of  excellent  character  and  much  influence.  His  children  in 
'36  were  Maria  Isabel  b.  '26,  Mariano  '28,  Concepcion  '32,  Urbano  '35.  One 
of  the  daughters  married  Carlos  Olvera,  and  lives,  as  docs  Urbano,  at  Chua 
lar,  and  there  was  another  son,  Ignacio,  a  money-broker  at  S.F.  in  '83.  M. 
(Mariano),  son  of  Juan,  educated  in  Peru;  executor  of  his  father's  estate,  and 
in  that  capacity  successful  claimant  for  the  ranchos  of  Zanjones,  Guadalupe, 
and  Chualar;  judge  of  1st  instance  at  Mont.  '49;  coroner  '50-1;  supervisor  '56; 
member  of  the  assembly  '59-60;  later  a  wealthy  resident  of  Sta  Clara,  where 
he  still  lives  in  '85. 

Malaspina  (Alejandro),  1791,  Span.  com.  of  an  exploring  exped.  touching 
at  Mont.  i.  490-2,  498,  506;  ii.  61.  Malcolm,  1848,  from  Or.  by  sea,  a  com 
panion  of  Brooks  in  the  mines.  M.  (Alex.  B.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  M.  (Julian),  1814,  sailor  left  at  Mont,  by  the  Itaac  Todd.  ii.  272,  277. 
Malculia,  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Maldonado,  1821,  an  actor  or  revo 
lutionary  agent,  ii.  431.  M.  (Josd  Maria),  perhaps  the  same.  Mex.  clerk 
from  Tepic;  receptor  of  customs  at  Sta  B.  '33-5.  iii.  377,  654;  sec.  of  the 


MALDONADO— MARKHAM.  729 

dipntacion  '34-6.  iii.  250,  291,  420,  673;  sindico  and  sec.  of  Mont,  ayunt.  '33 
-6.  iii.  674-5.  In  '36  at  Mont,  age  38,  wife  Antonia  Velarde,  child  Vicente, 
b.  in  Tepic  '26.  I  have  no  record  of  him  after  his  arrest  in  connection  with  the 
revolt  of  Mexicans  against  Alvarado  in  '37.  iii.  525.  Malherbe,  mr  of  the 
Eliza,  iv.  505.  Mallett  (Chas  G.),  1845,  Amer.  sailor  in  care  of  the  consul, 
from  the  Warsaw;  shipped  for  Boston  on  the  California  or  Vandalia.  Mal- 
logh,  1846,  doubtful  Irish  settler  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  Quigley.  Mallory,  1846, 
mr  of  the  PrtttOtt.  v.  580.  Malloy  (Ed.),  1845,  deserter  from  the  IJopewell  at 
S.  Diego.  Malo  ( Jos6  Ramon),  grantee  of  Purisima  and  Sta  Rita  ranches,  Sta 
B.  '45.  iv.  653;  v.  558;  at  Sta  Ines  '54.  Maltok  (Richard),  1842,  Engl.  lum 
berman  at  S.F. 

Manchester  (Alex.),  1845,  sailor  on  the  Maria,  or  Morea.  M.  (Thomas), 
1846,  overl.  immig.;  served  in  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  owner  of  S.F.  lot 
'48;  in  the  mines  '48;  drowned  in  S.F.  bay  before  '69.  Mancilla  (Tomds), 
Dominican  friar  in  L.  Cal.  who  visited  S.  Diego  '29-30.  ii.  552;  v.  620. 
Mancisidor  (Juan  Ignacio),  1822,  Span,  supercargo  of  the  Col  Youncj,  '22-3. 
ii.  474,  293;  iii.  118.  He  came  back  in  '25  on  the  Thos  Nowlan  and  remained 
as  agent  of  a  Lima  firm,  being  a  resident  of  Los  Ang.  from  '27.  He  was  obliged 
to  quit  the  country  in  '30  under  the  law  expelling  Span.,  and  in  spite  of  his 
petition  of  '28  to  be  allowed  to  remain,  iii.  51-2,  ICO,  145.  He  had  no  family. 
Mangot,  1848,  mr  of  the  Con  de  Talcahuano.  Manjares  (Graciano),  Mex. 
grantee  of  Saucito  '33.  iii.  679;  in  '36,  age  35,  wife  Maximiana  Gongora,  child. 
Domingo  b.  '29,  Jose"  '30,  Ponciano'31,  Estanislao '32,  Juana  '35;  juezauxiliar 
in  '42.  iv.  653.  Manrique  (Miguel),  com.  of  transports  1775,  1797.  i.  241, 
543.  M.  (Jose  Ant.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Juan),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  coinp. 
'32.  M.  (Julian),  at  Sta  Ana  rancho,  Los.  Ang.  '39,  age  35;  in  '44  grantee 
of  Laguna.  iv.  621.  Mansaneli  (Maria  Ant.),  at  Mont.  '36,  nat.  of  Tepic, 
apparently  the  sister  of  the  wife  of  Munras.  Manser  (Jacob),  1846,  Co.  C, 
1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Manso  (Juan),  1844,  Span,  trader  in  Virmond's 
employ;  in  '4o  appointed  commissioner  to  form  inventories  of  the  mission  es 
tates,  and  lessee  of  S.  Fernando,  iv.  550,  553,  637-8,  643,  683;  v.  558,  630. 
M.  (Lucas  F.),  1834,  com.  of  the  Morelos  which  brought  part  of  the  colony. 
iii.  267,  269,  383.  Manson  (Cephas),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232, 
247).  Manuel,  N.  Mex.  of  Sta  B.  garrison  '46.  v.  316.  M.  (Andres  ami 
Jose),  grantees  of  Guajome  '45.  iv.  621.  Maqueda  (Juan  D.),  1791,  piloto 
in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490. 

Mapes  (Geo.  W.  and  Walker  B.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Maple 
(Dav.),  1847,  carpenter  on  the  Independence.  M.  (John),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  Marago  (V.),  grantee  of  Pauba.  iv.  621  (Moraga?).  Ma- 
ranasio  (Tom),  1845,  nat.  of  Oahu,  in  charge  of  custom-house  boat  at  Mont. 
Maraviof,  1825,  mr  of  the  Elena  '26-6.  iii.  146.  March  (Edwin),  1847,  Co. 
K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  '60.  M.  (Wm  J.),  1847,  employed  at  Fitch's  Soto- 
yoma  rancho  '77-8.  Marchand  (J.  B.),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Marchena 
(Fern.),  1844,  ditto,  iv.  673.  Marcy  (Sam.),  1847,  2d  rnr  on  the  U.  S.  In 
dependence. 

Marcy  (Wm  G.),  1847,  A.  A.  Q.  M.,  U.  S.  A.,  commissary  of  N.Y.Vol. 
v.  503,  511.  A  son  of  the  sec.  of  state  at  Wash.;  went  to  the  mines  with  Col- 
ton  in  '48;  sec.  of  the  constit.  conven.  '49;  member  of  the  legislature  '55; 
pay-master  in  the  navy  from  '61;  at  Wash.  71-4;  living  at  Alameda  '82. 
Maria  de  Jesus  (Madre),  1800,  sent  from  Mex.  in  charge  of  foundlings,  i.  606. 
Mariano,  leader  in  Sta  B.  outbreak  '24,  ii.  532.  M.  (Man.),  1828,  Mex.  con 
vict  released  in  '36.  Mann,  Ind.  chief  for  whom  Mnrin  Co.  was  named; 
vaguely  mentioned  '16-24.  ii.  328,  538,  598.  Marine"  (Fruto),  soldier  of 
Mont.  comp.  '39.  M.  (Juan),  1795,  Span,  artilleryman  retired  after  '21  with 
rank  of  lieut  de  premio  from  '27;  at  S.  Gabriel  '28,  age  60.  ii.  543;  iii.  51; 
perhaps  his  name  was  'Mariner.'  Mariner  (Juan),  1785,  Span,  friar  who 
served  at  S.  Diego  till  his  death  in  1800.  Biog.  i.  654;  ment.  i.  388,  422,  455, 
459,  553,  576-7;  ii.  106-7. 

Mark  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  M.  (Louis),  1847,  Co.  E, 
ditto;  d.  before  :80.  Market  (Augustine),  1847,  Co.  D,  ditto.  Markham 


730  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

(Mrs  E.),  1846,  came  to  Sta  Clara  Co.;  maiden  name  not  given.  Markof 
( Alex. ),  1845,  Russ.  visitor,  who  published  a  narrative,  iv.  502.  Marks  (Chas), 
1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247),  Marlin  (Hen.),  1845,  doubtful 
name  of  an  iminig.  iv.  578.  Marones  (Jos<§),  at  Hranciforte  '45,  age  33,  wife 
Maria  Castro,  child.  Jos<§  Joaq.  b.  '40,  Maria  '41,  Daiiira  (?)  '42,  Santa  (?) 
'43,  Roberto  '44.  I  think  this  may  be  intended  for  'Majors,'  q.v.  Maroni 
(Fran.),  at  Mont.  '39-41.  Marple  (Dav.),  see  'Maple.'  Marquet,  1845, 
doubtful  member  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583.  Martin.  Marquez  (Fran.), 
grantee  of  Boca  de  Sta  Monica,  iii.  633;  a  blacksmith,  age  47. 

Marquez  (Manuel),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon  iljo  '42-5.  iv.  289; 
implicated  as  an  accomplice  in  a  poisoning  case  and  transferred  to  Sta  B.  '43. 
iv.  364,  641;  adj.  and  instructor  of  the  S.  Luis  Ob.  defen sores '44.  iv.  407;  at 
Mont.  Apr.  '46.  v.  41.  M.  (Rafael),  soldier  killed  by  Ind.  on  the  Colorado 
1781.  i.  363.  Marquinez  (Marcdino),  1810,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly 
at  Sta  Cruz,  and  left  Cal.  in  '17.  Biog.  ii.  387;  ment.  ii.  149,  159-60,  218,  326, 
384,  394,  421. 

Marron  (Jesus),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Juan  Maria),  had  a  house  at  S. 
Diego  '21.  ii.  546;  took  part  in  the  revolution  of  '31.  iii.  201;  regidor  '35-6, 
and  elector  in  '36,  being  owner  of  the  Cueros  de  Venado  rancho  attacked  by 
lud.  iii.  483,  611,  615;  iv.  67.  He  was  juezsuplentein '39-40.  iii.  616;  owner 
of  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626;  grantee  of  Agua  Hedionda  '42.  iv.  620; 
and  juez  in  '44.  iv.  540.  In  '45  he  was  elector  de  partido  and  admin,  of  S.  Luis 
Rey.  iv.  540,  620-1;  623-4;  and  in  '46  alcalde,  v.  325,  329,  618-19.  He  died 
in  '56.  His  widow,  FelipaOsuna,  b.  at  S.  D.  1809,  and  still  living  there  in  '78, 
gave  me  her  llecuerdos  of  early  times,  to  which  is  attached  a  col.  of  original 
JJoc.  Hist.  Cal.  presented  by  her  brother.  Marsh  (Eton  S.),  1847,  owner 
of  S.  F.  lot.  v.  685.  M.  (Geo.),  1826,  purser  of  H.  B.  M.  S.  Blossom  in 
Beechey's  exped.  iii.  121. 

Marsh  (John),  1836,  nat.  of  Mass,  and  graduate  of  Harvard,  who  after 
residing  in  Wisconsin  and  Mo.  spent  6  years  in  New  Mex.  and  Sonora,  and 
came  to  Cal.  early  in  Jan.  '36  from  Sta  Fe.  iv.  117-18.  Presenting  his  diploma 
as  a  physician  to  the  ayunt.  of  Los  Ang.  he  got  in  Feb.  a  license  to  practise 
medicine;  but  came  to  the  north  early  in  '37,  in  which  year  Edwards  met  him 
in  the  Mont,  district,  v.  86,  and  from  which  time  his  name  appears  on  Lar- 
kin's  books.  He  seems  to  have  travelled  considerably  in  the  northern  districts, 
but  in  a  year  or  two  became  the  owner  of  the  rancho  of  Los  M6danos — also 
called  Pulpunes,  Umpines,  and  later  New  York,  at  the  foot  of  Mt  Diablo, 
near  the  modern  Antioch — granted  to  Noriega  in  '35.  Here  he  built  a  rude 
hut  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life,  gradually  accumulating  wealth  in  live-stock. 
Iii  '40  he  was  arrested  but  not  exiled,  had  some  dealings  with  Sutter,  and 
wrote  letters  to  Mo.  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  immigration,  iv.  9,  17, 
23-4,  134,  265.  In  '41  he  received  the  1st  imniig.  party,  Bartleson's,  at  his 
rancho,  and  afforded  them  much  assistance,  though  he  made  the  new-comers 
pay  well  for  his  services  and  grievously  offended  many  of  them  by  his  mean 
ness,  iv.  272-5,  347.  The  officers  of  the  U.  S.  ex.  ex.  also  came  in  contact 
with  him  this  year,  and  Dr  Pickering,  Races  of  Men,  102;  Wil/ces'  Narr.,  v. 
193-4,  mentions  the  Dr  as  his  former  classmate  and  friend.  His  Letter  to  Com. 
Jones,  of  '42,  on  the  state  of  the  country,  is  a  doc.  of  some  value,  as  the  writer 
was  an  intelligent,  observant  man.  iv.  348.  In  '44  he  was  naturalized;  and 
in  '44-5  joined  Sutter's  force  against  the  Californians,  with  a  view  to  disor 
ganize  it,  made  a  contract  with  the  govt  to  furnish  Ind.  horse-thieves  in 
comp.  with  Capt.  Gantt,  and  signed  at  S.  Jos<§  the  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  486, 
491,  516-17,  543,  599.  He  took  but  slight  part  in  the  troubles  of  '46-7,  v.  7, 
17,  641,  leading  for  the  most  part  the  life  of  a  hermit,  though  he  wrote  a  long 
letter  to  Lewis  Cass  on  the  country  and  its  prospects.  He  took  much  interest 
in  politics,  desiring  to  see  Cal.  in  possession  of  the  U.  S. ,  but  not  favoring 
filibusterism.  In  '48  his  house  was  robbed,  and  he  tried  his  fortune  in  the 
mines.  He  was  murdered,  by  a  party  of  young  Californians,  on  the  road  be 
tween  his  rancho  and  Martinez  in  ;56,  at 'the  age  of  52.  One  of  the  murderers 
was  sent  to  prison  for  life  some  10  years  later.  Dr  M.  was  a  peculiar  and  gen- 


MARSH— MARSTON.  731 

erally  disagreeable  man,  whose  notorious  parsimony  kept  him  constantly  in 
trouble  with  most  that  came  in  contact  with  him;  yet  he  was  apparently  an 
honest  man,  of  more  than  ordinary  ability,  and  several  of  the  Californians, 
among  them  Vallejo,  speak  of  him  in  terms  of  warm  praise.  He  left  a  son  in 
i!:o  East,  who  is  said  to  have  joined  him  just  before  his  death;  he  seems  to 
have  had  some  children  by  an  Indian  woman;  and  John  Currey,  who  was  his 
attorney  and  gives  much  information  about  him,  states  that  about '51  he  mar 
ried  a  teacher  from  Mass.,  who  died  a  few  years  later. 

Marshall,  1846,  widow,  married  to  James  Smith  at  N.  Helv. ;  perhaps 
mother  of  Henry.  M.  (Earl),  1846,  nat.  of  N.  J.  and  one  of  the  Mormon  col., 
with  his  wife,  Letitia  Dorsey.  v.  46.  A  milkman  at  S.  F. ;  in  Alameda  co.  from 
'50;  died  '81,  leaving  a  widow.  Portrait  in  Alam.  Co.  Hist.,  24.  M.  (Henry), 
1845,  Engl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  with  mother,  brother,  and  sis 
ters,  iv.  579,  587.  He  was  employed  by  Sutter,  and  during  the  Bear  revolt 
was  stationed  at  the  fort,  v.  79,  125,  but  later  enlisted  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  and 
was  wounded  at  Natividad,  v.  369,  371,  recovering  in  time  to  serve  with 
"VV  cber  in  the  Sta  Clara  campaign  (v.  379).  After  the  war  he  lived  at  Sonoma, 
Fetaluma,  and  Benicia,  going  to  the  mines  in  '48.  In  '50  he  settled  in  Green 
Valley,  Sonoma  co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '78.  His  reminiscences  as  given  to 
11.  A.  Thompson  are  in  my  collection,  and  were  published  in  the  S.  J.  Pion., 
Aug.  10,  '78.  His  sister  Eliza  was  the  wife  of  James  Gregson;  another  was 
Mary  A.  Marshall  (James  W.),  1845,  nat.  of  N.  J.,  a  carriage-maker  and 
carpenter  by  trade,  who  came  overland  to  Or.  in  '44,  and  in  the  McMahon- 
Clyman  party  to  Cal.  the  next  year.  iv.  572,  574,  587.  He  entered  Slitter's 
employ  and  is  often  named  in  the  N.  llelv.  Diary  '45-8.  He  seems  to  have 
taken  part  in  the  Bear  revolt  (v.  101),  and  to  have  gone  south  with  the  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358).  Returning  north  he  resumed  his  work  at  the  fort,  and  in  Aug. 
formed  a  partnership  with  Sutter  to  build  a  saw-mill  on  the  Amer.  river,  select 
ing  a  site  at  Coloma  and  beginning  work  at  once,  with  half  a  dozen  workmen. 
Here  in  Jan.  '48  he  made  the  famous  discovery  of  gold,  for  full  particulars 
of  which  see  vol.  vi.  There  have  been  attempts  to  show  that  M.  's  companions 
have  been  deprived  of  the  credit  due  them  in  this  connection;  but  it  seems 
clear  that  M.  was  the  first  to  see  the  metal,  and  his  visit  to  the  fort  Jan. 
28th  on  'very  important  business'  is  recorded  in  the  Diary,  He  is  doubtless 
entitled  to  his  fame  as  the  discoverer  of  gold.  Sutter  has  also  been  praised  as 
the  real  discoverer,  and  indeed  if  he  had  not  settled  in  the  Sac.  Val.,  or  Cabrillo 
had  not  discovered  Cal.,  or  Columbus  America,  the  'glittering  particles' 
might  have  been  found  by  another  man  under  different  circumstances.  Mar 
shall  was  not  able  to  protect  his  mill  and  land  at  Coloma  from  the  raids  of 
miners  and  lawyers,  and  for  many  years  led  the  life  of  a  miner  and  prospector 
without  much  luck.  In  '70  his  Life  and  Adventures,  by  Geo.  F.  Parsons,  was 
published  at  Sac. ;  and  subsequently  a  small  pension  was  paid  M.  for  some 
years  by  act  of  the  legislature.  He  is  still  living  in  '85  at  the  age  of  73,  and 
seems  always  to  have  borne  a  good  character.  1  have  an  original  daguerreo 
type  taken  in  early  years;  and  his  portrait  may  also  be  found  in  the  Annals 
of  S.  F.;  Plumas  Co.  Hist.,  etc.  (He  died  near  Coloma  in  Aug.  '85,  after  the 
above  was  written.) 

Marshall  (John),  1845,  brother  of  Henry  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby- 
Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587;  at  Sonoma  '47.  M.  (John),  1836,  Amer.  age  45,  in 
a  Los  Aug.  list.  M.  (Joseph),  1836,  on  Larkin's  books '36-7.  M.  (Robert), 
1834,  mr  of  the  Catalina  '34-5,  '43.  iii.  381;  iv.  564.  M.  (Win),  1845, 
Amer.  deserter  from  the  llcpeivell  at  S.  D.  iv.  587:  in  '46  in  charge  of  War 
ner's  rancho  charged  with  theft  in  April.  S.  D.  Arch.,  320;  and  in  Dec.  en 
tertained  Kearny  and  his  dragoons,  v.  339.  A  little  later  he  was  an  instiga 
tor  of  the  Pauma  massacre,  for  which  crime  he  was  hanged  in  '51.  v.  589. 
M.  (Win  P.),  1841,  Engl.  physician  on  the  Index;  at  Mont.  '42.  Marst 
(Win).  1847,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot.  Marston,  (J.  D.),  1847,  teacher  at  S.  F. 
v.  056-7,  685;  married  Mar.  '48  to  Miss  S.  Still.  M.  (Ward),  1846,  capt. 
of  marines  on  the  U.  S.  Savannah;  in  com.  of  S.  F.  garrison;  and  of  the 
force  that  marched  to  Sta  Clara  against  Sanchez  Jan.  '47.  v.  380-3,  359. 


732  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Martell  (James  L.),  1340,  purser's  clerk  on  the  U.  S.  Dale  and  Routh- 
hamptcn;  disch.  '49  and  lived  at  S.  F.  to  '85,  bein<j  part  of  the  time  a 
custom-house  oliicer.  Maniarcna  (Jose"  Manuel),  1794,  Span,  friar  and 
founder  of  S.  Juan  Bautista,  where  he  served  to  1804  when  he  left  Cal.  Biog. 
ii.  153-4;  ment.  i.  500,  557-8,  571),  689,  712;  ii.  131,  159-60.  Martin,  1847, 
of  M.  &  Dent,  Mont.,  '47-8.  M.,  1848,  came  with  family  in  party  of  Peter 
J.  Davis,  fita  data  Co.  //«.<,  660.  M.,  1848,  leader  of  a  party  from  Or. 
El  Dorado  Co,  Hist,,  182.  M.  (Augustus),  1847,  a  witness  at  Los  Aug. 

Martin  (Dennis),  1844,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Stevens  party,  iv.  445,  with 
his  father  and  brother,  returning  in  '45  to  rescue  Schallenberger  at  Donner 
Lake  and  the  party  left  on  the  Yuba.  iv.  454.  He  worked  for  Sutter  in  '45-6, 
but  I  find  no  definite  record  of  him  in  the  troubles  of  '46-7,  or  in  mining 
times  of  '48-9.  He  was  a  hunter  and  lumberman,  settling  in  S.  Mateo  Co., 
where  he  still  lived  in '78  and  later.  M.  (Ed.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat. 
v.  477;  in  '82  at  Salt  Lake  City.  M.  (Edw.  J.),  1848,  nat.  of  Ireland,  who 
came  by  sea  from  Chile  in  Nov.  He  became  prominent  in  various  enterprises, 
being  for  many  years  treasurer  and  sec.  of  the  Hibernia  Bank.  He  died  in 
;80  at  the  age  of  61,  leaving  8  children.  M.  (Jesse  B.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Sutter's  service  at  the  discov.  of  gold  '48. 

Martin  (Fernando),  1811,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Diego  till  his  death 
in  '38.  Biog.  iii.  619;  ment.  ii.  345,  394,  551-2,  655;  iii.  19,  91,  96,  102,  317; 
iv.  63.  M.  (John),  1822,  Engl.  or  Scotch  sailor  who  left  the  Orion,  ii.  478. 
In  '24  he  was  admitted  to  the  church  at  S.  Juan  B.  ii.  526;  in  '29  had  been 
living  for  several  years  at  S.  F.  presidio;  in  '30  was  at  Mont.  ii.  609;  in  '31 
he  got  permission  to  cultivate  a  league  of  land  at  Gotoqui,  or  S.  Patricio;  at 
S.  F.  '32.  He  was  known  as  the  'old  Scotch  carpenter '  and  lived  for  some 
time  at  Reed's  rancho,  being  in  '37  on  the  Corte  de  Madera  de  Novato  rancho, 
Marin  Co.,  which  was  granted  him  in  '39.  iv.  86,  117;  iii.  711;  owner  of  S. 
F.  lots  '41-5.  iv.  669;  v.  684;  in  '46  applied  for  kind  in  S.  Jose"  dist.  I  find 
nothing  about  him  after  his  claim  before  the  land  com.  in  '52.  M.  (John), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  M.  (Juan),  1794,  Span,  friar  who  served  27  years 
at  S.  Miguel,  where  he  died  in  '24.  Biog.  ii.  620;  ment.  i.  561,  576,  664,  675; 
ii.  45,  149-50,  159,  325-6,  384,  394,  655. 

Martin  (Julius),  1843,  nat.  of  N.  C.  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Walker- 
Chiles  party,  with  wife,  Elizabeth  McPherson,  and  3  daughters,  iv.  393,  400. 
Early  in  '44  he  settled,  or  established  his  family,  in  the  Gilroy  region,  work 
ing  at  different  places  for  a  few  years;  prob.  in  Sutter's  force  '44-5.  iv.  486.  I 
have  his  letter  of  July  '45.  In  '46  he  served  under  Fremont  and  Fauntleroy. 
v.  16,  22  (232);  and  later  commanded  a  comp.  of  S.  F.  volunteers  in  the 
Sanchez  campaign,  v.  381;  owner  of  S.  F.  lots  '47.  v.  684;  at  N.  Helv.  '48. 
From  '50  he  lived  on  his  farm  near  Gilroy,  owning  also  land  in  Napa,  though 
he  finally  lost  most  of  his  property.  He  was  blind  from  about  '61;  still  liv 
ing  in  '81,  and  I  think  in  '85  at  the  age  of  81.  His  3  daughters  that  crossed 
the  plains  were  Mary  wife  of  P.  B,  Tully,  Arzelia  Mrs  Lewis,  and  Martha 
Mrs  Oldham;  three  others  born  in  Cal. — one  of  them  perhaps  in '44 — were 
Susan  Mrs  Bartlett,  Georgie  Mrs  Johnson,  and  Julia  Mrs  Hornback.  M. 
(J.B.),  1847,  nat.  of  Va,  and  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  lone  Val.,  having 
crossed  the  plains  with  Childers  and  Hicks.  Claimant  for  the  Cosumnes  rancho. 
iv.  671;  still  living  at  Sutter  Cr.'Sl.  M.  (Montgomery),  1846,  lieut  in  Cal. 
Bat.  on  detached  service,  v.  360;  clerk  for  Larkin  '47;  and  still  at  Mont.  '48. 
M.  (Patrick),  1844,  Irish  immig.  of  the  Stevens  party  with  his  sons  Dennis 
and  Patrick,  Jr.  iv.  445,  453;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  '47.  His  daughter  married 
James  Murphy. 

Martin  (Thomas  S.),  1845,  nat.  of  Tenn.  b.  '18,  resid.  of  St  Louis  '40-5, 
and  one  of  Fremont's  party  in  '45.  v.  583,  587.  He  served  in  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  358);  went  East  with  F.  in  '47;  and  came  back  in  the  exped.  of  '48-9.  In 
'49-53  a  horse-trader  in  dif.  regions;  then  settled  with  a  wife  at  Sta  B. ,  still 
to  some  extent  a  trader  and  hunter,  also  serving  as  city  marshal  and  deputy 
sheriff.  In  '78  he  gave  me  a  Narrative  of  Fremont's  Exped.,  which  is  in  some 
respects  valuable,  as  the  official  journal  has  never  been  published,  but  is 


MARTIN— MARTINEZ.  733 

marred  by  the  author's  tendency  to  claim  participation  in  many  Cal.  events 
which  he  can  only  have  known  by  hearsay.  Many  parts  are  notably  accurate; 
and  others  h;ive  but  slight  foundation  in  truth,  iv.  505;  v.  107,  168-9,  172, 
189.  M.  (Wm  H.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot;  at 
Oakland  '71;  d.  Stanislaus  Co.  74.  M.  (Wm  J.),  1843,  Amer.  mason  who 
came  overland  in  the  Chiles-Walker  party,  iv.  393,  400;  though  sometimes 
accredited  to  the  Stevens  party  of  '44.  iv.  446;  still  living  '72.  Martiuau 
(A.),  1846,  Co.  B,  artill.  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Martinez  (Agustin),  juez  <le  carnpo  '31, '46,  in  Mont.  dist.  iii.  672,  637,  566. 
M.  (Andre's),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  40,  wife  Maria  de  J.  Narvaez.  child.  Jesus  M. 
b.  '34,  Antonio  '36,  Luciana  '21,  Mariana '27,  Carmen  '28,  Flavia  '31,  Concep- 
cion  '33;  Cal.  claim  '46-7  (v.  462).  Still  at  S.  Jose"  '50.  M.  (Bartolome")  sol 
dier  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499.  M.  (Bias),  at  Salinas,  Mont.,  '36,  age 
40,  wife  Josefa  Ame"zquita,  child.  Eugenio  b.  '21,  Maria  Josefa  '23,  Jose"  '26, 
Emiliana  '27,  Francisca  '30,  Leon  '32,  Juan  '33;  grantee  of  Tucho  '35,  iii.  679, 
and  of  Laureles  '39.  M.  (E.),  sentenced  to  presidio  '45.  iv.  654.  M.  (Este"- 
van),  1779,  com.  of  the  S.  Bias  transports  on  the  coast,  1779-99.  i.  328-9,  378, 
430,  444,  503.  M.  (Felipe),  at  Los  Aug.  '46.  M.  (Francisco),  Span.,  age  45, 
who  left  Cal.  on  the  Thos  Nowlan.  iii.  51. 

Martinez  (Ignacio),  1800,  nat.  of  the  city  of  Mex.  b.  1774,  who  entered 
the  mil.  service  as  cadet  of  the  Sta  B.  cotnp.  in  1799.  i.  639;  promoted  to 
alfe"rez  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  from  1806,  being  also  much  cf  the  time  habili- 
tado.  ii.  99-101,  110,  341,  424-5,  540.  In  '17  he  was  recommended  for  pro 
motion  to  lieut  of  the  Sta  B.  comp. ,  but  by  some  error  at  Madrid  or  Mex. 
the  commission  was  made  out  for  the  S.F.  comp.,  and  to  S.F.  he  had  to  go 
much  against  his  will,  his  name  appearing  on  the  rolls — as  comandante  in 
'22-7  and  from  '28 — down  to  '32,  taking  part  in  some  Ind.  exped.,  as  fiscal  in 
some  criminal  cases,  and  being  otherwise  mentioned  in  connection  with  rou 
tine  duties  of  his  position,  besides  being  a  member  of  the  junta,  or  diputacion 
in  '24,  '27.  ii.  235,  361,  370,  440,  500,  512-13,  537-8,  583-4,  592,  640;  iii.  20, 
36-7,  64,  75,  88,  110,  121,  132,  156,  186,  191-2,  701.  In  '31  he  was  retired 
with  use  of  uniform  and  full  pay,  being  credited  with  41  years  of  service. 
Meanwhile  he  had  obtained,  in  '29,  the  Pinole  rancho,  Contra  Costa,  regranted 
in  '42.  iv.  672;  and  here — after  having  apparently  lived  at  S.  Josd  for  several 
years,  being  regidor  in  '34-5,  and  serving  as  comisionado  for  the  secularization 
of  S.  Rafael  in  '34— he  went  to  live  in  '36  or  a  little  later,  ii.  594,  664;  iii.  193, 
346,  716,  718,  730.  In  '37  he  was  alcalde  at  S.F.  iii.  703,  705,  552;  suplente  of 
the  junta  '39.  iii.  590;  a  creditor  of  Sutter.  iv.  132,  134;  defeated  the  Ind.  in 
40.  iv.  76;  and  entertained  Wilkes  in  '41.  iv.  245.  He  was  living  at  Pinole 
in  '41  with  his  wife,  Martina  Arellanes,  age  53,  and  6  daughters,  Encarnacion 
b.  1808,  Susana  '24  (who  soon  married  Capt.  Hinckley,  and  after  his  death  Wm 
M.  Smith),  Francisco  '24,  Rafaela  '27,  Maria  '29,  and  Dolores  '31.  Another 
daughter,  Maria  Antonia,  was  the  wife  of  Capt.  Richardson;  others  married 
Victor  Castro  and  Dr  Tennant.  His  son  Vicente  J.,  b.  in  '18,  was  still  living 
in  Contra  Costa  '82,  with  seven  children  by  two  wives,  Guadulupe  Moraga 
and  Nieves  Soto.  I  cannot  give  the  date  of  Don  Ignacio's  death,  but  it  wa.s 
before  '52,  when  his  heirs  were  claimants  for  Pinole.  He  was  not  popular 
as  an  officer,  being  haughty  and  despotic,  as  it  seemed  to  his  men,  and  he 
was  several  times  reproved  and  unfavorably  criticised  by  his  superior  officers; 
but  as  a  ranchero  he  is  spoken  of  as  a  very  courteous  and  hospitable  man. 
The  town  of  Martinez  takes  its  name  from  him  or  his  family.  M.  (Ignacio), 
at  S.F.  '43,  age  23;  also  named — perhaps  another — as  lieut  of  militia  at  S. 
Jos6  '37.  iii.  732. 

Martinez  (Jose),  1875,  com.  of  the  Asia.  iii.  24-5,  146.  M.  (Jose"),  son  of 
Ignacio,  lieut  of  militia  at  S.F.  '37.  iii.  701;  in  '41  living  in  S.  Jos<5  dist.,  age 
27,  wife  Cdrmen  Peralta,  children  Rafael  b.  '39,  Alejandro  '41;  Cal.  claim 
'46-7  (v.  462).  He  was  noted  for  his  liberality  and  for  his  skilful  horsemanship, 
but  was  killed  in  '64  from  an  entanglement  with  his  riata.  A  second  wife  was 
an  English  woman  named  Tennaut.  M.  (Jose"  Ignacio),  soldier  killed  by 
Ind.  on  the  Colorado,  1781.  i.  359-62.  M.  (Jose"  de  Jesus),  at  Los  Aug.  '46. 


734  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

M.  (Josd  Manuel),  ditto.  M.  (Jose"  Maria),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  before  1800; 
alcalde  in  1797  and  1£06.  i.  716,  719;  ii.  134.  His  wife  was  Maria  Garcia,  son 
Maximo,  brother  Reyes,  sister  Juana.  M.  (Josefa),  grantee  of  land  in  Mont. 
Co.  '44-5.  iv.  606.  M.  (Juan),  soldier  killed  on  the  Colorado,  1781.  i.  359, 
362.  M.  (Juan),  at  Mont.  '36,  a^e  S6,  wife  Francisco  Garcia,  child.  Carmen 
1).  '25,  Jose"  Bias  '26,  Francisco'  29,  Maria  '34.  M.  (Juan,  Juan  Andres,  and 
Leoiior),  at  Los.  Aug.  '46.  M.  (Juan  de  Jesus  Maria),  1831,  Dominican  from 
L.  Cal.,  at  San  Gabriel,  '31-2.  iii.  311,  641.  M.  (Leocadio),  carpenter  and 
settler  at  S.F.  and  S.  Jos6  before  1800.  i.  499,  634,  716,  718. 

Martinez  (Luis  Antonio),  1798,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  for 
32  years.  A  very  able  man  and  prominent  in  missionary  annals,  but  rather 
in  the  industrial  and  political  than  in  ecclesiastical  phases  of  his  profession. 
He  was  banished  in  '30  for  alleged  complicity  in  the  Solis  revolt,  and  wrote 
from  Madrid  '32-3.  Biog.  ii.  618-19;  ment.  i.  689;  ii.  148,  204,  219,  224,  235- 
6,  255,  276,  311,  327,  384,  394,  438,  441,  479,  493,  516-17,  576,  655;  iii.  21, 
51,  84-5,  92,  94,  98-100.  M.  (Maximo),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-23;  in  '33 
and  '44  grantee  of  Corte  de  Madera,  Sta  Clara,  iii.  711 ;  iv.  671;  rcgiclor  at  S. 
Jose  '33-4.  iii.  729-30;  in  '41  age  51,  wife  Damiana  Padilla,  child.  Nicolas 
b.  '28,  Evinisa  (?)  '26,  Jose"  Ant.  '33,  Dolores  '34,  Jose"  Maria  '35,  Guadalupa 
'38,  Clara  '41.  M.  (Miguel),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  50.  M.  (Pedro  Adriano), 
1797,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Juan  B.  and  S.  Miguel,  retiring  in  1804. 
Biog.  ii.  149;  ment.  i.  558,  577;  ii.  159-60.  M.  (Rafael),  at  Los  Ang.  '40. 
M.  (Santiago),  N.  Mex.  at  Los  Ang.  with  families,  applying  for  land  '42-G. 
iv.  343,  572,  635.  M.  (Sixto),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Vicente),  son  of  Igua- 
cio;  militiaman  S.F.  '37;  at  S.  Jose"  dist.  '41,  age  29,  wife  Guad.  Moraga, 
child.  Francisco  b.  '38,  Merced  '39;  sindico  of  S.  Jose"  '43.  iv.  685;  Cal.  claim 
'46-7  (v.  462).  Marx  (Ernest),  1847,  musician  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Mas- 
carel  (Joseph),  1844  (?),  French  mayor  of  Los  Ang.  '65,  and  resident  '80.  iv. 
453.  Mashim  (Rosistof),  1840,  mr  of  the  Baikal,  iv.  101.  Mason,  1848, 
keeper  of  a  gambling  and  grog  shop  at  Sta  B.  M.  (Alfred),  1847,  Co.  F, 
N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sac.  before  S3.  M.  (E.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 
Mason  (Ignacio),  at  S.  Gabriel  '39,  age  27,  a  jeweller;  perhaps  '  Mazon.'  M. 
(John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  M.  (Marcos  or  Anthony  A.),  1816, 
'Anglo- Amer.  Irishman  from  Boston,'  baptized  at  S.  Carlos,  and  recommended 
by  P.  Sarrfa  in  '17  as  about  to  go  to  the  Philippines,  ii.  276-7,  288.  M.  (M. ), 
1842,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Gyane.  M.  (Richard  B.),  1847,  colonel  1st  U.  S.  dra 
goons  who  arrived  in  Feb.,  and  on  May  31st  succeeded  Kearny  as  mil.  gov.  of 
Cal.,  holding  that  position  till  Feb.  '49.  For  account  of  his  rule,  including  his 
controversy  and  proposed  duel  witli  Fremont,  see  v.  582,  615;  also  416,  436-7, 
443-4,  446-7,  451,  455,  464,  515,  571-5,  646,  666,  675;  also  vol.  vi.  He  per 
formed  most  satisfactorily  the  duties  of  a  difficult  position,  and  though  by 
his  strict  discipline  and  apparent  harshness  of  manner  he  made  an  unfavor 
able  impression  in  some  quarters  and  inspired  bitter  enmities,  yet  his  record 
is  that  of  an  honest,  faithful,  and  able  officer.  He  went  East  by  steamer  in 
in  May  '49,  and  died  of  cholera  at  St  Louis  in  that  year  or  the  next.  Hi3 
widow  married  Gen.  Don  Carlos  Buell,  and  still  lived  in  '75.  Mast  (Her 
man),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol,  under  another  name;  at  S.  F.  '74. 

Mata,  member  of  a  court-martial  at  S.  Diego  '26.  ii.  549.  M.  (Juan  de 
Dios),  Mex.  convict  released  in  '35.  Matamoros  (Tomas),  murdered  in  1805. 
ii.  191.  Matchin  (C.  F.),  1845,  mr  of  the  Matador,  iv.  567.  Mateo,  1818, 
mulatto  from  Bouchard's  fleet,  ii.  230.  Mathias  (Thos),  1828,  in  Cal. ;  autog. 
letter.  Mathers  (James),  1846,  nat.  of  N.  Y. ;  settled  in  "Sta  Clara;  at  S.  Lois 
Ob.  '58  to  his  death  in  '70  at  the  age  of  80.  Matias  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46.  Mathurin  (Louis),  1833,  Fr.  sailor  at  S.  F.  '40-1.  iii.  409.  Matscll 
(Henry  C.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  trader  at  S.  Diego;  in  Kan 
sas  '71-9.  Matt  (James),  1848,  at  Sutter's  Fort  April.  Mattheson  (Alex. 
J.),  1839,  Engl.  pilot  on  the  schr  California,  implicated  in  a  plot  against  the 
capt. ;  on  Larkin's  books  '40. 

Matthews,  1836,  Amer.  otter-hunter  with  Nidever.  M.,  1847,  in  Sut 
ter's  service.  M.,  1846,  at  S.  Jose*  with  a  son-in-law.  HittdL  M.  (Geo.), 


MATTHEWS— MEAD.  735 

1839,  named  in  Lai  kin's  books  '39-40.  M.  (II.),  1843,  \vitness  at  S.  F.  'GO. 
M.  (Henry),  1846,  arr.  in  Sept.,  ace.  to  Sac.  Cal.  Pion.  rolls;  at  Benicia  '47. 
iii.  673;  at  S.  F.  '60.  M.  (James),  1834,  at  Mont.  M.  (John),  1831,  Engl. 
sailor,  who  landed  from  a  whaler  at  S.  F.  iii.  405,  708-9.  On  Larkin's  books 
'33-42;  naturalized  before  '40;  but  this  may  be  one  of  the  following.  M. 
(John),  1836,  Italian  fisherman,  living  with  the  Greek  Demedrion  at  Mont. 
M.,  1836,  Anier.,  age  35,  at  S.  Isidro  (Gilroy's);  perhaps  Matthew,  a  given 
name,  who  was  a  cook  for  Murphy  in  '30.  M.  (Wm),  1831,  Engl.  sailor 
who  landed  from  a  whaler  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  iii.  405.  In  '36  at  StaB. ;  came 
north  and  appears  in  various  records  from  '34;  in  '70  permitted  to  live  at  S. 
F.  or  Sonoma;  arrested  but  not  exiled,  iv.  17;  from  '44  or  earlier  at  Mont., 
keeping  a  boarding-house.  Matthews'  mill  is  also  mentioned  in  '42.  He  may 
be  the  M.  whose  wife  is  said  to  have  furnished  some  material  for  the  Bear 
flag.  v.  148;  and  in  July  he  carried  despatches  from  Mont,  to  S.  F.  v.  2S5; 
starting  with  Larkiu  in  Nov.  at  the  time  of  the  latter's  capture,  v.  364.  Pie 
is  vaguely  said  to  have  died  about  '58. 

Matute  (JuanB.),  1791,  com.  of  the  Aranzazu,  explor.  and  transport  on  the 
coast  '91-2,  '95-6.  i.  493,  506,  517,  537-8.  Maube  (Arno),  1843,  French 
grantee  of  land  near  S.  Gabriel;  at  Sta  Cruz  '47  with  claim  against  the  govt. 
iv.  400,  615,  637.  M.  (Henry),  1847,  held  Larkin's  note  for  $120;  perhaps 
same  as  preceding.  Manet  (John),  1847,  at  Butter's  Fort.  Maun  (Francis), 
1842,  at  Sta  Cruz.  M.  (James),  1845,  employed  at  Lnrkin's  soap  factory. 
Maurelle  (Antonio),  1775,  Span,  naval  officer  on  the  coast  '75,  '79,  '84;  author 
of  a  Journal,  i.  241,  329,  444,  509;  see  also  Hist.  N.  W.  Coast,  i.  Mair-y 
(Wm  L.),  1841,  lieut  U.  S.  N.  on  the  U.  S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241;  ou  the  Warren 
'46-7.  v.  539.  Mavilla  (Antonio),  1846,  at  S.  Gabriel  '46,  Mawrey -(James), 
1847,  servant  to  an  officer  in  the  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Maxfield  (Wm  C.),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  Maxim  (Harvey),  1847, 
sergt  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  i.  519.  Maximo,  1799,  negro  slave  of  Alberni. 
i.  C39.  Maxwell  (Chas),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  M.  (H.),  1848,  settler 
at  Stockton.  M.  (James  W.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  M.  (Lucien), 
1845,  hunter  and  guide  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583;  v.  24.  M.  (Richard  T.), 
1842,  nat.  of  Penn.  and  asst  surg.  U.  S.  N.  on  the  United  States,  iv.  304, 
308-9,  341,  348.  He  returned  to  Cal.  in  '54,  and  became  a  prominent  physi 
cian  of  S.  F.  In  '77  he  gave  me  his  Monterey  in  '4%,  or  recollections  of  the 
capture  of  that  town  by  Com.  Jones,  and  also  a  MS.  furnished  by  Dr  Marsh 
to  Jones  at  that  time.  He  died  in  'S3  at  the  age  of  62,  leaving  an  estate 
which  has  been  the  occasion  of  much  litigation  arising  from  the  doctor's 
death-bed  marriage.  M.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  a  farmer 
in  Williams  Val.,  N.  Mex.,  '82.  M.  (Wm  C.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  died  before  '82.  M.  (Wm  H.),  1847,  Co.  B,  ditto;  d.  N.  Y.  city 
'76. 

May  (Henry),  1835,  nephew  of  Larkin,  bound  to  Cal.  on  the  Alert;  no 
record  of  arrival.  Maya  (Ign. ),  at  S.  Bern.  '46.  Mayan  (Mrs),  1847.  died  at 
N.  Helv.  July.  Mayberry  (Ebenezer),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518). 
Mayer,  1832,  about  to  visit  Cal.  from  Sitka  for  scientific  purposes;  letter  of 
introd.  from  Khlebnikof  to  Hartnell.  M.  (John),  1840,  Engl.  at  Mont,  and 
S.  F.  Jan..  Nov.  M.  (Lewis  W.),  1847.  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518);  in 
the  mines  '49-50;  a  German  wine-maker,  who  lived  in  Sonoma  '65-80.  May- 
field  (Benj.  F.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  sergt  of  reenlisted  comp. 
v.  495;  a  resid.  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  '68-83;  a'nat.  of  Tenn.  Mayhew  (John), 
1826,  on  the  Eliza.  Maynard  (James),  1837,  on  Larkin's  books;  perhaj  s 
same  as  John.  M.  (John),  1840,  Engl.  exile  with  the  Graham  party;  not 
known  to  have  returned,  though  he  got  a  license  to  do  so.  Maynes  (James), 
1845,  laborer  at  Mont.  Mayo  (Geo.),  1816,  Mass,  sailor,  baptized  at  S.  Car 
los.  Taylor;  ii.  276-7.  Mazateco  (Juan),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  19;  prob.  a 
*  Mazateco '  Ind.  or  from  Mazatlan. 

Mead  ( James  D.),  1841,  nat.  of  la,  episcopal  clergyman,  and  perhaps  phy 
sician  in  the  West  Indies,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman  party, 
and  in  '42  went  to  the  Sandwich  IsL  or  China,  iv.  278;  said  to  have  been  a 


736  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

bishop  later.  M.  (Orlando  F.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  later  at 
Slitter's  Fort;  at  Spanish  Fork  '82.  M.  (Sam.),  1832,  one  of  the  comp.  ex- 
tranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221.  Meadows  (James),  1837,  Engl.  sailor,  who  de 
serted  from  a  whaler  at  Mont.  iv.  117-18.  His  name  appears  in  the  records 
from '38;  one  of  Graham's  riflemen '36-8  (iii.  457);  later  a  lumberman;  exiled 
to  S.  Bias  in  '40,  but  returned  in  '41  to  live  as  a  sawyer  in  Mont.  dist.  iv.  18, 
23,  33.  Not  much  is  known  of  him  in  '43-8,  except  that  he  is  mentioned  from 
time  to  time  as  at  S.  Jose',  Sacramento,  or  in  the  mines.  He  finally  settled  on 
the  Palo  Escrito  rancho  near  Mont.,  which  was  confirmed  to  him  in  '54,  iii. 
079,  ami  where  he  was  living  in  '77  with  a  native  wife  and  several  children. 
He  gave  mean  interesting  narrative  of  the  Graham  Affair,  he  being  one  of  the 
last  survivors  of  the  exiles.  In  respect  of  accuracy,  his  account  compares  fa 
vorably  with  the  testimony  of  others  oil  the  subject — which  is  not  paying  it 
a  very  high  compliment.  I  have  not  heard  in  'S5  of  his  death.  Mechacken 
(John  C.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Mecham  (Henry),  1848  (?),  nat. 
of  N.  Y.  and  resid.  of  Sonoma  Co.  '53-77. 

Meder  (Moses  A. ),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  wife  and  child. 
v.  546.  A  nat.  of  Ohio,  who  engaged  in  the  lumber  business,  at  Sta  Cruz,  the 
firm  of  Stout,  Sirrine,  &  M.  advertising  in  the  Star  of  '47.  He  worked  also 
for  Graham,  whose  receipt  of  $36,000  indemnity  he.  claims  to  have  witnessed. 
Still  a  resid.  of  Sta  Cruz  in  '80  and  prob.  in  '85;  portrait  in  Sta  Cruz  Co. 
Hist.,  44.  His  1st  wife,  Sarah  D.  Blod,  died  in  '72,  and  in  '73  he  married 
Olive  A.  Liunett.  Medina  (Guadalupe),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon 
fijo  '42-5;  teacher  at  Los  Aug.  '43-4;  com  of  the  garrison  '45.  iv.  289,  321, 
403,  492,  629.  M.  (Jose"),  ship's  boy  and  teacher  at  Sta  B.  1797-1800.  i. 
643.  Medrano  (Jos<§  Maria),  artill.  sergt  at  Mont.  '26-32.  iii.  77,  671-2. 

Meehan  (Dennis),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  killed  at  Stockton  '49. 
M.  (James),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto,  killed  at  Los  Ang.  about  '50.  M.  (Tlios), 
1847,  Co.  E,  ditto;  killed  by  a  steamboat  explosion  on  the  S.  Joaq.  '53. 
Meek  (John),  1829,  mr  of  the  Tamaahmaah  '29,  possibly  of  another  craft  ;25, 
and  of  the  D.  Quixote  '33-6.  iii.  149,  179,  382;  iv.  103,  141.  He  is  also  said 
by  Wm  H.  Davis  to  have  visited  Cal.  as  mate  of  the  Eagle  before  '20,  possibly 
M.  of  the  Amethyst  '11-12.  ii.  267.  He  was  a  nat.  of  Mass,  who  came  to  the 
Isl.  about  '12,  and  died  at  Hon.  '74  at  the  age  of  85.  M.  (Joseph),  1833, 
Rocky  Mt.  trapper  who  came  with  Walker's  party,  going  back  to  Salt  Lake 
in  '34.  iii.  390.  He  visited  Cal.  again  in  '48  and  later,  and  died  in  Or.  '75,  his 
adventures  being  the  basis  of  Mrs  Victor's  River  of  the  West.  M.  (Stephen 
II.  L.),  1833,  nat.  of  Va  and  brother  of  Joseph,  also  a  mountain  man  who 
came  and  departed  with  Walker,  iii.  390,  409.  He  came  back  to  Cal.  after 
the  discov.  of  gold,  possibly  having  made  intermediate  trips,  and  in  '76  wrote 
rne  a  letter  from  Etna,  Siskiyou  Co.,  Cal.  M.  (Stephen  H.  L.),  1843,  signed 
a  certificate  for  a  sailor  at  Mont.  Sept.,  and  in  Jan  '44  he  got  a  passport. 
Apparently  not  the  preceding.  A  Dr  Meek  at  Mont.  '33  is  mentioned  by  a 
newspaper  writer.  M.  (Thomas),  1811,  perhaps  on  the  Amethyst  '11-12. 
ii.  96,  267.  Said  by  Brewer  to  have  gone  to  Hon.  on  the  Chinchilla  f  rom  Boston 
in '23;  at  Hon.  :36.  iv.  141;  d.  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  about '41.  Peirce.  M. 
(Wm),  1848,  nat.  of  Ohio  who  came  from  Or.  to  the  mines  and  went  back. 
In  '59  returned  to  Cal.  and  settled  at  S.  Lorenzo,  Alameda  Co.,  where  he 
became  a  wealthy  farmer,  serving  also  as  county  supervisor  and  regent  of  the 
university.  He  died  '81  at  the  age  of  65,  leaving  a  widow  and  5  children. 
Portrait  'in  Alam.  Co.  Hist.,  937.  Meel  (Robert),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  358).  Meeres,  1845,  possibly  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  immig.  party,  iv.  579. 

Mein  (John),  1842,  mr  of  the  Bertha  <£•  J«nny.  iv.  563.  Meineke  (A. 
and  D.).  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Mcjia  (Hipolito),  1838,  killed  by  Ind.  iii. 
693.  M.  (Jose  Maria),  1842,  Mex.  capt.  in  the  batallon  iijo,  who  was  sent 
to  Mex.  by  Micheltorena  in  '44  to  obtain  aid.  iv.  289,  308,  364,  404-5,  461, 
471.  M.  (Juan),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1791-1800.  i.  716.  Meldguem  (John), 
1814,  Irish  deserter  from  a  vessel;  in  Mont,  dist  '29,  age  40,  and  single. 
Melendcz-,  1796,  com.  of  the  Conception,  i.  538.  M.,  1826,  mr  of  the  Gen. 
Lravo.  iii.  147.  M.  (Sebastian),  1602,  alfe'rez  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98. 


MELLECII— MENDOZA.  737 

Melleck  (Joseph),  1837,  in  charge  of  the  Clementina.  M.  (Vicente),  at  Los 
Aug.  '4(5.  Mellish  (J.),  1835,  at  Sta  Cruz. 

Mellus  (Francis),  1839,  nat.  of  Boston,  who  came  on  the  California  at  the 
age  of  15.  iv.  117,  119.  He  became  clerk  for  A.  B.  Thompson  at  Sta  B.,  and 
on  the  Bolivar;  and  his  Diary  of  trips  up  and  down  the  coast  in  '39-40  is  an 
interesting  MS.  of  my  collection.  In  later  years  he  was  clerk,  traveling  agent, 
and  from  Jan.  '49  partner  with  his  brother  in  the  firm  of  M.,  Howard,  &  Co. 
at  S.  F. ;  and  in  '50-6  with  D.  W.  Alexander  in  charge  of  a  branch  of  the  busi 
ness  at  Los  Ang.,  where  he  settled  permanently;  claimant  for  Providencia 
rancho.  iv.  635.  In  '52-3  lie  was  county  treasurer,  in  '54  councilman,  in  '55 
memb.  of  the  legislature,  and  later  in  charge  of  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.'s  express. 
He  died  in  '63,  leaving  a  widow — Adelaida,  daughter  of  Santiago  Johnson — 
and  7  children.  M.  (Henry),  1835,  brother  of  Francis,  who  came  before  the 
mast  with  Rich.  H.  Dana  on  the  Pilgrim,  iii.  413.  He  left  the  ship  to  be 
agent's  clerk,  and  is  named  in  a  Los  Ang.  list  of  '36  as  26  years  old;  but  in 
'37-8  made  a  trip  to  the  states.  Returning  in  '39  he  remained  on  the  coast  as 
agent  or  supercargo  of  the  vessels  of  Appleton  &  Co.,  including  the  Admit 
tance  and  Tasso,  iv.  562,  569,  and  his  name  often  appears  in  commercial  rec 
ords  of  the  time,  making  his  home  chiefly  at  Los  Ang.  In  '45  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  W.  D.  M.  Howard,  and  the  firm  of  M.  &  H.  soon  became 
the  most  prominent  in  S.  F.,  buying  the  H.  B.  Co.  property  in  '46,  v.  699, 
building  the  1st  brick  store  in  town,  and  establishing  branches  at  S.  Jose", 
Los  Ang.,  and  Sac.  He  became  owner  of  many  town  lots  and  a  very  rich  man. 
In  '47  he  married  Anita,  daughter  of  James  Johnson  of  Los  Ang.,  and  in  '48 
made  a  visit  to  the  East,  and  on  his  return  had  a  stroke  of  apoplexy,  from 
the  effects  of  which  he  never  entirely  recovered.  In  '50  he  sold  his  interest 
in  the  firm  and  went  East,  subsequently  losing  most  of  his  wealth  in  unfor 
tunate  business  enterprises.  About  '53  he  brought  a  suit,  finally  abandoned, 
against  Howard  on  the  plea  that  he  had  not  been  of  sound  mind  at  the  time 
of  settlement.  This  created  some  ill  feeling  against  him  in  S.F.,  and  it  is  said 
that  by  H.'s  influence  the  name  of  Mellus  St  was  changed  to  Natoma.  In  '59 
he  came  back  to  Cal.  and  settled  at  Los  Ang. ,  where  he  was  elected  mayor 
in  May  '60,  but  died  in  Dec.  of  the  same  year  at  the  age  of  45,  leaving  a 
family.  Mellus  was  a  man  of  remarkable  business  ability,  of  good  character, 
and  of  courteous,  pleasing  manners.  Melros  (M.),  1846,  doubtful  name  in 
a  Los  Aug.  list.  Meluren  (Louis),  see  'Mathurin.'  Melville,  1848,  at  S.  F. 
from  Tahiti.  M.  (Hugh),  1845,  sailor  of  the  Morea,  disch.  at  S.F.,  and  sent 
to  the  Mont,  hospital.  Melvin  (James  W.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  S.  F.  '74. 

Me"nard  (Fra^ois),  1846,  teamster  with  Kearny's  force  from  N.  Mex.  v. 
337;  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346.  M.  (Louis),  1844,  doubtful  member  of 
Fremont's  party,  iv.  437.  Menchaca  (R.),  1842,  mr  of  the  Trinidad,  iv.  569. 
Mendenhall  (Wm  M),  1845,  nat.  of  Ohio,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Hastings 
party,  iv.  586-7;  at  Slitter's  Fort  in  '46.  I  find  no  further  original  record  of 
him  in  early  times,  but  in  the  county  history  it  is  said  that  in  '46-7  he  took 
part  in  the  Bear  revolt,  went  south  with  Fremont,  was  commissary  at  S.  Jose" 
in  the  Sanchez  campaign,  kept  a  bakery  at  S.F.,  and  married  Mary  Allen; 
in  the  mines  '48;  in  Or.  '49;  Sta  Clara  Co.  '50-3,  '68-76;  Contra  Costa  '53-60, 
'65-8,  and  Alameda  Co.  '60-65,  and  from  '76  to  '85,  where  he  is  a  prosperous 
farmer  at  Livermore,  age  62,  with  9  surviving  children:  James  M.,  Lizzie 
Mrs  C.  H.  Lindley,  Emma  Mrs  Black,  Ella,  Archer,  Wm  Oswald,  Ascey, 
and  Etta.  In  the  earlier  records  he  is  called  H.  and  Philip  Mendenhall.  Por 
trait  in  A  lam.  Co.  Hist.,  56. 

Mendez  (Antonio),  Mex.  com.  of  artill.  at  S.F.  '31-2.  iii.  702;  at  Mont. 
'36,  age  38,  wife  Juana  Soto,  child.  Baltasar  b.  '29,  Sofia  '31,  Evaristo  '33; 
juez  aux.  '44.  iv.  653;  had  a  store,  which  in  '46  was  broken  open  and  robbed. 
M.  (Juan  Ign.),  trader  and  carpenter  from  1798;  had  a  grand  commercial 
scheme  1800.  i.  628.  M.  (Pedro),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  Mendoza  (Antonino), 
at  S.  Jose"  '41.  M.  (Antonio),  settler  killed  by  Ind,  1781.  i.  359,  362.  M. 
(Henriquez),  weaver-instructor  1792-5.  i.  615.  M.  (Jaime),  resid.  of  Bran* 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  IV.  47 


738  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

ciforte  '30.  ii.  627.  M.  (Manuel),  soldier  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  400.  M. 
(Mariano  Jose"),  weaver- instructor  1702-1801.  i.  615,  658;  ii.  174.  Menendez 
(Antonio),  1825,  Span.  Dominican  friar  of  the  L.  Cal.  frontier,  relieved  from 
missionary  work  for  irregular  conduct,  and  employed  as  chaplain  of  the  troops 
at  S.  Diego  from  '25.  ii.  425,  544,  552,  658;  iii.  8;  quarrelled  with  Alvarado. 
iii.  41;  in  the  '28  list  of  Span.,  iii.  51,  but  not  sent  away;  teacher  and  chap 
lain  of  the  dip.  '29.  ii.  548;  iii.  43,  77,  141;  transferred  to  Mont.  '30.  ii  609; 
iii.  144,  451;  died  at  Sta  B.  '32.  iii.  317,  656.  M.,  1792,  com.  of  the  Aran- 
zazu.  i.  517;  and  of  the  Conception  in  '94.  i.  523.  M.  (Jose"  Ant.),  Mex. 
trader  '33-9.  iii.  242,  623.  Meneses  (Jos<§  H.),  artilleryman  at  S.  Diego  '20. 
Mensing,  1846,  mr  of  the  Patriot,  v.  579.  Menzies,  1847,  mr  of  the  Gen. 
Kearny.  v.  578;  and  of  the  Louise  in  '48.  Mequelixt  (Michael),  1822.  ii.  479; 
prob.  » McAllister, '  q.  v. 

Mcrcado  (Jesus  Maria  Vasquez  del),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos, 
who  served  at  S.  Rafael,  S.  Antonio,  and  Sta  Clara,  leaving  Cal.  in  '44;  a 
quarrelsome  and  vicious  padre  who  did  much  harm,  though  of  good  abilities 
and  education.  Biog.  iv.  682;  ment.,  with  record  of  his  controversies,  iii.  300, 
319,  321-4,  354,  426,  477,  586-7,  686-90,716,726;  iv.  162,  373,  423,  473.  M., 
sergt  at  S.  Diego,  and  sometime  teacher,  '10-11.  ii.  424.  M.  (Mariano), 
1842,  cornet  of  batallon  fijo.  iv.  289.  Mercure  (H.),  1848,  in  S.F.  letter  list. 
Merelo  (Lorenzo),  1799,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  brief  term  in  S.F.  and  S. 
Antonio,  retiring  in  1801.  Biog.  ii.  152;  ment.  i.  577,  712;  ii.  147,  159.  Me 
rino  (Agustin),  1797,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Jose"  until  forced  by  illness 
to  retire  in  1800.  i.  555,  577.  Merium  (W.),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 
Merrick,  1847,  lieut  ill  at  Los  Ang.;  doubtful  name.  Merrilies  (Robert), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  a  Scotchman  with  no  antipathy  to  whiskey, 
and  fond  of  Burns'  poetry,  who  deserted,  like  most  of  his  comrades,  for  the 
mines  in  '48;  was  at  Mont.  '58-9;  and  later  a  sheep-herder  in  the  south.  'Miri* 
lies '  on  the  roll. 

Merrill,  1831,  at  Los  Ang.  M.  (Ferdinand),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  farmer  at  Salt  Lake  '82.  M.  (John  H.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lots,  and  superintendent  of  sabbath-school,  v.  657.  I 
have  his  letter  of  '48  complaining  of  various  persecutions  by  Lieut  Brewerton. 
He  was  later  a  resid.  of  S.  Jose",  and  in  '82  at  Wash.,  D.C.  M.  (Philemon 
C.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.,  and  acting  adjutant,  v.  477,  483;  in  '81 
at  St  David,  Ariz.  M.  (Squire  G.),  1847,  son  of  John  H.,  and  drummer  of 
Co.  H,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499),  age  12;  attended  school  at  S.  F.;  clerk  for  Bel  den 
at  S.  Jose";  in  trade  at  Alviso,  and  later  at  S.  F.  He  went  East  in  '59,  served 
in  the  war  of  '61-5,  and  in  '77  had  been  10  years  a  clerk  in  the  adj. -gen.  of 
fice  at  Wash.,  D.C.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82.  M.  (W.  H.),  1847,  builder 
and  keeper  of  a  boarding-house  at  S.  F.  '47-8.  v.  681,  685;  possibly  same  as 
John  H.  Merriner  (Nicholas),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  Mrs  M.  with  sons  in 
Marin  Co.  '46. 

Merritt  (Ezekiel),  1841  (?),  Amer.  trapper,  the  exact  date  and  circumstances 
of  whose  arrival  are  not  known.  He  may  be  the  man  who  appears  on  Lar- 
kin's  books  in  '37.  iv.  117-18;  is  ment.  as  one  of  Walker's  men  in  '33.  iii. 
391;  was  at  N.  Helv.  '41.  iv.  233;  in  the  Sac.  Val.  '43;  implicated  in  the  at 
tempt  to  release  Dr  Bale  in  '44.  iv.  445;  in  which  year,  in  getting  naturali 
zation  papers,  he  claimed  to  have  been  in  Cal.  2  years !  He  was  one  of  Capt. 
Gantt's  men  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign  of  '44-5.  iv.  486;  and  from  '45  is 
often  mentioned  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary.  He  commanded  the  party  that  stole 
Arce's  horses  in  '46,  and  was  nominally  in  com.  of  the  Bears  at  first,  his  name 
appearing  on  the  original  proclamation  of  June  14th.  v.  107-9,  114,  121,  127, 
169.  Returning  with  the  prisoners  to  the  fort,  he  subsequently  went  south 
with  Fremont,  and  remained  with  Gillespie  at  Los  Ang.,  being  sent  at  one 
time  with  a  small  garrison  to  S.  Diego,  v.  308,  317,  324-5,  617.  Bidwtllsays 
that  he  became  partner  with  Win  C.  Moon  on  a  Tehama  rancho,  and  died  in 
the  winter  of  '47-8,  though  possibly  it  was  a  little  later,  as  there  are  vague 
references  to  his  presence  in  the  mines.  Merritt  was  a  coarse-grained,  loud 
mouthed,  unprincipled,  whiskey-drinking,  quarrelsome  fellow,  well  adapted 


MERRITT— MEYER.  739 

to  the  use  that  was  made  of  him  in  promoting  the  filibusters'  schemes.  M. 
(Robert  G.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Napa  Co.  '75;  d.  at  Ukiah 
'83.  M.  (Thos),  1837,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts.  Mervine  (Wm),  1846, 
commander  U.S.N.  in  com.  of  the  Cyane  and  Savannah,  the  officer  who  raised 
the  U.  S.  flag  at  Mont,  and  took  com.  on  shore.  After  the  outbreak  of  the 
Flores  revolt  he  went  south  to  S.  Pedro,  and  was  defeated  by  the  Californi- 
ans  in  Oct.  while  attempting  to  inarch  inland  to  Los  Ang.  He  took  no  fur 
ther  active  part  in  the  war;  was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  in  '47,  negotiating  also 
for  land  at  Sonoma;  and  started  for  the  East  in  March.  He  was  capt.  in  the 
war  of  '61-5.  v.  27,  200-3,  224,  229-31,  253,  289-90,  296,  304,  318-20,  327, 
383,  539,  580. 

Mesa  (Alejandro),  Cal.  claim  of  $4,220  for  horses  in  '46-7  (v.  462).  M. 
(Andre's)  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '23-9.  M.  (Antonio),  1781,  negro  settler 
of  Los  Ang.,  with  wife  and  2  children,  i.  345.  M.  (Antonio),  soldier  of  S.F. 
comp.  '19-30;  militiaman  at  S.F.  '37;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  46,  wife  Dolores 
Higuera,  child.  Alejandro  b.  '34,  Isidro  '37,  Benedicto  '39.  M.  (Cayetano), 
soldier  killed  by  Ind.  on  the  Colorado,  i.  359-62.  M.  (Dolores),  settler  at 
S.  Jose"  1791-1800;  regidor  in  1806.  i.  716;  ii.  134,  171.  M.  (Dolores),  at  S. 
Jose"  '41,  age  48.  M.  (Domiugo),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '28-31;  named  in  '46. 
v.  162.  M.  (Encarnacion),  claimant  for  S.  Antonio,  Sta  Clara,  iii.  712.  M. 
(Francisco),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '34-5;  in  '36  maj.  of  the  rancho  nacional, 
age  37.  iii.  677;  drowned  near  Mont,  in  '45.  M.  (Ger6nimo),  soldier  of  S.F. 
comp.  '41-3.  iv.  667.  M.  (Hilario),  corporal  of  the  guard  at  S.  Jose"  1783-98; 
settler  '86.  i.  477-8,  495.  M.  (Joaquin),  soldier  at  Sta  Cruz  and  settler  at 
S.  Jose"  before  18CO.  i.  496,  716.  M.  (Jos6),  1791,  chaplain  in  Malaspina's 
expcd.  i.  490.  M.  (Jose"  Ant.),  grantee  of  Los  Me"danos,  Contra  Costa,  '39. 
iii.  712.  M.  (Jose"  Ign.),  soldier  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499.  M.  (Jos<§ 
do  Jesus),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '23-33,  '38-9;  two  of  the  name  as  militiamen 
at  S.F.  '37;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  39,  wife  Juana  Miranda,  child.  Maria  b. 
'36,  Trinidad  '38.  M.  (Juan  B.),  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '44.  v.  684.  M.  (Juan 
Prado),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  from  '28;  corporal  from  '32,  in  com.  of  Sta 
Clara  escolta.  iii.  728;  sergt  36,  and  acting  alf.  from  '37.  iii.  511,  522;  in  '39 
full  alferez,  com.  of  the  S.F.  garrison,  grantee  of  S.  Antonio  raiicho,  and  en 
gaged  in  Ind.  fights,  iii.  701-2,  712,  722;  iv.  75-6.  On  the  roll  as  alf.  to  '42, 
and  mentioned  occasionally  as  in  mil.  com.  at  S.F.,  where  he  was  owner  of  a, 
lot.  iv.  665,  666-7,  669,  678.  He  seems  to  have  died  at  his  rancho  in  '45. 
M.  (Luis),  at  Pilarcitos  rancho  '36,  age  43,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Martinez,  child. 
Juan  b.  '21,  Serafina  '24;  juez  del  campo.  iii.  674-5,  678.  M.  (Maria  Ant.), 
grantee  of  Rinconada  del  Arroyo  de  S.  Francisquito  '41.  iv.  672-3.  M. 
(Miguel),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  30,  wife  Hilaria  Benavides,  child.  Francisco  b. 
'34,  Agueda  '37;  juez  de  campo  '43.  iv.  685.  M.  (Nicolas),  regidor  at  S. 
Jose"  1805.  ii.  134.  M.  (Pedro),  sold,  of  S.F.  comp.  '27-37;  juez  de  campo 
at  S.  Jose"  '39.  iii.  731;  in  '41  age  24,  wife  Teresa  Higuera,  child.  Joaquin  b. 
'39,  Jose  Ant.  '41;  another  of  the  name  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  33.  M.  (Petra 
Higuera  de),  widow  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  38,  child.  Jose"  b.  '28,  Domingo  '30, 
Guadalupe  '31,  Rufina  '32,  Albino  '33,  Pamela  !37,  Jose"  Ant.  '39.  M.  (Ra 
fael),  one  of  the  original  settlers  at  Los  Ang.  1782.  i.  345-6.  M.  (Rafael), 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '23-31;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  34.  M.  (Ramon),  sol 
dier  of  S.F.  comp.  '34-42;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  25;  grantee  of  Soulajule,  Marin 
Co.,  '44.  iv.  674;  named  in  connection  with  the  Bear  war  '46.  iv.  674;  v.  162. 
M.  (Santiago),  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  M.  (Valeric),  corp.  of  S.  F.  comp.  1777.  i. 
297,  312;  at  S.  Jose"  '93,  wife  Leonor  Barboa,  child  Nicolas. 

Mesnard,  1837,  connected  with  Petit-Thouars'  exped.  iv.  149.  Metcalf 
(T.),  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Hope.  Metzger  (Jacob  N.),  1848,  came  from 
Or.  in  May,  and  after  a  successful  visit  to  the  mines  went  to  Or.  in  Aug.  to 
bring  his  family.  Mexica  (Teodora),  at  Sta  Cruz '18,  ii.  225.  Mexwell 
(Wm  H.),  1848,  at  Stockton.  Herald;  prob.  'Maxwell,'  q.  v. 

Meyer  (Chas),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  M.  (Francis),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S. 
artill.  (v.  518).  M.  (Geo.  S.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  a  German  in 
the  mines  '48-9,  kept  a  hotel  at  S.F. ;  and  settled  at  Mt  Eden,  Alameda  Co., 


740  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

in  53.  Still  living  in  '83,  age  71,  with  wife  Sophia  Priiger,  and  4  children, 
Geo.  A.,  Henry  H.,  Matilda  Mrs  Martin,  and  Amelia.  Portrait  in  Alam. 
Co.  Hist.,  520.  M.  (John  Daniel),  1832,  from  Strassburg  and  Mex.,  a  black 
smith  at  Los  Ang.  naturalized  in  '34.  age  27.  iii.  408.  He  was  one  of  the  vigi 
lantes  in  '36  (iii.  130),  and  was  at  S.  Diego  in  '40.  Meyers  (R.  G.),  1848, 
nat.  of  Pa,  resid.  of  S.  Joaquin  '50—78,  being  several  times  member  of  the 
legislature,  M.,  see  also  'Myers.'  Meyerholz,  1847,  at  N.  Helv. 

Micheltorena  (Manuel),  1842,  Mex.  brigadier-gen.,  governor  and  com. 
gen.  of  Cal.  from  '42 — appointed  Jan.  22d,  took  possession  formally  Dec. 
31  to  Feb.  22,  '45,  when  he  signed  the  treaty  of  surrender  to  the  revolutionist 
Californians  who  expelled  him.  On  his  early  career,  appointment,  arrival, 
convict  army,  etc.,  see  iv.  285-95;  Com.  Jones  affair,  iv.  308-26;  rule  in  '43, 
iv.  350-67;  policy  in  mission,  commercial,  and  maritime  affairs,  iv.  368-78; 
rule  in  '44,  iv.  401-20;  revolution  against  in  '44-5;  defeat,  departure,  and 
later  career,  iv.  455-517;  miscel.  mention,  iii.  550,  561;  iv.  34,  401),  423-33, 
448,  521-2,  561,  619,  630,  636,  652.  As  his  career  in  Cal.  is  fully  recorded  in 
this  vol.,  I  need  not  go  further  into  details  here.  He  was  a  nat.  of  Oajaca,  a 
friend  of  Guerrero,  a  man  of  some  literary  pretensions,  and  a  colonel  as  early 
as  '33.  Elsewhere  I  say  of  the  gov.  that  he  was  'a  strange  mixture  of  good 
and  bad ;  a  most  fascinating  and  popular  gentleman ;  honest,  skilful,  and  efficient 
as  an  official  in  minor  matters;  utterly  weak,  unreliable,  and  even  dishonor 
able  in  all  emergencies;'  yet  under  ordinary  circumstances,  by  reason  of  his 
intelligence,  experience,  and  tact  in  winning  friends,  he  might  have  been  a 
good  ruler  for  Cal.  By  his  liberality  in  granting  lands  as  well  as  by  his  per 
sonal  courtesy  he  made  a  good  impression  on  most  foreigners,  who  as  a  rule 
have  given  an  unfair  version  of  the  revolution  by  which  he  was  overthrown. 
In  the  Jones  affair  at  the  outset  he  simply  made  an  ass  of  himself,  and  of  his 
acts  in  the  last  months  nothing  can  be  said  in  praise;  while  his  breaking  the 
treaty  of  Sta  Teresa,  by  which  he  had  promised  to  send  away  his  battalion  of 
cholo  ruffians,  and  his  bribing  Sutter  to  arm  the  foreigners  and  Indians  against 
the  Californians,  were  in  the  highest  degree  dishonorable  and  unpatriotic. 
After  leaving  Cal.  he  took  a  somewhat  prominent  part  in  the  war  against  the 
U.S.,  serving  as  member  of  congress  in  '47  and  com.  gen.  of  Yucatan  in  '50. 
He  seems  to  have  taken  a  very  discreditable  part  in  the  Limantour  forgeries, 
though  little  is  known  of  details.  I  have  found  no  definite  record  of  his  last 
years  or  death.  Michael  (John),  1844,  at  S.  Jose".  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.  Atlas. 
flichi  (John),  1825,  mr  of  the  Tamaahmaah.  iv.  149;  prob.  'Meek,'q.  v. 

Middleton,  1847,  mr  of  the  Xylon.  M.  (Thomas),  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  iv. 
578,  587;  bought  mules  of  Lassen  and  Sill,  which  were  driven  across  the 
plains  eastward  in  '46;  in  '76  a  resid.  of  Rohnerville.  Eureka  W.  C.  signal. 
Mier  y  Teran  (Jose"  M.),  sec.  of  ayunt.  at  Mont.  (?)  '34.  iii.  673;  sec.  of  S. 
Diego  ayunt. '35-6.  iii.  615-16;  sindico '37.  iii.  616.  Miguel  (Jos6de),  1790, 
Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly  at  Sta  B.  and  San  Gabriel,  dying  in  1803. 
Biog.  ii.  355;  ment.  i.  423,  492,  522,  576-7,  587,  669,  672,  689;  ii.  114,  148, 
159.  394.  Miles  (John),  1832,  of  the  comp.  extranjera;  still  at  Mont.  '33-4. 
iii.  221.  M.  (Sam.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  asst  alcalde  at  S. 
Diego,  v.  490;  in  '81  high  councillor  and  justice  of  peace  in  Utah.  Milford 
(Edmund  K),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);-  at  Princeton,  Mariposa  Co., 
'83.  Millard  (Ormon),  1845,  disch.  from  the  Warren,  and  shipped  on  the 
Gttipuzcoana,  at  Mont. 

Miller  (Augustus),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  M. 
(Chas),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto.  M.  (Daniel),  1832,  Engl.  sailor  from  the  Chal 
cedony,  at  Mont,  to  end  of  '34.  M.  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v. 
499).  M.  (Feltis),  1847,  settled  on  Sac.  Riv.,  at  Cache  Creek.  M.  (Fran 
cis),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  M.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  D,  ditto.  M. 
(Hiram  0.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  of  Bryant's  party,  v.  528;  member  of  2d 
Donner  relief,  v.  540;  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '67.  M. 
(James),  1844,  Irish  immig.  of  the  Stevens  party,  with  wife  (Mary  Murphy), 
son  Wm  J.,  age  12,  and  3  daughters,  iv.  445-7,  453.  He  settled  in  Marin 
Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '80  with  a  large  family.  M.  (J.),  1845,  command- 


MILLER— MIRANDA.  741 

er's  clerk  on  the  Savannah.  M.  (J.  J. ),  1845,  mid.  on  the  Savannah.  M. 
(John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  M.  (John  Morgan),  1848,  nat.  of 
Va,  \vlio  came  from  Or.  to  the  mines;  settled  from  '50- near  Sebastopol,  Sonoma 
Co.,  where  he  died  in  '75  at  the  age  of  61,  having  been  postmaster  and  jus 
tice  of  the  peace.  M.  (Miles),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  M.  (M. 
R.),  1847,  ovcrl.  immig.,  who  again  crossed  the  plains  in  '48,  '49,  '52,  and  '73; 
had  an  orchard  in  Pleasant  Val.,  Solano.  M.  (Valentine),  1847,  Co.  G,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  M.  (Win),  1846,  deserter  from  the  U.  S.  Savannah. 

Millhause  (Gustavo),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sta  B.  '71-82. 
Mill'gan  (John),  see  'Mulligan.'  M.  (R  ),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  St  Louis. 
Milliken  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sta  Clara  Co.  about  '78. 
Millington  (Chas),  1847,  mr  of  the  Xylon.  v.  581;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  Mills 
(John),  1847,  boatswain  on  the  U.  S.  Independence.  M.  (J.  H.  A.),  1848, 
nat.  of  Mo.,  at  S.  Jose  '59-76;  livery-stable  man.  M.  (Win),  1846,  Faun- 
tleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  Millwright,  1847,  doubtful  name  at  N.  Helv. 
Milner  (Danell),  1845,  signer  of  the  S.  Jose"  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  599. 

Minard  (Thos  A.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Miner  (A.  T.),  1848, 
name  in  S.  F.  letter  list.  Minier,  1846,  at  Sutter's  Fort  '46-7  with  family; 
called  a  volunteer.  M.,  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Warren.  Mink  (Wm), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  transf.  from  Co.  K.  v.  336.  Miiion  (Juan 
Jose),  Mex.  gen.,  appointed  gov.  of  Cal.  '27;  did  not  come.  ii.  515;  iii.  8. 
Minor  (Allen  B.),  1847,  of  N.  Y.,  left  S.  F.  for  Panama  on  the  Charles  Drew. 
M.  (Colville  J.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artiil.;  d.  at  Mont,  in  Aug.,  age 
23;  a  nat.  of  Wash.,  D.  C.,  and  graduate  of  West  Point,  v.  518,  520.  M. 
(Geo.),  1846,  lieut  U.  S.  N.  on  the  Savannah;  meinb.  of  1st  jury  at  Mont.; 
in  com.  of  garrison  at  S.  Diego;  in  '47  assist  q.  m.  in  Stockton's  battalion;  a 
witness  at  Wash,  in  the  Fremont  court-martial  and  Cal.  claims,  v.  289,  292, 
324-6,  328,  385,  420,  456.  Minter  (J.),  1846,  pverl.  immig.  in  Bryant's  party 
(v.  523;)  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Miramontes  (Candelario),  Mex.  said  to  have  had  a  potato-patch  in  '33  on 
what  was  later  the  plaza  at  S.F.  iii.  709;  in  '41  or  earlier  grantee  of  Pilar- 
citos,  Sta  Clara,  ii.  616,  664,  672;  in  '42  at  S.F.,  age  53,  wife  Guadalupe  Bri- 
ones,  child.  Miguel  b.  '19  at  S.F.,  Maria  Dolores  '23,  Rodolfo  '20,  Jose"  A. 
'24,  Jose"  de  los  Santos  '26,  Raimuudo  '29,  Guadalupe  '31,  Carmen  '32.  M. 
(Ignacio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  from  '35;  corp.  '38-44;  brought  small-pox  from 
Ross  r38.  iv.  74,  165;  age  30  in  '44.  M.  (Jose"  Arciano)  son  of  Candelario; 
soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '44.  M.  (Juan),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-30.  M. 
(Mariano),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '37;  d.  '43.  M.  (Miguel),  sergt  in  S.F. 
militia  '44,  age  26.  M.  (Raimundo),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '44,  age  20.  M. 
(Ramon),  Cal.  claim  of  $15,000  '46-7  (v.462).  M.  (Rodolfo),  son  of  Candelario; 
soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '37-44;  juezde  campo  '46.  v.  648.  M.  (Santos),  soldier 
of  S.F.  militia  '44,  age  16.  M.  (Vicente),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '28-37;  in  '37 
elector,  iii.  705;  in  '39  juez  supl.  and  elected  alcalde.  Ib. ;  in  '42  juez  supl.  iv. 
665;  in  '42  at  S.  Jose,  age  32,  wife  Maria  de  Jesus  Hernandez,  child.  Jose  Maria 
b.  '38,  Benita  '40,  and  Mariana;  in  '43  owner  of  a  lot,  on  which  he  lived  with  his 
fam.  '44-8.  iv.  669;  v.  680;  in  '44  alferez  of  militia,  iv.  667;  in  '46  juez  supl. 
v.  648.  In  '54-5  he  lived  at  the  mission,  testifying  in  the  Santillan  case. 

Miranda  (Alejo),  inval.  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  and  brevet  corporal  '19-30;  pi 
loted  Vancouver's  vessels  1792.  i.  510;  corp.  of  the  guard  at  S.  Jose  mission '97. 
M.  (Antonio),  chino  settler  of  Los  Ang.  1781.  i.  345.  M.  (Apolinario),  sol 
dier  of  S.F.  cornp.  '19-36;  grantee  of  Ojo  de  Agua  de  Figueroa  '33,  '38.  iii. 
712,  705;  in  '42  age  47,  wife  Juana  Briones,  child.  Presentacion  b.  '22,  Go 
mez  (?)  '29,  Narcisa  '30,  Refugio  '32,  Jose*  de  Jesus  '35,  Manuel  '37;  in  '43  in 
trouble  with  his  wife.  iv.  666.  See  '  Briones'  (Juana).  M.  (Hilario),  soldier 
of  S.F.  comp.  1797-1824.  i.  555-6;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  60,  wife  Juana  Ci- 
brian,  child.  Jose"  Fran.  b.  '28,  Jose"  de  Jesus  '31,  Casimiro  '33,  Alejo  (?)  '36, 
Clemente  '38,  Maria  de  Gracia  '39.  M.  (Jos<§),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '34-42. 
M.  (Juan),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  sec.  at  S.  Jose"  '25.  ii.  604-5;  in  '44, 
age  52,  grantee  of  Arroyo  de  S.  Antonio,  Marin.  iv.  673.  M.  (Juan  Jose"), 
settler  on  the  Colorado  1780-1.  i.  359.  M.  (Manuel),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  24, 


742  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

wife  Carmen  Alviso,  child.  Maria  de  los  Santos  '38,  Maria  Rosa  '41.  M. 
(Mariano),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '37-43.  iv.  667;  named  in  '46.  v.  162;  also  had 
a  Cal.  claim  of  $4,400  (v.  462).  M.  (Presentacion),  daughter  of  Apolinario; 
at  Mission  Dolores  '55,  and  witness  in  the  Santillan  case.  M.  (Santos),  soldier 
of  S.F.  comp.  '39-43.  iv.  667.  M.  (Teodoro),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  22.  Mi- 
rantes  (Ignacio),  at  S.F.  '42,  age  31;  doubtful  name.  Mirayno  (Jonathan), 
1840,  doubtful  name  in  Farnham's  list.  iv.  17. 

Misroon  (John  S. ),  1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth,  somewhat  prominent 
at  the  time  of  the  Bear  revolt,  being  sent  by  Capt.  Montgomery  to  Sonoma 
and  N.Helv.  v.  130-1,  154,  156-9,  241,  299.  Owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  683. 
Before  his  departure  in  '47  he  made  arrangements  for  investing  in  lands  and 
cattle,  and  apparently  did  invest  with  Larkic,  but  had  a  misunderstanding 
with  L.  and  Sutter,  which,  perhaps,  put  an  end  to  the  speculation.  I  have 
many  of  his  letters  on  the  matter.  Mieteril,  1834,  Swiss  sailor  on  the  Na 
talia,  badly  injured  at  the  wreck,  iii.  412;  worked  on  a  rancho  near  Mont. 
'35-6. 

Mitchell,  1845,  mr  of  the  Fama.  iv.  565.  M.,  1847,  mr  of  the  Provi 
dence,  v.  580.  M.  (Benj.),  1846,  in  Napa  Val.  '69.  M.  (Hue),  1842,  sailor 
on  the  Admittance;  deserted  at  S.  Diego  '44.  M.  (Joseph  B.),  1845,  mr  of 
the  Fannie,  at  S.F.  Oct.  M.  (Wm),  18-16,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Congress;  sta 
tioned  with  a  garrison  at  Sta  B.  Aug. -Sept.  v.  267,  287,  630;  made  a  com. 
U.S.N.  '65;  d.  at  Wash.  '71.  M.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d. 
in  Australia  before  '82.  M.  (Wm  H.),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto;  in  Amador  Co. 
'74.  Mitchener  (T.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the  Francesca. 

Mocho  (Dan.),  1831,  nickname  of  an  Irishman  at  Los  Ang.  Moerenhaut 
(Jacob  Antonio),  1846,  Fr.  consul  in  Cal.  '46-8.  v.  290,  5/6,  614;  a  nat.  of 
Belgium.  There  is  no  agreement  respecting  his  initials.  Moffat  (Richard), 
1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  686.  Moffitt  (Alfred  P.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  artiil. 
artificer  (v.  518).  M.  (James),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  sailor  on  the  U.S.  Sa 
vannah,  disch.  at  S.F.  '49;  in  '82  at  East  Oakland  with  wife— Margaret  Mul- 
grew,  mar.  '59 — and  9  children,  Frank  J.  (deputy  sheriff),  Mary,  Maggie, 
Martha,  Joseph,  Emma,  Geo.,  Harry,  and  Nellie.  M.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  Co. 
D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  299). 

Mofraa  (Eugene  Duflot  de),  1841,  French  attache"  of  the  Mex.  legation,  who 
visited  Cal.  and  Or.  in  '41-2,  commissioned  by  the  govt  to  examine  and  report 
on  the  country,  with  its  institutions,  resources,  history,  and  prospects,  the 
result  being  published  as  Mofras,  Exploration,  etc.,  a  well-known  and  stan 
dard  work.  For  a  full  account  of  his  visit  and  work,  including  something  of 
Mofraa'  character,  see  iv.  248-55;  also  i.  224;  ii.  108,  642;  iv.  191,  209-10, 
218,  224,  233-4,  297,  329,  343,  564,  618-19,  636,  640,  650,  665.  M.  was  still 
in  the  French  diplomatic  service,  as  ministre  plenipotentiaire,  in  '78,  and  I 
have  not  heard  of  his  death  down  to  '85.  Mohr,  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  S.  Jose1  '71-4,  doubtful  name,  not  in  Clark's  last  list.  Mohron, 
1847,  mr  of  the  Com.  Shubrick;  perhaps  'Morgan.'  Mojica  (Bernardo),  at 
8.  Jose"  '22.  ii.  605.  M.  (Jos6  Vicente),  at  Branciforte  1797;  alcalde  in  1802. 
i.  569;  ii.  156.  M.  (Venancio),  at  S.F.  '37-44,  age  55. 

Molckenbuhr  (Henry),  1847,  German  carpenter  at  Mont.  '47-8;  name  writ 
ten  in  half  a  dozen  ways;  perhaps  '  Molokenbuker.'  Moliua,  settler  at 
Mont.,  taken  prisoner  by  Bouchard  '18.  ii.  233,  237-41.  M.,  maj.  at  S.  Ra 
fael  '33.  iii.  323-4.  M.,  killed  at  Jamul,  S.  Diego  '37.  iii.  614.  M.  (Ale 
jandro),  at  Los.  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Jesus),  at  S.  Carlos  '40-2,  grantee  of  S. 
Bernabd.  iii.  680;  iv.  655.  M.  (Joaquin),  sirviente  at  S.  F.  1777.  i.  297. 
M.  (Vicente),  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  653.  Molini,  contract  to  make  adobes  for 
Larkin  1848.  Molteno  (Frank),  1848,  mr  of  the  S.8.  v.  580;  on  the  Julian 
from  Hon.  later  in  the  year.  Molvee  (Herman),  1815,  sup.  of  the  Suvarqf. 
ii.  307.  Molvisto  (Nicolai),  1825,  pass,  on  the  Elena,  iii.  146. 

Mondojia,  1791,  com.  of  the  Horcasitas.  i.  523.  Mone  (Alex.),  1847, 
overl.  immig.  from  Mo.  with  wife  and  father,  who  settled  at  Sta  Cruz  and 
engaged  in  the  lumber  business,  with  a  brief  mining  experience  in  '48.  He 
furnished  lumber  for  Meiggs'  wharf  S.  F.  at  two  hundred  dollars  per  M.  lu 


MONE— MOON.  743 

'53  settled  at  Pescaclero,  where  in  '78  he  gave  me  the  narrative  of  a  Pioneer 
of '47.  Monet  (John),  1846,  Cal.  claim  $30  (v.  462);  owner  of  S.  F.  lot 
'47.  Money  (Wm),  1843  (?),  Scotchman,  the  date  and  manner  of  whose 
coming  are  not  known;  at  Los  Ang.  Feb.  '43.  iv.  400.  He  is  said  to  have 
come  as  the  servant  of  a  scientific  man,  whose  methods  and  ideas  he  adopted. 
His  wife  was  a  very  handsome  Sonorena.  In  '46  the  couple  started  with  Coro- 
nel  for  Sonora,  and  were  captured  by  Kearny's  force,  but  perhaps  continued 
their  journey,  as  Mrs  M.  had  a  child  born  on  the  way,  and  they  returned 
from  the  Colorado  with  the  Morm.  Bat.  Money  became  an  eccentric  doctor, 
artist,  and  philosopher  at  S.  Gabriel,  where  his  house  in  '80  was  filled  with 
ponderous  tomes  of  his  writings,  and  on  the  simple  condition  of  buying  one 
thousand  dollars'  worth  of  these  I  was  offered  his  pioneer  reminiscences.  He 
died  a  few  years  later.  His  wife,  long  divorced  from  M.  and  married  to  a 
Frenchman,  was  also  living  at  Los  Ang.  in  '80.  It  was  her  daughter  who 
killed  Chico  Forster. 

Monneron,  1786,  with  La  P6rouse.  i.  435.  Monroe,  1845,  at  Sutter's  Fort. 
Monroy  (Jose"  de  Jesus  and  Lino),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Montalba  (Bernardo), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Montano  (Antonio),  at  Bajada  a  Huerta  Vieja,  Mont., 
1795.  i.  683.  M.  (Jose"  Maria),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  40,  wife  Josefa  Gutier 
rez,  child.  Apolonio  b.  '35,  Maria  '37,  Bruno  '39.  Monteith  (Dan.),  1837  (?), 
at  Sta  Cruz  '81.  Montenegro  (Eugenio),  Mex.  corporal  of  Mont,  custom 
house  guard  '34.  iii.  378;  served  under  Alvarado's  govt  as  alfe"rez.  iii.  508; 
and  in  '38-JO  was  sub-comisario  and  com.  of  celadores  at  Mont.  iii.  67-;  iv. 
9(3-7;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  '41-5.  iv.  669;  ministro  supl.  of  the  sup.  court  '42. 
iv.  29G;  grantee  of  Laguna  de  los  Gentiles  '44,  not  serving  against  Michel- 
torena.  iv.  473,  671;  a  capt.  of  aux.  cavalry  '45-6.  v.  41;  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '50. 
Montero  (Manuel),  soldier  of  the  escolta  at  S.  Miguel  1797.  i.  560;  at  Bran- 
ciforte  '30.  ii.  627. 

Montgomery,  1844,  officer  on  H.  B.  M.  S.  Modeste.  M.  (Allen),  1844, 
overl.  immig.  from  Mo.  in  the  Stevens  party  with  wife.  iv.  445,  453.  He  was 
one  of  the  party  that  at  first  remained  at  the  mountain  camp  with  Schallen- 
berger.  iv.  454.  He  is  mentioned  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary  in  '46,  and  apparently 
had  a  rancho  on  the  American  Riv.  v.  107;  but  went  to  Honolulu  on  the 
Julia  in  '47,  and  I  find  no  further  record  of  him.  Mrs  M. — ne'e  Armstrong, 
sister  of  Judge  A.  of  Sacramento,  and  married  in  '43 — was  a  woman  of  some 
what  remarkable  qualities,  who  in  '45-6  lived  at  S.F.  v.  679;  married  Talbot 
H.  Green,  became  wealthy,  and  in  '85  as  Mrs  Wallis  resides  at  Mayfielcl, 
taking  part  sometimes  iu  public  meetings  of  progressive  and  strong-minded 
females.  M.  (Isaac),  1848,  liquor  dealer  from  Hon.  at  S.  F.;  member  of  the 
council  '49. 

Montgomery  (John  B.),  1845,  capt.  U.  S.  N.  in  com.  of  the  Portsmouth 
'45-7.  His  ship  was  stationed  at  S.  F.  during  the  Bear  revolt,  and  it  was  he 
that  raised  the  U.  S.  flag  in  July,  being  commandant  of  the  northern  district 
in  July-Dec,  iv.  568,  587;  v.  102,  127,  129-31,  154,  200,  224,  228-9,  231, 
238-41,  294-9,  380,  552,  580,  659,  682.  For  him  Montgomery  street  was 
named,  and  Portsmouth  square  for  his  ship.  Two  sons,  John  E.  and  Wm  H., 
were  with  him  on  the  fleet,  and  were  lost  on  the  Warren's  launch  in  Nov. 
'46.  v.  384,  587.  The  capt.  and  Wm  H.  were  owners  of  lots  in  S.  F.  v.  682. 
He  later  became  commodore  and  admiral,  was  in  command  for  some  years  of 
the  Boston  navy -yard,  and  died  in  '73.  M.  (John  M.),  1847,  nat.  of  Ky 
and  overl.  immig.,  who  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  Mont.,  went  to  the  mines 
in  '48,  and  finally  engaged  in  raising  cattle,  settling  in  Merced  Co.  '54,  and 
being  a  state  senator  in  '75-8.  Montijo  (Marcos),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp. 
'39-42.  Montreuil  (Louis),  1844,  of  Fremont's  party;  perhaps  did  not 
reach  Cal.  iv.  437.  Montriel  (Herman),  1847;  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 
Monyii  (Jaime),  1825,  Span,  of  the  Asia's  crew,  who  remained  in  Cal.  and 
married  before  '28.  iii.  51. 

Mooar,  1845,  mr  of  a  vessel  at  Mont.  '45-6.  Moody  (Washington),  1847, 
at  Sta  Clara  '47-8.  Moon  (Wm  C.),  1841,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and  overl.  immig. 
of  the  Workman  party,  iv.  278-9.  Named  at  Los  Ang.  '42  and  Mont.  '44.  in 


744  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

'45  he  'mined  '  for  grindstones  in  the  Sac.  Val.,  and  in  '48-9  for  gold,  having 
settled  on  a  rancho  in  Tehama  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '78.  He  was  a  famous 
hunter,  and  a  partner  of  Ezekiel  Merritt.  Mooney  (James),  1847,  owner  of 
a  S.  F.  lot. 

Moore,  1830,  mr  of  the  Globe,  iii.  147.  M.,  1837,  of  the  Or.  cattle  exped. 
iv.  85.  M.,  1795,  mr  of  the  Phanix.  i.  537,  625,  609.  M.,  1848,  employed 
as  a  shepherd  at  Sutter's  Fort.  M.  (Alex.),  1847,  son  of  Eli,  overl.  immig. 
with  wife,  who  settled  in  '53  at  Pescadero,  where  he  still  lived  in  '78.  M. 
(Andrew),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  from  '67;  at  Gil- 
roy  '82.  M.  (Andrew  J.),  1847,  Co.  B,  ditto;  in  Phil.  '82.  M.  (P>enj.  D.), 

1846,  capt.  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  killed  at  the  fight  of  S.  Pascual.  v.  336, 
343-7.       M.  (Benj.  F.),  1848,  nat.  of  Florida,  on  the  S.  Joaquin  '48;  member 
of  the  constit.  convention  '49;  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  at  Sonora.       M.  (Cal 
vin  W._),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Spring  City,  Utah,  '82.     M. 
(Eli),  1847,  overl.  immig.  with  family,  who  settled  at  Sta  Cruz,  buying  of 
Bolcof  what  is  known  as  Moore's  rancho.    He  died  before  '78.    One  of  his 
daughters  was  Mrs  Sam.  Besse  of  Watsonville.       M.  (John  H. ),  1847,  Co.  E, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  perhaps  at  S.F.  and  S.  Jose"  '50.       M.  (John  W.),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  the  mines  '48-51;  killed  by  Ind.  near  Mariposa 
in  '51.       M.  (Otis  L.),  1846,  sergt  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  transf.  from  Co. 
K;  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346.       M.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
(v.  518).       M.  (Risdon  A.),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  583;  v.  453;  a 
blacksmith  and  nephew  of  Cyrus  Alexander.    He  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358);  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $524  (v.  462);  was  at  Wash.,  D.  C.,  Jan.  '48;  prob. 
came  back  with  Fremont  in  his  4th  exped. ;  and  in  later  years  lived  at  Belle 
ville,  111.       M.  (Robert),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).       M.  (Thos 
W.).  1847,  son  of  Eli,  and  nat.  of  Term.;  at  Pescadero  '53-78.       M.  (Wm 
H.),  1846,  Kentuckian  immig.,  who  lived  in  Sonoma  Co.  to  '56.  and  later  in 
Lake  Co.  till  his  death  in  '67.       M.  (Win),  1816,  carpenter  on  the  Lydia.  ii. 
275.       Mora  (Regina  de  la),  mentioned  in  '35.  iii.  285.       Morace  (Erastus), 

1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Moraga  (Domingo),  son  of  Gabriel,  sold,  distinguido  of  S.F.  comp.  from 
'18.  ii.  571;  in  the  Sta  B.  comp.  as  corp.  before  '37.  M.  (Fran.),  1st  Ind. 
convert  at  S.F.,  named  M.  for  his  godfather,  the  comandante,  i.  296.  M. 
(Fran.),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '37-9;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  27,  wife  Josefa 
Duarte,  child.  Maria  b.  '38,  Teodora,  '40;  in  '43  juez  de  campo.  iv.  685;  Cal. 
claim  of  $3,320  '46-7  (v.  462).  M.  (Gabriel),  1776,  son  of  Jose"  Joaq.  who 
came  as  a  boy  with  his  parents,  enlisting  in  1784,  and  serving  as  soldier,  cor 
poral,  serc;t,  alfe~rez,  and  Kent  of  the  S.F.,  Mont.,  and  Sta  B.  companies  till 
his  death  in  1823.  Biog.  ii.  571;  ment.  i.  470,  549,  559,  569-72,  587,  716-17, 
719,  723;  ii.  47,  50-7,  91-2,  126,  132,  140,  150,  199,  202,  204,  254,  288,  300-4, 
319,  322-30,  334,  336-7,  341,  354,  361,  370,  385,  442,  559,  585,  631.  His  wife 
was  Ana  Maria  Bernal;  and  later  Maria  Joaquina  Alvarado  at  Sta  B.  in  '50; 
among  his  children  were  Domingo,  Jose"  Guadalupe,  and  Vicente.  M.  (Igna- 
cio  Maria),  niece  of  Jose"  Joaq.  and  wife  of  Jose"  Argilello.  i.  470;  iii.  11.  M. 
(Joaquin),  prob.  a  son  of  Gabriel,  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19;  at  S.  Mateo  '35; 
grantee  of  Laguna  de  Palos  Colorados,  Contra  Costa,  '35-41.  iii.  712;  iv.  671; 
in  '41  a  widower,  age  48,  with  the  following  children:  Jose"  b.  '16,  Luisa  '18, 
Maria  '26,  Maria  Ant.  '29.  A  part  of  the  Moraga  Valley  is  still  owned  by  D. 
Joaquin's  sons  and  grandsons,  but  there  has  been  much  trouble  about  boun 
daries  with  squatters.  M.  (Jose"),  sindico  at  Sta  B.  '41.  iv.  641;  juez  at  S. 
Buen.  '46.  v.  634;  justice  at  Sta  B.  '52.  M.  (Jose*  Joaquin),  1776,  Mex. 
alfe"rez  who  came  with  Anza,  and  being  made  lieut  was  the  1st  comandante  of 
S.F.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  presidio,  mission,  Sta  Clara,  and  the  pueblo 
of  S.Jose\  He  died  in  1785,  and  his  widow,  Maria  del  Pilar  de  Leon,  in  1808. 
Gabriel  was  the  only  son  of  whom  anything  is  known.  Biog.  i.  470;  ment.  i. 
258,  262-4,  266-8,  271,  280-92,  295-7,  305-6,  312,  349-50,  385,  463,  474,  479; 
ii.  44,47;  iii.  11.  M.  (Josd  Guadalupe),  son  of  Gabriel,  soldado distinguido 
at  S.F.,  and  cadet  at  S.  Diego  '17-20.  ii.  341,  571.  M.  (Vicente),  son  of 
Gabriel;  teacher  at  S.  Ant.  and  Los  Ang.  '33-5.  ii.  571;  iii.  630;  sec.  and 


MORAGA-MOREY.  745 

sindico  at  Los  Ang.  '33-4.  iii.  635,  564-5;  admin,  at  S.  Antonio  '40.  5ii.  688; 
iv.  61;  grantee  of  Pauba  '44.  iv.  621;  at  Los  Ang.  '46;  constable  at  S.  Buen. 
'52.  His  wife  was  Maria  Ant.  Dominguez. 

Morali  (M.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Morales  (Bernardo),  soldier 
on  the  Colorado,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  359,  362.  M.  (Francisco),  Mex. 
teacher  at  Los  Ang.  '18-20;  2d  sindico  of  the  ayunt.  '23,  '26-7,  '29;  ii.  559-61. 
M.  (Leandro),  ment.  as  having  killed  Avila  in  '31.  iii.  208.  M.  (Pablo),  at 
S.  Bern.  '46,  age  50.  Moran,  1847,  mrof  the  Com.  Shubrick  and  Julian  '47- 
8.  M.  (John  H.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  F.  71;  a  printer 
who  worked  on  the  Calif ornian  and  was  sergt-at-arms  of  the  legislature. 

More,  1845,  doubtful  name  at  Sta  Clara,  M.  (Andrew  B.),  1848,  nat.  of 
Pa  who  came  to  Cal.  from  Mex.;  one  of  the  More  Bros  of  Sta  B.,  in  '80  a 
miner  in  Idaho,  with  resid.  at  Monterey,  Cal.  M.  (John  H.),  1847,  owner 
of  a  S.F.  lot.  Morehead  (Joseph  C.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504; 
nat.  of  Ky;  repres.  of  S.  Joaq.  in  1st  Cal.  legislature  '49-50;  d.  before  '82. 
Morelos  (Juan  de  Dios),  surgeon  of  the  Cal.  troops  at  Mont.  1800-3.  ii.  140, 
147,  150,  153. 

Moreno  (Antonio),  at  S.  Jose  '41,  nat.  of  L.  Cal.,  age  46,  wife  Juliana 
Tapia,  child.  Rita  b.  '18,  Carmen  '20,  Antonia  '26,  Magdalena  '28,  Lucia  '30, 

Manuel  '33,  Pedro  '35,  Jose"  '37,  Pedro  2d  '38, '39.  M.  (Carlos),  at  S.  Jose 

'41  age  29,  wife  Francisca  Garcia;  a  nat.  of  U.S.;  prob.  Chas  'Brown,'  q.v. ; 
grantee  of  land  at  S.F.  '42.  M.  (Guadalupe),  described  in  the  papers  as  115 
years  old,  at  Los  Ang.  '58.  M.  (Jesus),  sindico  at  S.  Diego  '36.  iii.  615; 
juez  de  paz  '41.  iv.  619;  owner  of  laud  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626;  d.  at  S. 
Luis  Rey  71.  M.  (Jose),  mulatto  settler  of  Los  Ang.  1781-6.  i.  345.  M. 
(Jose"  Matias),  Franciscan  of  Sta  Cruz  college,  Quere"taro,  killed  by  Ind.  at  the 
Colorado  Riv.  pueblos  1781.  i.  359,  362.  M.  (Jose  Matias),  1844,  nat.  of  L. 
Cal.  and  son  of  an  Engl.  whaler,  his  real  name  being  Brown.  He  received 
some  education  from  the  frontier  padres,  and  lived  in  Upper  Cal.  '44-6,  being 
arrested  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  522-3,  631.  In  '46,  ranking  as  capt.  of  defensores, 
he  served  as  clerk  and  acting  sec.  to  Gov.  Pico  for  a  short  time,  and  escaped 
with  the  gov.  to  Mex.,  carrying,  as  is  thought,  many  doc.  of  the  archives,  v.  279. 
He  returned  later  to  S.  Diego,  married  Prudenciana  Lopez,  and  settled  on 
the  frontier  rancho  of  Guadalupe.  In  '61-2  he  was  for  a  time  sub-prefect  of 
the  L.  Cal.  frontier  district;  and  died  at  his  rancho  in  '69  at  the  age  of  52, 
leaving  a  widow  and  5  children.  A  search  of  Moreno's  papers,  kindly  per 
mitted  by  the  widow  in  78,  resulted  in  a  volume  of  copies  cited  as  Moreno, 
Doc.  Hist.  Cal.  M.  (Juan),  1836,  Swiss  who  came  with  Gov.  Chico.  iv.  118; 
at  S.F.  '40-2.  M.  (Juan),  grantee  of  Sta  Rosa,  S.  Diego,  '46.  v.  619;  owner 
of  Los  Ang.  land  '48.  M.  (Juan),  ment.  in  'SO  as  living  near  Los  Ang.  and 
at  least  110  years  old,  having  been  12  years  old  when  his  father  (Jose  ?)  set 
tled  in  1781  at  Los  Aug.;  doubtful.  M.  (Juan),  IS'27,  Span,  friar  who  served 
for  short  terms  at  5  missions,  and  died  at  Sta  Lie's  in  '45.  Biog.  iv.  645-6; 
ment.  ii.  576,  623,  625,  655,  659,  664,  683,  685,  691;  iv.  46,  421,  426,  553, 
647-8.  M.  (Juan  Bautista),  1844,  Sonoran  soldier  who  deserted  and  came  to 
Cal.,  paying  his  way  by  gambling  and  making  saddles.  In  the  campaigns  of 
'46-7  he  served  as  capt.  of  volunteers,  and  was  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel 
fight.  He  went  to  Sonora  with  Flores,  but  came  back,  and  in  78  at  Sta  B. 
dictated  for  me  his  recollections  of  a  Vida  H'ditar.  v.  308,  352,  394,  396,  449. 
M.  (Rafael  de  Jesus),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos,  who  served  at  Sta 
Clara,  and  also  in  '34-8  as  president  and  vice-prefect  of  the  northern  missions. 
He  died  at  mission  S.  Jose"  in  '39.  Biog.  iii.  726-7;  ment.  iii.  318-19,  338,  432; 
iv.  44,  63-4.  M.  (Santiago),  1824,  nat.  of  Ecuador  and  a  sailor;  went  to  China 
on  the  Rover  in  '25-6;  was  collector  and  sindico  of  the  Mont,  ayunt.  '27-9. 
ii.  612;  ment.  in  connection  with  the  Solis  revolt  '30.  iii.  82;  regidor  '32-3.* 
iii.  673;  maj.  and  admin,  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  '35-9.  iii.  354,  587,  682-3:  at  Mont. 
'51.  M.  (Teodoro),  1829,  Mex.  who  was  maj.  at  Laguna  Seca  rancho '36, 
age  50,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Cantua,  child.  Tomas  b.  '31,  Juan  '33,  Francisco  '35. 
iii.  677. 

Morey  (Barton,  Origin,  and  Rinaldo),  see  '  Howry.'      M.  (Harley)  1847, 


746  PIONEER  REGISTER,  AND  INDEX. 

Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  M.  (Joseph  M.  W.),  1840,  Engl.  who  got  a 
passport.  M.  (Michael),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  685;  perhaps  '  Murrey.' 
Morgan,  1837  (?),  left  an  Engl.  schr  at  S.F.,  and  with  John  Levick  built  a  cabin 
in  which  they  lived  and  made  a  large  fortune,  till  '57,  when  L.  was  lost  on 
the  Central  America,  and  M.  drank  himself  to  death  in  a  m;;nth  or  two.  Her 
ald:  iv.  118.  M.  (Geo.  E.),  1846,  mid.  U.S.N.;  acting  lieut  Co.  B,  Stock 
ton's  battalion  '46-7.  v.  386.  M.  (Van  Renssalaer),  1846,  mr  on  the  U.S. 
CongrtM. 

Morillo  (Brigido),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  46;  child.  Maria  b.  '26,  Ramona 
'28,  Miguel  '30,  Paula  '32,  Jose"  Manuel  '36.  M.  (Hilario),  aux.  alcalde  in  Los 
Ang.  dist.  '48.  v.  626.  M.  (Jorge),  at  Los  Ang.  '46;  cl.  for  Potrero  de  Lugo 
'52.  iv.  635.  M.  (Jose"  Ant.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  M.  (Jose"  Justo),  at  Las 
Bolsas,  Los  Ang.  dist.,  '39.-52.  iii.  633.  M.  (Julian,  Miguel,  and  Tomas), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Morin  (A.),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  453,  583; 
served  in  Cal.  Bat.,  Co.  B,  artill.  (v.  358);  died  in  the  nits  in  the  exped.  of 
'48.  M.  (John  L.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Morineau  (M.  P.), 
1833,  visitor  to  Cal.  about  this  year,  and  author  of  a  Notice,  iii.  408-9. 
Morjano,  1833,  visiting  priest  at  S.F.,  prob.  chaplain  of  a  Span,  vessel. 
Moro  (Faustino),  1842,  Mex.  director  of  hospitals,  or  'oficial  de  salud  mili- 
tar,'  with  the  batallon  fijo;  perhaps  did  not  come  till  '44.  iv.  289,  5C3. 
Morphew  (J.),  1825-6,  mr  of  the  Eliza,  iii.  146;  perhaps  'Murphy.'  Mor- 
rell  (Benj.j,  1825,  mr  of  the  Tartar,  and  author  of  a  Narrative,  ii.  548,  551, 
588-90,  592,  610,  614,  616;  iii.  25,  28,  149.  M.  (Jesse),  1823,  nat.  of  N.  II., 
said  to  have  visited  the  coast  on  a  trader;  later  U.S.  consul  in  Australia  and 
a  druggist  at  Sac.,  where  he  died  in  '70,  leaving  a  family.  Morris,  1847, 
named  at  S.F. 

Morris  (Albert  F.),  1834,  British  subject  and  descendant  of  a  surveyor- 
gen,  of  Nova  Scotia,  for  9  years  a  sailor.  At  Los  Ang.  '36,  a  bachelor  aged 
27;  one  of  Graham's  riflemen  '36-8.  In  '40  he  was  exiled  with  the  rest,  but 
came  back  with  a  claim  for  damages,  iv.  8-9,  18-22,  24,  27-8,  31,  33,  37,  116. 
In  '42  he  went  up  the  Sac.  with  Capt.  Phelps;  is  mentioned  by  Mofras;  was 
at  Sta  Cruz  in  '43.  iv.  356;  and  in  '44  was  perhaps  grantee  of  the  Arastradero 
rancho.  iv.  655.  I  find  no  definite  record  of  his  later  life,  though  a  newspaper 
states  that  he  spent  the  last  part  of  his  life  with  Harvey  S.  Beal,  and  died  at 
Ten  Mile. River  (Mendocino  Co.  ?)  before  '72,  leaving  to  B  his  claim  of  $30,- 
000!  It  was  about  this  time  that  his  Autobiography  of  a  Crazy  Man  fell  into 
my  hands.  It  is  a  most  interesting  narrative,  and  one  of  the  best  original 
authorities  on  the  Graham  affair,  though  marred  by  bitter  prejudice  and  oven 
falsehood,  like  all  testimony  about  that  matter.  The  author  was  in  most  re 
spects  very  far  from  being  a  'crazy  man,'  a  term  that  had  been  given  him  by 
certain  enemies,  on  whom  he  exhausts  his  vocabulary  of  irony  and  wrath. 
M.  (John  S.),  1847,  named  by  Brackett  as  a  lieut.  in  N.Y.  Vol.;  not  on  the 
roll.  M.  (Thos),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  hospital  steward  at  S. 
Diego;  in  '82  a  gardener  near  Salt  Lake  City. 

Morrison,  1847,  named  as  a  sergt  visiting  Sutter's  Fort.  M.  (Bradbury), 
1823,  sailor  on  the  Hover.  M.  (Ludlam),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 
M.  (Perry),  1848,  nat.  of  Ind.,  who  came  from  Or.  to  the  mines;  in  Alameda 
Co.  '49-82;  wife  Martha  Hastings;  children  Sam.  and  Geo.  P.  M.  (Roderick 
M.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  killed  near  Stockton  '49.  M. 
(W.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  later  transferred  to  Co.  B,  artill.  Win 
M.  is  also  said  to  have  settled  in  Alameda  Co.  '47.  Morrow  (W.  J.),  1848, 
settler  in  Sonoma  Co.  Morse  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d. 
S.  Joaq.  '49.  M.  (Thompson  H.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Morsine  (Juan 
J.),  1848,  of  N.  Mex.  caravan,  v.  625.  Morton  (Freeman),  1847,  Co.  A, 
N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  Stockton  about  '50.  M.  (Henry  S.),  1847,  sergt 
Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  d.  at  Stockton  '55. 

Mosely  (Sam.),  1846,  surgeon  on  the  U.S.  Congress;  witness  at  the  Fremont 
court-martial,  v.  420.  Moses  (Ambrose  T. ),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony 
with  wife  Clarissa  and  4  children,  v.  546.  He  left  the  church  or  was  excom 
municated  on  the  voyage.  He  lived  5  or  6  years  at  the  mission,  and  then  went 


MOSES  -MULLIGAN.  747 

to  Sta  Cruz,  where  he  died,  perhaps  after  '70.  His  wife  died  in  the  faith  at 
S.F.  a  little  earlier.  A  son,  Norman,  still  lives,  perhaps  at  Sta  Cruz.  One 
daughter  married  Eustaquio  Valencia  and  died  at  S.F.;  another  became  Mrs 
Mason,  and  after  her  husband's  death  went  to  Utah,  where  she  still  lived  in 
'84.  Moss  (David),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Mossia  (Antonio), 
1857,  musician  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Mota  (Antonio  Ruiz  de  la),  1825  (?),  Mex.  lieut-col  in  the  war  of  indepen 
dence,  and  later  a  robber  chief  sent  to  Cal.  as  a  convict.  On  the  coming  of 
Gov.  Figueroa,  an  old  friend,  he  was  released  and  became  maj.  of  Jimeno 
Casariu's  estate.  He  married  and  had  two  sons,  Antonio  and  Maximiano, 
acquiring  some  property  as  a  ranchero  and  in  settling  Jimeno's  affairs.  His 
conduct  in  Cal.  was  good,  and  he  took  but  slight  part  in  public  affairs,  though 
mentioned  in  '46.  v.  363.  About  '53  he  went  to  Mex.,  where  he  lost  all  his 
property,  and  in  '56  was  brought  back  to  Cal.  by  Mrs  Jimeno.  He  rented 
some  land  near  Sta  Cruz,  was  abandoned  by  his  sons,  and  died  in  great  pov 
erty.  M.  (Manuel),  1836,  Portuguese  laborer  on  Hartnell's  rancho,  where 
he  died  '38.  M.  (Rafael),  Mex.  at  rancho  S.  Felipe,  Mont.,  '36,  age  40.  iii. 
678;  still  at  Mont.  '51.  Moti,  a  Sotoyome  chief  '37.  iv.  72.  Mott,  1846, 
mr  of  the  Vancouver. 

Mouet  (John),  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort  and  the  mines  '47-8.  Moulton  (B. 
F.),  1848,  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  rolls.  M.  (Elijah  T.),  1846,  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358);  said  to  be  living  at  Los  Aug.  in  late  years.  M.  (Joseph),  1846,  French 
Creole  of  Fremont's  garrison  left  at  Sta  B.  under  Talbot.  v.  316.  Moultry 
(Riley  Septimus),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  wife,  Mary  Lard,  married  on  the 
journey,  and  one  of  the  1st  Donuer  relief,  v.  538.  He  settled  at  Sta  Clara;  I 
have  no  record  of  what  became  of  him;  was  possibly  still  living  in  Sta  Clara 
Co.  '80-4,  as  was  Mrs  M.  at  Saratoga.  A  son,  Wm  Elliott  M.,  born  at  Sta 
Clara  Oct.  '47,  lived  at  Sta  Cruz  '84.  Mounich  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.Vol. 
(v.  499).  Mount  (Hiram  B.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  M. 
(Joseph),  1848,  said  to  have  come  this  year;  cl.  for  part  of  Entre  Napa  rancho 
'52.  Mouser  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  drowned  in  S.  Joaq. 
Riv.  '47.  Mover  (M),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list. 

Mowatt  (Andrew),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Mowry  (Barton),  1846,  one  of 
the  Mormon  colony  with  wife  and  two  sons.  v.  546.  He,  like  each  of  his  sons, 
was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  from  '47,  and  a  member  of  the  town  council  in  '48. 
v.  649,  679,  686.  He  left  the  church  and  became  a  spiritualist,  dying,  I  think, 
at  S.F.  many  years  later.  His  wife,  or  widow,  with  one  of  the  sons,  Rinaldo, 
went  to  Utah,  where  they  lived  in  84.  The  other  son,  Origin,  nat.  of  R.I.  and 
a  mason  by  trade,  was  a  miner  and  trader  in  '48-9,  and  later  a  rich  farmer  in 
Alameda  Co.,  where  he  lived  in  '85,  age  60,  with  4  children.  Portrait  in 
Alam.  Co.  Hist.,  616.  M.  (James),  1847,  perhaps  of  Morm.  Bat.;  reenl. 
M.  (John  T.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Paris,  Id., '82.  M. 
(Ignacio,  Joaquin,  Jose,  and  Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Moya  (Ramon),  1808, 
com.  of  the  S.  Carlo*,  ii.  87.  M.  (Trinindad),  convict  tanner  in  '34;  in  '41  at 
S.  Jose;,  age  37;  in'43owner  of  S.F.  lot.  iv.  669;  v.  680.  Moz  (Francois),  1833, 
Canadian  who  came  perhaps  with  Walker,  iii.  391,  or  from  N.  Mex.;  natural 
ized  in  '40,  being  than  a  tanner  at  Zayante. 

Mugartegui  (Pablo),  1774,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Juan  Cap. 
and  retired  in  '89;  at  one  time  vice-president.  Biog.  i.  459;  ment.  i.  218, 
224,  227,  299,  304,  351,  388,  417,  498-9,  581,  597;  ii.  123.  Muir  (Wm  S.), 
1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  a  farmer  in  Utah  '81.  Mulholland, 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Mulkey  (Wesley),  1848,  nat.  of  N.C.,  who 
came  overland  to  Or.  in  '44,  and  to  the  Cal.  mines  in  '48-9;  in  '62  went  to 
Idaho,  where  he  still  lived,  at  Lewiston,  in  '85;  married  '38  to  Mary  Black; 
no  children. 

Mulligan  (John),  1814-15,  Irish  sailor  who  landed,  perhaps  from  the  I*aac 
Todd,  certainly  from  some  vessel  before  '19,  when  he  was  permitted  to  settle 
and  marry,  ii.  272,  277,  292,  393.  At  Mont.  '23-6.  ii.  496,  612;  taught  the 
art  of  weaving  to  Ind.  at  different  missions;  and  later  had  an  interest  in 
Cooper's  rancho  on  the  Salinas,  where  a  sand  hill  was  long  known  as  Mulli- 


748  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  IXDEX. 

gan  Head.  Pie  was  a  hard  drinker,  lost  his  property,  and  died  in  '34.  His 
name  was  properly  Milligan,  and  I  have  several  letters  from  his  father  in 
Ireland.  M.  (Simpson),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Muliington 
(Chas),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  Mulvey  (James),  1847,  sergt  Co.  F,  N.Y. 
Vol.  v.  504;  d.  S.F.  in  '65.  Mumm  (Christian),  1840,  at  Los  Aug. ;  Cal. 
claim  8-3  (v.  462);  at  Napa  and  N.  Helv.  '47. 

Mufioz  (Juan  Ant.),  1832,  Mex.  capt.  of  artill.  '32-36,  being  exiled  with 
Gutierrez  in  '36,  being  then  36  years  old,  wife  Manuela  Cruz,  child.  Joaquin 
b.  '27,  Jesus  ;32,  Ramona  '29.  Biog.  iii.  467;  ment.  iii.  239,  445,  455-6,  460, 
463-6,  671,  674,  677.  M.  (Luciano),  1830,  capt.  appt.  to  Cal.;  prob.  did  not 
come.  iii.  54.  M.  (Manuel),  ribbon-inaker  and  instructor  1792-5.  i.  615. 
M.  (Maria  de  la  Luz),  1st  person  buried  at  S,  F.  '76;  wife  of  J.  M.  Valencia. 
i.  297.  M.  (Pedro),  1804,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Fernando, 
retiring  on  account  of  illness  in  '17.  Biog.  ii.  357;  ment.  ii.  f.2-5,  85-6,  115-16, 
149,  159-60,  246,  328,  394,  449.  M.  (Sebastian),  grantee  of  Orestimba  rancho 
'44.  iv.  672. 

Munras  (Estevan),  1820,  Span,  trader  at  Mont.,  described  in  '28  as  8 
years  a  resident;  elector  de  partido  and  memb.  of  the  dip.  in  '27;  not  obliged 
to  quit  Cal.  on  account  of  his  race.  ii.  613;  iii.  33,  36,  51-2;  joined  the  comp. 
extranjera  in  '32,  having  been  prominent  in  aiding  foreigners,  iii.  82,  221. 
In  '36  age  46,  wife  Catalina  Manzaneli  of  Tepic,  child.  Concepcion  b.  '23, 
Antonia  '26,  Engracia  '33,  Anastasia  '28,  Jose"  Narciso  '35;  his  position  in 
the  Alvarado  revolution,  iii.  454-5,  469,  524;  alcalde  in  '37  and  juez  in  '40. 
iii.  675-6;  vocal  of  the  junta  '43-5.  iv.  361,  411,  521,  540,  654.  He  was  the  gran 
tee  of  3  ranches,  Laguna  Seca,  S.  Francisquito,  and  S.  Vicente,  the  first  two 
being  in  his  wife's  name.  iii.  677-8.  In  '45  Larkin  described  M.  as  a  man  of 
property  and  character,  disgusted  with  Mex.  politics,  and  ready  for  a  change 
of  govt.  He  died  about  '53.  One  of  his  daughters  married  Dr  McKee.  M. 
(Manuel),  juez  de  paz  at  Mont.  '39.  iii.  675.  M.  (Salvador),  brother  of 
Estevan  who  came  after  '36;  sindico  at  Mont.  '44.  iv.  653;  treasurer  in  '46. 
v.  289,  637.  Larkin  describes  him  in  '45  as  an  old  resident,  a  man  of  family 
and  property,  disgusted  with  politics.  On  the  Mont,  assessment  rolls  '50-1; 
said  to  have  gone  to  Spain  in  '58.  Munroe  (James),  1847,  settler  at  Benicia. 
M.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Muuson  (Leonard),  1847,  Co. 
A,  ditto;  at  Two  Rocks,  Sonoma  Co.,  '82. 

Murch  (Wm  B.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Mont.  '47.  Mur- 
cilla  (Andre's),  1839,  mr  of  the  Dan.  O'Conndl  iv.  103.  Murdock  (John 
R),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  M.  (Price),  1847,  ditto.  Murel 
(Jean  B.),  Fr.  servant  of  Estrada  at  Mont,  in  36,  age  24.  Murey  (H.), 
1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Juliana.  Murga  (Manuel),  1801,  com.  of  the  Activo. 
ii.  5.  Murguia  (Jos6  Ant.  de  Jesus),  1773,  Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly 
at  Sta  Clara,  where  he  died  in  '84.  Biog.  i.  476;  ment.  i  .123-4,  194,  196, 
297,  299,  304,  306,  351,  ?85,  388,  410,  631.  Murielle  (Pierre),  Fr.  servant  of 
Herrera  at  Mont.  '38,  age  19.  Murillo  (Brigido),  maj.  at  S.  Luis  Rey  '28- 
30.  ii.  553.  M.  (Eugenic),  banished  to  Texas  '35.  iii.  674.  Muro  (Miguel), 
1842,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos,  who  served  at  S.  Jose"  mission,  and  re 
tired  in  '45.  Biog.  iv.  680;  ment.  iv.  371,  423,  553,  675. 

Murphy,  1836,  a  priest  apparently  connected  with  Hartnell's  school;  ment. 
by  PP.  Short  and  Bachelor  at  Hon.  '39.  M.  (Bernard),  1844,  son  of  Mar 
tin  and  member  of  the  Stevens  overl.  immig.  party,  iv.  445,  453.  He  settled 
in  Sta  Clara  Co.;  was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  '47;  was  claimant  for  several 
ranches,  iii.  712;  iv.  674;  and  was  killed  in  '53  by  the  explosion  of  the  Jenny 
Lind  in  S.F.  Bay.  M.  (Bernard  D.),  1844,  son  of  Martin,  Jr,  who  came  in 
the  Stevens  party  at  the  age  of  three,  being  a  nat.  of  Canada,  iv.  445,  453. 
He  was  educated  at  Sta  Clara,  becoming  a  lawyer  and  banker;  memb.  of  the 
assembly  '68,  and  of  the  senate  '77 ;  mayor  of  S.  Jos6  '73.  He  married  Annie  Mc- 
Geoghegan  in  '69,  and  still  lives  at  San  Josd  '85  with  5  children,  Mary,  Eve 
line,  Martin,  Elizabeth,  and  Gertrude.  M.  (Daniel),  1844,  son  of  Martin, 
and  nat.  of  Canada,  iv.  445,  453.  He  served  in  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  had 
a  Cal.  claim  of  $15  for  a  horse  (v.  462);  owned  a  S.F.  lot  '47;  and  settled 


MURPHY— MURPHY.  749 

with  his  father  and  brothers  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  He  was  claimant  for  Las  Llagas 
rancho,  and  became  the  owner  of  immense  tracts  of  land  in  Cal.,  Nev.,  Ariz., 
and  Mcx.,  being  one  of  the  largest  stock-raisers  in  the  world.  He  died  in 
Nev.  '82,  leaving  a  widow  and  two  children,  Daniel,  Jr,  age  22,  and  Diana; 
another  daughter,  Mrs  Chapman,  having  died  before.  M.  (J.),  1825,  mr 
of  the  Eliza,  iii.  146.  M.  (Jacobo),  1792,  alfdrez  in  Malaspina's  exped. 
i.  490.  M.  (James),  1825,  owner  of  live-stock  near  S.  Jose";  prob.  an  error 
in  the  date.  M.  (James),  1837,  pass,  on  the  Europa.  iv.  103. 

Murphy  (James),  1844,  son  of  Martin,  b.  in  Ireland,  accomp.  on  the  over 
land  trip  by  wife  and  child,  iv.  445,  453.  He  worked  as  a  lumberman  at  S. 
Rafael,  and  is  often  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary  '45-7;  owner  of  S.F.  lots 
'46-7.  He  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '48;  was  claimant  for  Cazadores  rancho, 
Sac.  Val.,  iv.  671  and  also  with  his  brothers  for  Las  Llagas.  Still  living  in 
Sta  Clara  Co.  '85.  His  wife  was  Ann  Martin,  daughter  of  Patrick  M.  of  the 
Stevens  party,  and  his  children  were  Mary  F.,  b.  '42,  Martin  B.  '45,  Wm  B. 
'50,  Lizzie  A.  '53,  Julia  A.  '57,  Daniel  J.  '61.  M.  (James),  1844,  son  of 
Martin,  Jr,  who  crossed  the  plains  as  a  boy.  iv.  445,  453;  ment.  at  Sutter's 
Fort  '45;  perhaps  cashier  of  his  brother's  bank  at  S.  Jose"  '78.  M.  (James), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  M.  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Stockton  about  '50;  also  said  to  be  living  at  S.  in  '75.  In- 
dep.  M.  (John  Land  rum),  1846,  son  of  Mrs  Lavinia  M.  of  the  Donner 
party;  died  in  the  mts.  v.  531,  534 

Murphy  (John  M.),  1844,  son  of  Martin,  and  mernb.  of  the  Stevens  party, 
iv.  445,  453.  He  was  active  in  raising  volunteers  in  '46  at  Sta  Clara,  and  in 
the  Sanchez  campaign  served  as  lieut.  v.  298,  380;  at  N.  Helv.  '47;  owner  of 
S.F.  lots;  and  member  of  the  S.  Jos6  council,  v.  664.  In  '48  associated  with 
Weber  in  trade  at  Stockton;  also  engaged  in  mining  with  great  success — ex 
cept  in  keeping  his  gold.  Murphy's  camp  took  its  name  from  him.  In  '58  he 
testified  that  he  had  held  the  offices  of  treasurer,  recorder,  and  sheriff  of  Sta 
Clara  Co.,  and  mayor  of  S.  Jose".  Still  living  at  S.  Josd  as  a  trader  in  'SO,  and 
prob.  in  '85.  His  wife  was  Virginia  Reed  of  the  Donner  party,  and  they  had 
6  children.  M.  (Lavinia),  1846,  widow  from  Tenn.,  in  the  Donner  party, 
with  4  sons  and  3  daughters,  v.  531,  534-7.  She  and  2  sons,  Lemuel  B.  and 
John  L. ,  died  in  the  Sierra;  2  sons,  Wm  G.  and  Simon  P.,  surviving,  as  did 
the  daughters  Mrs  Pike,  Mrs  Foster,  and  Mary.  The  latter  married  Wm 
Johnson  in  '47,  and  in  '48  Chas  Covillaud.  The  city  of  Marysville  was  named 
for  her,  and  she  died  before  '80,  leaving  5  children.  M.  (Lemuel),  1846,  son 
of  Lavinia,  who  died  as  above. 

Murphy  (Martin),  1844,  nat.  of  Ireland  who  emigrated  to  Canada  in  '20, 
and  to  Mo.  '40.  Here  he  became  dissatisfied  on  account  of  malaria  which 
killed  his  wife,  and  the  lack  of  religious  influence  for  his  children,  and  at  the 
age  of  60  resolved  to  cross  the  plains  to  Cal.  as  a  catholic  country  of  fertile 
soil  and  salubrious  climate.  He  came  in  the  Stevens  party  with  his  children 
and  grandchildren  as  named  in  this  register,  and  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co., 
where  the  family  became  prominent  and  wealthy.  He  was  the  owner  of  a 
S.F.  lot  in  '47,  and  in  '52  was  claimant  for  a  rancho.  iv.  672,  684.  Several  of 
the  sons  served  under  Sutter  in  the  campaign  of  '45.  iv.  486.  The  old  patri 
arch  died  in  '65  at  the  age  of  80.  His  daughter  Mary  was  Mrs  James  Miller; 
Ellen  was  Mrs  Towusend  in  '44,  and  later  Mrs  C.  M.  Weber;  Johanna  was 
later  Mrs  Fitzpatrick  of  Gilroy;  and  Margaret  became  Mrs  Kell  of  S.  Jose. 
M.  (Martin,  Jr),  1844,  son  of  Martin,  accomp.  by  wife  and  4  sons,  a  daughter 
being  born  in  camp  at  Donner  Lake.  iv.  445,  453.  He  settled  on  the  Cosumnes, 
and  his  visits  to  New  Helv.  are  often  noted  in  the  diary.  His  rancho  is  often 
mentioned  by  travellers  between  the  bay  and  Sac.  and  there  it  was  that  Arce's 
horses  were  taken  and  the  Bear  revolt  begun,  v.  108.  In  '50  the.  family  set 
tled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  where  in  '81  the  golden  wedding  was  celebrated,  and 
where  Martin  died  in  '84  at  the  age  of  78,  leaving  an  immense  estate.  His 
sons,  Bernard  D.,  Patrick  W.,  James,  and  Martin,  are  named  in  this  regis 
ter.  His  daughters  surviving  him  were  Mrs  R.  T.  Carroll  and  Mrs  Joaquin 
Arques;  another,  Mrs  Wm  P.  Taafe,  having  died.  Portrait  of  M.  in  Sta  Clara 


730  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Co.  Hist.  M.  (Martin  J.),  1844,  son  of  Martin,  Jr,  a  small  boy  at  arrival; 
seems  to  have  died  before  '84.  M.  (Patrick  W.),  1844,  son  of  Martin,  Jr,  a 
boy  at  arrival,  who  became  a  rich  farmer  in  S.  Luis  Ob.,  representing  that 
region  in  the  state  senate  '65-8,  '78.  Portrait  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  Hist. ,  32-3. 
M.  (Simon  P.),  1846,  son  of  Lavinia  and  survivor  of  the  Donner  party,  v. 
531,  535,  who  returned  to  Tenn.,  served  in  the  war  of  '61-5,  and  died  in 
'73,  leaving  a  widow  and  5  children.  M.  (Thomas),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499). 

Murphy  (Timothy),  1828,  Irishman  from  Lima,  who  worked  fora  year  or 
two  as  clerk  for  Hartnell  &  Co.  at  Mont.,  subsequently  entering  the  service 
of  Capt.  Cooper,  iii.  178;  ii.  609.  From  '29  his  name  appears  in  various 
records;  joined  the  com  p.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221;  on  Larkin's  books  '33-5; 
often  engaged  in  otter-hunting.  About  '36  he  settled  north  of  the  bay,  and  in 
'37-42  he  was  admin,  of  S.  Rafael,  iii.  718;  iv.  117,  676.  I  have  many  of  his 
original  letters  of  these  years.  Don  Timoteo  was  a  good  penman,  but  his 
Spanish  was  peculiar,  and  his  letters  too  often  contained  vulgar  expressions 
and  insults  to  all  with  whom  he  did  not  agree;  yet  he  was  on  the  whole  a 
good-natured  and  popular  man.  In  '39  he  was  naturalized;  in  '40  once  put  in 
the  calabozo  by  Vallejo.  iv.  171;  in  '41  ment.  by  Sir  Geo.  Simpson,  who  says 
he  had  been  a  candidate  for  marriage  with  one  of  Vallejo's  sisters,  iv.  218. 
As  compared  with  other  administrators,  M.  was  a  faithful  guardian  of  the 
neophytes'  interest;  favored  those  of  Vallejo  as  he  was  employed  to  do;  and 
by  no  means  neglected  his  own.  In  '44  he  was  grantee  of  the  S.  Pedro,  etc., 
rancho,  later  confirmed  to  him.  iv.  676;  and  he  also  represented  the  Ind. 
in  their  unsuccessful  claim  for  Tinicasia.  Juez  de  paz  in  '45.  v.  676-7.  In  the 
troubles  of  '46-7  he  took  no  part;  owned  S.  F.  lots  in  '47;  took  some  part  in 
local  politics,  v.  452,  455,  610;  was  alcalde,  Ind.  agent,  and  land  commis 
sioner  '47-8.  v.  670;  and  is  mentioned  by  Sherman,  Revere,  and  Mason.  He 
was  a  liberal  giver  to  several  catholic  institutions,  and  died  in  '53,  leaving 
his  property  to  nephews.  M.  (Wm  G.),  1846,  son  of  Lavinia  and  survivor 
of  the  Donner  party,  v.  531,  534.  He  remained  in  the  Sac.  Val.  till  '49,  when 
he  went  East  to  be  educated  and  married,  returning  in  '58.  He  was  a  lawyer  at 
Virginia  City,  Nev.,  to  '66,  and  since  that  time  at  Marysyille,  Cal.,  being  city 
attorney,  and  having  a  family  of  7  children  in  '80. 

Murray,  1848,  shoemaker  at  S.  F.  Feb.  with  wife;  arriv.  at  S.  F.  from 
Tahiti,  March;  at  the  mines  from  Mont.;  had  a  store  at  Sutter's  Fort,  of  firm 
M.  &  Lappeus — prob.  several  individuals.  M.  (Chas),  1847,  purser  on  the 
U.  S.  Erie.  M.  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Calaveras  '55. 
M.  (Ed.),  1847,  Co.  K,  ditto;  owner  of  S.  F.  lots.  He  was  perhaps  the  M.  who 
was  in  trade  in  Sac.  '48,  and  later  lived  in  the  North  Beach  region  of  S.  F., 
with  a  reputation  not  of  the  best;  still  living  in  '55.  M.  (Francis),  1847, 
Co.  H,  ditto;  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot;  corp.  in  S.  F.  Guards  '48;  d.  before  '82. 
M.  (Mary),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  left  the  church ;  said  to  live 
at  S.  Jos6  '84.  M.  (Michael),  1846,  settler  at  S.  Jose";  in  the  mines  '48;  in 
Sta  Clara  Co.  '60.  Hall;  Breen;  Carson;  Uittell.  M.  (Owen),  1848,  Soc.  Cal. 
Pion.  rolls;  d.  Oakland  after  '81.  M.  (Robert),  1847,  assist  surg.  U.  S.  A., 
serving  with  N.  Y.Vol.  and  Co.  F,  3d  artill.  v.  503,  511;  at  S.  F.  '71-4;  in 
'82  assist  surg. -gen.  in  N.  Y.  M.  (R.  A.),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 
M.  (Walter),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.  Y.  Vol.  v.  504-6;  serving  at  Sta  B.  and  in  L. 
Cal.  He  was  a  nat.  of  England,  and  by  trade  a  printer.  Went  to  the  mines 
'48;  established  the  Sonora  Herald  '52;  and  in  '53  settled  at  S.  Luis  Ob., 
where  he  practised  law  and  established  the  Tribune,  serving  also  in  the  legis 
lature.  In  '73  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  1st  district,  and  held  that  posi 
tion  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  '75.  His  Narrative  of  a  Cal.  Volunteer  is  a 
copy  of  his  original  diary,  and  is  one  of  the  best  authorities  on  the  history  of 
the  regiment. 

Muse  (Wm),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.  S.  Lexington.  Musgrave  (Alfred), 
1846,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and  overl.  immig.,  who  served  in  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  358; 
lived  in  Napa  till  '67,  when  he  left  Cal.  M.  (Charles),  1846,  brother  of 
Alfred,  who  also  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  and  lived  in  Napa;  in  '69  in  S.  Luis 


MUSGRAVE  -NARVAEZ.  751 

Ob.  Co.;  also  called  Calvin.  Musty  (John),  184G,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons 
(v.  336).  Mutrel  (Jean  Baptiste),  1827,  French  pilot  on  the  Nereid,  wrecked 
on  the  L.  Cal.  coast  in  a  schooner  employed  by  the  Nereid  for  seal-hunting. 
v.  478.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  '27  to  drive  cattle  across  the  frontier,  iii.  176;  and 
in  '28-9  became  a  resident  at  S.  Diego,  ii.  545;  in  '36  at  Buenavista  rancho, 
near  Mont.,  age  27;  went  to  Mont,  in  '40;  in  '46  at  Los  Ang. 

Myers,  1845,  at  Sutter's  Fort;  perhaps  'Meyers.'  M.,  1845,  apothecary 
at  N.  Helv.  Nov.  from  below.  M.,  1848,  of  firm  Adler  &  M.,  Sonoma.  M. 
(A.  S.),  1847,  captain's  clerk  on  the  U.S.  Lexington.  M.  (Courten),  1847, 
doubtful  name  at  N.  Helv. ;  called  a  volunteer;  on  his  way  to  Salt  Lake  with 
a  band  of  horses.  M.  (Geo.  A.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  358).  M. 
(Jack),  1847,  at  Sutter's  Fort;  perhaps  John.  M.  (John),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  M.  (John  J.),  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men,  iv.  583,  who  served 
as  scrgt-maj.  of  the  Cal.  Bat.,  v.  360,  and  was  later  lieut;  Cal.  claim  of  $130 
(v.  4G2).  M.  (Russell),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  later  trader  and 
deputy  sheriff  at  Sonora;  major  of  vol.  in  war  of  '61-5;  in  N.Y.  city  '84.  M. 
(Sam.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4C9);  sergt  of  reenl.  comp.  v.  495;  trial 
in  '48.  v.  610-11;  in  '81  a  carpenter  in  Utah.  M.  (Wm),  1848,  associate  of 
Lassen  in  Tchama  Co.,  who  prob.  came  earlier;  alcalde  in  '49.  M.  (Wm  H.), 
1846,  gunner  on  the  U.S.  Dale.  Myler  (James),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  Myrick,  1844,  mr  of  the  Sarah  '44-5. 

Nachborn  (Benj.),  1847,  married  at  S.  Jose"  to  a  Sra  Mojica.  Nactre" 
(Eugcnio),  neoph.  elector  of  S.  Antonia  '26-7.  ii.  622;  iii.  33.  Nadal,  1845, 
from  Hon.  on  the  Fama.  N.  (Josd),  1825,  Span,  who  came  on  the  Aquiles, 
apparently  sent  away  in  '30.  iii.  51-2.  Nagle  (Ferdinand),  1847,  Co.  C,  N. 
Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  N.  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Na- 
glee  (Henry  Morris),  1847,  capt.  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504,  564,  666,  672.  A 
nat.  of  Pa,  graduate  of  West  Point,  and  lieut  5th  U.S.  infantry.  After  being 
mustered  out  he  became  a  banker  at  S.F.;  in  the  war  of  '61-5  he  served  as 
lieut-col  of  the  regular  army,  and  brig.-gen.  of  volunteers;  but  returned  to 
Cal.  and  settled  at  S.  Jose,  where  he  is  well  known  down  to  '85  as  a  man  of 
wealth  and  manufacturer  of  brandy.  His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Mai.  Ring- 
gold,  U.S.A. 

Naile  (Conrad),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  N.  (Henry), 
1836,  Amer.  trapper  from  N.  Mex.,  named  in  a  Los  Ang.  list  of  the  year, 
iv.  117-18;  but  soon  coming  north  to  join  Graham  at  his  distillery.  From 
'38  his  name  appears  in  Larkin's  accounts  and  other  Mont,  records;  in  '39 
with  Graham  he  had  a  plan  to  raise  a  party  and  cross  the  mts  eastward,  which 
unfortunately  failed;  and  in  '40  he  was  seriously  wounded  in  resisting  arrest, 
and  for  this  reason  wras  not  one  of  the  exiles,  iv.  14,  17,  18-22.  From  that 
time  he  lived  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region  as  a  lumberman,  being  interested  with 
Graham  in  a  saw-mill;  in  '42  signed  an  appeal  to  the  U.  S.  for  indemnity;  was 
naturalized  in  '44;  at  Branci forte '45,  age  36  and  single;  and  in  April  '46  wras 
killed  by  James  Williams,  who  had  rented  his  mill,  in  a  quarrel  about  the 
contract,  v.  641-2.  Nalle,  1841,  purser  on  the  U.S.  Yorktown.  Nanhozen 
(Jerome),  1836,  named  in  Larkin's  books. 

Narciso,  Ind.  chief  in  Sac.  Val.  '40.  iv.  137.  Narrimore  (Mrs  Mercy), 
1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  her  son  Edwin.  She  went  back  to  Hon.  on 
the  D.  Quixote,  but  returned,  and  was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  in  '47.  v.  546,  549. 
Narvaez,  1791,  com.  of  the  Jlorcasitas.  i.  493.  N.  (Agustin),  alcalde  at  S. 
Josd  '21,  and  regidor  '27.  ii.  604-5;  in  '41  age  63,  wife  Josefa  Higuera,  child. 
Antonio  b.  '31,  Lugarda  '26,  Maria  Guad.  '28,  Teresa  '30,  Maria  D.  '33.  N. 
(Bias),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '39-43;  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  iv.  667.  N.  (Joa- 
quin),  at  S.  Jos<§  '41,  age  36,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Sepulveda,  child.  Salvador  b.  '28, 
Guadalupe  '30,  Pilar  '31,  Maria  de  los  Ang.  '33,  Jose"  de  la  Luz  '34,  Francisco 
'35,  Lugardo  '37.  N.  (Jose"  Agustin),  settler  at  Branciforte  1797-8.  i.  569, 
571;  grantee  of  S.  Juan  B.,  Mont.,  '44.  iv.  655;  perhaps  same  as  Agustin 
above.  N.  (Jose"  Maria),  1808,  com.  of  the  Princesa.  ii.  87;  in  '27  com.  of 
the  S.  Carlos,  ii.  456,  458,  470,  474.  N.  (Miguel),  1822,  alfe>ez  on  the  S. 


752  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Carlos,  ii.  458.  N.  (Miguel),  in  S.  Jose"  dist.,  age  30,  wife  Raimunda  Buelna, 
child  Agustin;  at  the  S.  Juan  B.  rancho  'o5.  N.  (Pedro),  Mex.  naval  lieut 
unattached;  capt.  of  the  port  Mont.  '39-44.  iii.  672,  676;  iv.  97,  307,  339, 
357,  408,  431,  653;  in  '44  grantee  of  Paso  de  Robles.  iv.  655;  in  '45  mil.  com. 
at  Mont.  iv.  652;  in  '46  served  under  Castro  and  was  a  memb.  of  the  1st  jury. 
v.  12,  34,  41,  232,  289.  I  have  no  later  record  of  him. 

Nash,  1846,  mr  of  the  America,  v.  576.  N.  (Mrs),  1846,  efforts  to  organ 
ize  a  school  for  her  at  N.  Helv.  in  Jan.  N.  (John  H.),  1845,  Amer.  lawyer 
and  overl.  immig.  in  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  586-7.  Nothing  is  definitely 
recorded  of  him  from  the  time  he  left  N.  Helv.  for  S.F.  in  Jan.  '46  to  Oct., 
when  he  went  to  Sonoma  with  Bryant,  but  he  perhaps  took  some  part  in  the 
revolt.  In  Dec.  he  was  made  alcalde  at  Sonoma,  being  an  illiterate,  well- 
meaning  old  man,  who  called  himself  'chief  justice,'  and  attached  great  im 
portance  to  his  office.  In  June  '47  he  refused  to  give  up  the  office  to  Boggs, 
who  was  appointed  to  succeed  him,  whereupon  Lieut  Sherman  was  sent  to 
arrest  the  recalcitrant  alcalde  and  carry  him  a  prisoner  to  Mont.,  where  he 
soon  became  penitent,  v.  608-10,  667-9.  With  Grigsbyand  Ide,  Nash  signed, 
in  May  '47,  a  Hist,  of  the  Bear  Flag  Revolt,  having  been  in  Sept.  '46  sec.  of 
a  meeting  of  ex-Bears,  v.  189,  298.  In  April  '48  he  visited  the  mines  as  a 
committee  of  investigation  to  report  for  the  benefit  of  Sonoma  residents;  and 
later  in  the  year  he  returned  to  Mormon  Isl.,  where  he  died  the  same  winter. 
N.  (Wm  H.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  settled  with  his  family  in  Napa  Vul.; 
in  '49  is  said  to  have  built  the  1st  school-house  there;  and  still  lived  at  8t 
Helena  in  '69. 

Navarrete  (Bernardo),  1833,  Mex.  lieut,  attached  to  Mont.  comp. ;  went 
to  Mex.  on  the  downfall  of  Gutierrez  in  '36.  iii.  467,  240,  442,  463-6,  671. 
N.  (Jose  Antonio),  1819,  Mex.  capt.  of  the  S.  Bias  infantry  comp.  in-  Cal.  '19 
-22,  and  in  '20  com.  of  the  post  at  Mont.  ii.  607-8,  252,  254-5,  265,  379,  422, 
451,  461,  463,  609,  675.  N.  (Ramon),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '21-3;  at 
Mont.  '26.  ii.  612.  Navarro  (Jose"  Ant.),  mestizo  settler  of  Los  Ang.  1786- 
1SOO.  i.  345,  348-9,  484,  640.  N.  (Guillermo),  alferez  in  '39.  iii.  533;  at  Sta 
B.  earlier,  wife  Dionisia  Dominguez,  4  child. ;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  N.  (Teodoro), 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '28-34;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Nay  (Jose"),  1832,  got  a 
passp.  at  Los  Ang.  Nazario,  Ind.  cook  at  S.  Diego,  ii.  345. 

Neail  (John),  1847,  owner  of  lot  at  S.F.  Neal,  1848,  miner  at  Adams'  Bar. 
N.  (John),  1845,  at  Sutter's  Fort  often  in  '45-7,  several  times  arriving  from 
the  bay  and  Sonoma  with  reports  of  impending  hostilities  by  the  Californians. 
iv.  578,  587;  v.  128,  170.  As  he  came  from  Sonoma  June  20th,  he  may  have 
been  one  of  the  original  Bears.  He  was  an  Irish  sailor,  a  rough  character,  who 
lived  in  Colusa  Co.  till  about  '56,  when — or  earlier,  as  Bid  well  thinks — he 
killed  a  man  in  some  dispute  about  a  dog  or  a  mining  claim,  and  escaped  from 
the  country.  N.  (John  C.),  1841,  otter-hunter  at  Sta  B.  not  locally  famous 
for  paying  his  debts.  N.  (Joshua  A.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  H.  who  came  as  a 
sailor;  was  a  clerk  at  S.F.  '48;  went  to  the  mines  '49.  A  resid.  of  Alameda  Co. 
'50-78,  marrying  a  Bernal  and  living  at  Pleasanton. 

Neal  (Samuel),  1844,  nat.  of  Pa — or  of  Holstein  in  one  original  record — 
and  one  of  Fremont's  men;  discharged  at  his  own  request  early  in  '44.  iv. 
437,  439,  453,  229.  He  was  employed  bySutter  as  a  blacksmith;  was  natural 
ized  in  Nov. ;  and  in  Dec.,  in  return  for  services  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign, 
got  a  land  grant  on  Butte  Creek,  Butte.  iv.  671.  In  his  application  he  claimed 
to  have  been  a  resid.  since  '42;  and  indeed  Yates  claims  to  have  seen 
him  in  '42-3.  He  still  worked  much  of  the  time  at  his  trade,  aiding  Fremont 
in  the  autumn  of  '45.  In  '46  he  guided  Gillespie  up  the  Sac.  Val.  to  overtake 
Fremont,  and  took  part  in  the  following  troubles,  though  there  is  some  con 
fusion  between  him  and  John  N.  in  the  records,  v.  24,  101,  104,  107.  After 
the  war  he  engaged  in  stock-raising,  acquiring  some  local  fame  for  his  lino 
anima!s.  He  never  married,  and  died  at  his  Butte  Creek  home  in  '59,  leaving 
his  property  to  brothers  whom  he  had  not  seen  for  20  years.  N.  (Win  W.), 
1847,  on  the  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  as  having  come  in  Jan.  '49;  but  he 
states  that  he  was  at  S.F.  on  a  whaler  in  '47;  in  later  years  a  well-known  pilot 


NEAL— NIDEVER.  733 

of  S.F.,  still  living  in  '85  with  a  family.  Neale  (D.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 
Nease  (Peter),  1847,  with  Capt.  Hunt  of  the  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469),  accomp.  by 
his  wife.  N.  (Sam.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 

Ned,  1830,  doubtful  name,  at  S.  Jose"  and  Mont.  '30-4.  Neddies  (John), 
1831,  steward  on  the  Catalina.  Nee  (Luis),  1789,  apothecary  in  Malas- 
pina's  exped.  i.  490.  Neob  (John),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  Sonoma  '74.  Needles  (Wm  H.),  1847,  purser's  clerk  on  the  Columbus. 
Negrete,  see  'Castillo  Negrete.'  Neiderer,  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
doubtful  name,  not  in  Clark's  last  list;  at  S.F.  '71-4.  Neif  (Joseph  Ant.), 
1839,  German  sailor,  age  26,  captured  (?)  by  Cooper,  released  by  Vallejo,  and 
employed  by  Leese  at  S.  F.  '40;  known  as  Hen.  Richer.  Neill  (Wm  M.) 
1834,  mr  of  the  Llama,  iii.  383;  perhaps  'O'Neill.'  Neilson  (Thos),  1826, 
asst  surgeon  with  Beechey.  iii.  121.  Neiman  (Hendrick),  1847,  Co.  D,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  ( v.  499).  Neligh  (Robert  B. ),  1847,  member  of  the  S.  Jose"  council,  v. 
664;  agent  for  Com.  Stockton  in  the  mines  '48;  claimant  in  '52  for  rancho  in 
Mont.  dist.  v.  637.  Nelson  (Chas),  1847,  at  Hon.  from  S.  F.  on  the  Fran- 
ci*ca.  Nemesio  (Santiago),  grantee  of  Capay  '46.  v.  675;  perhaps  an  Ind. 
named  Nemesis.  Neri  (Gregorio),  soldier  in  the  Hidalgo  comp.  at  Mont.  '36, 
age  27.  Nero  (Joseph),  1847,  at  Slitter's  Fort;  prob.  *  Verrot,'  q.v.  Ness 
(Elijah),  1837,  Fr.  lumberman  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region  '37-43;  said  to  have  aided 
in  the  arrest  of  foreigners  '40.  iv.  1 18,  22. 

Neve  (Felipe  de),  1777,  Span,  major  of  cavalry  who  was  gov.  of  the  Cali- 
fornias,  residing  at  Loreto  from  March  4,  '75,  and — having  been  promoted  to 
colonel — at  Mont,  from  Feb.  3,  77,  to  Sept.  10,  '82.  He  became  later  briga 
dier,  inspector-general,  and  comandante-general  of  Provincias  Internas,  dying 
in  '84.  He  was  one  of  California's  ablest  rulers.  Biog.  i.  237-8,  363,  446-8, 
487;  his  rule  in  Cal.,  including  his  reglamento,  or  system  of  govt,  his  founding 
of  the  pueblos,  and  his  controversies  with  the  missionaries,  i.  306-83  passim; 
mcnt.  i.  296,  389,  393,  405,  608.  Gov.  Neve  had  no  family.  Nevill  (Joseph 
M.),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lots. 

Newell,  1836,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts.  N.,  1848,  mr  of  the  Hono 
lulu  and  Humboldt.  N.,  1848,  of  firm  N.,  Brady,  &  Gilbert,  lumberman 
at  Mont.  N.  (Chester),  1847,  chaplain  of  the  U.  S.  Independence,  v.  657. 
Newitt  (Sam.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Newman  (James),  1847, 
ditto.  N.  (John),  1847,  Co.  H,  ditto.  N.  (Wm),  1834,  Engl.  servant  of 
Wolters  at  Mont.  Newmayer  (Godfrey),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons. 
v.  330.  Newson  (J.  M.),  1848,  overl.  immig. ;  memb.  of  the  legislature  from 
Stanislaus  '68.  Newton,  1846,  overl.  immig.  of  Bryant's  party  with  wife; 
killed  by  Ind.  on  the  way.  N.  (J.  W.),  chaplain  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  N. 
(Thomas),  1848,  Swiss  sailor  on  the  Isaac  Walton;  real  name  Sjoberg. 

Nicholas,  1842,  com.  of  the  U.S.  Yorktown.  iv.  313,  570.  Nicholaus  (A.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Nichols,  1841,  of  the  Walker  party  with  Emmous 
of  U.S.  ex.  ex.  from  Or.  iv.  270.  N.  (Joseph),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony, 
with  wife  Jerusha  and  child,  one  child  having  died  at  sea.  v.  546.  He  left  the 
church,  and  in  later  years  lived  in  Alameda  Co.  to  '82.  Mrs  N.  died  in  the 
faith.  N.  (J.  M.),  1845,  came  on  a  whaler,  iv.  587;  saloon-keeper  at  Napa 
'52-71.  Napa  Register.  N.  (P.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Nicholson  (J. 
W.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Lexington.  Nichton  (Patrick),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Nickerson  '(Thomas),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Nidever  (Geo.),  1833,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  from  :20  a  hunter  in  the  west,  making 
trips  to  the  Rocky  Mts  and  N.  Mex.  till  '33,  when  he  came  over  the  Sierra 
with  Walker's  party  and  remained  in  Cal.  iii.  391,  394,  459.  Here  he  con 
tinued  his  hunter's  life,  taking  otter  in  all  parts  of  the  coast  under  Capt. 
Dana's  license  to  '37,  and  later  with  one  of  his  own.  Occasionally  named  in 
the  records  from  '36,  his  home  being  at  Sta  B. ;  making  frequent  raids  on  the 
grizzly  bears  and  killing  at  least  200;  naturalized  in  '37,  and  also  serving  for 
a  time  with  Graham's  riflemen,  iii.  493;  having  some  conflicts  with  Ind.  iv. 
90;  and  escaping  arrest  in  '40.  iv.  24.  In  '41  he  married  Sinforosa  Sanchez, 
having  bought  some  land  of  Joseph  Chapman;  in  '45  refused  to  join  Michel- 
torena's  foreign  company;  but  in  '46,  having  been  arrested  by  the  Californians^ 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  IV  48 


754  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

v.  317,  he  served  under  Stockton  in  the  final  campaigns;  had  some  success  in 
mining  '48-9;  piloted  the  U.S.  coast  survey  craft  in  a  survey  of  the  Sta  B. 
islands  '50;  in  '53  rescued  the  famous  old  Ind.  woman  of  S.  Nicolas  Isl. ;  and 
about  the  same  time  bought  an  interest  in  S.  Miguel  Isl.,  where  he  raised  stock 
for  17  years,  and  though  wellnigh  ruined  by  the  drought  of  '63-4,  sold  out  in 
70  for  $10,000.  In  '78  residing  at  Sta  B.  at  the  age  of  76  with  his  wife  and 
daughter,  a  man  of  excellent  repute,  he  gave  me  a  long  and  most  valuable  nar 
rative  of  his  Life  and  Adventures.  A  bit  of  paper  into  which  the  old  man  at 
that  time  put  3  rifle-balls  within  the  space  of  a  square  inch  at  60  yards  forms 
an  appropriate  frontispiece  of  the  volume.  H.  died  in  '83.  A  brother  John, 
who  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '73,  is  sometimes  said  to  have  come  with  Geo.  iii.  391; 
but  I  think  he  came  after  '48.  Another  brother,  Mark,  was  killed  by  the  Ind. 
before  reaching  Cal. 

Niebla  (Ramon),  a  hatter  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  47.  Nief,  see  'Neif.' 
Nieto  (Antonio),  1830,  Mex.  alf^rez  who  com.  a  squad  of  soldiers  guarding  a 
party  of  convicts,  iii.  49,  142;  prob.  not  in  Cal.  '25,  as  stated  in  iii.  15.  N. 
(Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Manuel,  owner  of  Sta  Gertrudis,  claimed  to  have  been 
regranted  in  '34  to  his  widow  Josefa  Cota.  iv.  635.  N.  (Diego),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46.  N.  (Juan  Jos6),  son  of  Manuel,  b.  1781;  mentioned  in  '11-20.  ii.  418; 
part  owner  of  Los  Nietos  rancho,  Sta  Gertrudis,  Alamitos,  Coyotes,  etc.,  re- 
granted  to  him  '34.  ii.  565;  iii.  633,  644.  N.  (Manuel),  grantee  of  Los  Nietos 
rancho  1784;  ment.  1801-16;  Las  Bolsas  and  Sta  Gertrudis  regranted  to  his 
widow,  Catarina  Ruiz,  '34.  i.  609,  612,  662;  ii.  Ill,  185,  348,  353,  663;  iii. 
633-4.  N.  (Manuela),  grantee  of  Los  Cerritos  '34.  iii.  633.  Nightengell 
(G.  R.),  1875,  overl.  immig.  perhaps  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  578-9,  587; 
at  Carson,  Nev.,  '68.  Nikoforof,  1815,  sup.  of  the  Lady.  ii.  307.  Niles 
(John),  1847,  doubtful  name  of  a  settler  at  Benicia.  Ninian  (Wm),  1834, 
English  clerk  at  Mont. ,  age  30.  Nino  (Alejo),  first  man  buried  at  Mont.  1770. 
i.  175.  Nisbitt  (Thomas),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  vol.  (v.  499);  in  '82  at  Scott 
river,  Siskiyou  Co.  Nixon,  1823,  mr  of  the  Hebe.  ii.  492. 

Nobili  (John),  1848,  Ital.  Jesuit  who  came  to  the  Or.  missions  in  '42  and 
to  Cal.  apparently  in  '48.  He  was  the  founder  of  Sta  Clara  college  in  '51,  a 
very  able  man  and  popular  teacher,  who  died  in  '55.  Noble  (John  E.), 
1847,  sergt  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  v.  519.  Noboa  (Diego),  1783,  Span, 
friar  who  served  at  Sta  Clara  and  left  Cal.  in  '94.  Biog.  i.  722-3;  ment.  i. 
379,  390,  422,  457,  476,  576.  Nocedal  (Jose"),  1775,  Franciscan  chaplain  on  a 
Span,  ship,  visiting  the  coast  several  times  in  '75-8.  i.  240,  287,  292,  296,  300, 
328.  No6  (Jos6  de  Jesus),  1834,  Mex.  who  came  in  the  H.  and  P.  colony; 
iii.  263;  and  settled  at  S.  F.,  obtaining  a  grant  of  Camaritos  in  '40,  and  of  S. 
Miguel  in  '45.  iii.  711;  iv.  673.  In '42  age  37,  wife  Guadalupe  Gardano,  child. 
Miguel  b.  '33,  Dolores  '36,  Esperidion  (?)  '38,  Concepcion  '40;  juez  de  paz  '42 
-3,  iv.  165-6;  owner  of  a  'town  lot  '43.  v.  669,  682;  alf.  of  militia  '44.  iv. 
(667;  alcalde  and  juez  '46.  v.  295,  648.  He  lived  at  the  mission  in  '55,  and  his 
son  Miguel  still  lives  in  S.  F.  '85.  N.  (Miguel),  1844,  Amer.  who  received 
naturalization  papers;  perhaps  Michael  Noah  (?).  N.  (Nicolds),  1812,  com.  of 
the  Flora  '12-13.  ii.  202-3,  268-70,  353.  Noel  (Luis),  1848,  laborer  at  Mont. 
Noler  (Christian),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Norden  (Stephen), 
1844,  Amer.  age  25  at  S.  F. 

Nordhoff  (Charles),  1847,  nat.  of  Prussia,  educated  in  Cincinnati,  a  printer 
.by  trade,  who  in  '47  was  a  sailor-boy  on  the  U.  S.  Columbus,  and  for  a  time 
commander's  clerk  on  the  Warren.  He  left  the  sea  in  '53,  and  has  since  been 
.a  prominent  newspaperman  and  author  of  a  dozen  books  of  acknowledged 
merit.  He  revisited  Cal.  several  times  in  '71  and  later  years;  and  among  his 
works,  are  Calif ornia  for  Health,  Pleasure,  and  Residence,  and  Northern  Cali 
fornia,  Oreyon,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  In  '85  he  has  been  for  some  years 
editorially  connected  with  the  N.  Y.  Herald.  Noriega  (Francisco),  1842, 
Mex.,capt.  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5;  a  hard  case.  iv.  289,  357,  364,  633.  His 
mar rjage  with  Francisca  Sepulveda  was  prevented  by  the  woman's  friends, 
and  lie  married  a  Soberanes  whom  he  afterwards  abandoned.  N.  (Jose"), 
1834,  Spaxj.  sup.  of  the  vessel  bringing  the  H.  and  P.  colony,  iii.  263.  In  '35 


NORIEGA— NORVELL.  755 

depositario  at  S.  Jose",  iii.  730;  in  35  grarrtee  of  Los  M<5danos,  Contra  Costa, 
and  later  of  Quito,  and  half-owner  of  Los  Pozitos.  iii.  712;  iv.  672-3;  alcalde 
of  S.  Jose"  '39.  iii.  731;  in  '41  age  49,  wife  Manuela  Fernandez,  child  Manuel. 
In  '46  he  was  with  Arce  when  his  horses  were  taken,  and  on  visiting  N.  Helv. 
a  little  later  was  thrown  into  prison  with  Vallejo  and  the  rest,  for  which  the 
Span,  consul  tried  later  to  obtain  redress,  v.  106,  108,  124,  128,  615.  After 
his  release  he  was  member  of  the  S.  Jose"  council,  v.  664;  and  in  '60  he  st.ll 
lived  at  S.  Jose".  N.  (Maria  Ramona),  wife  of  Pedro  Amador,  d.  1801.  ii. 
585.  N.  (Matias  Antonio  de  Sta  Catarina),  1779,  Span,  friar  who  served  at 
S.  F.  and  S.  Carlos,  retiring  in  '89.  He  was  perhaps  guardian  of  S.  Fern,  col 
lege  later.  Biog.  i.  469;  ment.  i.  329,  351,  388,  392,  460,  404,  411,  433,  442. 
N.,  see  'Guerra  y  Noriega.'  Norman  (F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  N.  (J), 
1848,  at  Hon.  from  Mont,  on  the  Laura  Ann. 

Norris,  1818,  negro  of  Bouchard's  force,  captured;  became  a  cook  at  S.  Juan 
Cap.  ii.  230.  248,  3D3.  N.  (Anderson),  1843,  negro  deserter  from  the  Cyane; 
killed  by  the  Californians.  iv.  4CO,  565.  N.  (David),  1844,  corp.  Co.  C,  N. 
Y.Vol.  (v.  449);  printer  and  amateur  actor,  for  many  years  foreman  in  the  S. 
F.  Bulletin;  from  '77  at  Centreville,  Alameda  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '84  at  the 
age  of  61;  a  nat.  of  N.Y.  N.  (Jacob  W.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  Newark,  N.  J.,  74-82;  sergtof  police.  N.  (J.  Parker),  1816,  com.  Stock 
ton's  sec. ,  sent  East  with  despatches  Sept. ;  returned  on  the  Preble  '47.  N. 
(John  S.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  K,  N.Y. Vol.  v.  504;  judge  of  election  '48.  v.  652; 
d.  in  Central  America  '56.  N.  (Leo),  1846,  nat.  of  Ky  and  overl.  iminig. 
with  his  family;  at  S.  Jose"  '47-50;  and  in  S.  Ramon  Val.,  Contra  Costa,  from 
that  date  to  '82,  being  claimant  for  the  rancho.  iii.  713.  His  wife,  Jane  Iviz- 
zie,  died  in  '55,  and  there  were  5  surviving  children  in  '82.  Three  daughters 
became  Mrs  Lynch,  Mrs  Perkins,  and  Mrs  Llewelling.  N.  (Samuel),  1845  (?), 
trader  at  N.  Helv.  and  at  S.F.,  of  firm  Shelly  &  N.  1847-8,  and  seems  to  have 
come  a  few  years  earlier  by  sea.  iv.  587.  He  was  of  German  or  Danish  birth. 
A  miner  on  the  Yuba  in  '48;  in  '52  claimant  for  the  rancho  del  Paso.  iv.  672. 
From  about  '57  he  led  a  wandering  life  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  though 
frequently  making  his  appearance  at  S.F.,  an  intelligent,  mildly  eccentric  man 
in  easy  circumstances.  Meanwhile  the  rancho  had  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Haggin  &  Tevis;  and  in  '84  Norris  began  suit  against  them  for  the  property, 
claiming  that  in  '57-83,  from  the  effects  of  a  blow  on  the  head,  he  was  not  in 
his  right  mind,  or  capable  of  comprehending  the  process  by  which  the  ranch 
had  passed  from  his  ownership.  N.  (Wm  H.),  1846,  son  of  Leo,  and  a  resi 
dent  of  Contra  Costa  to  '82;  married  Margaret  Nash  in  '60. 


ing  near  Chico  in  '84.  Northman  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499). 
Northrop  (Sam.),  1814,  mr  of  the  Pedter.  ii.  305.  Norton,  1841,  mr  of  the 
Ninfa.  iv.  567.  N.,  1836,  mr  of  a  whaler,  iv.  104.  N.  (Joshua  A.)  1848, 
Engl.  jew  who  came  from  S.  Amer.  and  was  for  some  years  a  prosperous  spec 
ulator  and  trader.  Business  reverses  affected  his  mind,  and  as  '  Emperor '  Nor 
ton  he  became  a  well-known  'crank'  in  S.F.,  where  he  died  in  '80.  N. 
Clement),  1845,  mr  of  the  Gustave.  iv.  566.  N.  (C.  B.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Hon.  N.  (Chas  C.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  N.  (Edward), 
1848,  overl.  immig.  with  Allsopp.  N.  (Martin),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y. Vol.  (v. 
499);  d.  Napa  '68.  N.  (Myron),  1848,  lieut  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.,  appointed  to 
fill  a  vacancy,  and  not  coming  with  the  regiment,  but  on  the  Huntress  in  Oct. 
'48.  He  was  a  lawyer,  prominent  in  organizing  civil  govt  at  S.F.,  being  justice 
of  the  peace  and  lieut  of  the  City  Guards;  an  active  member  of  the  constit. 
convention  of  '49;  judge  of  the  superior  court  '51;  member  of  the  Los  Aug. 
council  '52;  county  judge  from  '53,  and  in  '55  and  '65  candidate  for  the  supreme 
court.  He  died  between  '67  and  '71.  N.  (Thos  A.),  1836,  a  Honolulu  trader, 
signer  of  a  memorial  at  Mont.  iv.  118,  141;  in  '43-4  mr  of  the  Chas  M.  Mor 
gan,  iv.  564.  Norvell  (Chester),  1847,  chaplain  on  the  U.  S.  Independence. 
N.,  1848,  of  N.&  Co.  at  Mont. 


75(3  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Noswill  (John),  1846,  doubtful  name  of  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232, 
3-17).  Nott,  1848,  mr  of  the  Sweden,  v.  580.  Novales  (Manuel),  1789, 
lieut  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Nowell,  1848,  at  Mont.;  perhaps  'Nor- 
vell.'  Nowler  (Christian),  1847,  of  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  4G9);  reenl.  Nowlin 
(Jabez),  1847,  Co.  C,  ditto.  Noyes  (Michael  S.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  at  Eureka,  Nev.  '82. 

Nuez  (Joaquin  Pascual),  1812,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Fern,  and  S. 
Gabriel,  where  he  died  in  '21.  Biog.  ii.-  5C7;  ment.  ii.  334,  33G-7,  355,  357, 
394,  655.  Nunez,  sergt  appointed  to  Cal.  '32.  iii.  236.  N.  (Jose"  Antonio), 
1833,  Fr.  sailor  who  came  on  the  Gelvichis  (Helvetius?),  and  died  before  Dec. 
'34.  N.  (Sebastian),  grantee  in  '44  of  Orestimba,  for  which  he  was  claimant 
in  '52.  Nuttall  (Thomas),  1836,  Engl.  botanist  who  visited  Cal.  iv.  142. 
N.  (WmH.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  of  Bryant's  party,  v.  528;  Cal.  claim  $63 
(v.  462);  owner  of  S.F.  lots  '47;  clerk  for  McDongall  at  Sac.  '48.  Nutter 
(Geo.  W.),  1845,  nat.  of  N.Y.  who  visited  Cal.  on  a  whaler  from  Hon.  iv. 
587;  returned  later  and  lived  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '69.  N.  (Noah),  1848,  passp. 
from  Hon.  Nutting  (Lucy),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  owner 
of  S.F.  lot  '47;  in  '84  Mrs  Ferguson  at  Lehi,  Utah.  Nuttman  (James  E.), 
1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  later  chief  of  fire  dept  in 
S.F.  and  Stockton;  at  S.F.  '71;  Newark,  N.J.,  74;  New  York  '82-3. 

Nye  (Gorham  H.),  1830 (?),  nat.  of  Mass.,  who  may  have  visited  the  coast 
in  '30  as  he  testified  in  '68.  iii.  180;  Peirce  says  he  came  to  the  Isl.  from  Ply 
mouth  in  '31;  newspapers  give  a  variety  of  dates;  and  the  1st  definite  record 
is  that  he  was  mr  of  the  Loriot  in  '33-5.  iii.  383,  381.  As  mr  of  the  Bolivar 
trading  from  Hon.  and  of  the  Fama  and  Leonidas  he  visited  Cal.  each  year  in 
'35-47.  iv.  101,  104,  563,  578.  lie  came  on  the  Guipuzcoana  in  '47,  and  per 
haps  remained,  as  he  is  said  to  have  made  and  lost  a  fortune  at  S.F,,  and  to 
Lave  gone  East  in  '53.  According  to  the  Calistoga  Tribune  of  July  6,  '71, 
Capt.  N.  had  lived  many  years  at  Sta  Cruz,  also  spending  two  years  at  the 
Sandwich  Isl.,  where  a  rich  Chinese  sugar-planter  offered  him  a  home,  on 
account  of  the  captain's  kindness  to  him  as  steward  in  old  times.  Ace.  to  the 
S.  J.  Pioneer  of  Nov.  16,  '78,  he  lived  from  '71  with  Chas  Krug  at  St  Helena, 
where  he  died  in  '78  at  the  age  of  76.  N.  (Michael  C. ),  1841,  overl.  immig. 
of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  266,  270,  275,  279,  who  was  naturalized  in  '44  and 
got  a  grant  of  the  Willy  rancho  on  the  Yuba,  doubtless  for  services  in  the 
Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  674,  486.  He  is  often  named  in  the  N.  Hdv. 
Diary  '45-8,  having  also  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462);  is  said  to  have  entered  Cor- 
dua's  service  in  '46;  in  June  '47  married  Mrs  Harriet  Pike  of  the  Donner 
party.  N.  was  a  resid.  of  Marysville  in  '58,  but  later  went  to  Or.,  where  his 
wife  died  in  '70,  and  where  lie  still  lived  in  '79. 

O'Brien  (H.),  1845,  in  Sutter's  employ  Dec.;  went  to  Or.  Apr.  '46.  iv.  578, 
526.  O'B.  (James),  1838,  Irish  resid.  of  Mont.  dist.  iv.  119;  exiled  to  S. 
Bias  in  '40,  but  returned  in  '41  with  a  pass,  which  was  renewed  in  '42,  iv. 
18,  33,  37,  when  he  was,  however,  banished  to  the  Sonoma  frontier,  iv.  653. 
In  '44  he  died,  and  I  have  a  letter  from  his  father  Daniel  in  London,  in  which, 
with  'hearty  thanks  for  the  information '  of  his  son's  death,  he  inquires  as  to 
the  chances  of  collecting  Jimmy's  claim  against  the  govt.  O'B.  (John), 
1835,  Irish  sailor  who  landed  from  a  whaler  at  Sta  B.  at  the  age  of  25.  iii.  413. 
He  hunted  otter  on  the  islands  for  several  years,  and  in  '40  got  permission  to 
marry,  being  then  in  the  employ  of  Lewis  Burton.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
at  the  gold  mines,  but  fell  ill,  and  being  brought  down  the  river  died  at  Beni- 
cia  in  Oct.  '48.  O'B.  (John),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  Q. 
M.  sergt.  O'B.  (Thos),  1842,  at  Mont,  under  sentence  of  banishment  to 
Sonoma;  prob.  James. 

O'Cain  (Joseph),  1795,  'Englishman  b.  in  Ireland  from  Boston,' sent  to 
S.  Bias  from  Sta  B.  i.  537.  O'C.  (Joseph),  1803,  Amer.  mr  of  the  O'Cain, 
hunting  otter  on  the  coast  under  Russian  contracts  1803-5.  ii.  25-6,  32,  38-9, 
63,  70-1.  O'Connell  (Anthony  F.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  F. 
'66,  age  48,  leaving  a  widow  and  two  children.  He  had  been  for  many  years  a 


O'CONNELL— OLGIN.  757 

drayman ;  known  in  the  later  years  as  O'Connor.  O'C.  (John),  1847,  accredited 
to  N.Y.Vol.,  but  not  on  the  roll;  tarred  and  feathered  at  Mont.;  drowned 
on  the  way  to  Or.  S.  Jose  Pion.,  '82.  O'Connor  (Bartholomew),  1847,  Co. 
F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  O'C.  (Owen),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons 
(v.  232,  247).  O'C.  (Win),  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  in  '46;  iv.  578,  587;  said  to 
have  been  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '45.  O'Donnell  (Joseph),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  358).  O'Donoju  (Jose  Simon),  1834,  Mex.  of  the  H.  &  B.  colony,  iii. 
2C3;  at  Sta  B.  '41;  in  '42-4  purveyor  of  the  troops  under  Micheltorena;  at 
Los  Aug.  '47. 

O'Farrell  (Jasper),  1843,  Irish  surveyor  who  came  to  the  U.  S.  in  '41  and 
to  Cal.  by  sea  via  S.  America  and  Mazatlan.  iv.  400.  In  '44  he  signed  the 
order  for  Weber's  arrest,  iv.  483,  and  in  '45  served  as  Q.  M.  in  Sutter's  force, 
iv.  485-6,  being  mentioned  in  '44-6  at  various  places  but  apparently  making 
S.  Rafael  his  home,  being  engaged  most  of  the  time  in  making  ranch o  sur 
veys.  He  seems  not  to  have  taken  part  in  the  troubles  of  '46,  but  is  named 
as  a  witness  of  the  Haro  murder  at  S.  Rafael,  v.  171-2.  In  '47-S  he  advertised 
as  a  surveyor  in  the  papers,  was  appointed  official  surveyor  in  the  northern 
district,  and  made  the  permanent  street  survey  of  S.  F.  v.  455,  648,  653-6, 
680,  685.  About  '48  he  exchanged  a  Marin  Co.  rancho  which  he  had  taken  in 
payment  of  professional  services  for  that  of  Jonive  in  Sonoma  Co.,  purchas 
ing  later  the  adjoining  Estero  Americano,  for  which  places  and  for  Capay  in 
Yolo  he  was  claimant  in  '52.  iii.  712;  iv.  671;  v.  675.  He  married  a  daughter 
of  Patrick  McChristian,  and  lived  chiefly  on  his  rancho,  but  took  also  some 
part  in  politics,  serving  in  the  state  senate  and  also  as  state  harbor  commis 
sioner.  For  so  prominent  and  well  known  a  man  there  is  a  remarkable  lack 
of  definite  information  about  him.  He  died  at  S.  F.  in  '75  at  the  age  of  58. 
A  street  in  S.  F.  bears  his  name. 

O'Grady,  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  under  another  name.       O'G.  (Thos), 

1846,  Irish  settler  of  Sonoma  Co.  '47-77,  when  he  lived  at  Bodega.       O'Hara 
(D.  J.),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter  list.       O'Neil,  1837,  one  of  the  cattle  party  from 
Or.  iv.  85.       O'N.  (John  M.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504.     Nat.  of 
N.Y.;  maj.  of  cavalry  in  war  of  '61-5,  being  stationed  4  years  in  Utah;  in 
'67-83  custom-house  officer  at  S.F.;  d.  at  Mont.  '85.       O'N.  (Owen),  1847, 
Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  in  Nev.  '82.       O'N.  ( Wm),  1816, 
said  to  have  touched  on  the  Cal.  coast  from  China  in  '16.  ii.  282;  later  an 
employe"  of  the  H.B.Co.;  died  at  Victoria  '75,  at  the  age  of  74;  a  nat.  of  Bos 
ton.       O'Reilly,  1837,  a  witness  at  S.F.  Dec.       O'R.  (E.),  1847,  farmer  in  S. 
Mateo  Co.  '61-78.       O'Rourke  (Francis),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v. 
336).       O'Sullivan  (James),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.    (v.  499);    a  printer  who 
was  editor  of  the  Sonora  Herald;  member  of  the  constit.  convention  of  '73; 
in  S.F.  '82. 

Oakley  (Chas  H.),  1845,  asst  surg.  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth.  0.  (How 
ard),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  of  the  3d  Donner  relief,  v.  540-1; 
owner  of  S.F.  lots;  no  record  after  '48,  but  did  not  go  to  Utah.  0.  (Robert), 

1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Sta  B.  '48.       Ober  (David),  1848,  passp. 
from   Hon.       Obes  (Ramon),  1825,  Span,  who  came  on  the  Aqirilcs;  perhaps 
sent  away  '28-30.  iii.  '51-2.       Obleie,  1844,  doubtful  name  of  a  married  for 
eigner.       Oca   (Ignacio   Montes   de),    sentenced   to   presidio    1805.    ii.    191. 
Ocampo  (Francisco),  1834,  Mex.  of  the  H.  &  P.   colony,  iii.  263;  at  S.  Juan 
Cap.  '41.  iv.  626;  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8;  still  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '78.       Ochiltree, 
1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Independence.       Odon,  neophyte  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  grantee 
of  land  '42.  iv.  331.       0.,  grantee  of  Escorpion   '45.       Ogden,  1828,  leader 
of  a  party  of  H.B.Co.  trappers  who  came  to  Cal.  '28-30.  iii.  161-2,  174;  iv. 
263.       0.  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  '66. 
Ogier  (J.  S.  K.),  1848,  nat.  of  S.C.;  member  of  the  1st  Cal.  legislature  '49-50. 
Ogle  (Chas  A.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Olavide  (Martin),  1791,  alfe>ez  with  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Gibe's 
(Ramon),  1812,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  brief  terms  at  four  missions,  retir 
ing  in  '21.  Biog.  ii.  625;  ment.  ii.  225,  243-6,  364,  369,  387,  389-90,  394, 
655.  Olgin  (Jose),  settler  at  the  Colorado  riv.  pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  i.  359, 


758  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

362.  Olimpio,  Ind.  rnajordomo  in  Sutler's  employ '47.  Oliva  (Raimundo), 
soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  '32;  ranchero  '45.  O.  (Vicente  Pascual),  1813,  Span, 
friar  who  served  at  many  missions,  but  chiefly  at  S.  Diego,  dying  at  S.  Juan 
Cap.  in  '48.  Biog.  v.  623;  ment.  ii.  344,  357,  375,  383-4,  394,  551-2,  655;  iii. 
96,  619,  622,  641;  iv.  422;  v.  619.  Olivar  (Tomas),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp. 
'32.  Olivares  (Antonio  M.),  at  Los  Aug.  '46.  0.  (Bonifacio),  at  Mont.  '36, 
age  23,  wife  Maria  del  Refugio;  banished  in  '43  to  Los  Aug.,  where  he  took 
part  in  a  revolt  of  '46.  iv.  492,  654;  v.  308.  0.  (Francisco),  settler  at  Los 
Aug.  '15.  ii.  350.  0.  (Francisco),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  0.  (Mi 
guel  and  Tomas),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Olivas,  named  as  having  been  killed  at  S. 
Buen.  '38.  iii.  551.  O.  (Cosine),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '16.  ii.  350.  0.  (Do 
mingo),  messenger  of  Gen.  Flores  '47.  v.  387.  0.  (Francisco  and  Jose"),  at  S. 
Bern.  '46.  O.  (Esculano),  comisario  de  policia  at  S.  Diego '36.  iii.  616.  0. 
(Ignacio),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '28-37;  his  child  murdered  '28.  iii.  191. 
O.  (Juan),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1800.  ii.  349.  O.  (Juan),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37, 
wife  Clara  Pico,  4  children.  O.  (Luis),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32.  0.  (Matias), 
juez  de  campo  and  com.  policia  at  S.  Diego  '35-6.  iii.  615-16.  0.  (Nicolas), 
at  Los  Ang.  '39.  0.  (Raimundo),  at  S.  Fern.,  age  28,  '39;  grantee  of  S. 
Miguel  '41. 

Oliver,  1835,  trapper  at  Suisun,  perhaps  of  Young's  party,  iii.  394.  0. 
(Jacob),  1843,  at  S.F.,  ment.  in  Peterson's  Diary.  0.  (John),  1834,  Engl., 
named  in  Mont,  list  of  '34-5.  O.  (Win),  1842  (?),  doubtful  name  of  a  lum 
berman,  iv.  341.  Olivera  (Antonio),  at  Sta  B.  '32-45.  iii.  583,  651;  alfdrez 
in  '39;  grantee  of  Casmalia,  Sta  B.,  '40.  iii.  655;  wife  Concepcion  Romero, 
5  children  before  '37.  O.  (Desiderio),  at  Los  Ang.  '19-48.  ii.  355;  age  53 
in  '39.  0.  (Diego),  b.  at  Sta  B.  about  1789,  and  a  soldier  down  to  about 
'22;  ment.  in  explor.  ii.  57,  326;  alcalde  at  Sta  B.  '37-8.  iii.  654,  569-70; 
tithe  collector  '39.  iii.  654;  juez  in  '40.  iii.  606;  grantee  of  Guadalupe 
rancho  '40.  iii.  677.  He  is  said  to  have  clung  to  his  old  Span,  ways,  dress, 
and  ideas  to  the  last,  becoming  rich  in  lands  and  poor  again,  and  dying  in 
'67.  Taylor's  Discov.  and  Found,  contains  some  of  his  reminiscences.  O. 
(Ignacio),  corp.  and  sergt  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  from  1781;  d.  1794;  i.  463, 
465-6,  532,  562;  wife  Maria  Ant.  F6lix,  who  died  1868;  child.  Lucas,  Anna 
M.,  Diego,  and  Maria  Estefana,  wife  of  Jos<§  V.  Ortega.  0.  (Josef a),  mur 
dered  with  the  Reed  family  at  S.  Miguel,  v.  620.  O.  (Juan  de  Dios),  at  Los 
Ang.  '46.  0.  (Juan  Maria),  corp.  of  Sta  B.  comp.  ;32;  wife  Serafina  Leiva; 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  0.  (Lucas),  at  Sta  B.  '37;  wife  Manuela  Cota;  3  children; 
grantee  of  Jesus  Maria  rancho.  iii.  655;  still  a  Sta  B.  ranchero  in  '45.  0. 


wife  Josefa  Noriega;  child.  Juan  Maria  b.  '17,  Pedro  '19,  Nolasco  '24, 
Lazaro  '26,  Agustina  '21,  Melchora  28,  Catarina  '30.  iii.  679;  grantee  of 
Moro  Cayucos  '42.  0.  (Martin),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  25.  0.  (Rosalie),  at 
Sonoma  '44,  age  45.  0.  (Tomas),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  wife  Maria  Ant. 
Cota,  2  children;  grantee  of  Tepusquet  '37.  Hi.  656;  still  at  Sta  B.  '45-7. 
Olivier  (Pierre),  1834,  Frenchman  of  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii.  412.  In  '42  he 
kept  a  drinking  and  billiard  saloon  at  Mont.;  settled  near  S.  Juan;  married 
a  daughter  of  Canute  Boronda;  and  his'  sons  lived  near  S.  Luis  Ob.  in  '78. 
Olivor  (Jose"),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  Oik  (Wm),  1840,  Amer.  trader,  age 
24,  with  passp.  from  U.S.  Olmstead  (Hiram),  1847,  Co.  C,  Mormon  Bat. 
(v.  469);  at  Ogden,  Utah,  '82.  Olole  (Chas),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los 
Ang.  list.  Olpstay  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Olvera  (Agustin),  1834,  Mex.  who  came  as  a  boy  with  his  uncle,  Ignacio 
Coronel,  in  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii.  263.  In  '36  living  with  C.  at  Corralitos; 
went  south  in  '39,  and  in  '41  was  commissioner  to  distribute  lands  at  S. 
Juan  Cap.,  where  he  was  juez  in  '42-3.  iv.  625-7.  In  '45  he  was  sec.  and 
supl.  member  of  the  junta,  being  also  the  grantee  of  Mision  Vieja  and  Cuya- 
rnaca  ranches,  iv.  495,  522,  540,  621.  In  '46  he  was  sec.  and  member  of  the 
assembly  both  under  Gov.  Pico  and  Flores,  being  grantee  of  la  Cie"nega.  v. 


OLVERA— ORENA.  759 

38,  264,  321,  G27;  and  in  '47  one  of  the  commissioners  who  signed  the  treaty 
of  Cahuenga.  v.  404-5.  After  the  U.S.  occupation  he  became  a  lawyer,  be 
ing  judge  of  1st  instance  '49,  county  judge  '50-3,  supervisor  '56-7,  presiden 
tial  elector,  and  receiver  in  the  land-office,  being  also  claimant  for  Los 
Alamos.  Don  Agustin  was  a  man  of  good  abilities  and  reputation,  who  died 
at  Los  Ang.  shortly  after  '74.  His  wife  was  Coucepcion  Arguello;  one  of  his 
daughters  married  Charles  Forbes,  and  another  Juan  Toro.  His  son  Carlos, 
living  at  Chualar  in  '78,  permitted  me  to  copy  from  his  father's  papers  a  valua 
ble  collection  of  Olvera,  Doc.  JJist.  Col.  0.  (Diego,  Guadalupe,  and  Jose"),  on 
S.  Luis  Ob.  assessment  rolls  '50.  O.  (Diego),  sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297. 
0.  (Julian),  1829,  Mex.  convict  released  in  '36.  0.  (Santiago),  soldier  at 
S.F.  '37-42.  0.  (Secundino),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37. 

Oman  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  in  com.  of  garri 
son  at  S.  Luis  Rey.  v.  489.  Ombis  (Julian),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  a 
Frenchman  in  the  Branciforte  padron;  wife  Concepcion  Espinosa.  Ouate 
(Juan),  1604,  conqueror  of  N.  Mex.,  who  descending  the  Colorado  to  its  mouth 
must  have  looked  upon  Cal.  territory,  i.  68,  108.  Onge  (Joseph  S.),  1846, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Ontivcros  (Jos6),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  461.  O. 
(Juan  P.),  at  Los  Ang.  '37-46,  grantee  of  S.  Juan  y  Cajon  de  Sta  Ana.  iii. 
678.  0.  (Patricio),  encargado  de  justicia  at  Los  Nietos  '25.  Opham  (Jean), 
1825,  mr  of  the  Triton  '25-6.  iii.  149. 

Ordmas  (Cristobal),  1786,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  Sta  B.,  Purisirna,  and 
S.  Gabriel,  retiring  in  1793.  Biog.  i.  664;  ment.  390,  423,  425,  459,  576,  675. 
Orbell  (James),  1837,  Engl.  sailor,  age  24,  who  landed  at  S.  Diego  and  en 
gaged  in  trade,  iv.  118.  There  was  an  order  for  his  arrest  in  '40,  not  appar 
ently  executed,  iv.  15;  left  in  charge  of  Capt.  Fitch's  business  during  the 
Litter's  absence,  and  his  accounts  seemed  to  show  a  deficit  of  $6,000  in  '42.  In 
'44-5  he  was  mr  of  the  Guipuzcoana.  iv.  566;  being  naturalized,  and  in  Nov. 
'47  ill  at  Sauzalito.  Ord  (Edward  O.  C.),  1847,  nat.  of  Md,  and  graduate  of 
West  Point  in  '38.  He  came  to  Cal.  as  1st  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  v.  518, 
520,  636.  After  the  war  he  took  part  in  several  Ind.  campaigns  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  going  East  by  sea  in  '50.  In  the  war  of  '61-5  he  was  brig. -gen.  of  vol 
unteers  and  later  in  the  regular  army,  with  brevet  of  maj.-gen.  For  several 
years  from  '68  he  commanded  the  department  of  the  Pacific,  and  later  that 
of  the  Texan  frontier,  dying  at  Habana  in  '83.  0.  (James  L.),  1847,  brother 
of  E.  0.  C.,  who  came  as  surgeon  with  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.,  under  contract 
and  not  belonging  to  the  army.  v.  518.  He  remained  in  Cal.  as  physician  and 
farmer,  settling  at  Sta  B.  and  marrying  the  widow  of  Manuel  Jimeno  Casarin, 
originally  Angustias  de  la  Guerra.  He  was  also  claimant  for  land  in  Tuolumne. 
iv.  G74;  and  later  spent  some  years  in  Mex.,  holding  about  '82  the  position  of 
consul-general.  In  74  he  resided  at  Sta  B.,  and  in  '78  was  appointed  attend 
ing  surgeon  to  the  U.S.  troops  at  Ft  Point,  S.F.,  still  residing  in  this  city  '84. 
He  had  one  daughter,  Rebecca,  who  in  '85  lives  with  her  mother  at  Salinas. 
Mrs  O.  in  her  Ocurrencias  de  California,  a  MS.  dictated  by  her  in  '78,  has  fur 
nished  one  of  the  most  accurate  and  fascinating  narratives  in  my  collection. 
The  Ords  had  two  brothers,  Pacificus  and  R.  B.,  who  came  to  CaL  after  '48 
and  were  somewhat  prominent;  also  a  sister. 

Ordaz  (Bias),  1820,  Span,  friar,  b.  in  Castilla  la  Nueva  1792,  who  came  to 
Mex.  in  1819  and  to  Cal.  the  next  year,  ii.  375,  394,  328,  serving  at  S.F.  '20-1, 
and  accompanying  Arguello  on  his  famous  exped.  to  the  north,  of  which  he 
wrote  a  Diario.  ii.  475-6,  595,  655.  In  '21-2  he  was  stationed  at  S.  Miguel,  ii. 
620;  in  '23-33  at  Sta  lues  and  Purisima.  ii.  490,  529,  581-2;  iii.  96,  661;  in 
'33-8  at  S.  Buenaventura,  being  sometimes  in  trouble  and  once  asking  for  re 
lease  from  his  vows  as  a  friar,  iii.  257-8,  658;  in  '38-47  at  S.  Fernando,  iii. 
643;  iv.  422,  638;  v.  405;  and  in  '47-50  at  S.  Gabriel,  officiating  for  a  short 
time  also  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  vi.  623,  628-9.  After  '48  he  was  the  only  survivor 
of  the  Fernandinog",  v.  565,  and  died  at  S.  Gabriel  in  '50.  Padre  Bias  was 
a  lively  and  good-natured  man,  but  his  fondness  for  women  involved  him 
occasionally  in  scandal  and  reprimand  from  his  superiors.  Orduno  (Ramon), 
at  Los  Ang.  '39-48.  Orefia  (Gaspar),  Span,  trader  in  Cal.  '43  or  earlier,  iv. 


760  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

364-5;  sup.  of  the  Gu/pvzcoana  '46;  a  wealthy  resident  of  Sta  B.  '50-85. 
His  wife  is  the  widow  of  Cesario  Lataillade  and  daughter  of  Jose"  de  la  Guerra 
y  Noriega.  Oribes  (Tomas),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1 798.  ii.  379.  Orozco,  ment. 
in  '37.  iii.  54.  0.  (Jose'  Maria),  supl.  juez  at  S.  Diego  '43.  iv.  620;  also  recep 
tor  in  the  custom-house;  grantee  of  Quejito  rancho  '45.  iv.  621;  taking  part  in 
the  war  at  S.  Diego  '46.  v.  329.  Orrantes  (Bernabe")  at  Los.  Ang.  '46.  Orriz 
(Bernardo),  Mex.  soldier  of  the  Hidalgo  piquete  '36.  Orta  (Jose"  Gabriel), 
Mex.  convict  released  in  '34. 

Ortega  (Antonio),  1834,  one  of  the  H.  and  P.  colony  who  was  maj.  at  Solano 
'35-6,  and  grantee  of  S.  Antonio  rancho  in  '40.  iii.  354,  711,  719-20.  He 
died  at  S.F.  about  '68.  0.  (Antonio),  convict  settler  of  1798.  i.  606.  0. 
(Antonio),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  '37.  0.  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of 
Jose"  Maria,  member  of  the  dip.'27-8.  iii.  36-7,  41,  63;  grantee  of  Refugio  '34. 
iii.  655;  iii.  566-7;  capt.  at  Sta  B.  '39.  iv.  641;  proposed  for  sub-prefect  at 
Sta  B.  '41.  iv.  641,  602;  juez  in  '46.  v.  631.  He  was  still  at  Refugio,  for 
which  he  was  one  of  the  claimants,  in  '52.  O.  (Basilio),  settled  at  Branci- 
forte  1803.  ii.  156.  0.  (Emilio  Miguel),  grantee  of  Punta  de  la  Laguna,  S. 
Luis  Ob.,  '44;  also  cl.  in  '52.  O.  (Este"van),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Deogracias 
Ruiz,  one  child;  collector  of  taxes  Sta  B.  '46  and  juez  de  policia  '48.  v.  631; 
still  at  Sta  B.  '50.  O.  (Eugenio),  admin,  at  Purisima  '40.  iii.  666.  O. 
(Eusebio),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '35.  0.  (Faustino),  at  S.  Juan  '43.  0.  (Felipe  ? 
Maria),  sergt  of  Sta  B.  comp.  1795,  and  author  of  a  Diario  of  explor.  for  mis 
sion  sites,  i.  553;  ii.  28.  There  is  some  confusion  between  him  and  Jose" 
Maria. 

Ortega  (Franciso),  musician  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '39-42.  0.  (Francisco), 
juez  de  paz  at  S.  Buen.  '48.  v.  634.  0.  (Francisco  Maria),  son  of  Capt.  Jose1 
F. ;  soldado  distinguido  1794;  elector  at  Sta  B.  '22,  and  memb.  of  the  dip. 
'22-4.  ii.  454,  462,  486,  510-11,  572.  O.  (Guadalupe),  wife  of  Joseph 
Chapman,  ii.  479.  0.  (Ignacio),  son  of  Capt.  Jose"  F.,  who  prob.  came 
with  his  father  in  '69-73;  soldado  distinguido  of  the  S.  Diego  comp. 
1792;  wife  Gertrudis  Arce.  In  1812  he  discovered  a  silver  mine  near 
Salinas,  ii,  144,  176;  and  from  about  '10  to  '30  was  owner  of  the  S.  Isulro 
rancho  in  the  S.  Jose"  region,  ii.  378,  383,  594,  603-4,  654;  though  possibly 
this  was  not  the  same  man.  There  was  also  an  Ign.  0.  at  Sta  B.  '50.  0. 
(Isabel),  prob.  daughter  of  Ignacio,  grantee  of  La  Polka  rancho,  Sta  Clara, 
'33.  iii.  712.  0.  (Jose"),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37  with  wife  Dolores  Quintero  and 
5  children;  in  '40  grantee  of  the  Pismo  rancho,  S.  Luis  Ob.  iii.  678;  juez  at 
S.  Luis  '44,  '46.  iv.  658-9;  v.  638-9;  visiting  N.  Helv.  in  '46.  Maria  Ant. 
O.,  cl.  of  Atascadero  '52,  was  perhaps  his  daughter.  O.  (Jose"  Ant.),  had  a 
house  at  S.F.  '38-41.  v.  684;  perhaps  Antonio,  as  above.  0.  (Jose"  Dolores), 
son  of  Jose"  Maria;  in  '11-20  maj.  at  Sta  B.  ii.  364;  his  daughter  Soledad  (or 
probably  his  sister)  marrying  Luis  Arguello  in '19.  iii.  11;  at  StaB.  about '32, 
wife  Dolores  Leiva  and  4  children;  grantee  of  Caiiada  del  Corral  in  '41,  iv.  642, 
and  still  there  in  '45. 

Ortega  (Jose*  Francisco),  1769,  Mex.  sergt,  nat.  of  Guanajuato,  who  came 
with  Portolaand  Serra,  was  lieut  from  '73,  com.  of  S.  Diego,  founder  and  com. 
of  Sta  B.,  com.  of  Mont.,  retired  as  brevet  capt.  in  '95,  died  near  Sta  B.  '98. 
He  was  an  officer  whose  record  was  an  excellent  one,  the  author  of  several 
important  records  of  the  earlier  Cal.  events,  and  founder  of  one  of  the  lead 
ing  Cal.  families,  many  of  the  members  of  which  are  named  in  this  register. 
Biog.  i.  670-3;  ment.  i.  122,  133-6,  140-1,  148,  153,  155,  159-60,  167,  '78. 
216,  225,  230-1,  236,  249-50,  252-3,  265,  303-4,  312,  315-16,  335,  372-3,  377, 
441,  451,  462-3,  468,  484,  501-2,  663,  671,  678,  690;  ii.  113.  0.  ( Jose"  Joa- 
quin),  son  of  Jose'  Maria,  member  of  the  dip.  '30-4.  iii.  50,  246,  249-50,  275; 
diputado  and  otter-hunter  '31-3.  iii.  187,  189,  200,  216-18,  246,  374,  394; 
maj.  and  admin,  of  S.  Diego  '35-40.  iii.  353,  499-501,  578,  590,  620,  625;  iu 
'42-3  encargado  de  justiciaof  the  ranchos,  elector,  juez,  and  grantee  of  Pamo. 
iv.  361,  620-1;  in  '43-5  maj.  at  S.  Luis  Rey,  grantee  of  Sta  Isabel,  and  su- 
plente  in  the  assembly,  iv.  540,  621,  623-4;'  in  '46  juez  de  paz.  v.  618-19;  cl. 
for  Pamo  in"52,  and  still  living  in  '63.  There  is  some  confusion  between  Jose", 
Joaquin,  and  Jose*  J.,  and  more  than  one  man  may  be  referred  to. 


ORTEGA— OSIO.  761 

Ortega  (Jose*  Maria),  son  of  Capt.  Jose"  F.,  b.  1759,  who  came  to  S.  Diego 
a  soldier  in  '69-73;  soon  made  corp.  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.,  and  com.  of  the  es- 
colta  at  Purisima.  i.  425;  marrying  Maria  Fran.  Lopez  in  '79.  From  '91  (ap 
pointed  in  '88)  he  was  sergt  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  i.  614,  665.  About  1797  he 
was  partially  relieved  from  military  service  in  order  to  aid  his  father  in  lift 
ing  a  load  of  debt;  perhaps  retired  altogether.  He  obtained  the  Refugio  ran- 
cho,  where,  as  ranchero  and  trader,  he  is  often  mentioned  down  to  about  '20. 
i.  639,  641,  663,  671;  ii.  28,  112,  124,  185,  236,  249,  274,  354,  663-4.  His  chil 
dren,  as  named  in  the  St.a  B.  Co.  Hist.,  were  Martin,  Jose"  Vicente,  Antonio 
Maria,  Jose"  Dolores,  Jose*  de  Jesus,  Joaquin,  Pilar  wife  of  Sant.  Argiiello, 
Soledad  wife  of  Luis  Arguello,  Maria  de  Jesus  wife  of  Jose"  Ramirez,  Con- 
cepcion  wife  of  Jos£  Ant.  de  la  Guerra,  and  Catarina  wife  of  Jose"  Carrillo. 

0.  (Jose1  Maria),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  a  man  of  same  name  super 
visor  at  Sta  B.  '54.      O.  (Jose  R.),  at  S.  Bern.  '46.      0.  (Josefa),  wife  of  Jose" 
M.  Amador  '28.  ii.  585.       0.  (Jose"  Vicente),  son  of  Capt.  Jose"  F.;  wife  Es- 
tefana  Olivara;  child.  Luis  (2),  Manuel,  Pedro  b.  '15,  living  '80,  Rafaela  wife 
of  Daniel  Hill. 

Ortega  (Juan),  son  of  Capt.  Jose  F.,  who  came  in  '69-75;  ment.  in  '75  at 
S.  Diego,  i.  255;  sergt  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  '11-18,  and  comisionado  at  Los 
Ang.  '18.  ii.  326,  350,  361;  wife  Rafaela  Arrellanes;  child.  Emigdio  (married 
Concepcion  Dominguez),  Maria  wife  of  Guadalupe  Hernandez,  Buenaven 
tura  wife  of  Joaq.  Cota,  Maria  Ant.  wife  of  Pedro  Dejeme,  and  Maria  de 
Jesus  wife  of  Fern.  Tico.  0.  (Juan  Maria),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  16.  0. 
(Magdaleua),  Cal.  claim  $20  '46-7.  v.  462.  0.  (Manuel),  at  Sta  B.  about 
'32;  wife  Andrea  Cota;  1  child;  maj.  at  S.  Simeon  '39.  iii.  685.  0.  (Maria 
Ant.),  cl.  for  Atascadero.  iv.  655.  0.  (Maria  Clara),  daughter  of  Ignacio, 
and  wife  of  John  Gilroy.  ii.  444.  0.  (Maria  Simona),  widow  at  S.F.  1796. 

1.  603.       0.  (Mariano),  ment.  in  newspapers  as  108  years  old  in  '73,  at  Agua 
Mansa,  S.  Bern.       O.  (Martin),  alcalde  at  Sta  B.  '29.  ii.  572.       0.  (Miguel), 
owner  of  the  Virgenes  rancho,  StaB.,  1790-1802.    iii.  111-12,  172;  at  S.F. 
1807.  ii.  192.      0.  (Pedro),  at  StaB.  about  '32;  wife  Lugarda  Ortega;  1  child; 
arrested  at  Refugio  '41.   iv.  672;  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '58.       O.  (Quintin),  son  of 
Ignacio,  b.  at  S.  Diego  1792;  ment.  in  '18.  ii.  234;  grantee  of  S.  Isidro  '33. 
iii.  670,  713;  in  '36  juez  de  campo.  iii.  675;  wife  Vicenta  Butron;  child.  Pilar 
b.  '20,  Magdalena  '24,  Miguel  '26,  Quintin  '32;  at  S.  Juan  '37.  iii.  512;  juez 
de  paz  '46.  v.  640.       Ortiz  (Hilario),  at  Corralitos,  age  24,  in  '36.       0.  (Na- 
sario),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.       Orville  (James),  on  Larkin's  books  '38. 

Osborn  (Charles),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  0.  (Jeptha),  1846, 
in  Sta  Clara  Val.  with  6  children;  at  S.  Jos6  '48.  0.  (W.  B.),  1844  sailor  on 
the  Be-nj.  Morgan,  iv.  453.  0.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499] ; 
miner  in  Placer  Co.  '49;  physician  at  Los  Angeles  '49  to  '67,  the  date  of  his 
death.  He  was  a  famous  gardener,  and  held  the  offices  of  postmaster  and 
justice  of  the  peace.  Osbourne  (James  A.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons 
(v.  336).  Osburn,  1848,  of  McLean  &  0.  furniture  dealers  at  S.F.  v.  678. 
Oseguera,  in  trouble  1799.  i.  639.  Osgood  (Henry  M.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  Luis  Obispo  '71-82,  the  date  of  his  death. 

Osio  (Antonio  Maria),  nat.  of  L.  Cal.  and  said  to  be  of  the  family  that  was 
somewhat  famous  in  very  early  times  in  connection  with  the  gulf  pearl  fish 
eries.  But  for  the  record  of  offices  held  by  him  there  is  a  remarkable  lack  of 
information  about  the  man.  He  first  appears  as  a  candidate  for  treasurer  in 
'27,  and  as  in  charge  of  the  Mont,  customs  '28-30  as  sub-corn isario,  and  memb. 
of  the  dip.  in  '30-1.  ii.  607;  iii.  49-50,  63,  67,  73,  86,  136.  In  '31  he  was  con- 
tador  in  charge  of  the  revenue  at  S.F.,  taking  some  slight  part  in  the  troubles 
with  Victoria,  iii.  187,  189,  376,  700.  In  '32-3,  besides  being  still  vocal  of 
the  dip.,  he  was  receptor  of  customs  at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Pedro,  iii.  216-17, 
245-6,  377,  635,  641;  still  in  charge  of  the  revenues  for  some  years  later,  iv.  82. 
In  '35-7  he  was  a  member  of  the  Los  Ang.  ayunt.,  sometime  sfndico.  Ment.  in 
connection  with  the  Apalategui  revolt  and  the  vigilance  committee,  and  taking 
an  active  part  with  the  cureiios  against  Alvarado.  iii.  283,  285,  417-18,  481,  485, 
487, 489,  496-8,  501-2,506,  508-9,  516,636.  Notwithstanding  his  opposition  to 


762  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Alvarado,  the  latter  put  him  again  in  charge  of  the  revenues  at  Mont.  '38-42; 
and  he  was  also  in  '39  vocal  and  sec.  of  the  dip.,  partido  elector,  substitute 
member  of  congress,  and  grantee  of  Los  Angeles  Isl.  in  S.F.  bay.  iii.  584-5, 
590,  672,  711;  iv.  91,  96-7,  99,  210,  212,  339,  341.  In  '40-5  he  was  justice  of 
the  superior  court,  iii.  605;  a  partisan  of  Alvarado  against  Valle jo '42.  iv.  282; 
grantee  of  Punta  de  los  Reyes  '43.  iv.  672;  and  of  S.  Jos6  mission  lands  '46. 
v.  665;  again  substitute  congressman  '43.  iv.  361;  in  '44  c apt.  of  defensores, 
an  opponent  of  Micheltorena,  juez  at  S.  Rafael,  and  of  quinterna  for  gov.  iv. 
407,  409,  423,  460,  462-3,  530,  652,  676-7.  In  '46-7  he  made  a  trip  to  Hono 
lulu  with  wife  and  5  children,  taking  no  part  in  the  troubles  of  those  years. 
Soon  after  the  change  of  flag  he  went  to  L.  Cal.,  and  in  '58  seems  to  have 
been  elected  gefe  politico,  though  forced  by  ill  health  to  resign.  In  '68  he 
lived  at  S.  Jos6  del  Cabo,  and  I  have  not  found  the  date  of  his  death,  or  any 
detinite  information  about  his  family.  Don  Antonio  Maria  was  a  man  of  fair 
ability  and  education,  and  of  excellent  reputation  for  honesty.  As  a  politi 
cian  he  was  somewhat  too  cautious  and  timid,  disposed  to  seek  safe  ground 
on  both  sides  of  a  controversy,  and  in  an  emergency  to  have  an  urgent  call  to 
some  far-away  spot.  In  his  later  years  he  wrote  a  Historia  de  California,  a 
copy  of  which  I  obtained  through  the  kindness  of  John  T.  Doyle,  the  original 
MS.  being  after  '80  in  possession  of  the  writer's  daughter  in  S.F.  It  is  a 
work  of  considerable  merit,  valuable  as  a  supplement  to  those  of  Vallejo, 
Alvarado,  and  Bandini,  as  presenting  certain  events  from  a  different  point  of 
view;  but  like  all  writings  of  this  class,  it  is  of  very  uneven  quality  as  a  record 
of  facts.  None  of  them,  nor  all  combined,  "would  be  a  safe  guide  in  the  absence 
of  the  original  records;  but  with  these  records  they  all  have  a  decided  value. 
O.  (Antonio),  celador  of  the  Mont,  custom-house  '42-3.  iv.  339;  suspended 
for  gambling.  0.  (Jose"  de  Jesus),  1847,  in  trade  at  S.  Diego.  0.  (Salva 
dor),  grantee  of  Todos  Santos,  Cosumnes,  and  Aguas  Frias  ranchos  '41-4.  iv. 
463,  670. 

Osman  (Thomas),  1828,  Engl.  blacksmith,  age  21,  who  deserted  from  a  Fr. 
whaler  at  Todos  Santos,  L.  Cal.,  and  came  up  to  S.Diego;  ordered  to  depart 
'29.  Osmer  (Chas  H.),  1826,  clerk  with  Beechey  '26-7.  iii.  121.  Osorno 
(Pedro),  179§,  convict  settler,  i.  606.  Ossa  (Vicente),  sec.  and  regidor  of 
the  Los  Ang.  ayunt.  '32-5.  iii.  283,  635;  in  '38  sindico,  favoring  Alvarado's 
govt,  age  30.  iii.  565,  636;  in  '42-3  grantee  of  Providencia  rancho.  iv.  634-5; 
in '46  at  Los  Ang.,  and  in  '56  justice  at  Encino.  Ostein,  1817,  deserter  from 
Roquefeuil's  vessel  at  S.F.  ii.  288.  Ostrander  (James),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Kinderhook,  N.Y.,  74.  Ostwald  (August),  1847,  Co.  B, 
ditto;  at  Sac.  '82.  Osuna  (Juan  Maria),  born  in  Cal.  before  1800;  a  soldier 
and  corporal  of  the  S.Diego  comp.,  and  later  a  settler.  In  '30  elector,  taking 
part  in  the  revolution  of  '31.  iii.  50,  201,  544;  in  '35  alcalde,  iii.  615;  in  '36- 
45  grantee  of  S.  Dieguito.  iii.  612,  557;  iv.  621;  in  '39  juez  de  paz.  iii.  584, 
616;  in  '40-3,  maj.  and  admin,  of  S.Diego  mission,  iii.  620;  iv.  371,  619,621, 
624;  in  '46  juez  de  paz.  v.  618.  He  died  about  '47  at  the  age  of  60,  his  widow, 
Juliana  Lopez,  being  cl.  for  S. Dieguito.  His  daughter  Felipa,  widow  of  J.  M. 
Marron,  gave  me  her  Recuerdos  in  '78,  as  elsewhere  noted;  and  also  a  collec 
tion  of  her  father's  Papeles  Originales.  0.  (Jose'  Hilario),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 


at  S.Diego  '36;  collector  of  tithes  '39;  grantee  of  Valle  de  las  Viejas  '46.  iii. 
616-17;  v.  619.       0.  (Santiago),  killed  by  Ind.  at  Pauma  '46.  v.  617. 

Otondo  (Felipe),  sirviente  at  S.  F.  1777.  i.  297.  Ousley  (Henry)  1846  (?), 
settler  in  NapaVal.,  where  he  still  lived  in '68-9;  perhaps  'Owsley.'  Owen, 
1848,  of  0.  &  Wright,  liquor  dealers  at  S.F.  0.  (Isaac),  1848(?),  Methodist 
preacher;  d.  S.F.  '66.  Owens  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  _  0. 
(Edward),  1845,  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party  with  4 
others  of  the  name,  perhaps  brothers,  iv.  572-3;  v.  526.  0.  (Henry),  1845, 
ditto;  went  back  to  Or.  '46.  0.  (James),  1845,  ditto;  went  to  Or.  '46.  0. 
(John),  1845,  ditto;  went  to  Or.  0.  (James),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499); 


OVVENS-PACHECO.  7G3 

owner  of  S.F.  lot;  at  S.F.74.  0.  (James),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morni.  Bat.  (v.  469). 
O.  (Richard),  1845,  nat.  of  Ohio,  and  member  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583;  v. 
6,  '24,  80.  From  him  Owens  river  and  lake  derive  their  name.  He  served  as 
capt.  of  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.,  being  in  com.  at  S.  Gabriel  and  somewhat  prom 
inently  connected  with  Fremont's  controversies,  v.  361,  441,  445-6,  returning 
East  with  F.,  and  being  present  as  a  witness  at  the  court-martial  in  Wash 
ington,  v.  453.  0.  (Robert),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  O.  (Thos), 
1845,  from  Or.  in  McMahon  party;  prob.  returned  to  Or.  '46.  iv.  572,  526. 
Owney,  1847,  negro  witness  at  a  S.F.  trial.  Oxborough  (C.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Honolulu.  Oyagiie  (J.  M.),  1827,  doubtful  name  of  mr  of  the  Huuscar. 
iii.  147. 

Pace  (James),  1847,  lieut  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  made  an  exped.  against 
the  Ind.  v.  489;  capt.  of  a  hundred  on  the  return  to  Utah.  v.  493.  P.  (Wm 
B.  and  Wilson  C.),  1847,  servants  to  officers  of  Morm.  Bat. 

Pacheco  (Antonio),  militiaman  S.F.  '37;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  32,  wife  Maria 
P.  Soto,  child.  Jose"  Prudencio  b.  '26,  Jose"  '33,  Ventura  '35.  P.  (Bartolo), 
Mex.  soldier  of  S.F.  com  p.  1790,  age  25,  wife  Soto,  2  children;  Ind.  exped. 
of  1801.  ii.  136;  inval.  of  the  cornp.  '19-40;  grantee  of  S.  Ramon,  Contra 
Costa,  '33.  iii.  713;  at  S.  Mateo  '35.  P.  (Dolores),  alcalde  and  juez  de  paz 
at  S.  Jose"  '38-41,  acting  sub-prefect  '41,  and  depositario  '43.  ii.  729-31;  iv. 
684,  685-6;  grantee  of  Sta  Rita  in  '39.  iii.  713;  in  '43,  age  45,  nat.  of  Cal., 
wife  Juana  Pacheco  (Alviso?),  child  Salvador  b.  '36.  Again  alcalde,  juez, 
and  member  of  council  in  '46,  and  often  mentioned  in  local  annals,  iv.  685; 
v.  8-9,  57,  105,  129,  246,  662,  664.  I  have  much  of  Pacheco's  official  and  pri 
vate  corresp.  He  died  about  '58,  and  his  widow  in  '75  at  the  age  of  80.  P. 
(Francisco),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  33,  nat.  of  Cal.;  wife  Paula  Sepiilveda,  child 
Antonio  b.  '39. 

Pacheco  (Francisco  Perez),  1819,  Mex.  carriage-maker  who  came  with,  the 
artillery  detachment  under  Ramirez.  In  '24,  for  bravery  in  putting  down  the 
Ind.  revolt,  he  was  promoted  to  brevet  alfe"rez.  ii.  532,  536;  being  a  memb.  of 
the  dip.  in  '27.  iii.  36;  in  '29  com.  of  the  custom-house  guard  and  for  a  time 
of  the  post  at  Mont,  under  Solis.  iii.  46-7,  50,  74,  136;  depositario  in  '31. 
iii.  672;  signer  of  the  Zamorano  plan  as  brevet  lieu*  '32.  iii.  223,  672;  treas 
urer  and  grantee  of  a  rancho  '33.  iii.  673,  679;  com.  of  the  guard  '33-4.  iii. 
376,  378;  regidor  in  '35.  iii.  673;  grantee  of  Ausaymas  and  S.  Felipe  in  '36-40. 
iii.  711,  678;  being  at  this  time  45  years  old,  wife  Feliciana  Gonzalez,  child. 
Jacinta  b.  '14  in  Mex.,  Isidoro  '20  in  Cal.,  Juan  '23,  Encarnacion  '27,  and 
Isidora  '30.  In  '37  he  was  arrested  at  S.  Juan.  iii.  513;  his  rancho  was  sacked 
by  Ind.  '38;  in  '44  he  was  capt.  of  defensores  and  com.  at  S.  Juan.  iv.  407, 
652,  654,  662;  in  '46  tithe  collector,  v.  637.  He  was  claimant  for  S.  Felipe,  v. . 
678;  and  also  for  S.  Justo  and  S.  Luis  Gonzaga,  becoming  one  of  the  wealthi 
est  rancheros  of  Mont,  county,  besides  being  always  a  man  of  good  character 
and  much  influence.  His  daughter,  apparently  the  only  one  of  his  children 
surviving  him,  was  the  wife  of  Mariano  Malarin.  P.  (Guillermo),  soldier  of 
the  S.F.  comp.  '44,  age  40. 

Pacheco  (Ignacio),  Mex.  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  1790,  age  30,  wife 
Cautua,  1  child;  before  1800  a  settler  at  S.  Jose",  i.  716,  where  he  was  alcalde 
in  1824.  ii.  605.  P.  (Ignacio),  son  of  the  preceding,  b.  at  S.  Jose"  1808; 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  from  '27,  and  sergt  '37.  iii.  323,  702;  grantee  in  '40 
of  S.  Jose"  rancho.  iii.  713;  and  juez  de  paz  at  S.  Rafael  '45-6.  iv.  667;  v.  669. 
He  died  on  his  rancho  in  '64.  Portrait  in  Marin  Co.  Hist.  Hi?  wife  was  Maria 
Loreto  Duarte,  and  his  children  Salvador  b.  '43,  Gumesindo  '52,  Catalina  '57, 
Agustin  F.  '59,  Juan  F.  '61,  and  Benjamin  '63.  P.  (Ignacio),  soldier  of  the 
S.F.  comp.  '28-9.  P.  (Jordan),  1829,  Portuguese  laborer  from  S.  Bias,  at 
Los  Ang.  '36,  age  50.  iii.  179.  P.  (Jose  Reyes),  soldier  at  the  Colorado  pue 
blos  1780-1,  not  killed,  i.  359.  P.  (Juan  Ign.),  ment.  in  '48.  v.  663.  P. 
(Juan  Sanchez),  grantee  of  Arroyo  de  las  Nueces,  Contra  Costa,  '34.  iii.  711. 
P.  (Lorenzo),  in  Ind.  exped.  '29.  iii.  Ill;  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '28-30;  in  '41 
at  S.  Jose",  age  37,  wife  Rafaela  Soto,  child.  Nicolas  b.  '37,  Lie's  '41;  juez  de 


764  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

policia  '43.  iv.  685.  P.  (Miguel),  corporal  of  S.F.  comp.  1790,  age  36,  wife 
Josefa  Maria  Sanchez;  inval.  and  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1797-1829.  i.  716.  P. 
(Pablo),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-26,  corp.  '27-31,  sergt  '32-35.  iii.  701;  alf. 
of  Sta.  B.  comp.  '36.  iii.  650.  P.  (Rafael),  convict  settler  1791.  i.  606.  P. 
(Rafael),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '37-40;  at  Sonoma  '44.  P.  (Rafaela  Soto 
de),  grantee  of  S.  Ramon,  Contra  Costa,  '37.  iii.  712. 

Pacheco  (Romualdo),  1825,  Mex.  sub-lieut  of  engineers,  nat.  of  Guana 
juato,  who  came  with  Gov.  Echeandia  as  aide-de-camp,  serving  in  that  capacity 
for  2  years,  and  also  as  sec.  of  the  com.  gen.  in  '26-7  at  S.  Diego,  making  sev 
eral  exped.  to  the  Colorado  and  elsewhere,  se  .Ting  as  substitute  member  of 
the  dip.,  and  being  often  named  in  connectior  with  military  trials,  ii.  508-9, 
547,  549;  iii.  13-14,  36,  61,  63,  102.  In  '27-8  he  was  ayudaute  de  plaza  and 
acting  com.  at  Mont.,  persuading  the  revolting  troops  to  return  to  their  duty, 
and  making  a  survey  north  of  the  bay  to  Ross.  iii.  40,  66,  115.  At  the  end  of 
'28  he  was  transferred  to  Sta  B.,  where  he  acted  as  comandante,  being  pro 
moted  to  lieut  in  '29,  and  being  imprisoned  on  one  occasion  by  the  revolting 
troops,  ii.  571-2;  iii.  78-84,  99.  In  '30  he  was  also  com.  at  Mont,  for  a  short 
time,  ii.  608,  and  was  recommended  for  promotion  to  be  capt.  of  the  S.F. 
comp.  In  '31  Le  was  granted  the  use  of  a  part  of  Simi  rancho.  iii.  656;  but 
marching  with  a  small  part  of  his  comp.  to  support  Gov.  Victoria,  was  killed 
in  the  fight  near  Los  Angeles  in  Dec.  of  the  same  year.  iii.  205-9,  214,  374, 
650.  Pacheco  was  a  brave  and  skilful  officer,  intelligent,  courteous,  popular, 
and  of  unblemished  character;  a  man  against  whom  nothing  was  ever  said, 
except  that  some  Cal.  officers  complained  of  his  too  rapid  promotion  as  a  new 
comer.  In  '29  he  married  Ramona,  daughter  of  Joaquin  Carrillo  of  S.  Diego, 
being  put  under  arrest  for  failure  to  comply  with  some  formalities  of  military 
law.  The  widow  married  Capt.  John  Wilson  of  S.  Luis  Obispo,  and  still  lives 
in  '85.  There  were  2  sons  b.  in  '30,  '31,  both  of  whom  in  '38  were  sent  to  Hon 
olulu  to  be  educated,  iv.  103,  and  remained  there  several  years.  Of  one  of 
them,  Mariano,  I  have  no  later  record  than  that  he  was  a  clerk  for  Wm  H. 
Davis  at  S.F.  in  '43-4.  The  other  son,  Romualdo.  born  about  a  month  before 
his  father's  death,  after  his  return  from  the  Sandw.  Isl.  spent  some  j'ears  on 
the  Sterling  and  other  vessels  as  supercargo's  clerk,  but  in  '48  settled  on  his 
motlier's  land  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  From  '53  he  was  almost  constantly  in  office, 
holding  the  positions  of  assemblyman,  state  senator,  county  judge,  county 
treasurer,  brigadier-gen,  of  militia,  lieut-governor,  and  acting  governor;  being 
also  elected  to  congress  but  not  admitted.  In  '78-82  he  was  a  stock-broker  in 
S.F.;  and  has  since  lived  in  Mexico  and  Texas  to  '85.  His  wife  was  Mary  Mc- 
Intirc,  married  in  '63,  and  there  was  one  surviving  child  in  '82.  In  respect  of 
official  positions,  Gov.  Pacheco  has  been  more  prominent  since  '48  than  any 
other  native  Calif ornian;  and  his  record  as  a  citizen,  in  respect  of  character, 
attainments,  and  social  standing,  has  been  a  good  one. 

Pacheco  (Salvador),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  S.  F.  '34,  who  still  lived  in  Marin 
co.  '80;  wife  Vicenta  Saiz;  4  children.  P.  (Salvio),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp. 
from  about  1810,  and  corporal  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '20-4,  and  perhaps  to  '29, 


J7-44  grantee 

of  Monte  del  Diablo  rancho.  iii.  712;  iv.  672;  capt.  of  militia  '37.  iii.  732; 
surveyor  of  pueblo  lands  '38;  iii.  730;  grantee  of  Pozitos  and  partido  elector 
in  '39.  iii.  712,  731;^  juez  de  paz  '43.  iv.  685-6,  362;  suplente  of  the  superior 
court  '45.  iv.  532;  sindico  '46.  v.  662;  accused  of  revolutionary  intrigues  '48. 
v.  663.  In  '41  he  is  named  on  the  S.  Jose"  padron  as  48  years  old,  nat.  of  Cal., 
wife  Juana  Flores,  child.  Fernando  b.  '18,  Padro  Ign.  '23,  Salvador  '24, 
Manuela  '27,  Concepcion  '29.  Don  Salvio  spent  his  life  from  '44  on  the  Mt 
Diablo  rancho,  on  which  the  town  of  Pacheco  bears  his  name,  and  died  in  '76 
at  the  age  of  83.  P.  (Silveria),  owner  of  a  house  at  S.  Jose"  '46.  v.  378.  P. 
(Tomas),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '26-32;  in  '34  elected  regHor  at  S.  Jose", 
iii.  730;  in  '37  alfe'rez  of  militia,  iii.  732;  in  '39  regiilor.  iii.  731;  in  '41  juez 
de  paz.  iv.  684;  sec.  of  the  juzgado  '43.  iv.  685;  grantee  of  Potrero  de  loa 
Cerritos  '44.  iv.  672. 


PACfFICO-PALLAS.  765 

Pacifico,  Ind.,  executed  at  Purisima  '24.  Packard  (Albert),  1845,  nat.  of 
R.  1.,  trader  and  lawyer,  who  came  from  Mazatlan.  iv.  587;  trading  at 
Mont,  and  S.  F.  '46-8;  still  a  resident  of  Sta  B.  in  '76,  having  been  city 
attorney  and  held  other  local  offices.  P.  (Henry),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm. 
Bat.  v.  495;  in  '81  at  Springfield,  Utah.  P.  (P.  W.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Honolulu.  P.  (Thos),  1846,  doubtful  name  at  Sta  B.  Packwood  (Elisha), 
1848,  nat.  of  Va,  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '45  and  by  sea  to  Cal. ;  a  miner 
'48-9  and  trader  at  Mormon  Isl.  and  Coloma,  going  East  '49  and  returning  in 
'50;  a  stock-raiser  till  the  floods  of  '61-2,  then  went  to  Or.,  where  he  died  in 
'76.  A  son,  Parrington  P.,  was  in  the  mines  with  his  father,  marrying  Matilda 
Wardle  while  in  Cal.  P.  (Sam.  T.),  1847»  a  cousin  of  Elisha,  in  Sta  Clara 
Co.  '48  and  prnb.  the  P.  named  at  N.  Helv.  '47.  Pacomio  (Jose),  leader 
of  neophytes  in  the  revolt  of  '24.  ii.  527,  532;  in  '36  a  carpenter  at  Mont., 
age  40,  wife  Maria  Guevia  (?);  also  com.  de  policia.  iii.  675. 

Paddock  (Joseph),  1830,  mr  of  the  Whaleman,  iii.  149.  Padilla  (Juan), 
occupant  of  Chupadero  rancho,  Mont.,  1795.  i.  6S3.  P.  (Juan  de  Dios), 
trader  at  Los  Aug.  '39,  age  40;  also  called  captain,  iii.  637.  P.  (Juan  Ne- 
pomuceno),  Mex.  barber;  at  S.  Jose"  '43.  iv.  356;  in  '44-5  kept  a  saloon  at 
S.  F.,  was  lieut  of  defensores,  alcalde,  and  grantee  of  Roblar  de  la  Miseria 
and  Tamales  ranches,  iv.  666-7,  673-4.  In  '46  he  was  in  com.  of  a  party  of 
Californians  north  of  the  bay  at  the  time  of  the  Bear  revolt,  v.  160-4,  680; 
in  '55  a  resid.  of  Los  Ang.,  age  31.  P.  (Julian),  defender  of  Apale"tegui  at 
Los  Ang.  '35.  iii.  285;  accused  of  passing  counterfeit  coin.  iii.  674;  at  Los 
Ang.  '46.  P.  (Macedonio),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5,  re 
maining  in  Cal.  after  Micheltorena's  departure,  iv.  289,  513;  v.  41.  P. 
(Mariano),  nat.  of  Cal.,  b.  about '10;  at  S.  Jose"  '50-5.  P.  (Vicente),  soldier 
of  S.  F.  comp.  '27-9;  at  S.  Jos£  '45-71. 

Padre's  (Jos6  Maria),  1830,  nat.  of  Puebla;  in  '25  lieut  of  engineers  and 
sec.  of  the  com.  gen.  at  Loreto;  acting  com.  and  sub-gefe  politico  after  Eche- 
andia's  departure  for  Cal.  In  '30,  having  been  promoted  to  lieut-col,  he  came 
to  Cal.  as  ayudante  inspector  of  the  troops,  ii.  607,  674;  iii.  46,  52,  57,  190. 
In  '31  he  acted  also  as  inspector  of  customs;  as  fiscal  in  the  Rubio  case;  was 
the  instigator  of  Echeandfa's  secularization  decree;  and  was  arbitrarily  sent 
to  Mex.  by  Gov.  Victoria,  iii.  184-5,  192-3,  197,  304-5,  376;  iv.  160.  In  Mex. 
he  devised  the  H.  and  P.  colonization  scheme,  and  returned  to  Cal.  in  '34  with 


influence  was  long  felt  in  Cal.,  through  his  teachings  to  the  young  men  who 
later  controlled  the  country.  So  well  did  they  learn  their  lesson,  indeed,  that 
in  colony  times  they  turned  against  their  teacher  when  he  seemed  to  have 
forgotten  their  claims  to  office.  Padushkin  (Yakov),  1817,  Russ.  lieut  who 
visited  Cal.  on  the  Chirikof.  ii.  216,  283,  312-14,  373,  383.  Paele  (Pika), 
1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  686.  Paez  (Jnan),  1542,  probable  author  of  Ca- 
brillo's  Relation,  and  perhaps  one  of  the  exped.  i.  69. 

Page  (Hugh  K),  1844,  com.  of  the  U.S.  Levant  on  the  coast  '44-6.  iv.  567; 
v.  204,  224,  231.  P.  (Rich.  L.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  P. 
(Thomas),  1847,  sheriff  in  Sonoma  dist.  '47-8;  cl.  of  the  Cotate  rancho  '52. 
iv.  671.  Paine  (Henry),  1820,  named  by  Michael  White  as  his  cousin 
who  aided  in  building  a  schr  at  Sta  B.  iii.  140.  Painter  (Theodore),  1846, 
Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sauzalito  Oct.  (v.  358).  Palacio  (Francisco), 
1848  (?),  Mex.  gefe  politico  of  L.  Cal.  who  favored  the  Amer.  during  the  war, 
and  after  the  treaty  came  to  Mont.,  where  he  died  in  '73.  Palacios  (Geron. 
M.),  1602,  capt.  and  cosmog.  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  P.  (Lino),  owner 
of  land  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Palani  (Keani),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  678. 
Pallas  (Cayetano),  visiting  padre  at  S.  Diego  1791-1800.  i.  655;  perhaps  a 


764  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

policia  '43.  iv.  685.  P.  (Miguel),  corporal  of  S.F.  comp.  1790,  age  36,  wife 
JoseTa  Maria  Sanchez;  inval.  and  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1797-1829.  i.  71C.  P. 
(Pablo),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-26,  corp.  '27-31,  sergt  '32-35.  iii.  701;  alf. 
of  Sta.  B.  comp.  '36.  iii.  650.  P.  (Rafael),  convict  settler  1791.  i.  606.  P. 
(Rafael),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '37-40;  at  Sonoma  '44.  P.  (Rafaela  Suto 
de),  grantee  of  S.  Ramon,  Contra  Costa,  '37.  iii.  712. 

Pacheco  (Romualdo),  1825,  Mex.  sub-lieut  of  engineers,  nat.  of  Guana 
juato,  who  came  with  Gov.  Echeandia  as  aide-de-camp,  serving  in  that  capacity 
for  2  years,  and  also  as  sec.  of  the  com.  gen.  in  '26-7  at  S.  Diego,  making  sev 
eral  cxped.  to  the  Colorado  and  elsewhere,  se  .ring  as  substitute  member  of 
the  dip.,  and  being  often  named  in  connection  with  military  trials,  ii.  508-9, 
547,  549;  iii.  13-14,  36,  61,  63,  102.  In  '27-8  he  was  ayudaute  de  plaza  and 
acting  com.  at  Mont.,  persuading  the  revolting  troops  to  return  to  their  duty, 
and  making  a  survey  north  of  the  bay  to  Ross.  iii.  40,  66,  115.  At  the  end  of 
'28  he  was  transferred  to  Sta  B.,  where  he  acted  as  comandante,  being  pro 
moted  to  lieut  in  '29,  and  being  imprisoned  on  one  occasion  by  the  revolting 
troops,  ii.  571-2;  iii.  78-84,  99.  In  '30  he  was  also  com.  at  Mont,  for  a  short 
time,  ii.  608,  and  was  recommended  for  promotion  to  be  capt.  of  the  S.F. 
cornp.  In  '31  lie  was  granted  the  use  of  a  part  of  Simi  rancho.  iii.  656;  but 
marching  with  a  small  part  of  his  comp.  to  support  Gov.  Victoria,  was  killed 
in  the  fight  near  Los  Angeles  in  Dec.  of  the  same  year.  iii.  205-9,  214,  374, 
650.  Pacheco  \vus  a  brave  and  skilful  officer,  intelligent,  courteous,  popular, 
and  of  unblemished  character;  a  man  against  whom  nothing  was  ever  said, 
except  that  some  Cal.  officers  complained  of  his  too  rapid  promotion  as  a  new 
comer.  In  '29  he  married  Ramona,  daughter  of  Joaquin  Carrillo  of  S.  Diego, 
being  put  under  arrest  for  failure  to  comply  with  some  formalities  of  military 
law.  The  widow  married  Capt.  John  Wilson  of  S.  Luis  Obispo,  and  still  lives 
in  '85.  There  were  2  sons  b.  in  '30,  '31,  both  of  whom  in  '38  were  sent  to  Hon 
olulu  to  be  educated,  iv.  103,  and  remained  there  several  years.  Of  one  of 
them,  Mariano,  I  have  no  later  record  than  that  he  was  a  clerk  for  Wm  H. 
Davis  at  S.F.  in  '43-4.  The  other  son,  Romualdo.  born  about  a  month  before 
his  father's  death,  after  his  return  from  the  Sandw.  Isl.  spent  some  years  on 
the  Sterling  and  other  vessels  as  supercargo's  clerk,  but  in  '48  settled  on  his 
mother's  land  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  From  '53  he  was  almost  constantly  in  office, 
holding  the  positions  of  assemblyman,  state  senator,  county  judge,  county 

Pacheco  denied   seat  in  congress  '76;   elected  in  '78  and  again  in  '80, 
serving  out  both  terms. 


Pacheco  (Salvador),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  S.  F.  '34,  who  still  lived  in  Marin 
co.  '80;  wife  Vicenta  Saiz;  4  children.  P.  (Salvio),  soldier  of  Mont.  comp. 
from  about  1810,  and  corporal  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '20-4,  and  perhaps  to  '29, 
being  corp.  of  the  escolta  at  S.  Jose  in  '24.  ii.  599;  sec.  of  the  S.  Jos6  ayunt. 
'27,  '29,  '32,  '34,  and  alcalde  in  '28.  ii.  605,  730;  suplente  of  the  dip.  '28-9, 
'35,  '43.  iii.  '42-3,  111,  291,  293;  iv.  361;  alcalde '32.  iii.  729;  in  '37-44 grantee 
of  Monte  del  Diablo  rancho.  iii.  712;  iv.  672;  capt.  of  militia  '37.  iii.  732; 
surveyor  of  pueblo  lands  '38;  iii.  730;  grantee  of  Pozitos  and  partido  elector 
in  '39.  iii.  712,  731;Juez  de  paz  '43.  iv.  685-6,  362;  suplente  of  the  superior 
court  '45.  iv.  532;  sindico  '46.  v.  662;  accused  of  revolutionary  intrigues  '48. 
v.  663.  In  '41  he  is  named  on  the  S.  Jose1  padron  as  48  years  old,  nat.  of  Cal., 
wife  Juana  Flores,  child.  Fernando  b.  '18,  Padro  Ign.  '23,  Salvador  '24, 
Manuela  '27,  Concepcion  '29.  Don  Salvio  spent  his  life  from  '44  on  the  Mt 
Diablo  rancho,  on  which  the  town  of  Pacheco  bears  his  name,  and  died  in  '76 
at  the  age  of  83.  P.  (Silveria),  owner  of  a  house  at  S.  Jose"  '46.  v.  378.  P. 
(Tomas),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '26-32;  in  '34  elected  regHor  at  S.  Jose", 
iii.  730;  in  '37  alfe"rez  of  militia,  iii.  732;  in  '39  regidor.  iii.  731;  in  '41  juez 
de  paz.  iv.  684;  sec.  of  the  juzgado  '43.  iv.  685;  grantee  of  Potrero  de  loa 
Cerritos  '44.  iv.  672. 


PAClFICO-PALLAS.  765 

Pacifico,  Ind.,  executed  at  Purisima'24.  Packcard  (Albert),  1845,  nat.  of 
R.  1.,  trader  and  lawyer,  who  came  from  Mazatlan.  iv.  587;  trading  at 
Mont,  and  S.  F.  '46-8;  still  a  resident  of  Sta  B.  in  76,  having  been  city 
attorney  and  held  other  local  offices.  P.  (Henry),  1847,  sergtCo.  A,  Morm. 
Bat.  v.  495;  in  '81  at  Springfield,  Utah.  P.  (P.  W.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Honolulu.  P.  (Thos),  1846,  doubtful  name  at  Sta  B.  Packwood  (Elisha), 
1848,  nat.  of  Va,  who  came  overl.  to  Or.  in  '45  and  by  sea  to  Gal.;  u,  miner 
'48-9  and  trader  at  Mormon  Isl.  and  Coloma,  going  East  '49  and  returning  in 
'50;  a  stock-raiser  till  the  floods  of  '61-2,  then  went  to  Or.,  where  he  died  in 
'76.  A  son,  Parrington  P.,  was  in  the  mines  with  his  father,  marrying  Matilda 
Wardle  while  in  Cal.  P.  (Sam.  T.),  1847,  a  cousin  of  Elisha,  in  Sta  Clara 
Co.  '48  and  prob.  the  P.  named  at  N.  Helv.  '47.  Pacomio  (Jose),  leader 
of  neophytes  in  the  revolt  of  '24.  ii.  527,  532;  in  '36  a  carpenter  at  Mont., 
age  40,  wife  Maria  Guevia  (?);  also  com.  de  policia.  iii.  675. 

Paddock  (Joseph),  1830,  mr  of  the  Whaleman,  iii.  149.  Padilla  (Juan), 
occupant  of  Chupadero  rancho,  Mont.,  1795.  i.  633.  P.  (Juan  de  Dios), 
trader  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  40;  also  called  captain,  iii.  637.  P.  (Juan  Ne- 
pomuceno),  Mex.  barber;  at  S.  Jos6  '43.  iv.  356;  in  '44-5  kept  a  saloon  at 
S.  F.,  was  lieut  of  defensores,  alcalde,  and  grantee  of  Roblar  de  la  Miseria 
and  Tamales  ranches,  iv.  60(3-7,  673-4.  In  '46  he  was  in  com.  of  a  party  of 
Culifornians  north  of  the  bay  at  the  time  of  the  Bear  revolt,  v.  160-4,  680; 
in  '55  a  resid.  of  Los  Ang.,  age  31.  P.  (Julian),  defender  of  Apale"tegui  at 
Los  Ang.  '35.  iii.  285;  accused  of  passing  counterfeit  coin.  iii.  674;  at  Los 
Ang.  '40.  P.  (Macedonio),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5,  re 
maining  in  Cal.  after  Micheltorena's  departure,  iv.  289,  513;  v.  41.  P. 
(Mariano),  nat.  of  Cal.,  b.  about  '10;  at  S.  Jose"  '50-5.  P.  (Vicente),  soldier 
of  S.  F.  comp.  '27-9;  at  S.  Jos£  '45-71. 

Padre's  (Jose"  Maria),  1830,  nat.  of  Puebla;  in  '25  lieut  of  engineers  and 
sec.  of  the  com.  gen.  at  Loreto;  acting  com.  and  sub-gefe  politico  after  Eche- 
andia's  departure  for  Cal.  In  '30,  having  been  promoted  to  lieut-col,  he  came 
to  Cal.  as  ayudante  inspector  of  the  troops,  ii.  607,  674;  iii.  46,  52,  57,  190. 
In  '31  he  acted  also  as  inspector  of  customs;  as  fiscal  in  the  Rubio  case;  was 
the  instigator  of  Echeandia's  secularization  decree;  and  was  arbitrarily  sent 
to  Mex.  by  Gov.  Victoria,  iii.  184-5,  192-3,  197,  304-5,  376;  iv.  160.  In  Mex. 
he  devised  the  H.  and  P.  colonization  scheme,  and  returned  to  Cal.  in  '34  with 
the  appointment  of  director  of  the  colony  in  addition  to  his  former  position 
as  inspector,  which  latter  he  soon  resigned.  In  '35  with  his  associate  Hijar  he 
was  sent  to  Mex.  by  Figueroa  to  be  tried  on  a  charge  of  revolutionary  plots, 
iii.  259-69,  272-91,  383,  613,  652,  670.  Nothing  is  known  of  his  later  career, 
though  a  man  of  the  same  name  figures  at  Urea,  Souora,  as  a  petty  official  in 
'44-8.  Padres  was  a  man  of  remarkable  energy,  intelligence,  and  magnetism, 
a  most  radical  republican  in  the  Mexican  sense  of  the  term;  and  one  whose 
influence  was  long  felt  in  Cal.,  through  his  teachings  to  the  young  men  who 
later  controlled  the  country.  So  well  did  they  learn  their  lesson,  indeed,  that 
in  colony  times  they  turned  against  their  teacher  when  he  seemed  to  have 
forgotten  their  claims  to  office.  Padushkin  (Yakov),  1817,  Russ.  lieut  who 
visited  Cal.  on  the  Chirikof.  ii.  216,  283,  312-14,  373,  383.  Paele  (Pika), 
1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  V.  686.  Paez  (Jnan),  1542,  probable  author  of  Ca- 
brillo's  Relation,  and  perhaps  one  of  the  exp ed.  i.  69. 

Page  'Hugh  N.),  1844,  com.  of  the  U.S.  Levant  on  the  coast  '44-6.  iv.  567; 
v.  204,  224,  231.  P.  (Rich.  L.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  P. 
(Thomas),  1847,  sheriff  in  Sonoma  dist.  '47-8;  cl.  of  the  Cotate  rancho  '52. 
iv.  671.  Paine  (Henry),  1820,  named  by  Michael  White  as  his  cousin 
who  aided  in  building  a  schr  at  Sta  B.  iii.  140.  Painter  (Theodore),  1846, 
Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sauzalito  Oct.  (v.  358).  Palacio  (Francisco), 
1848  (?),  Mex.  gefe  politico  of  L.  Cal.  who  favored  the  Amer.  during  the  war, 
and  after  the  treaty  came  to  Mont.,  where  he  died  in  '73.  Palacios  (Geron. 
M.),  1602,  capt.  and  cosmog.  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  P.  (Lino),  owner 
of  land  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Palani  (Keani),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  678. 
Pallas  (Cayetano),  visiting  padre  at  S.  Diego  1791-1800.  i.  655;  perhaps  a 


766  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Dominican  from  L.  Cal.       Palma,  Yuma  chief,   1774-82.    i.  221-2,  260-1, 
355-7,  361,  370. 

Palmer  (Amasa),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  P.  (Joel), 
1848,  a  prominent  citizen  and  official  of  Or.,  who  came  with  the  Or.  miners 
and  spent  some  months  on  the  Yuba;  author  of  a  Journal  of  the  trip  over 
land  to  Or.  P.  (John),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  P.  (Sam. 
R.),  1847,  owner  of  a  Benicia  lot.  v.  672.  P.  (Zemira),  1847,  servant  to 
officer  of  the  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Palo  (Luis),  companion  of  Brooks  in 
the  mines  '48;  son  of  a  Mex.  official  at  Mont.  (?).  Palomares  (Francisco), 
son  of  Cristobal;  b.  at  Sta  B.  1808;  from  '33  a  resid.  of  S.  Jose",  being  juez 
de  campo  in  that  year.  iii.  729;  and  juez  de  policia  in  '46.  v.  662.  In  the 
padron  of  '41  he  is  named  with  his  wife  Margarita  Pacheco,  and  child.  Be- 
nedita  b.  '30,  Maria  de  Jesus  '31,  Rosario  '32,  Crist6bal  '36,  and  Felipe  '39. 
In  '77  at  S.  Jose"  he  gave  me  a  long  Memoria  of  his  adventures,  chiefly  as  an 
Ind.  fighter — all  of  them  strictly  true  as  is  to  be  hoped,  iv.  75-6;  v.  313,  566. 
P.  (Francisco  G.),  at  S.F.  '38-9;  grantee  of  Corral  de  Tierra.  iii.  711.  P. 
(Ignacio),  juez  de  campo  at  Los  Aug.  '34,  and  regidor  '35.  iii.  635;  in  '37-40 
grantee  of  Azuza  and  S.  Jose"  ranches,  iii.  633;  regidor  and  a  prisoner  in  '38. 
iii.  555,  566,  636.  He  was  juez  de  campo  '40,  juezde  paz  '41,  elector  '43,  capt.  of 
defensores  '44,  and  suplente  of  the  assembly  '45.  iii.  637;  iv.  361,  540,  632. 
In  '46  he  took  part  in  a  movement  against  Flores,  being  also  elected  alcalde. 
v.  332-3,  626.  He  was  a  prominent  ranchero  in  these  and  in  later  years, 
dying  at  Pomona  in  '82,  at  the  age  of  about  70.  P.  (Jorge),  com.  of  a  vol 
unteer  cavalry  comp.  at  Los  Aug.  '46.  v.  51.  P.  (Jose"),  'soldier  and  sergt 
of  the  Sta  B.  comp  to  1806,  from  '10  a  settler  at  Los  Ang.  ii.  117,  349;  ment. 
in  '17-19.  ii.  354,  425;  in  '22-4  elector  and  member  of  the  1st  diputacion. 
ii.  454,  462,  513,  559;  iii.  7;  sindico  '26,  and  fiscal  in  the  Fitch  trial  '30.  ii. 
560;  iii.  142-4.  P.  (Jose"),  possibly  same  as  preceding,  or  his  son;  sec.  at 
Los  Ang.  '28-30.  ii.  550-1;  in  '37  alfe*rez,  aiding  Bandini  in  the  capture  of 
Los  Ang.  iii.  519.  P.  (Jose"  Fran.),  see  P.  (Francisco).  P.  (J.  M.),  capt. 
of  Los.  Ang.  defensores  '44.  iv.  407.  P.  (Luis),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37. 
P.  (Manuel),  at  S.  Jose*  '44. 

Palou  (Francisco),  1773,  Span,  friar  who  was  the  founder  of  S.F.  mission 
in  1776,  and  the  successor  of  Jumpero  Serra  as  president  in  '84.  He  retired 
in  '85  and  became  guardian  of  S.  Fernando  college.  He  is  best  known  as  the 
author  of  the  Vida  de  Junipero  Serra  and  Notitias  de  las  Californias,  stan 
dard  works  on  the  early  mission  history.  He  died  about  1790  in  Mex.  See 
Biog.  i.  473-6;  notice  of  his  works,  i.  417-20;  ment.  i.  122-5,  154,  165, 
171,  179,  184,  193-6,  198-206,  231-6,  246-7,  254,  280,  287-93,  297,  320,  382, 
385-8,  398-407,  410-11,  416-17,  455,  458,  474,  476,  657;  ii.  113,  571. 

Panano  (Geo.),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  678.  Panaud  (Clement), 
1846,  Frenchman  at  S.  Juan  B.  in  '47,  with  a  claim  for  damages  by  Fre'mont 
presented  through  the  French  consul,  v.  615.  He  bought  a  mill  in  Salinas 
Valley  from  Wm  Anderson,  and  sold  it  in  '48  to  Capt.  Cooper.  In  '53  he 
was  claimant  for  lands  in  Sta  Clara  and  Mont,  counties,  iv.  673;  v.  637. 
Panella  (Jose"),  1797,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Diego,  retiring  in  1803. 
Biog.  ii.  107;  ment.  i.  379,  382,  564,  577,  654-5;  ii.  159.  Panto,  Ind.  chief 
at  S.  Pascual,  S.  Diego  Co.,  who  rendered  much  aid  to  the  Cal.  authorities  in 
keeping  the  Ind.  quiet;  also  aiding  Stockton  in  '46-7  with  horses,  etc.,  never 
paid  for  by  the  U.S.  govt.  His  claim  and  that  of  his  people  to  their  land  at 
S.  Pascual  seems,  however,  to  have  been  respected  by  the  govt  and  land- 
sharks  down  to  about  the  period  of  his  death  in  73.  P.  (Jose*  Pedro),  1810, 
Span,  friar  whose  missionary  service  was  at  S.  Diego,  where  he  died  in  '12, 
being  poisoned  by  his  neophyte  cook  in  return  for  cruelty,  ii.  344-5,  107, 
159-60,  394.  Pantoja  (Francisco),  regidor  of  Los  Ang.  '37.  iii.  509,  636; 
at  Sta  Gertrudis  rancho  '39,  age  43.  P.  (Juan),  1782,  an  officer  on  the 
Princesa,  whose  map  of  S.  Diego  is  copied  in  i.  455-6,  378.  P.  (Matias),  at 
S.  Gabriel  '46. 

Pardo,  1831,  said  to  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Wolfskill  party,  iii. 
387.  P.  (Roberto),  Mex.  or  Ind.  sergt  of  the  Mazatlan  comp.,  at  Mont,  as 


PAKDO— PARROTT.  767 

early  as  '20;  in  *24  posted  at  Purfsima.  ii.  533;  in  '33-4  engaged  in  otter- 
hunting  (?).  iii.  394.  From  '38  or  earlier  he  was  alfe'rez  of  the  Sta  B.  comp., 
being  acting  lieut  and  comandaute  '42-5.  iii.  560,  589,  630,  651;  iv.  282,  641. 
His  wife  was  Candelaria  Cafiizares.  Parish  (De  Witt  C.),  1847,  in  S.F.  let 
ter  list.  Park  (James),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.;  at  Cedar 
Val.,  Utah,  '81. 

Park  (Thomas  B.),  1826,  nat.  of  Mass.,  and  sup.  of  the  Harbinger  '26-8. 
iii.  147,  176.  From  '35  he  was  a  resident  of  Cal.,  coming  prob.  on  the  Alert, 
acting  as  sup.,  or  agent,  of  the  California  and  other  vessels  from  '36,  and 
succeeding  Alfred  Robinson  in  charge  of  the  Boston  firm's  business,  iv.  101, 
117;  iii.  623,  657;  often  named  in  commercial  records  from  '39.  He  was  nat 
uralized  in  '44,  aiding  the  Californians  against  Micheltorena,  and  acting  as 
sup.  of  the  Sterlinj  in  '44-6.  iv.  568.  He  was  a  man  of  some  education  and 
much  business  ability,  though  thought  to  lack  the  'push '  displayed  by  some 
of  his  rivals,  being  addicted  to  drink  and  neglecting  his  business  in  the  later 
years.  He  died  at  Sta  B.  about  '50,  leaving  a  wife  in  Mass.  Parker,  1840,  a 
clergyman  on  the  Alciope  for  Honolulu,  iv.  100;  prob.  B.  W.  Parker,  a 
Sandw.  Isl.  missionary  who  came  with  a  letter  of  introd.  to  Larkin.  P. 
(Edward),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  P.  (John),  1840,  Engl.  deserter 
from  the  Sulphur,  who  became  a  lumberman  at  S.  Antonio;  at  Bodega  '41. 
P.  (Lewis),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  P.  (Robert), 
1834,  at  Mont. 

Parker  (Robert  A.),  1847,  nat.  of  Boston,  and  sup.  of  the  Mt  Vernon, 
introd.  by  Mellus  to  Larkin  as  a  'tough  customer';  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  and 
member  of  the  council,  v.  648.  In  '48  he  had  an  adobe  store  on  Dupont  St., 
and  from  July  was  keeper  of  the  City  Hotel,  v.  680-1;  being  in  '49-51  keeper 
of  the  famous  Parker  House.  In  '54  he  lived  at  Crescent  City,  but  later  went 
to  L.  Cal.,  dying  at  S.  Quintin  in  '65  at  the  age  of  45.  His  widow  died  in  S.F. 
'83,  age  61,  leaving  5  children.  P.  (Wm  C.),  1847,  asst  surg.  of  N.Y.Vol. 
v.  503,  511,  513;  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  v.  654;  surgeon  of  the  S.F.  guards  '49; 
also  engaged  in  trade,  and  named  by  Colton  as  owner  of  New  York  of  the 
Pacific  '49.  He  lived  in  S.F.  to  '76,  and  in  Oakland  till  '82  or  later. 

Parks  (David),  1848,  overl.  immig.  bound  for  Or.,  but  turned  from  his  way 
by  reports  of  gold  in  Cal. ;  mined  on  the  Yuba,  gave  his  name  to  Parks  Bar, 
and  went  to  N.  Orleans  in  '49  with  $80,000  in  gold-dust.  His  son  David 
remained  in  Cal.  and  became  a  citizen  of  Marysville,  as  did  John,  who  built 
the  1st  hotel  at  M.  P.  (Wm),  1846,  deserter  from  U.  S.  service,  for  whom 
Capt.  Morrison  offered  $50  reward.  P.  (WTm  A.),  1848,  in  S.F.  list  of  let 
ters.  Parmo  (Luigi),  1834,  Ital.  sailor  at  Mont.,  age  29.  Parodi  (Nicolds), 
1841,  Ital.  sailor  from  Salvador  on  the  Jdven  Carolina  as  part  owner  of  the 
cargo. 

Parr  (Charles),  1846,  Engl.  overl.  immig.  with  his  parents,  who  settled  at 
Sta  Clara  in  '47,  and  in  '81  still  lived  as  a  stock  farmer  in  Almaden  township, 
with  wife  T.  Garcia,  and  10  children.  P.  (Chas  H.),  1846,  brother  of  Chas, 
nat.  of  Iowa,  overl.  immig.,  wrho  died  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  '77,  leaving  a  widow, 
Mary  A.  Kenny,  and  2  children.  P.  (Jonathan),  1846,  father  of  the  preced 
ing,  who  settled  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '67  at  Los  Gatos,  leaving 
6  children.  P.  (Wm  J.),  1846,  son  of  Jonathan;  nat.  of  Ohio;  farmer  near 
S.  Jose"  '47-76.  Parraga  (Francisco),  1803,  com.  of  the  Concej>cion.  ii.  19. 
Parreiia  (Santiago),  1810,  agent  for  Bonaparte  for  N.  Mex.  and  Cal.;  prob. 
not  in  Cal.  ii.  88. 

Parrilla  (Leon),  1793,  lieut  of  the  Monterey  comp.  '93-5,  retired  for  incom- 
petency.  Biog.  i.  634,  678.  Parrish  (Joseph),  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Ports 
mouth,  acting  lieut  in  Co.  F,  Stockton's  battalion,  '46-7.  v.  385.  Parron 
(Fernando),  1769,  Span,  friar,  third  of  the  missionaries  to  reach  Cal.,  and 
founder  of  S.  Diego  mission,  where  he  served  till  his  retirement  in  '71  on 
account  of  illness,  i.  120,  128,  136-8,  164, 167,  176,  178.  Parrott  (Enoch  G.), 
1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Congress  '46-8,  who  served  in  the  war  of  '61-5  as  com 
mander;  as  commodore  was  in  com.  at  Mare  Isl.  '71;  rear-admiral  '73;  and 
died  '79  in  N.Y.  A  nat.  of  N.  H.,  b.  '15.  P.  (John),  1845,  nat.  of  Va,  for 


768  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

many  years  engaged  in  trade  on  the  Mex.  coast,  and  U.S.  consul  at  Mazatlan 
in  '45-6,  rendering  valuable  aid  to  the  naval  officers  in  matters  relating  to  the 
occupation  of  Cal.  iv.  302;  v.  13.  His  first  visit  to  Cal.  was  in  connection  with 
his  grand  smuggling  scheme  which  ended  somewhat  disastrously  with  the 
\\reck  of  the  Star  of  the.  West.  iv.  560,  568,  587.  I  have  many  letters  written 
by,  to,  and  about  him  at  that  time.  After  the  gold  discovery  he  came  with 
his  family  to  S.F.,  where  he  was  a  shipping  merchant  to  '59,  and  later  a 
banker  and  capitalist  down  to  his  death  in  '84  at  the  age  of  73.  He  was 
famous  for  his  uniformly  successful  investments  and  for  never  taking  any  risks, 
his  caution  and  conservatism  being  in  marked  contrast  with  the  prevalent 
spirit  of  the  times.  He  left  a  widow  and  several  children  and  grandchildren. 
Parsons  (Alonzo  P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  P.  (J.  H.),  1847,  per 
haps  ditto;  not  on  roll.  Parvin  (John  B.),  1847,  Co.  A,  ditto;  in  Nev.  '74; 
at  Monticello,  Minn.,  '82;  in  N.Y.  '84. 

Pascal  (John  H.),  1848,  mate  of  the  Rhone;  went  to  the  mines,  and  later 
settled  on  a  farm  near  lone  City,  where  he  died  in  '7*2.  Pascual  (Juan),  1602, 
piloto  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  P.  (Mateo  Jos6),  1818,  negro  of  Bouchard's 
exped.;  remained  in  Cal.  ii.  237,  241,  393.  Pask  (Francis  G.),  1847,  artificer 
in  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Pasos  (Manuel  de  Dios),  1822-4,  Portu 
guese  nat.  of  Brazil,  who  in  '29  lived  in  the  Mont,  dist,  age  23,  single,  and 
a  resid.  since  '24;  in  '36  at  Sta  B.,  a  catholic  hunter  of  'medium'  character; 
in  '45  at  Los  Ang.,  naturalized,  and  23  years  a  resident,  ii.  478.  Pastor 
(Ignacio),  grantee  of  Milpitas  '38.  iii.  677. 

Paterna  (Antonio),  1771,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.Gabriel,  S.Luis  Ob., 
and  Sta  B.,  where  he  died  in  '93.  Biog.  i.  672;  ment.  i.  173, 176,  178,  181, 189, 
193-6,  223,  299,  388,  411,  423,  469,  576.  Patricio,  a  leader  of  the  neophyte 
revolt  '24.  ii.  527.  Patron  (Felipe),  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '39-42.  Patry 
(Peter),  1845,  at  S.Jose'  according  to  testimony  in  later  litigation. 

Patterson,  1846,  of  P.  &  Foster  who  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $50  (v.  462); 
also  a  P.  ment.  at  Mont.  '48;  and  one  in  lone  Valley.  P.  (Mrs  Christina), 
1846,  overl.  immig.  whose  husband  died  on  the  journey;  at  N.  Helv.  and  in 
S.  Joaq.  Val.  '47;  married  Ed.  Robinson,  and  was  still  living  in  '78.  P. 
(F.  E.),  1846,  at  S.Diego.  P.  (G.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  P.  (Geo.),  1840, 
Irish  sailor  who  left  the  Columbia  at  S.F.,  worked  in  the  redwoods,  and  in 
'44  entered  Slitter's  employ,  iv.  120;  apparently  the  man  named  in  Yuba  Co. 
Hist,  as  having  occupied  a  rancho  on  the  Yuba  in  '45-8;  mining  in  '48-9; 
later  a  resid.  of  S.F.,  where  in  '72  he  related  for  me  his  Adventures.  P. 
(Mrs  Isabella),  1844,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Stevens  party  with  several  chil 
dren,  being  the  daughter  of  Hitchcock  of  the  same  party,  iv.  445.  In  '45  she 
is  named  in  the  Brauciforte  padron  as  a  widow,  age  35;  child.  Isaac  b.  '31, 
Tedra  (?)  '32,  Margaret  'S3,  and  Helen  '38.  A  daughter,  Mary,  was  married 
in  Aug.  '45  by  Larkin  to  James  Williams,  iv.  587.  P.  (John  Alex.),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  in  the  mines  '48,  and  later  kept  a  saloon  at  S.F. 
ace.  to  Swan;  in  '49  treasurer  of  the  Regulators,  elected  to  the  constit.  con 
vention,  and  to  the  legislature.  Annals  o/S.F.;  in  '50  at  S.  Jose".  Swan  says 
he  died  about  this  time.  P.  (John  W.),  1823,  nat.  of  Mass.;  resid.  of  S.F. 
'67;  died  at  S.F.  '79  at  the  age  of  73;  arr.  '23  ace.  to  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  rolls  and 
the  Alta  of  '67;  perhaps  a  sailor  who  touched  the  coast  at  the  date  named 
and  came  back  later.  P.  (Nath.  G.),  1846,  nat.  of  Tean.,  and  overl.  immig. ; 
served  in  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7  (v.  358);  miner  in  '48;  in  '50  kept  a  stable  at  Stock 
ton;  finally  settled  at  Livermore,  where  he  lived  in  '82  with  wife  Kate  Simp 
son  and  2  children  Chas  T.  and  Susan  (Mrs  Davis).  Alam.  Co.  Hist.,  959. 
P.  (Wm),  1846,  saloon-keeper  with  Thos  Smith  at  S.F.  '40-8.  v.  685. 

Pattie  (James  Ohio),  1828,  a  young  Kentuckian  trapper  from  N.  Mex., 
who  spent  over  a  year  in  Cal.,  part  of  the  time  in  jail  at  S.  Diego,  and  had 
his  Personal  Narrative  of  adventures  published  a  few  years  later.  See  iii. 
162-72;  ii.  543,  548,  551,  556,  567,  611,  616,  651;  iii.  74,  82-3,  134,  139,  171; 
iv.  263.  I  have  an  autog.  letter  written  by  P.  in  Mex.  '30,  on  his  way  from  Cal. ; 
and  he  is  said  to  have  revisited  S.  Diego  after  '50.  P.  (Sylvester),  1828, 
father  of  James  0.,  who  died  in  prison  at  S.  Diego,  iii.  1C2-5,  178.  Patli- 


PATTISON— PEACE.  769 

son  (T.),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  St  Louis.  Patton  (A.  Gwinn),  1841,  overl. 
inimig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  who  went  back  to  Mo.  in  '42.  iv.  270,  275, 
342.  P.  (David),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247). 

Paty  (Henry),  1837,  nat.  of  Mass,  and  merchant  at  Hon.  from  '33,  of  the 
firm  Henry  Paty  &  Co.  I  have  his  letters  from  '34,  and  he  visited  Boston  in 
'34-5.  In  '37  he  came  to  Cal.  to  sell  the  Clarion,  which  became  the  California. 
iii.  531;  iv.  101,  106,  117-18.  In  '38-40  he  came  again  on  the  Don  Quixote, 
owned  by  his  firm,  commanding  also  the  Morse  and  perhaps  the  Ninfa,  in 
'39-40.  iv.  103,  105.  In  '41  on  the  way  from  Valparaiso  to  Hon.  he  became 
demented  on  account  of  the  ravages  of  small-pox  on  board,  and  cut  his  own 
throat  with  a  razor.  The  firm,  after  his  death,  consisted  of  his  brothers 
John  and  Wm,  and  Eli  South  worth.  P.  (John),  1837,  brother  of  Henry, 
who  came  on  the  Kaw.  schr  lolani.  iv.  104,  117-18.  In  '38-48  he  made  one 
or  more  trips  each  year  between  Cal.  and  Hon.  as  master  of  the  Don  Quixote, 
and  his  name  often  appears  in  commercial  records,  many  of  his  original  letters 
being  in  my  possession,  iii.  570;  iv.  25,  103,  314,  375,  512,  559,  565;  v.  208, 
577,  579,  681,  683.  Capt.  P.  owned  land  at  S.F.,  and  his  firm  of  P.  &  Mc- 
Kinley  kept  a  store  there  in  '43-5;  he  rendered  occasional  aid  to  the  govt, 
especially  in  carrying  away  Micheltorena  and  his  cholos;  he  was  often  en 
gaged  in  smuggling  operations,  but  was  known  to  every  body  and  liked  by  all. 
His  wife  Mary  and  daughter  came  to  Cal.  occasionally  from  '42.  From  '46 
he  was  senior  captain,  or  a  kind  of  commodore,  in  the  Hawaiian  navy.  After 
'48  Capt.  P.  continued  his  voyages,  celebrating  in  '65  or  '66  the  100th  trip 
between  Cal.  and  the  Islands;  and  he  died  at  his  Hawaiian  home  in  '68  at  the 
age  of  6,1.  His  widow  visited  S.  Diego  about  '80,  one  of  her  daughters  being 
the  wife  of  Lieut  Benson,  U.S.A.,  and  another  the  wife  of  a  lieut  in  the  navy, 
living  at  Vallejo.  Capt.  Paty  was  famous  for  his  skill  and  good  luck  as  a 
navigator;  and  few  in  this  list  have  left  so  enviable  a  reputation  for  business 
integrity  and  kindness  of  heart. 

Paul  (John  A.),  1848  (?),  German  broker  who  committed  suicide  at  Oakland 
in  '83.  Paulding  (Charles),  1833,  at  Sta  B.  P.  (Joseph),  1832,  nat.  of 
Md,  trapper  and  cabinet-maker,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  winter  of 
'32-3,  iii.  388,  408,  and  distinguished  himself  by  making  the  1st  two  billiard- 
tables  in  Cal.  He  was  still  at  Los  Ang.  in  '35,  complaining  of  unjust  imprison 
ment  by  the  alcalde.  He  went  to  N.  Mex.,  but  returned  during  the  flush 
times  of  '48-52,  and  after  a  residence  of  some  years  in  Sonora  returned  finally 
to  Los  Ang.,  where  he  died  in  '60  at  the  age  of  50;  perhaps  his  name  should 
be  written  'Pawlding.'  Panlet  (Lord  Geo.),  1843,  com.  of  H.  B.  M.  S. 
Carysfort.  iv.  564.  Paulina  (H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 

Payeras  (Mariano),  1796,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  Purisima,  being 
also  president  or  prefect  of  the  missionaries  from  1815  to  his  death  in  '22. 
One  of  the  ablest  and  most  prominent  of  the  Fernandinos.  Biog.  ii.  489-90; 
mcnt.  i.  500,  577,  686;  ii.  106-7,  123-4,  152,  159,  235-6,  255,  258,  265,  297, 
316,  328,  330-2,  335,  338,  351,  366,  394,  397-412,  414,  416,  418,  431-8,  442, 
451-2,  43S-9,  461,  463-5,  479-80,  496,  562,  571,  580,  587,  591,  597,  631,  643, 
655,  657;  iii.  11.  Paymer  (Phil.),  1845,  at  Sutler's  Fort.  Payne  (R.  K.), 
1845,  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon-Clyman  party.  In  the  same  party 
was  a  widow  Payne — daughter  of  Owen  Sumner,  with  3  children — and  the 
two  were  married  at  Sutler's  Fort  in  Feb.  '46,  prob.  returning  to  Or.  or  to  the 
East  a  little  later  in  the  year.  iv.  572;  v.  526.  Payson  (Sam.),  1878,  Co.  B, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Peace  (James),  1838  (?),  nat.  of  the  Orkney  Isl. ,  of  Scotch  and  Danish  parent 
age,  who  in  75-S4 — and  finally  in  the  8.  F.  Bulletin  of  July  18,  '85 — claims  to 
have  deserted  from  the  H.  B.  Co.'s  ship  Nereid  at  S.F.  in  '18.  This  vessel  came 
to  the  N.  W.  coast  in  '36,  and  to  Cal.  for  the  1st  time  in  '38,  which  I  have  little 
doubt  was  the  date  of  P.'s  arrival.  The  1st  definite  record  of  him  is  when  he 
was  exiled  to  S  Bias  in  '40  and  came  back  in  '41.  iv.  18,  33,  119.  That  he  is 
not  heard  of  iu  '38-9  is  natural  enough,  and  indeed,  Brown  and  Weeks  do 
mention  him  vaguely  about  those  years;  but  that  he  could  have  lived  here  in 
'18-39  without  a  trace  in  the  records  is  very  unlikely,  especially  if,  as  he  says, 
HIST.  CAI...  VOL.  IV.  49 


770  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

he  married  a  Valencia  in  '35,  to  say  nothing  of  the  fact  that  if  he  had  had  a 
native  wife  he  would  not  have  been  exiled.  He  worked  as  a  lumberman  and 
mechanic,  and  is  named  in  the  S.F.  padron  of  '44  as  a  Scotchman,  age  45.  For 
about  30  years,  from  '47-8,  he  lived  on  a  farm  at  Half  moon  Bay;  but  since 
'78  has  navigated  S.F.  bay  in  a  sloop,  earning  a  living  by  catching  iish  and 
clams  for  the  S.  Mateo  Co.  market  down  to  '85.  Peacock  (John),  184G, 
Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  Peale  (T.  R.),  1841,  naturalist  in  the 
U.  S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241-3. 

Pearce  (Geo.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons,  v.  341;  nat.  of  Ky,  b.  '22. 
After  his  discharge  he  became  a  trader  at  Stockton  and  Sonoma  in  '49,  also 
lobbyist  in  the  1st  legislature;  miner  and  trader  in  the  northern  counties  'oO- 
1;  deputy  sheriff  at  Sonoma  '53-5;  and  from  '55  a  lawyer  at  Petaluma,  being 
state  senator  in  '63-7.  He  married  Coulter  Brown,  and  was  still  living  in  '80 
with  3  children — prob.  also  in  '85.  Portrait  in  Sonoma  Co.  Uist.,4S',  also  biog. 
sketch,  including  his  recollections  of  S.  Pascual  in  Id.  580-5.  P.  (Win), 
1844,  mate  on  the  Sterling,  in  care  of  the  consul;  d.  at  Mont.  '45.  Peard 
(Geo.),  1826,  lieut  on  H.  B.  M.  S.  Blossom,  iii.  121.  Pearl  (Joseph),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Pearsall  (Sam.  W.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Moquelumne  Hill  '82.  Pcarse  (John),  1824,  carpenter  on 
the  Hover.  Pearson  (David  C.),  1848,  at  Bcnicia.  P.  (Ephraim),  1847,  Co. 
B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  P.  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518). 
P.  (John  B.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  330).  P.  (J.W.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Hon.  P.  (Robert  H.),  1848  (?),  nat.  of  Me,  who  brought  the  Oregon  to 
Cal.,  and  commanded  many  steamers  down  to  '64;  d.  at  S.F.  '68,  age  46.  P. 
(W.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  P.  (W.  S.),  1848,  at  Benicia.  Pease  (Sam.), 
1826,  sailor  on  the  Rover.  Peasley  (Nesmith  A.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  S.  F.  '51, 

Peck  (Chas  L.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  Mont.  '54.  P. 
(Chauncey  L.),  1847,  corp.  Co.  B,  ditto.  P.  (Ed.  M.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Utah  '82.  P.  (Isaac),  1847,  Co.  C.,  ditto;  reeul.  P.  (Sher 
man),  1833,  trader  at  Hon.  who  visited  Cal.  in  '33-5  as  sup.  of  the  Volunteer 
and  other  vessels,  representing  J.  C.  Jones.  I  have  much  of  his  corresp.  with 
Cal.  traders  '34-8,  and  he  may  have  visited  Cal.  on  other  occasions.  P. 
(Thorit),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  as  corporal.  Peckham  (R. 
F. ),  1846,  nat.  of  R.  I.,  deserting  from  the  whaler  Cabinet  at  S.F.  He  worked 
as  lumberman,  soldier,  farmer,  clerk,  miner,  carpenter,  and  trader,  changing 
his  occupation  and  residence  half  a  dozen  times  a  year — but  finding  time  to 
marry  and  study  law — until  '51,  from  which  time  to  '70  he  practised  law  at 
Sta  Cruz  and  S.  Jose",  serving  also  as  district  attorney  and  county  judge.  In 
later  years  he  established  a  woollen  mill  at  S.  Jose',  where  he  still  lived  in  '81 
with  wife  Ann  Smith,  and  9  children.  Portrait  in  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.,  80. 

Pedraza,  deserter  from  a  galleon  1791.  i.  484.  Pedro  y  Gil  (Rafael), 
1774,  Span,  guarda-almacen  at  S.  Diego  '74-81.  Biog.  i.  451;  nient.  i.  227, 
253.  Pedrorena  (Miguel),  1837,  Span.  sup.  of  the  S.  Amer.  brigs  Delmira 
and  Juan  Jos6  '37-40,  being  also  agent  for  McCall  &  Co.  of  Lima.  iv.  103-4; 
iii.  727;  also  on  the  coast '42-3;  owner  of  S.F.  lots '45-6.  iv.  669;  v.  684;  had 
a  claim  against  the  govt  for  $3, 169;  declined  an  appointment  to  present  charges 
against  Micheltorena.  iv.  522.  From  '45  his  home  was  at  S.  Diego,  where  he 
married  Maria  Ant.  Estudillo,  being  the  grantee  of  S.  Jacinto  Nuevo  in  '46, 
and  his  wife  of  El  Cajon  in  '45.  v.  619;  iv.  620-1.  He  strongly  favored  the 
cause  of  the  U.  S.  in  '46-7,  acting  as  juez  de  paz,  as  Stockton's  aide,  with  rank 
of  capt.  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  and  in  '47-8  as  collector  of  customs,  v.  286,  329, 
360,  385,  572,  575,  618-19.  In  '49  he  represented  S.  Diego  in  the  constit.  con- 
vention,  being  one  of  the  most  popular  and  influential  members  of  the  Spanish 
race.  He  died  in  '50,  leaving  a  son,  Miguel,  and  two  daughters,  Elena  and 
Isabel,  who  inherited  his  large  estate,  arid  are  still  living,  I  think,  in  '85. 
Don  Miguel  was  of  a  good  Span,  family,  one  of  his  brothers  holding  a  high 
official  position  at  Madrid;  and  he  was  himself  an  intelligent,  scholarly  man, 
of  excellent  character,  who  by  his  courteous  affability  made  friends  of  all  who 
knew  him.  Peed  (John),  1846,  sailmaker  U.  S.  N.,  and  acting  capt.  Co.  G, 


PEED— PE^A.  771 

Stockton's  naval  battalion  '46-7;  prob.  'Reed.'  Peguero  (A!onso  Este"van), 
1602,  capt.  in  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  P.  (Mariano),  sent  to  Mex.  for  com 
plicity  in  the  Solis  revolt  '29-30.  iii.  68-71,  85. 

Peirce  (Henry  Augustus),  1828,  nat.  of  Mass.,  b.  1808,  who  went  to  Hono 
lulu  in  '25,  and  thence  on  the  same  vesse),  the  Grijj'on,  coin,  by  his  brother, 
to  the  N.  W.  coast  as  clerk,  touching  at  S.F.  on  the  return  in  the  autumn  of 
'28.  iii.  178.  From  that  time  for  14  years  he  was  a  trader  at  Honolulu,  being 
a  member  of  the  firm  P.  &  Brewer.  Some  of  his  original  letters  and  much  of 
the  linn's  corresp.  are  in  my  possession.  Meanwhile  he  made  many  voyages 
as  master  to  China,  Kamchatka,  and  S.America.  In  '37  he  went  on  the  Peru 
from  N.Y.  to  Honolulu,  and  returned  via  Lima  and  overland  to  Buenos  Aires. 
In  '38  he  married  Susan  R.  Thompson,  whose  brother  Joseph  P.  is  named  in 
this  register.  In  '"9  he  went  to  the  Islands  as  part  owner  of  the  Morse,  and 
in  '41-2  came  again  to  Cal.  as  mr  and  owner  of  the  Mary  land,  going  from  Cal. 
to  Mazatlan  and  thence  overland  to  Vera  Cruz.  I  have  his  original  Journals 
of  voyages  in  '39-42,  including  the  visit  to  Cal.  iv.  209,  224-5,  235,  250,  300, 
348-9,  507,  640,  665.  Details  of  Capt.  P.'s  subsequent  adventures  are  too  com 
plicated  for  presentation  here,  but  hardly  one  of  the  pioneers  registered  in 
this  list  has  had  so  varied  an  experience.  In  '42-9  he  was  a  Boston  merchant 
trading  with  Pacific  ports;  and  in  '49  revisited  Cal.  on  the  Montreal,  making 
extensive  and  unfortunate  purchases  of  land  at  Sauzalitoand  the  Islands,  and 
in  '50-01  resuming  his  business  at  Boston,  which  was  nearly  ruined  by  the 
war  of  '61-5.  Most  of  his  remaining  wealth  wras  lost  in  a  Miss,  cotton  plan 
tation  in  '66-7;  and  in  '69  Peirce  was  made  U.  S.  minister  at  the  Hawaiian 
Isl.,  making  the  trip  by  rail  to  S.F.  He  held  this  position  till  '77,  and  after 
a  brief  term  as  Hawaiian  minister  of  foreign  affairs  he  came  in  '78  to  S.F., 
where  he  has  since  resided  down  to  '85,  being  in  a  sense  the  oldest  living 
pioneer.  Besides  the  journal  mentioned,  I  have  several  MS.  contributions 
from  Mr  P.  named  in  my  list  of  authorities.  Portrait  in  Contemp.  Biog.,  ii. 
180.  His  wife  resides  in  Mass,  since  '70;  he  has  a  son  and  daughter;  and  is 
a  great-grandfather.  (Capt.  Peirce  died  a  few  days  after  the  above  was  writ 
ten,  in  July  '85.)  P.  (Hardy),  1838,  brother  of  Henry  A.,  who,  being  mate 
on  a  Hon.  vessel,  died  suddenly  at  Sta  B.,  age  23.  iv.  119,  224.  P.  (Marcus 
T.),  1828,  brother  of  Henry  A.,  and  mr  of  the  Griffon,  iii.  147.  P.  (VVm), 
1842,  mate  of  the  Sterling  '42-4;  died  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  453. 

Pelham  (Matthew),  1834,  a  Dane  at  Mont.  iii.  412.  Pell  (E.  Ward),  1846,  one 
of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  2  daughters,  v.  546;  an  elder  and  coun 
sellor,  but  excommunicated  on  the  voyage.  He  lived  with  Robert  Ridley  in 
'46.  v.  678;  and  in  '47  he  was  sheriff  and  inspector  of  hides  and  tallow,  own 
ing  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  648.  He  still  lived  to  testify  in  land  cases  in  '65.  His 
daughter  Hettie  C.  married  John  H.  Brown  in  '46,  soon  leaving  him  and  be 
coming  apparently  Mrs  Green.  The  other  daughter  is  mentioned  as  the  wife 
of  Ed  Cohea.  Pellan  (Antonio),  neophyte  alcade  at  S.  Diego  1799.  i.  655. 

Pena  (Antonio),  1825,  Span,  artilleryman,  age  50  in '28;  prob.  sent  to  Mex. 
in  '30.  iii.  51,  85.  P.  (Antonio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '35,  sergt  '36,  alf. 
'37.  iii.  702.  P.  (Cosme),  1834,  Mex.  lawyer  who  came  with  the  H.  and  P. 
colony  with  an  appointment  as  asesor;  prominent  in  Alvarado's  revolt  of  '36; 
subsequently  govt  sec.,  and  appointed  prefect  of  the  southern  district  in  '39, 
but  not  approved  in  Mex.  He  left  Cal.  soon  after  '39.  Biog.  iii.  594;  ment. 
iii.  267,  285,  415,  440,  452,  461,  469,  475,487,  523-5,  585-9,  594,  639-40,  670, 
675;  iv.  72.  He  left  2  daughters  in  Cal.,  Carmen  b.  '24,  and  Cesaria  '28. 
P.  (Demetrio),  1840,  son  of  Juan  Felipe,  with  whom  he  came  from  N.  Mex.;  a 
settler  in  Solano  Co.  '41-79;  wife  In£s  Berreyesa,  and  6  surviving  children  in 
'79.  P.  (Eustaquio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  about  '32.  P.  (Francisco),  soldier  of 
the  1st  exped.  1769-74;  ment.  75-6;  killed  at  the  Colorado  pueblos  '81.  i.  250, 
303-4,  363.  P.  (Gerardo),  soldier  of  the  1st  exped.  '69-74.  P.  (Jose),  artil 
leryman  and  teacher  at  S.F.  '22,  elector  '30,  teacher  at  Sta  Clara  '37-41,  owner 
of  a  S.F.  lot  '39,  grantee  of  Rincon  de  S.  Francisquito  '41,  retired  soldier  as 
teniente  de  premio  from  '44.  Possibly  more  than  one  of  the  name.  ii.  584,  591 ; 
iii.  50,  705,  728;  iv.  408,  672,  682.  In  '41  he  is  named  as  a  Mex.  teacher,  age 


772  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

64,  in  the  S.  Jos6  padron.  His  wife  was  GertrudisLorenzana,  age  56;  she  died 
in  '05  at  the  reputed  age  of  107  (really  80).  P.  (Jose"  Ant.),  soldier  of  the 
1st  exped.  '69-70;  of  the  S.  Juan  Cap.  guard  '76.  i.  303.  P.  (Jost§  German), 
grantee  of  Tzabaco  rancho,  Sonoma,  '43;  his  heirs  were  claimants,  iv.  674. 

Peiia  (Juan  Felipe),  1840,  N.  Mex.  immigrant  with  wife  and  6  children, 
who  with  Vaca  settled  in  Solano  Co.  '41,  and  was  the  grantee  of  the  Putah 
rarcho  in  '43.  iv.  672.  He  died  in  '63  at  Laguna  Val.,  age  73.  P.  (Luis), 
soldier  of  the  1st  exped.  '59-74;  at  Simi  rancho  1802.  ii.  111.  P.  (Manuel), 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '28-34;  ment.  in  '29.  iii.  Ill;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose", 
r.ge  36,  wife  Guadalupe  Mesa,  child.  Dolores  b.  '28,  Ines  '31,  Carmen  '32,  En- 
carnacion  '33,  Hilaria  '34,  Rosario  '38,  Paulino  '40.  P.  (Narciso  Ant.),  juez 
at  Sta  Clara  '43.  iv.  683,  685.  P.  (Ricardo),  land-owner  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41. 
iv.  626.  P.  (Romualdo),  musician  of  S.F.  comp.  '39.  P.  (Tomas),  1772, 
Spanish  friar  who  founded  and  served  long  at  Sta  Clara,  retiring  in  '94,  hold 
ing  later  the  office  of  guardian  at  S.  Fernando  college,  and  dying  in  1806. 
Biog.  i.  722-3;  ment.  i.  189,  195-6,  227,  289,  291-2,  295,  297,  304-5,  351,  388, 
401-3,  474,  476,  484,  496,  511,  576,  578,  581,  631,  720;  ii.  166.  Peiia,  see 
also  '  Pina.'  Penaud,  see  '  Panaucl.' 

Pendleton,  1844,  mr  of  the  Bmj.  Morgan.  P.  (Geo.  A.),  1847,  lieut  Co. 
D,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504.  In  Tuolumne  Co.  '49-54;  d.  in  '71  at  S.  Diego,  where  he 
had  been  county  clerk  for  14  years.  Penhallow  (Dav.  P.)  1837,  mr  of  the 
Alert  '37-9.  iv.  68,  101;  may  have  visited  Cal.  earlier  as  mate  or  sup.,  since 
on  the  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  '22  is  the  date  of  his  arrival.  In  '47  he  writes 
from  Honolulu.  Pennie  (A.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Penny  (Moses  H.), 
1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  went  to  S.C.  '50.  .  Penrose  (Geo.  F.),  1847, 
lieut  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  503,  511;  also  quartermaster;  d.  Mont,  after '50. 
Peoples  (Geo.),  1847,  sailor  on  the  Ohio;  later  a  circus-rider;  d.  in  Texas  '67. 
P.  (John  H.),  1848,  chief  of  a  party  for  relief  of  snowed-in  immig.  from  Or.; 
drowned  later.  Peotrowski  (R.  K.),  1844,  doubtful  date;  perhaps  '54;  d.  in 
France  '83.  Newspapers.  Pepper  (Thos),  1833,  said  to  have  been  at  S.Jose". 
Hall;  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.  Atlas;  doubtful,  iii.  409.  Pera  (Alexis),  1844,  of 
Fremont's  party;  did  not  reach  Cal.  iv.  437. 

Peralta  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Luis;  in  '35  at  S.  Mateo;  in  '37  alf.  of  mili 
tia  at  S.F.,  also  elector,  iii.  701,  705;  in  '41  named  in  the  S.Jose"  padron  (liv 
ing  at  S.  Antonio  rancho),  age  39,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Garcia,  child.  Antonia 
Maria  b.  '32,  Guadalupe  '33,  Fernando  '34,  Rita  '37,  Crisanto  '38,  In6s  '40;  in 
'46  juez  of  the  contra  costa.  v.  662.  In  '52  he  was  the  claimant  with  his  3 
brothers  for  S.  Antonio.  P,  (Domingo),  son  of  Luis;  in  '27  sindicoat  S.Jose". 
ii.  605;  in  '33  grantee  of  Canada  del  Corte  de  Madera,  Sta  Clara,  iii.  711;  for 
which,  as  for  S. Ramon  and  his  share  of  S.  Antonio,  he  was  claimant,  iii.  713. 

In  '41  named  in  S.Jos6  padron,  age  47,  wife Garcia,  child.  Angela  b.  '25, 

Juan  '24,  Maria  Ant.  '29,  Francisca,  '36,  Ramon  '38,  Loreto  (?)  '39.  His  resi 
dence  was  at  Temescal  on  the  S.  Antonio  rancho.  P.  (Felipe),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46.  P.  (Francisco),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  '38-9.  P.  (Gabriel),  Mex. 
corporal  of  the  S.F.  comp.,  at  Sta  Clara  and  S.  Josd;  an  invalido  settler  at  S. 
Jos6  from  '90.  i.  297,  306,  312,  478.  His  wife  was  Francisca  J.  Valenzuela, 
and  his  daughter  Gertrudis  (i.  312)  married  Nicolas  Berreyesa  in  '79.  P. 
(Ignacio),  son  of  Luis  b.  1791;  corp.  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-29;  elector  at  S.F.  '27, 
'35,  '43.  ii.  592;  iii.  577,  704;  iv.  361;  juez  of  contra  costa  '39,  '41.  iii.  705; 
iv.  684;  in  '43  supl.  of  the  junta,  iv.  361.  Named  in  the  S.  Jose"  padron  '41, 
age  51;  wife  Rafaela  Sanchez,  child.  Francisco  b.  '22,  Miguel  '25,  Joaquin  '27, 
Luis  M.  '31,  Jos<§  de  Jesus  '33,  Juan  '35,  Gabriel  '39,  Rafael  '40,  Lodrivina  (?) 
'29,  Maria  Ant.  '37.  He  was  claimant  for  a  part  of  S.  Antonio  in  '53.  P. 
(Jose"),  at  S.Jos6  '17.  ii.  425;  at  S. Mateo  '35;  of  S.F.  militia  '37;  murdered  '38. 
iii.  705.  P.  (Juan),  named  in  '46.  v.  162.  P.  (Juan  Jose"),  at  S.Jose"  1783. 
i.  350;  invalido  at  Branciforte  '99;  comisionado  1811.  ii.  390.  P.  (Juan  P.), 
at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  31. 

Peralta  (Luis),  nat.  of  Sonora,  who  probably  came  as  a  boy  with  Anza's 
exped.  of  1776,  enlisting  in  1782,  being  a  corp.  of  the  S.F.  comp.  from  '91  or 
earlier,  and  in  com.  of  the  S.  Jose"  mission  guard  in  1798-1800.  i.  494-5,  556, 


PERALTA— PEREZ.  773 

598,  716.  From  1801  he  was  a  sergt,  taking  part  in  several  exped.  against  the 
Ind.,  and  from  1807  comisionado  in  charge  of  S.  Jose"  pueblo.  He  showed  good 
qualities  as  a  soldier,  and  was  several  times  recommended  for  promotion  to  aif., 
but  failed  to  secure  it.  ii.  35,  126,  132,  134,  138,  370,  378,  584,  604.  His  wife 
was  Maria  Loreto  Alviso,  and  the  birth  of  a  sou  Ignacio  is  recorded  in  1791.  In 
1820  he  obtained  a  grant  of  the  S.  Antonio  rancho,  including  the  sites  of  the 
later  Oakland  and  Alameda,  which  was  occupied  by  his  sons  perhaps  before 
'25,  the  rancho  buildings — the  first  erected  in  Alameda  county  except  at  mis 
sion  S.  Jos6 — being  at  S.  Antonio,  later  known  as  Brooklyn  and  East  Oak 
land,  ii.  375,  594,  664,  712.  Peralta  retained  his  position  as  comisionado  till 
1822,  and  his  place  on  the  comp.  rolls  as  active  sergt  to  '26,  and  as  in  valid  o 
to  '41;  meanwhile  continuing  to  live  at  S.  Jose"  and  serving  as  elector,  treas 
urer,  and  perhaps  jaez  in  '30-3.  ii.  606;  iii.  50,  729.  In  '41  he  appears  on  the 
padron  as  87  years  old,  his  daughters  Josefa  and  Guadalupe — aged  46  and  23 
— living  with  him.  Other  daughters  were  Teodora — grantee  of  Buacocha, 
Marin  '46,  v.  670 — and  Trinidad.  In  '42  he  divided  his  S.  Antonio  rancho  be 
tween  his  sons  Antonio  M.,  Ignacio,  Vicente,  and  Domingo,  and  died  in  '51  at 
the  age  of  97.  The  great  value  of  the  lands  granted  to  Peraita,  the  claim  that 
his  daughters  were  entitled  to  a  share  of  the  property,  the  alleged  insanity  of 
Don  Luis  at  the  time  of  making  his  will,  and  various  rascalities  practised  by 
the  land-sharks  in  later  years  on  some  of  the  heirs,  gave  rise  to  complicated 
litigation  which  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  at  an  end  in  '85.  P.  (Miguel), 
militiaman  at  S.F.  '37.  P.  (Nicolas  N.),  at  Sta  Ana  rancho,  Los  Ang.  '29, 
age  38.  The  Santiago  de  Sta  Ana  rancho  had  been  granted  to  a  Peralta  with 
Yorbain  1809.  ii.  112,  172.  P.  (Pedro),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  1785, 
married  a  daughter  of  Lieut  Grijalva.  ii.  104;  corp.  of  the  escolta  at  Sta  Cruz 
1797-1800;  inval.  corp.  on  the  comp.  rolls  1819-32.  P.  (Sebastian),  soldier 
of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-22;  in  '33  regidor  at  S.  Jose",  making  an  exped.  against 
the  Ind.  iii.  359,  390.  394,  729;  in  '40  grantee  of  Rinconada  de  los  Gatos  and 
rnaj.  at  Sta  Clara,  iii.  712,  728;  in  '41  a  widower,  age  48;  in  '46  quarrel  with 
Fremont,  v.  8,  9.  P.  (Vicente),  son  of  Luis,  whose  home  was  at  Temescal 
on  the  subdivision  of  his  father's  rancho;  sergt  of  militia  at  S.F.  '37;  in  '41 
age  29,  wife  Encarnacion  Galindo,  child  Guadalupe.  In  '46  he  was  one  of  the 
Bears'  prisoners  at  Sutter's  Fort.  v.  124,  128,  298.  Percival  (John),  1845  (?), 
com.  of  the  U.S.  Constitution,  iv.  564.  Perdu  (Joseph  L.),  1846,  one  of  the 
Chino  prisoners  wounded,  v.  313-14;  at  Mont.  '47;  Cal.  claim  $1,305  (v.  462). 
Pereira  (Joaquin),  1826,  Portuguese  age  20,  on  the  Jdvcn  Anyustius  stranded 
at  Sta  B.  iii.  176;  a  vaquero  in  ?36  and  '40,  when  he  figured  as  the  revealer  of 
a  political  plot.  iii.  606. 

Perez  (Cornelio),  son  of  Jose  Maria,  b.  at  Std  Cruz  '11;  juez  de  campo  '42. 
iv.  663,  and  perhaps  in  33;  in  '45  on  the  Brancit'orte  padron,  wife  Rosario 
Pinto,  child.  Jose"  Ramon  b.  '37,  Celedonia  '39,  Maria  '41,  Juan  de  Dios  '42, 
Benigna  '43.  In  '77,  still  at  Sta  Cruz,  he  dictated  for  me  a  brief  Memorla 
chiefly  relating  to  Ind.  troubles  in  early  times.  P.  (Cruz),  Mcx.  convict  re 
leased  in  '33.  P.  (Domingo),  at  the  rancho  ,nacional,  Salinas,  '36,  age  27, 
wife  Fermina  Espinosa;  claimant  for  Los  Gatos  '52.  P.  (Eulalia),  nat.  of 
Loreto,  long  a  resid.  of  S.  Gabriel,  and  famous  for  her  reputed  great  age — 
140  years — at  the  time  of  her  death  in  '78.  The  evidence  respecting  her  age  is 
too  complicated  for  presentment  in  detail  here;  but  30  years  at  least  of  the 
reputed  140  rest  on  the  incorrect  assumption  that  she  came  with  the  1st 
exped.  in  1769.  She  really  came  with  her  husband,  Antonio  Guillen,,  a  soldier 
of  the  S.  Diego  comp.,  about  1800,  Guillen's  name  first  appearing  in  1803.  If, 
as  she  states,  she  was  married  at  15,  and  her  oldest  child,  Petra,  was  11  years 
old  on  arrival  at  S.  Diego,  she  was  less  than  30  years  old  in  1800.  In  the  Lo 
reto  archives,  which  exist  only  in  fragments,  I  have  found  no  record  of  her 
birth;  but  her  brother  Mariano,  son  of  Diego  and  Rosalfa — whom  she  names 
as  her  parents — was  baptized  in  1768  and  buried  in  1777.  The  S.  Diego  mis 
sion  records  show  the  birth  of  two  daughters  and  the  burial  of  a  son  in  1810- 
12.  There  is  some  circumstantial  confirmation  of  my  supposition  that  her  age 
was  less  than  30  in  1800,  and  therefore  less  than  108  at  her  death,  and  there 


774  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

are  numerous  inconsistencies  in  the  evidence  adduced  in  support  of  her  great 
age;  104  is  a  more  accurate  figure  than  149  for  her  age  in  '78.  Dofia  Eulalia 
\vas  well  known  as  a  nurse  and  midwife  at  S.  Gabriel;  had  a  second  husband, 
Juan  Marine",  for  a  few  years  from  '32;  and  in  the  later  years  was  an  object  of 
great  interest  to  visitors  ou  account  of  her  age.  Mentioned  ii.  13,  350,  543; 
iii.  143,  209.  I  met  her  in  '74,  and  in  '77  she  dictated  a  narrative  of  some  30 
pages,  Una  Vieja  y  Sus  Recuerdos,  full  of  interesting  items.  Two  of  the  old 
woman's  daughters  lived  with  her  at  S.  Gabriel  in  '77,  one  of  them  Ilosario, 
b.  '14,  the  wife  of  Michael  White,  a  pioneer  of  '29.  Her  son,  Isidore  Guillen, 
died  at  Purisima  about  '04,  and  her  daughter  Petra  at  Los  Ang.  about  '44. 

Perez  (Francisco),  juez  depolicia  at  8.  Jose  '44.  iv.  685.  P.  (Jose"),  reg- 
idor  at  Los  Ang.  '31-2;  iii.  190,  218;  suplente  of  the  clip.  '33.  iii.  240;  alcalde 
'34.  iii.  635,  637.  One  of  the  vigilantes,  and  taking  part  in  the  sectional 
troubles  '36-7.  iii.  432,  495;  2d  alcalde  '38.  iii.  636;  grantee  of  S.  Pascual 
'40.  iii.  634;  mentioned  in  '45.  iv.  664.  P.  (Jacinto),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  a-e 
24.  P.  (Jose"  Bern,  de  Jesus),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos,  who 
served  at  Sta  Clara  and  as  sec.  to  Prefect  Garcia  Diego,  disappearing  from  the 
Cal.  records  after  '35;  but  in  '42  guardian  of  the  college  at  Zacatecas.  iii.  319, 
350;  iv.  332.  P.  (Jos6C.),  should  be  Juan  C.  iii.  645.  P.  (Jose"  Maria), 
Mcx.  settler  1798.  i.  606;  in  '24  at  Branciforte.  ii.  627;  in  '28,  wife  Marga 
rita  Rodriguez,  child.  Cornelio,  Juan,  Anita,  Rafaela,  Ramona,  Simon,  and 
Rufino.  v.  627.  P.  (Jose"  Maria),  in  revolt  at  Sta  B.  '29.  iii.  78.  P.  (Jose" 
Maria),  1842,  cornet  in  the  batalion  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289.  P.  (Juan),  1769, 
com.  of  the  S.  Antonio  in  the  1st  exped.  to  Cal.  '69-71;  in  '74—5  com.  of  the 
Santiago,  i.  116,  121,  126-7,  129-30,  136,  167-9,  172,  178,  208,  219,  224,  241, 
214.  P.  (Juan),  son  of  Jos6  M.,  b.  '13;  a  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '31-4;  at 
Branciforte  '45,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Armas,  child.  Jose"  Ant.  b.  '36,  Louisa  '37, 
Ascension  '41,  Felicidad  '44.  In  '77,  still  at  Sta  Cruz,  he  dictated  for  me  his  Re- 
cue.rdos.  P.  (Juan  Crispin),  part  owner  of  the  Sta  Gertrudis  rancho,  LosAug. , 
'21-30,  and  aux.  alcalde  there  '31-6.  ii.  565,  635;  in  '35  grantee  of  Paso  de 
B:irtolo.  iii.  633;  in  '41-5  maj.  S.  Gabriel,  iv.  636-7;  in  '40  at  Los  Ang.;  age 
49  in  '39.  P.  (Manuel  Ant.),  at  S.  Gabriel  '39,  age  42.  P.  (Marcos),  at  Los 
Aug.  '46.  P.  (Pedro),  settler  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297;  at  Los  Ang.  1805.  ii. 
219;  another  Pedro,  prob.  son  of  the  1st,  was  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  42;  also  in 
'40.  Perez  del  Campo  (Jose"),  1825,  Mex.  alfe>ez.  iii.  15.  P.  Fernandez 
(Jose),  1792,  alf<§rezof  the  S.F.  comp.  1792-7,  being  also  habilitado  and  acting 
coin.  '94-6.  i.  680,  471,  629,  642-3,  705. 

Perkey  (J.  D.),  1845,  Amer.  saddler  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon  party,  iv. 
572,  587.  He  entered  Sutter's  service  and  is  often  named  in  the  N.  Ildv. 
Diary  '45-8;  summoned  as  a  juryman  for  the  trial  of  B.  K.  Thompson  Feb. 
'48.  Called  also  Purky,  Parky,  and  Perkins.  Perkins  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  E, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  P.  (John  G.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  P.  (Rufus)  1828, 
sup.  of  the  Franklin,  iii.  133,  147,  167.  Per  Lee  (Theron  R.),  1847,  lieut 
Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  in  '48  a  lawyer  at  S.F.,  and  president  of  the  guards; 
iu  '49  justice  of  the  peace  and  editor  of  the  Placer  Time*;;  in  N.Y.  '79-80; 
Baltimore  '83.  Perrin  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  P. 
(James),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Perrot  (Baptiste),  1846,  teamster 
with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex.  v.  337. 

Perry,  1844,  mr  of  the  Eagle,  iv.  565.  P.,  1845,  at  N.  Helv.  '45-6;  also 
Mrs  P.  v.  511.  P.  (Alex.),  1847,  surgeon  N.Y.Vol.  v.  503,  511,  513;  owner 
of  S.F.  lots  '48;  in  N.Y.  city  '74-82.  P.  (Cornelius),  1845,  doubtful  name 
in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  495.  P.  (Elijah),  1840,  one  of  the  Gra 
ham  exiles,  not  known  to  have  returned,  iv.  18.  P.  (John),  1838,  Amer. 
from  Realejo,  Nic.,  where  he  had  a  family;  came  on  the  Fearnaught  and  lived 
a  year  or  two  with  Spear  at  S.  F.  iii.  709;  iv.  119.  Ace.  to  Wm  H;  Davis,  Perry 
became  a  Mex.  citizen  and  got  a  grant  of  the  lot  where  Spear  built  his  store 
for  the  purpose  of  deeding  it  to  S.,  going  away  with  the  intention  of  return 
ing  with  his  family,  but  dying  at  Realejo  in  '40;  still  there  was  a  John  P.  at 
Mont,  in  '44  awaiting  a  passage  to  Hon.  P.  (L.W.),  1848,  kept  a  paint  shop 
at  S.F.  v.  684.  P.  (Moses  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Los  Ang. 


PERRY— PIIELPS.  775 

'71-6;  at  Tucson,  Ariz.  '82.  P.  (0.  II.),  1841,  lieut  in  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241. 
P.  (Peter),  1844,  Hawaiian  in  Larkin's  service  at  Mont.  P.  (VVm),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon.  Persons  (Ebenezer),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in 
Gutter's  service  at  the  time  of  the  gold  discovery;  often  called  Elijah  F.  P. 
(Harmon  D.),  1847,  Co.  B,  ditto.  Pesinger  (J.  H.),  1S47,  on  the  Henry  at 
S.F.  from  Or. 

Pet,  1837,  in  the  Willamette  cattle  exped.  iv.  85.  Fetch  (Robert),  1846, 
one  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  wife  ami  2  children,  v.  546;  owner  of  S.F. 
lot '47.  v.  680.  He  never  went  to  Utah;  wife  died  before '84.  Peters  (John), 
1847,  litigant  at  S.  Diego.  P.  (Noah),  1845,  at  Mont,  and  N.  Helv. ;  in  '46-7 
served  in  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  578,  587  (358).  Peterson  (Fred. ),  1847,  Co.  C,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  P.  (Peter),  1843,  mr  of  the  Admittance  '43-5.  iv.  562.  He 
was  a  Dane  who  had  perhaps  visited  the  coast  earlier  as  mate  with  Capt.  Ar- 
ther.  Capt.  P.  is  still  living  at  Boston  in  '85  at  the  age  of  80;  and  his  original 
//('/•//  of  '43-5  has  been  shown  me  by  Wm  H.  Thomes,  his  son-in-law,  who 
was  a  sailor-boy  on  the  Admittance.  P.  (Peter),  1847,  perhaps  of  Co.  C,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  '74;  not  in  Clark's  final  list.  P.  (VVm  H.),  1846, 
said  to  have  come  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex. ;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  337, 
670.  Jretison  (Geo.),  1846,  at  S.  Leandro.  Estudillo  Doc.;  perhaps  '  Patter- 
s  m.'  Petitt  (Hnber),  1846,  Cal.  claim  of  $35  (v.  462);  bought  land  of  Va- 
llejo  '47.  v.  455.  Petit-Thouars  (Abel  du),  1837,  com.  of  the  French  corvette 
Vi'suis,  and  author  of  a  Vroya<je  containing  much  important  matter  on  Cal.  iv. 
147-50;  also  i.  432;  iii.  535,  680,  699;  iv.  106.  Petrof,  1808,  mr  of  the 
Kadidk.  ii.  80.  Pctrowski  (R.  K.),  1844,  doubtful  name  and  date.  iv.  453; 
a  Pole  who  was  a  miner  and  farmer  in  Cal.,  dying  in  France  '83.  Pettegrew 
(David),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.,  who  served  also  as  a  preacher  and  spirit 
ual  director;  at  Salt  Lake  City  '55.  v.  475,  477,  488,  490,  494.  P.  (James 
P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  ditto.  Fetter  (Thos),  1833,  at  S.  Jose";  see  also  'Pepper.' 
Pettet  (Win),  1847,  painter  and  owner  of  many  lots  in  S.F.  '47-8;  also  sec.  of 
the  council  and  somewhat  active  in  town  politics,  v.  539,  648,  650,  678,  680, 
634.  Peyri  (Antonio),  1796,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  and  at 
S.  Luis  Rcy,  of  which  he  was  the  founder,  from  '98  until  his  departure  in  '32; 
in  Spain  '36.  Biog.  iii.  621-2;  ment.  i.  564,  577,  587,  657,  689;  ii.  108-9,  159, 
346-7,  394,  453,  518,  553,  655;  iii.  87,  91,  96,  102,  183,  210,  233,  317,  364;  iv. 
151. 

Pfeiffer  (Max  W.),  1847,  Co.  G.  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Pfiester  (Adolph), 
1847,  Co.  K  and  G,  ditto;  settled  at  S.  JoseV  where  he  was  mayor  in  '75,  and 
still  lived  in  '82;  a  German  b.  '21.  Pfjster  (Ed.  H.  von),  1847,  mr  of  the 
Com.  Skubrick  from  Hon.  in  April,  and  in  Aug.  bringing  on  the  Providence 
from  the  Islands  a  stock  of  goods  with  which  he  opened  a  store  at  Benicia  in 
Sept.  or  Oct.  v.  672-3.  In  '48  he  went  to  the  mines  and  kept  a  store  in  comp. 
with  Brannan,  and  later  Vaughan;  but  returned  to  Benicia  in  '49  to  keep  a 
hotel,  and  still  lived  there  in  '80  and  later.  P.  (John  R.  von),  1847,  brother 
of  Ed.  H.,  who  prob.  came  with  him  from  Hon.;  agent  for  the  Cal.  Star  in 
March  '48,  and  murdered  by  Peter  Raymond  at  Sutter's  mill  in  Oct. 

Phalen  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Phelps  (Alva),  1847, 
of  the  Morm.  Bat.  v.  481;  died  on  the  way  to  Cal.  P.  (Bethuel),  1848,  at 
Mont.,  Benicia,  and  S.  F.  '48-55,  having  business  relations  with  Larkin; 
claimant  for  Ft  Reyes  rancho.  iii.  712.  P.  (Geo.  H.),  1846,  tanner  at 
Sonoma;  with  Smith  at  Bodega '47-9.  P.  (Wm  D.),  1840,  uat  of  Mass., 
and  mr  of  the  Alert  '40-2,  making  an  exploration  of  the  Sac.  River  in  boats, 
and  engaging  in  the  Com.  Jones  war  by  spiking  the  guns  of  the  S.  Diego  fort, 
iv.  36,  95,  101,  135-6,  139,  156,  320,  562,  618-19,  665.  In  '46  he  came  back  as 
mr  of  the  Moscow,  remaining  on  the  coast  till  '49  as  mr  and  sup.  of  different 
vessels,  being  com.  for  a  time  of  the  prize  schr  Malck  Adhel,  affording  aid  iu 
divers  ways  to  the  Bears  and  later  to  the  U.  S.  officers,  v.  15,  177-8,  190, 
280-2,  467,  579.  For  one  item  of  his  services  to  Fremont  he  had  a  Cal.  claim 
of  $10,000,  which  was  paid  after  a  slight  reduction  of  $9,950.  Capt.  P.  had 
exceptional  facilities  for  gaining  a  knowledge  of  current  events  in  '46-8,  and 
his  published  Fore  and  Aft,  besides  being  a  most  interesting  and  oft-quoted 


776  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

narrative  of  personal  experiences,  contains  much  useful  information  about 
Cal. ;  yet  it  must  be  noted  that  the  captain,  with  all  his  honesty  and  zeal,  waa 
not  on  all  points  an  accurate  witness.  I  have  many  of  his  original  letters  of 
'41-2  and  '46-8,  with  some  of  later  date  from  Lexington,  Mass.,  \vhere  he 
still  lived  iii  '72.  Philip  (John  V.  N.),  1846,  act.  lieut  on  the  Cyaite;  lieut 
Co.  D,  Stockton's  Naval  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  386.  Philips  (A.  B.),  1848,  owner 
of  S.  F.  lot.  P.  (David),  1834,  Engl.  cooper  at  S.  Diego  '36  from  Sonora 
with  a  Mex.  wife,  age  44.  iii.  412.  P.  (James),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  P.  (Joel),  1844,  Arner.  naturalized  in  Nov.;  'Joel  Felipe' possibly 
only  the  baptismal  name.  P.  (John),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v. 
546;  owner  of  S.  F.  lots  '46-7.  v.  678;  living  in  Utah  '84.  P.  (John  B.), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  F.  '71-82.  P.  (Joseph),  1846,  gunner 
on  the  U.  S.  Dale.  P.  (VVm  D.),  1847,  owner  of  S.  F.  lot;  prob.  '  Phelps.' 

Piatt  (Oliver  K.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Pichette 
(Louis),  1830  (?),  Canadian  trapper  well  known  in  Or.  and  B.C.,  who,  ace.  to 
notices  of  his  death  in  '76,  made  a  trip  to  Cal.  from  Or.  in  '20,  which  is  doubt 
less  an  error,  though  he  may  have  come  8  or  ten  years  later. 

Pickens,  1841,  mr  of  the  Convoy,  iii.  382.  Pickering  (Chas),  1841,  nat 
uralist  of  U.  S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241-3;  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot  '48,  perhaps  another 
msn.  Pickernell  ( John),  1837,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts.  Pickett,  1815, 
mr  of  the  Forrester,  ii.  274.  P.  (Chas  E.),  1846,  Amer.  lawyer  who  had 
lived  several  years  in  Or.  and  came  to  Cal.  by  land  in  June.  In  '47  he  prac 
tised  law  at  S.  F.,  also  living  at  Sonoma  and  visiting  Honolulu;  and  in  '48 
kept  a  store  at  Sutler's  Fort,  being  tried,  and  acquitted  by  a  jury  on  the  2d 
trial,  for  killing  R.  Alderman  in  a  quarrel  about  an  enclosure  at  the  fort. 
From  the  first  he  was  an  eccentric  character,  of  marked  ability  but  unbal 
anced  mind,  always  ready  to  make  sacrifices  for  a  friend  or  abuse  an  enemy, 
never  tiring  of  airing  his  opinions  and  whims  and  quarrels  in  the  newspapers; 
best  known  as  Philosopher  Pickett,  and  the  author  of  pamphlets  on  all  sorts  of 
subjects.  He  died  in  Cal.  about  '80.  iv.  395;  v.  125,  526,  645,  649,  654,  981. 
Pickman,  1841,  doubtful  name  of  the  Workman  party  of  immig.  iv.  278. 
Pickup  (Geo.)  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Pico  (Andre's),  son  of  Josd  Maria,  b.  at  S.  Diego  in  '10.  His  1st  appearance 
in  the  public  records  is  in  '36-8,  when  he  was  in  charge  of  the  Jamul  rancho, 
elector,  and  receptor  of  customs,  iii.  446,  485,  609,  611,  613;  iv.  98.  At  the 
same  period  he  took  an  active  part  on  behalf  of  the  south  in  the  sectional  po 
litical  strife  against  the  Monterey  govt,  being  half  a  dozen  times  a  prisoner  in 
that  play  at  warfare  and  diplomacy,  iii.  488,  498,  518-9,  £46,  559,  555,  566, 
578,  580,  624.  In  '39-42,  ranking  as  alferez  of  the  S.  Diego  cornp.,  he  served 
as  elector,  was  for  a  time  in  charge  of  S.  Luis  Rey,  and  obtained  lands  at  Sta 
Margarita,  S.  Juan  Cap.,  and  Teme'cula.  iii.  591,  609,  612,  614,  621,  624,  626- 
7,  639.  He  was  sent  to  Mex.  in  '44  by  Gov.  Micheltorena  to  obtain  funds, 
iv.  401-2,  56,3;  and  after  his  return  devoted  himself,  as  lieut  of  the  comp. 
and  capt.  of  defensores,  to  the  organization  of  the  militia  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  407, 
471,  475-6,  491-2,  619.  In  '45  he  was  obliged  to  join  the  revolutionists  and 
was  in  mil.  com.  for  a  time  at  Mont,  and  at  Los  Ang.  iv.  492-3,  515,  523, 
651-2;  being  subsequently  commissioner  to  make  inventories  of  mission  prop 
erty,  and  becoming  lessee  of  S.  Fernando  and  purchaser  of  S.  Jose*,  iv.  550. 
553,  561,  630,  637-8,  643,  665-6,  683.  In  '46  Don  Andre's  ranked  as  capt.  of 
the  regular  comp. ;  was  left  in  chief  command  on  the  flight  of  Castro;  sur 
rendered  and  was  paroled  with  other  officers;  but  broke  his  parole  to  serve  as 
3d  in  rank  under  Flores;  was  in  com.  of  the  Californians  at  the  victory  of  S. 
Pascual — the  most  notable  achievement  of  his  life;  took  part  in  the  fights 
of  Jan.  '47,  and  being  left  by  Flores  in  chief  command,  concluded  with  Fre"- 
mont  the  treaty  of  Cahuenga  closing  the  war  in  Cal.  v.  49,  143,  264,  266-7, 
309,  330-55,  387,  930-1,  403-5,  422,  448.  In  '48-9  Capt.  P.  had  a  company  of 
miners  at  work  on  the  Mokelumue,  was  a  resid.  of  S.  Jos6  in  '49-50,  but  sub 
sequently  of  Los  Ang.,  being  the  claimant  for  several  ranches,  iii.  633,  711;  v. 
675;  elected  to  the  assembly  in  '51;  presidential  elector  in  '52;  land  receiver: 
brigadier-gen,  of  militia  '58;  state  senator  in  '60-1.  Much  of  his  time  in  later 


PICO.  777 

years  was  devoted  to  land  litigation,  especially  in  connection  with  his  S.  Fer 
nando  estate;  and  he  died  in  '76.  Andre's  Pico  was  a  brave,  reckless,  coarse 
grained,  jovial,  kind-hearted,  popular  man;  abler  in  several  respects  than  his 
brother  Don  Pio,  but  not  overburdened  with  principle.  He  was  never  mar 
ried.  I  have  a  valuable  col.  of  original  Papeles  de  Mision  from  his  private 
achives. 

Pico  (Antonio  Maria),  son  of  Josd  Dolores,  b.  at  Mont,  in  1808.  In  '33 
maj.  at  S.  Jose";  alcalde  in  '35.  iii.  729-30;  lieut.  of  militia  '37-8,  involved 
in  a  conspiracy,  iii.  513-14,  573,  732;  in  '39  suplente  of  the  junta  and 

frantee  of  Valle  de  S.  Jose"  rancho.  iii.  590,  713,  731;  2d  juez,  com.  of  an 
ud.  exped.,  and  grantee  of  Pescadero  in  '43.  iv.  362,  673,  685;  in  '44-5  juez 
and  alcalde,  capt.  of  defensores  taking  part  in  the  revolt  against  Michel- 
torena,  and  a  suplente  of  the  assembly,  iv.  407,  469,  486,  540,  685-6.  He 
was  purchaser  of  the  S.  Rafael  mission  estate  in  '46.  v.  561,  670;  and  was  in 
some  trouble  through  favoring  the  cause  of  the  U.S.;  2d  alcalde  in  '47,  and 
prefect  '49-50,  having  been  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention.  In  '61  he 
was  a  republican  elector,  and  was  appointed  by  Pres.  Lincoln  register  of  the 
U.  S.  land-office  at  Los  Aug.,  resigning  in  '62.  His  death  occurred  in  '69. 
Ho  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  limited  abilities  and  excellent  character. 
His  wife  was  Pilar  Bernal,  who  survived  him  with  3  sons  and  3  daughters, 
Petra  Mrs  Gelesch,  Marcslina  Mrs  Campbell,  and  Vicenta  Mrs  Castro;  or 
at  least,  these  were  the  signers  of  the  funeral  invitations  in  '69.  Three 
volumes  of  Documentos  para  la  Historia  de  California  from  the  private 
archives  of  Don  Antonio  Maria  were  added  by  his  family  to  my  collection. 
P.  (Fernando),  ranchero  at  Sta  B.  '45.  P.  (Francisco),  concerned  in  the  re 
volt  of  '45.  iv.  487;  grantee  of  Calaveras  in  '46.  v.  665;  Cal.  claim  of  $2,950 
(v.  4G2).  P.  (Francisco  Javier),  brother  of  Josd  Maria;  soldier  of  Sta  B. 
comp.  1786-1806,  retiring  as  iuvalido;  one  of  the  grantees  of  Simi  1795- 
1821.  i.  663;  ii.  566.  P.  (Jose),  mestizo  soldier  at  Sta  B.  1785,  age  21. 
P.  (Jose  Ant.  Bernardino),  son  of  Jose'  Maria,  b.  at  S.  Diego  1794.  About 
'15  he  enlisted  in  the  S.  Diego  comp.;  is  ment.  as  clerk  in  '17.  ii.  425. 
sergt  of  the  comp.  from  '28.  ii.  543;  iii.  165;  charged  with  conspiracy  '34. 
iii.  257-8;  promoted  to  alferez  '34,  and  comisionado  to  secularize  S.  Juan 
Cap.  in  '34-6.  iii.  608,  626-7.  In  '36-8  he  was  transferred  to  the  Mont, 
comp.;  promoted  to  lieut  in  '38;  and  in  '39  transferred  to  the  S.  F.  comp. 
at  Sonoma,  iii.  549,  584,  608,  671,  667-8.  He  left  the  mil.  service  in  '43, 
being  the  grantee  of  Agua  Caliente,  S.  Diego,  in  '40,  of  S.  Luis  Rey  '46, 
and  also  one  of  the  purchasers  of  S.  Jose1  Mission,  v.  561,  611,  620-1. 
Nothing  is  heard  of  him  in  the  troubles  of  '45-8,  but  he  continued  to  live  in 
the  south,  dying  at  S.  Diego  in  '71.  He  is  described  as  a  lively  old  man,  full 
of  jokes,  nicknamed  Picito  on  account  of  his  diminutive  size;  and  ridiculed 
to  some  extent  by  Wilkes  in  his  narr.  of  '41.  I  know  nothing  of  his  family, 
except  that  he  got  permission  in  '28  to  marry  Soledad  Ibarra. 

Pico  (Jos6  Dolores),  Mex.  soldier  who  came  to  Cal.  about  1790,  marrying 
Gertrudis  Ame"zquita  in  '91,  and  serving  in  the  Sta  B.  comp.  to  '95'  or  later. 
Before  1804  he  was  transferred  to  the  Mont,  comp.,  marrying  Isabel  Cota, 
and  serving  in  the  Sta  Cruz  escolta.  From  '11  he  was  sergt  of  the  comp.,  and 
is  ment.  in  connection  with  several  Ind.  exped.,  being  dangerously  wounded 
in  '15,  obtaining  in  '19  a  grant  of  the  Bolsa  de  S.  Cayetano  rancho,  and  being 
in  charge  of  the  rancho  nacional,  Salinas,  from  '21.  ii.  56,  335-6,  338-9,  379, 
416,  609,  615-16;  iii.  43.  He  died  in  '27,  leaving  a  good  record  as  a  soldier 
and  Indian-fighter,  who  lacked  the  education  or  birth  which  might  have  given 
him  promotion.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  northern  branch  of  the  Pico  fam 
ily,  Antonio  Maria  and  Jose"  de  Jesus  being  the  most  prominent  of  his  sons. 
There  were  13  children.  A  daughter,  Maria  Ant.,  was  claimant  for  S.  Caye 
tano.  iv.  655.  The  widow  died  at  Castroville  in  '69  at  the  age  of  86,  leaving 
over  a  hundred  descendants.  P.  ( Jose"  de  Jesus),  son  of  Dolores,  b.  at  Mont, 
in  1807.  In  '27-31  he  served  as  a  soldier  of  the  Mont,  comp.,  taking  part  in  the 
Solis  revolts  of  '28-29.  iii.  66-7,  74;  but  subsequently  getting  a  substitute  and 
living  on  his  father's  rancho.  In  '36-8  he  was  somewhat  prominent  in  Alvarado's 


778  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

revolution.  Hi.  457,  4G1,  491,  501-2,  524,  567,  572,  038;  iv.  96;  admin,  of  S. 
Antonio  '38-41;  grantee  of  Piedra  Blanca,  S.  Luis  Ob.  '40;  admin,  of  S.  Mi- 
gnel  '41-3.  iii.  678,  688;  iv.  252,  660.  He  took  part  in  the  movement  of 
'44-5  against  Micheltorena.  iv.  458-9,  487,  658,  682.  In  '46,  ranking  as  capt. 
of  defensores,  and  being  juezde  paz  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  he  was  paroled  with  other 
officers,  but  broke  his  parole  and  supported  Flores  in  the  Natividad  campaign. 
He  was  accordingly  arrested  by  Fremont  in  Dec.  and  condemned  to  death, 
but  pardoned  at  the  intercession  of  his  wife  and  children.  He  became  a  most 
devoted  friend  of  Fremont,  aiding  him  in  bringing  about  the  treaty  of  Ca- 
liuenga,  and  accompanying  him  on  his  famous  ride  of  '47.  v.  282,  321,  362-3, 
374-5,  403,  443,  638-9.  In  '48-9  Don  Jesus  made  some  successful  tours  in  the 
mines,  and  later  lived  on  his  S.  Luis  Ob.  rancho  with  his  family,  being  county 
assessor  and  assemblyman  in  '52-3.  In  '78  he  dictated  his  recollections  for  my 
use,  cited  as  Acontecimientos,  and  containing  many  items  of  valuable  testimony. 
ii.  230,  232,  S39,  384,  417,  427,  446,  624.  I  have  not  heard  of  his  death  down 
to  '85. 

Pico  (Jose"  Maria),  brother  of  Dolores,  son  of  Santiago  Pico  of  Sinaloa,  and 
founder  of  the  family  in  southern  Cal. ;  a  soldier  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  from 
1782,  corp.  of  the  guard  at  S.  Luis  Rey  from  1798,  and  sergt  1805-18,  being 
retired — perhaps  with  brevet  rank  of  aife"rez — in  '18,  and  dying  at  S.  Gabriel, 
where  he  had  long  been  in  com.  of  the  escolta  in  '19.  His  wife,  married  in 
17S9,  was  Maria  Eustaquia  Lopez,  nat.  of  Sonora.  His  3  sons,  Andre's,  Jose1 
Ant.,  and  Pio,  are  named  in  this  register;  and  there  were  7  daughters,  of 
whom  Conccpcion  married  Domingo  Carrillo,  Estefana  and  Jacinta  married 
Jose"  Ant.  Carrillo,  Isidora  was  the  wife  of  John  Forster,  Tomasa  of  an  Al- 
varado,  and  a  sixth  was  Feliciana.  P.  (Manuel),  one  of  the  grantees  of 
Simi  '42,  prob.  son  of  Javier,  Miguel,  or  Patricio;  encargadoat  Sta  Isabel  '43. 
iv.  620,  640.  P.  (Miguel),  brother  of  Jos<§  Maria,  soldier  of  the  Sta  B.  comp. ; 
grantee  of  Simi  rancho  1795,  1821.  i.  663;  ii.  566;  in  '32  an  invalido,  wife 
Casilda  Sinoba,  child.  Maria  Ignacia,  Petra,  Apolonia,  Juan  de  Mata,  and 
Mariano.  The  widow  died  in  '60  at  the  age  of  74,  leaving  15  children,  116 
grandchildren,  and  97  great-grandchildren — 116  males,  112  females.  P. 
(Patricio);  brother  of  Jose  Maria,  one  of  the  grantees  of  Simi  1795,  1821, '42. 
i.  663;  ii.  354,  603;  iv.  643. 

Pico  (Pio),  son  of  Jose"  Maria,  b.  at  S.  Gabriel  1801,  movingto  S.  Diego  after 
the  death  of  his  father  in  '19,  where  he  kept  a  small  shop.  For  mention  of 
his  early  life,  see  ii.  168,  344,  425,  546,  559,  604.  In  the  public  records  he 
first  appears  as  clerk  at  a  trial  in  '26.  ii.  549;  was  a  vocal  of  the  dip.  from 
'28.  iii.  41-2;  being  nient.  also  in  connection  with  the  Fitch  elopement  in  '29. 
iii.  141 ;  and  getting  the  same  year  some  kind  of  a  title  to  the  Jamul  rancho. 
Dept.  Itec.,  vii.  61,  94;  confirmed  in  '31.  iii.  611.  In  '31  he  was  a  leader  of 
the  southern  opposition  to  Gov.  Victoria,  iii.  189,  197,  201,  203-4,  206;  and  in 
'32,  according  to  the  plan,  should  have  been  gov.  ad  int.  as  senior  vocal  and 
president  of  the  dip.,  but  was  unable  to  secure  the  place,  though  he  is  often 
erroneously  named  as  gov.  in  that  year.  iii.  216-20,  224,  226,  231,  245.  He 
was  again  member  of  the  dip.  '34—5,  being  a  candidate  for  alcalde  and  chosen 
elector  '36.  iii.  246,  249-50,  275,  300,  483-4,  615;  in  '34-40  administrator  of  S. 
Luis  Rey,  having  also  a  profitable  contract  to  slaughter  cattle  on  shares  at  S. 
Gabriel,  iii.  349,353,623-4,628;  iv.  54,  61;  and  in  '37-9  an  active  partisan 
of  the  south  against  Alvarado's  govt,  being  more  than  once  a  prisoner,  though 
like  most  others  never  in  a  fight,  and  playing  a  not  very  creditable  part  in  the 
sectional  strife,  iii.  495,  499-502,  504,  506,  508-9,  516,  518,  520,  546,548-50, 
555,  558,  564-6,  578,  580,  602,  614.  He  was  again  member  of  the  junta  in 
'39-41,  protesting  against  Monterey's  claims  as  capital;  also  one  of  the  terna 
for  gov.,  tithe  collector  at  Los  Aug.,  and  provisionally  grantee  of  Teme'cula. 
iii.  584,  590,  604,  606,  612,  623,  637;  iv.  193.  In  '41  he  was  the  grantee  of 
Sfca  Margarita  and  Las  Flores.  iv.  621,  628;  in  '42  supposed  to  be  plotting  in 
favor  of  England,  iv.  282;  in  '44-5  again  member  of  the  junta,  and  capt.  of 
defensores,  appointed  comandante  de  escuadron.  iv.  301,  403,  407,  410-11, 
425,  475.  On  the  downfall  of  Micheltorena  in  '45,  having  taken  some  part 


PICO— PIERCE.  779 

in  the  campaign,  Don  Pio,  as  president  of  the  junta,  became  temporary  gov. 
from  Feb.  22d.  iv.  404,  492-3,  495-9,  503-7,  509,  521 ,  530.     His  office  was  con- 


revolt,  v.  5,  138-44;  on  foreign  intervention  and  McNamara  project,  v.  59-62, 
69,  217-19;  miscellaneous  mention,  v.  567,  570,  590,  603,  624.  On  the  ap 
proach  of  the  U.S.  forces  Pico  left  Cal.  for  Mexico,  v.  261-78;  but  in  '48  re 
turned,  v.  588-90;  and  has  since  resided  at  Sta  Margarita — sold  to  John  Fos 
ter  in  '64 — and  at  Los  Angeles  down  to  '85,  having  been  claimant  for  other 
ranchos,  iii.  611,  633,  and  being  still  a  man  of  some  wealth.  He  married 
Maria  Ignacia  Alvarado  in  '34,  but  I  find  no  record  of  children.  Pio  Pico  is 
a  man  who  has  been  abused  far  beyond  his  deserts;  a  man  of  ordinary  intelli 
gence  and  limited  education;  of  generous,  jovial  disposition;  reckless  and  in 
dolent;  with  a  weakness  for  cards  and  women;  disposed  to  be  fair  and  honor 
able  in  his  transactions,  but  without  sufficient  strength  of  principle  to  keep 
always  cloarof  doubtful  complications  or  avoid  being  made  the  tool  of  knaves; 
patriotic  without  the  ability  to  accomplish  much  for  his  country.  In  his  con 
troversy  of  '45-6  with  Castro  his  conduct  was  foolish  in  the  extreme;  in  other 
respects  down  to  1848  his  record  is  better  rather  than  worse  than  might  be 
expected  of  a  commonplace  man  in  so  prominent  a  position.  Not  much  fault 
can  be  found  with  his  mission  policy;  he  did  not,  as  has  been  charged,  run 
away  in  '46  with  large  sums  of  money  obtained  by  illegal  sales  of  mission  es 
tates;  he  had  a  perfect  right  to  favor  hia friends  by  land  grants  in  the  last  days 
of  his  power,  and  to  prefer  that  Cal.  should  fall  into  English  rather  than 
American  possession.  That  he  seems  to  have  antedated  some  land  grants 
after  his  return  in  '48  is  the  most  discreditable  feature  of  his  record;  yet  my 
study  of  land  litigation  leads  me  to  hesitate  in  condemning  or  exonerating 
any  official  or  citizen,  native  or  pioneer,  on  charges  originating  in  that  most 
unfathomable  pool  of  corruption.  In  '78  Don  Pio  dictated  for  me  a  IJistoria 
de  California,  which  in  interest  and  accuracy  compares  favorably  with  other 
pioneer  statements;  and  at  the  same  time  gave  me  two  volumes  of  original 
Doc.  Hist.  Cal.,  including  several  important  papers. 

Pico  (Rafael),  at  Simi  raucho  '29-31.  ii.  566;  iii.  635.  P.  (Ramon),  son  of 
Antonio  Maria,  b.  in  '27;  in  '63-6  capt.  of  Co.  A,  1st  battalion  of  native  Cal. 
cavalry,  stationed  for  a  time  in  Arizona.  He  added  to  my  collection  3  vols 
of  Doc.  Hist,  Cal.,  containing  many  original  papers  belonging  to  his  father, 
and  others  relating  to  the  captain's  own  military  career.  Major  Jose"  Ramon 
is  still  a  resident  of  S.  F.  in  '85.  P.  (Salomon),  son  of  Jose"  Dolores,  of  whom 
nothing  appears  before  '48  except  that  a  rancho  in  Tuolumne  was  later  claimed 
on  a  grant  of  '44  to  him.  iv.  674.  After  '49  he  became  a  noted  highwayman 
and  murderer  in  the  region  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  and  Sta  B.  About  '57  he  went  to* 
L.  Cal.,  where  in  '60  he  was  put  to  death  by  order  of  the  sub-gefe  politico 
Esparza.  P.  (Santiago),  a  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  461;  at  Simi  rancho 
1802.  ii.  111.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  and  S.  Diego  cornp. 
in  '76-80.  It  is  just  possible  that  he  was  the  father  of  Jose"  Maria  and  Dolores, 
though  I  find  no  definite  record  that  that  Santiago  ever  came  to  Cal.  P. 
(Vicente),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Estefana  Garcia,  4  children. 

Pieras  (Miguel).  1771,  Span,  friar,,  founder  of  S.  Antonio,  where  he  served 
till  his  departure  from  Cal.  in  1794.  Biog.  i.  688-9;  ment.  i.  173,  176,  188-9, 
196,  255,  279,  298,  388,  469,  576.  Pierce  (Charles),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  P.,  1795,  Engl.  Nootka  commissioner  at  Mont.  i. 
527.  P.  (Harrison  M.),  1843  (?),  settler  in  Napa,  who  landed  in  Or.  from  a 
whaler  in  '42  ace.  to  Menefee  and  Lancey.  Bid  well  thinks  he  was  in  Cal. 
'41-2.  In  '68  he  testified  that  he  worked  for  Dr  Bale  in  '45-8;  the  first  defi 
nite  record  is  his  signature  to  the  S.  Jose*  call  to  foreigners  in  March  '45.  In 
;47  named  as  an  Amer.  bachelor  at  N.  Helv. ;  in  '48  built  the  first  structure 
in  Napa  City,  used  as  a  saloon,  and  still  standing  in  '81.  He  died  in  '70.  iv. 
400,  599;  v.  128,  670.  P.  (Stephen  H.),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  who 
prob.  did  not  come  to  Cal.  v.  547.  P.  (Win),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dra- 


780  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

goons  (v.  336).  Piercy  (Sam.  G.),  1847,  Irishman  of  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill; 
(v.  518);  one  of  the  few  who  did  not  desert  for  the  mines;  name  James  G.  on 
the  roll.  He  worked  as  copying  clerk  during  the  constitutional  convention  of 
'49;  and  after  his  discharge  in  '51  went  to  N.  Y.,  but  returned  and  lived  from 
'53  at  Oakland,  where  he  died  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow  and  married  daughter. 
Pierola  (Arnoldo)  at  Mont,  in  '25.  iii.  20.  Pierre  (Jean),  1806,  boatswain  of 
the  Peacock,  ii.  38. 

Pike  (Wm  M.),  1846,  of  the  Donner  party  from  Tenn.  He  was  accidentally 
killed  before  reaching  the  mts,  leaving  a  widow  and  2  children.  The  widow, 
Harriet  F.  Murphy,  survived,  marrying  Michael  Nye  in  '47  and  dying  in  Or. 
'70.  One  of  the  daughters,  Naomi  L.,  also  a  survivor  at  the  age  of  3,  married 
Dr  Mitchell  of  Marysville  in  '65,  and  in  '80  was  Mrs  Schenck  at  The  Dalles, 
Or.  The  other  daughter,  Catherine,  an  infant,  died  at  the  Sierra  camp.  v.  531, 
533-4.  Pilikin  (John),  1844,  disabled  Amer.  sailor  of  the  Monmouth,  in  care 
of  the  consul  at  Mont. 

Pifia  (Bias),  with  Arce's  party,  46.  v.  106.  P.  (Joaquin),  Mex.  corporal 
of  artill.  at  S.F.  from  '29,  when  he  wrote  a  Diario  of  an  important  exped. 
against  the  Ind.,  the  original  of  ,which  is  in  my  possession;  in  '44  acting  com. 
at  S.F.,  also  owner  of  town  lauds,  iii.  75,  111,  113,  212,  702;  iv.  463,  669,  672. 
P.  (Lazaro),  Mex.  artill.  corporal  at  Mont.  '29,  at  S.  Rafael  '32.  iii.  76,  716; 
in  '36  at  Mont.,  age  39,  wife  Placida  Villela,  child.  Jose*  de  Jesus  b.  in  Mont. 
'26,  German  '29,  Ant.  A.  at  S.F.  '31,  Feliciano  at  Mont.  '32,  Francisco  '33, 
Luis  G.  '35.  In  '37  he  was  corporal  in  the  S.F.  cav.  comp.,  and  from  '38  sergt 
and  acting  alfe"rez,  sometimes  in  com.  at  Sonoma,  and  the  grantee  of  Agua 
Caliente  in  '40,  besides  being  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  in  '45.  iii.  193,  583,  702,  711, 
722;  iv.  12,  121,  172-4,  669,  684.  He  is  named  by  Revere  in  '46.  v.  297;  but 
soon  went  to  Mex.,  where  he  is  said  to  have  been  killed  at  the  battle  of  Cerro 
Gordo.  P.  (Maximo),  teacher  at  Los  Ang.  '17-18.  ii.  353.  P.  (Pedro), 
Mex.  soldier  in  the  Hidalgo  piquete  at  Mont.  '36,  age  28.  Pinard  (J.  B.), 
1848,  Canadian  farmer  at  S.  Jose"  '58-76.  Pineda  (Joaquin),  Mex.  soldier  at 
Mont.,  age  26.  P.  (Lorenzo),  grantee  of  Los  Uvas,  Sta  Clara,  '42.  v.  674. 
Pinkerton  (James),  1846,  Co'.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Pinkney  (Rob 
ert  F.),  1846,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Savannah,  in  corn,  of  S.  Jose"  garrison  during 
the  Sanchez  campaign  of  '46-7;  also  of  the  U.  S.  ex.  ex.  in  '41,  but  not  in 
Cal.  iv.  241;  v.  378,  661.  Pino  (Miguel),  1770,  2d  off.  on  the  Spanish  trans 
ports  '70-3.  i.  1C8,  208. 

Pinto  (Antonio),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-22.  P.  (Francisco),  son  of 
Serafin,  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  34,  wife  Prudenciana  Servian  (?),  child  Maria  Ig- 
nacia;  in  '46-7  kept  under  arrest  at  Mont,  by  Maddox  for  6  months  to  pre 
vent  his  raising  a  force  to  join  Flores  in  the  south.  P.  (Joaquin),  resident 
of  Branciforte  '30.  ii.  627.  P.  (Juan  Maria),  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp. 
.1797-1800.  i.  499,  560;  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-27;  in  '28  at  Branciforte  with 
his  wife  Apolonia  Mesa  and  4  child.,  Claudio,  Clara,  Carmen,  and  Rosario, 
also  at  B.  '30-6,  ii.  627;  iii.  697.  P.  (Juana  F.).  married  to  M.  A.  Cordcw 
1776,  the  first  marriage  at  S.F.  i.  298.  P.  (Manuel),  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  56, 
wife  Maria  Ame"zquita,  child.  Paulina  b.  '23,  Maria  de  la  Cruz  '25,  Este"van 
'28,  Miguel  '33,  Felipe  '36.  P.  (Pablo),  corporal  of  the  S.F.  comp.  i.  297. 
P.  (Rafael),  son  of  Sorafin,  b.  at  Branciforte  '18,  educated  at  Mont.,  and  in 
'36  joining  Alvarado's  revolt  was  made  alfdrez  and  soon  lieut  of  volunteers, 
in  which  capacity  he  served  in  the  south  '37-9,  his  regular  appointment  as 
alfdrez  of  the  Mont.  comp.  coming  from  Mex.  in  '39.  ii.  585;  iii.  191,  491,  550, 
555,  578,  587,  671;  iv.  652.  In  '40  he  was  one  of  the  officers  who  went  to 
Tepic  with  the  foreign  exiles,  returning  in  '41.  iv.  13,  23,  23,  28,  30.  After 
serving  as  an  aide  to  Micheltorena  for  a  year  or  more  he  resigned;  in  '43-4 
was  a  custom-house  guard  at  Mont.;  and  in  '45-6  was  receptor  of  customs  at 
S.F.,  refusing  to  join  the  movement  against  Micheltorena,  and  going  south 
with  Castro  after  the  occupation  of  S.F.  by  the  U.S.  iv.  292,  377,  431,  463, 
557,  670;  v.  68,  135,  239,  659.  After  the  fall  of  Los  Ang.  in  Aug.  Pinto  re 
turned  north,  was  paroled,  and  took  no  further  part  in  the  war,  becoming  a 
ranchero  in  later  years;  had  a  '  Cal.  claim'  of  $2,464  (v.  462).  His  wife  was 


PINTO— POLLORENA.  781 

Maria,  daughter  of  Juan  Amesti,  with  whom  and  4  children  he  lived  in  '78  on 
his  rancho  near  Corralitos,  Sta  Cruz  Co.,  a  man  of  good  reputation.  His 
Apuntaciones  is  a  valuable  MS.  narrative  dictated  for  my  use  at  that  time;  and 
he  also  gave  me  the  original  S.F.  custom-house  records  in  his  possession  since 
'46,  a  most  important  col.  of  Doc.  Hist.  Gal.  P.  (Serafin),  resident  of  Bran- 
ciforte  '18,  and  earlier  to  '30  and  later;  alcalde  in  '22,  '27.  ii.  627.  His  wife 
was  Ignacia,  daughter  of  Pedro  Amador,  and  his  children  Francisco,  Rafael, 
Ascension,  Antonia,  Dolores,  Maria,  Ignacia,  and  Carmen  the  wife  of  J.  B. 
Bonifacio.  Pio,  one  of  the  grantees  of  Ulistac,  Sta  Clara,  '45.  iv.  674. 

Pioche  (F.  L.  A.),  1848,  Frenchman  who  came  to  S.F.  from  Chile,  engaging 
in  trade  and  becoming  a  millionaire,  prominently  connected  with  many  great 
enterprises  of  city,  state,  and  coast.  The  town  of  Pioche,  Nev.,  bears  his 
name.  Becoming  involved  in  financial  troubles,  he  finally  committed  suicide 
in  72.  Pioneer  (Jacob  A.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Pioquinto 
(Jose"  Ant.),  at  Los  Aug.  '46.  Piper  (Asabel  D.),  1847,  came  on  the  Loo 
Choo  from  N.Y.,  but  not  of  N.Y.Vol.;  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  aided  O'Farrel  in 
his  survey  of  the  town.  In  '52  he  furnished  for  the  Alta  his  recollections  of 
the  city  in  '47;  went  in  '71  to  S.  Amer.,  where  he  was  killed  by  Ind.  in  '73. 
Pistrowski,  see  '  Petrowski. ' 

Pitnak  (Carlos),  1828,  mr  of  the  Gen.  Sucre,  iii.  147;  doubtful  name. 
Pitts  (Henry  F.),  1844  (?),  said  by  Hall  and  others  to  have  arrived  at  Sta  Clara 
in  '41.  I  have  a  letter  purporting  to  be  written  by  him  in  April  '40,  at  a 
quicksilver  mine  in  Cal.,  doubtless  an  error.  Swan  says  that  Wm  P.,  pre 
sumably  the  same,  landed  from  an  Amer.  whaler  in  '44,  and  from  that  date 
he  appears  on  Larkin's  books,  iv.  453.  In  '46  he  was  employed  to  carry  de 
spatches  from  Mont,  to  S.  Jose"  and  S.F.  v.  238,  245;  his  receipt  for  §140  on 


E,  Morm.  Lat.  (v.  469);  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8;  returned  to  Utah. 

Place  (Wm),  1833,  Amer.  sailor  left  sick  at  Sta  B.  by  a  whaler,  iii.  409; 
still  there  in  '36,  age  34;  and  in  '45  permitted  to  marry  a  neophyte.  Pla- 
cencia  (Luis),  com.  de  policia  at  Mont.  iii.  675.  Placiat  (Antoine),  1827,  mr 
of  the  Comete.  iii.  146.  Plaza  (Ignacio),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon 
fijo.  iv.  289.  Plemmonds  (David  and  John),  1848,  came  with  Col  Davis. 
Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.,  660.  Pliego  (Jose"),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  before  1800.  i.  716. 
P.  (Rodrigo),  1825,  Mex.  alfe"rez  of  the  Mont.,  Sta  B.,  and  S.  Diego  comp. 
'25-31 ;  a  bad  fellow  who  left  Cal.  in  '32  with  Gov.  Victoria.  Biog.  iii.  210-11; 
meiit.  ii.  572,  608;  iii.  15,  50,  62,  78-9,  84,  186,  191-2,  195,  205,  608,  650,  671. 
Plino  (Louis),  1836,  French  servant  of  Abrego  at  Mont.,  age  38.  Plummer 
(Henry),  1835,  Engl.  cooper  who  landed  from  a  whaler  and  became  an  otter- 
hunter  in  the  Sta  B.  region,  iii.  413;  named  in  a  list  of  '36  as  38  years  old 
and  single;  joined  Nidever  in  many  hunting  trips  down  to  '70.  P.  (Wm), 
1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Plucois  (Pedro),  doubtful  name  in  a  Sta  B. 
list  of  '41.  Plunkett  (James),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  • 

Poalclcoin  (John),  1841,  doubtful  name  of  a  deserter  from  the  Juan  Jose, 
who  worked  as  a  carpenter  for  Stearns  at  Los  Ang.  Poenicar  (Jose"),  1806, 
doubtful  name,  mr  of  the  Reisos.  ii.  39.  Poett  (J.  Henry),  1848,  physician 
atS.F.;  possibly  earlier.  Poinsett,  1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  party, 
iv.  583.  Polanco  (Jos(§),  grantee  of  Conejo,  Sta  B.,  soon  after  1800;  at  Los 
Ang.  1804,  '19;  a  P.  owned  S.  Jose"  de  Buenos  Aires  '40;  and  an  Ings  (?)  P.  was 
sent  a  prisoner  to  Mex.  in '30.  ii.  112,  172,  185,  349,  354,  566,  664;  iii.  85,  634. 
Policy  (James  H.),  1846,  boatswain  on  the  Dale  '46-7;  went  East  '48  on  the 
Congress;  returned  on  the  Vincennes,  deserting  for  the  mines  '50;  again  in 
the  navy  '61-66,  when  he  died.  Lancey.  Pollock  (James),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  a  Scotch  weaver  supposed  by  Kooser  to  have  died  be 
fore  '64.  P.  (James),  1846,  settler  in  '50  with  his  family  on  the  Cosumnes, 
where  he  died  '76  and  wife  in  '80.  Sac.  Co.  Hist.;  possibly  same  as  preced 
ing.  P.  (Le*vis),  1840,  one  of  the  Graham  exiles  not  known  to  have  returned. 
iv.  18.  Pollorena,  ment.  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  v.  396.  P.  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang. 


782  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

'19.  ii.  355;  also  in  '46.  P.  (Maria  Ant.),  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  P.  (Pedro),  corp. 
of  the  !3.  Diego  comp.  1797,  and  in  com.  of  S.  Gabriel  escolta.  i.  G58,  664;  set 
tled  at  Los  Ang.  1805.  ii.  310.  P.  (Rosalia),  at  Los  Ang.  '48. 

Pombert  (Louis),  1826,  Canadian  trapper  of  Jed.  Smith's  party,  who  left 
the  party  in  '27,  lived  18  months  on  Higuera's  rancho,  and  in  Apr.  '29  at  S. 
Jos(5,  age  28.  iii.  159-60,  176,  180.  In  '32  he  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at 
Mont.  iii.  221;  in  '34  had  a  wife — Filomena,  daughter  of  Dolores  Pico — and 
a  son  Juan,  born  in  '30,  a  daughter  Isabel  being  born  in  '35.  He  was  a  sergt 
in  Graham's  comp.  supporting  Alvarado'36.  iii.  458,  675.  His  name,  written 
generally  Pombare,  appears  in  Larkin's  books  to  '45  and  in  other  records  to 
'47.  His  sons  are  said  to  have  lived  at  Castroville  in  '77.  Pomeroy  (S.  D. ), 
1848  (?),  nat.  of  Ohio,  in  Sonoma  Co.  '55-77.  Pomponio,  ex-neophyte  and 
famous  outlaw  captured  near  S.  Rafael  and  put  to  death  in  '24.  ii.  537,  597, 
(>14.  Poncabare"  (Agustin),  1833,  mr  of  the  Mariquita  '33,  '35.  iii.  383. 
Ponce  de  Leon  (Manuel),  Mex.  clerk  at  Sta  B.  in  '38-9  and  earlier,  iii.  656-7; 
wife  Francisca  Solorzano,  3  children;  in  '40  sec.  of  sub-prefect,  iii.  655. 
Ponton  (Jose"  M. ),  Mex.  lieut  sentenced  to  5  years  in  Cal.  as  a  convict  in  '36; 
no  record  of  his  coming.  Pool  (Peter),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with 
his  mother  Mary  and  sister  Elizabeth,  v.  546;  living  in  Utah  '84.  Pooley, 
ment.  at  N.  Helv.  '47. 

Pope  (Wm),  1828,  Amer.  trapper  from  N.  Mex.  in  Pattie's  party,  impris 
oned  for  a  time  at  S.  Diego,  iii.  103,  166-7, 178.  He  got  a  pass  for  Sonora  from 
the  gov.  in  Nov.,  and  subsequently  became  a  naturalized  citizen,  having  a 
family  at  Taos.  Before  '40,  perhaps  in  '36,  he  came  back  to  Los  Ang.  with 
8  members  of  his  family  and  a  company  of  12  men.  He  \vas  known  in  Cal.  as 
Julian  P.,  that  being  prob.  the  baptismal  name  received  in  N.  Mex.  In  '41 
he  obtained  a  grant  of  the  Tocoallomi  rancho,  named  for  him  Pope  Valley, 
Napa  Co. ,  and  settled  there  in  '42.  I  have  the  original  passport  of  March  2, 
'42,  under  which  he  came  north,  the  expenses  of  the  journey  being  paid  by 
the  govt.  A  little  later,  prob.  in  '43,  he  accidentally  killed  himself  by  sever 
ing  an  artery  with  his  axe.  iv.  280.  His  widow  married  Elias  Barnett;  his 
son  Joseph  was  claimant  for  the  rancho.  iv.  671;  one  daughter  was  Mrs  Bur 
ton  of  Pope  Valley;  and  there  were  4  or  five  other  children. 

Porter  (H.  F.),  1841,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  St  Louis.  P.  (Sanford),  1847,  Co. 
E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Porterfield  (Harvey),  1845,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  and  overl. 
immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587.  He  worked  as  a  carpenter  at 
Sonoma;  prob.  joined  the  Bears  in  '46.  v.  110;  went  south  in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat., 
taking  part  in  the  light  at  S.  Pascual,  and  in  Stockton's  final  campaign;  and 
after  his  discharge  returned  to  Napa  Valley.  He  went  to  the  mines  in  '48; 
was  wrecked  on  Vancouver  Isl.  in  an  attempt  to  reach  Trinity  River  in  '49; 
in  '50-1  a  stock -raiser  in  Yolo;  in  '52  went  East  by  Panama,  returning  '53 
overland  with  a  wife,  Martha  Alexander;  and  from  '56  lived  in  Napa  Co.  to 
'81.  His  wife  died  in  '66,  leaving  3  children,  and  his  2d  wife  was  Mattie  Gal- 
braith. 

Portilla  (Pablo),  1819,  Mex.  capt.  of  the  Mazatlan  cavalry  comp.  '19-38, 
being  stationed  for  the  most  part  at  S.  Diego,  and  taking  part  in  Ind.  exped. 
and  military  trials,  ii.  253-4,  340-2,  422,  451,  480,  534-6,  540,  543,  547,  549, 
551,  675;  iii.  62.  In  '31  he  rendered  somewhat  unwilling  and  ineffective  ser 
vice  against  Gov.  Victoria,  and  from  that  year  was  nominally  comandante  of 
the  post  at  S.  Diego,  iii.  201,  203-4,  206,  608.  As  comisionado  he  secularized 
San  Luis  Rey  in  '33-5.  iii.  326,  331-2,  346,  353,  613,  623-4;  and  in  '36-8,  after 
rendering  some  slight  support  to  Chico  and  Gutierrez,  he  joined  in  the  south 
ern  intrigues  against  Alvarado's  govt,  and  finally  figured  as  com. -gen.  under 
Carlos  Carrillo,  leaving  Cal.  after  the  final  defeat  of  "the  latter  in  '38.  iii.  440, 
446,  459,  463,  515,  520-2,  528,  532-3,  548-9,  565,  568-9,  614,  648;  iv.  67-8. 
Capt.  P.  was  a  good-natured,  easy-going  officer  of  little  force  or  influence,  but 
of  good  intentions.  He  went  to  Sonora,  where  he  was  capt.  of  the  post  at 
Guaymas  in  '46.  In  '49  Dr  Stillman— Overl.  Monthly,  xv.  247— met  him  at 
S.  Ignacio,  L.  Cal.,  in  com.  of  a  party  of  30  Sonorans  bound  for%the  Cal.  pold 
mines,  75  years  old,  but  '  hale  and  full  of  enterprise.'  P.  (Silvestre),  brother 


PORTILLA— PREUSS.  783 

of  Pablo,  ment.  in    '36  in  connection  with  a  proposed  Ind.  exped.,  and  as 

frantco  of  S.  Jose"  del  Valle  rancho.  iii.  612;  iv.  68.  Porloki  (Gaspar  de), 
TOO,  capt.  of  dragoons  in  the  Span,  army,  and  gov.  of  the  Californias  17G3- 
70;  com. -in-chief  of  the  1st  exped.  to  Alta  Cal.,  and  1st  ruler  of  that  prov 
ince  to  July  9,  1770,  rather  as  military  commandant  than  as  gov.  His  Diario 
of  the  exped.  to  S.F.  and  return  to  S.  Diego  in  '69  is  included  in  my  list  of 
authorities.  Nine  years  after  he  left  Cal.  he  was  gov.  of  Puebla.  i.  87,  89,  115- 
25,  134-6,  140-64  et  seq.,  172,  225,  231,  376,  486. 

Posados  (Pedro),  prospector  at  S.  Luis  Rey  '22.  ii.  666.  Post  (Fred.  L.), 
1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  '82  at  S.F.,  a  clerk  in  the  P.O.  for  20 
years.  P.  (Gabriel  B. ),  1847,  at  Hon.  from  Mont,  on  the  Maria  Helena; 
member  of  the  S.F.  firm  S.  H.  Williams  £  Co.  '48;  later  G.  B.  Post  &  Co.; 
in  '49  memb.  of  the  town  council  and  of  the  state  senate.  I  think  Post  street, 
S.F.,  may  have  been  named  for  him. 

Potiiion,  ment.  at  Los  Ang.  '36.  iii.  419.  Pott  (Geo.),  1847,  owner  of  S. 
F.  lot.  v.  685.  Potter,  1845,  doubtful  member  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party. 
iv.  579;  perhaps  John.  P.  (Andrew),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  P.  (John), 
1844  (•'),  immig.  with  a  family  accredited  in  newspaper  sketches  to  this  year; 
perhaps  of  '45.  iv.  453.  He  settled  in  the  Chico  region,  is  noted  at  Sutter's 
Fort  from  June  '46;  and  in  '48  gained  a  fortune  in  the  mines  by  the  aid  of 
Indians.  Burnett's  party  from  Or.  passed  his  place  and  deemed  his  head 
somewhat  turned  by  his  good  fortune.  He  died  there  about  '51,  and  is  said 
to  have  left  large  sums  buried  011  his  farm.  His  sons — one  of  them  James, 
said  to  have  been  born  '46  in  Cal. — and  daughters  were  living  in  Mendocino 
Co.  '74.  Potter  (Stephen),  1832,  mr  of  the  Wm  Thompson,  iii.  384. 
Potts  (James  M.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Lexington.  Poulson  (Oliver  P.), 
1846,  Co.  B,  artill.  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  prob.  an  overl.  immig. 

Powell  (David),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  P.  (Gilbert),  1846,  Co.  C, 
1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  P.  (John  W.),  1846.  Co.  E,  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358);  ment.  in  '48  at  Sta  Cruz.  v.  042;  at  S.  Jose"  '50.  P.  (Wm  J.),  1840, 
surgeon  on  the  U.S.  Warren;  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  v.  682.  I  think  Powell  St., 
S.F.,  was  named  for  him.  Powells  ( Wm  E.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  at  Mont.  '48.  Power  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  F,  ditto;  d.  S.F.  about  '50. 
P.  (James),  1844,  doubtful  member  of  the  Fremont  party,  iv.  437.  P. 
(John  A.),  1847,  brother  of  Ed.,  sergt  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  after  his 
discharge  he  became  a  gambler;  and  later  a  robber  and  murderer  known  as 
'Jack  Powers.'  His  associates  were  chiefly  Mexicans,  and  their  depredations 
were  for  the  most  part  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  and  Sta  B.  counties  '51-6.  When  the 
vigilantes  put  an  end  to  their  career  of  crime  P.  escaped  to  Sonora,  where  he 
was  killed  in  '60.  Poyorena,  see  'Pollorena.' 

Prado,  ment.  as  a  lieut  '39.  iii.  653;  perhaps  Prado  Mesa.  P.  (Tomas), 
regidor  at  Branciforte  1802;  killed  at  S.F.  1807.  ii.  156,  192.  Prat  (Pedro), 
1709,  surgeon  of  the  1st  exped.,  who  died  in  Cal.  '72-3.  i.  128,  130,  136,  140, 
168,  210.  Pratt  (Addison),  1848,  clergyman  who  married  a  couple  at  S.F. 
P.  (Jacob  H.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Praule  (Raphael),  1844, 
one  of  Fremont's  men  1st  and  2d  visits;  served  in  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7.  iv.  437, 
453,  583;  sometimes  called  *  Prone; '  died  in  the  mts  of  N.  Mex.  on  Fremont's 
next  exped.  of  '48.  Prause  (Wm),  1826,  mr  of  the  Inca.  iii.  147.  Pray 
(John),  1846,  interpreter  in  Marston's  force  '46-7.  v.  380.  Prendergast 
(John),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Prentice  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  P.  (Samuel),  1830,  nat.  of  R.I.  who  came  on  the  Danube  from  Lima, 
iii.  180.  A  mason  by  trade,  but  by  preference  a  hunter;  arrested  for  smug 
gling  '33.  iii.  393;  one  of  the  vigilantes  of  Los  Ang.  '36,  being  then  37  years 
old  and  single;  still  named  as  a  hunter  in  '41,  and  said  by  Warner  to  have 
died  on  Sta  Catalina  Isl.  about  '65.  Monenean  (?)  Prentis  signed  a  doc.  at 
Los  Ang.  '46.  Prentiss,  1843,  mate  of  the  Admittance,  discharged  by  Capt. 
Peterson;  a  nat.  of  Mass.  Prescott,  1846,  mr  of  the  Columbus.  Presse 
(Alex.),  1847,  surg.  of  N.Y.Vol.  (?);  atN.Y.  city  '84.  8.  F.  Bulletin.  Presta- 
mero  (Juan),  1773,  Span,  friar  who  served  as  supernumerary  at  S.  Luis  Ob., 
and  retired  on  account  of  illness  in  '74.  i.  194,  196,  227.  Preuss  (Chas),  1844, 


784  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

artist  and  draughtsman  in  Fremont's  2d,  3d,  and  4th  exped.  iv.  437,  583;  v. 
453. 

Price  (John),  1833,  nat.  of  Ky,  who  came  with  Walker's  trappers  from 
Salt  Lake,  remaining  in  Cal.  as  a  carpenter;  named  in  Larkin's  books  '34-5; 
killed  in  '37  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  at  San  Jos6  mission,  iii.  388,  391,  409. 
P.  (John  M.),  1836  (?),  Engl.  in  Mont.  dist.  '36-8;  iv.  118;  exiled  with  Gra 
ham  in  '40,  but  returned  in  '41,  and  in  '48  was  alcalde  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  iv.  18, 
33,  37;  v.  639.  Ace.  to  his  own  statement  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  Hist.,  63-9,  he 
deserted  from  the  Kent  at  Colima  and  came  to  Cal.  in  '30,  going  to  S.  Luis 
about  '36,  marrying  Andrea  Colona  in  '44,  by  whom  he  had  13  children,  and 
serving  after  '48  as  county  judge  and  supervisor.  Living  in  '83  at  Pismo 
rancho.  P.  (Rodman),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  purser  on  the  U.S.  Cyane. 
He  took  part  in  the  ceremonies  of  raising  the  U.S.  flag  at  Mont,  in  July,  and 
for  a  brief  period  was  a  kind  of  2d  alcalde  at  that  town.  v.  231,  287-9,  637; 
and  in  Aug.  was  sent  south  with  despatches  for  Stockton,  taking,  however, 
no  part  in  subsequent  military  operations.  From  Mazatlan  he  was  sent  with 
despatches  by  Mex.  and  Vera  Cruz  to  Washington.  In  '49  he  came  back  to 
S.F.  as  navy  agent;  was  a  member  of  the  town  council  and  of  the  constit. 
convention,  a  candidate  for  congress,  and  the  owner  of  city  property,  includ 
ing  lots  obtained  in  '47,  which  made  him  rich.  He  went  East  in  '50,  was 
elected  to  congress  from  N.J.,  and  subsequently  became  gov.  of  that  state, 
where  he  still  lives  in  '85.  As  a  member  of  pioneer  associations,  he  has  taken 
much  interest  in  aunals  of  the  conquest;  but  in  his  testimony,  as  reported  in 
various  publications,  the  governor  shows  that  in  all  the  years  that  have  passed 
his  imagination  has  at  least  kept  pace  with  his  memory.  Priest  (Albert), 
1848,  German  from  Or.,  of  the  firm  Priest,  Lee.  &  Co.  at  Sac.  '49-50.  After 
'51  he  lived  chiefly  in  N.Y.  He  was  an  Or.  immig.  of  '43,  who  shipped  lum 
ber  to  S.F.  in  '45.  Prieto,  1822,  contador  on  the  S.  Carlos,  ii.  458.  P. 
(Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Prince  (Geo.),  1832,  mr  of  the  Tranquilina. 
iii.  384.  P.  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Prinon  (Sam.), 
1828,  Amer.  bricklayer  from  N.  Mex.,  at  Los  Ang.  '40,  age  43;  perhaps 
'Prentice.'  Prior,  erroneous  ment.  '27.  iii.  160.  Prone,  see  'Praule.' 
Prouse  ( Wm),  1826,  mr  of  the  Inca.  iii.  147.  P.  ( Wm),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469). 

Prudhomme  (Leon  I.),  1835  (?),  Fr.  cooper  said  to  have  come  to  Los  Ang., 
v.  413,  this  year  in  a  record  of  '46.  He  married  a  Tapia,  and  in  '52  was  claimant 
for  the  Habra  and  Topanga  ranches,  iii.  633-4.  He  died  in  '71,  leaving  a 
family.  Prudon  (Victor),  1834,  Frenchman  who  had  lived  7  years  in  Mex. 
and  came  to  Cal.  as  a  teacher  in  the  colony  at  the  age  of  25.  iii.  263,  412. 
Remaining  at  S.  Gabriel  and  Los  Ang.,  in  '36  he  was  president  of  the  vigi 
lantes,  iii.  418,  432;  iv.  116;  and  in  '37-8  was  Gov.  Alvarado's  sec.,  being 
also  capt.  of  militia,  iii.  506,  523,  529.  In  '39-40  he  lived  at  S.F.,  keeping 
some  kind  of  a  shop,  or  drinking  and  gambling  place,  v.  684;  and  in  '41,  be 
ing  grantee  of  Bodega*  he  was  made  sec.  of  Com.  Gen.  Vallejo.  iv.  204,  670. 
In  this  capacity  he  was  sent,  in  '42,  to  Mex.  in  Vallejo's  behalf,  returning 
with  the  rank  of  capt.  and  brevet  lieut-col  in  the  regular  army.  iv.  281-5, 
319,  563.  From  '43  he  lived  at  Sonoma,  being  in  '44-5  the  grantee  of  Sac. 
Isl.,  and  Laguna  rancho,  Yolo,  being  also  mentioned  in  connection  with  vari 
ous  minor  affairs,  iv.  358,  396,  408,  445,  561,  671,  673,  678.  With  Vallejo, 
he  favored  the  cause  of  the  U.S.  in  '46,  and  with  him  was  made  a  prisoner  by 
the  Bears,  v.  41,  45,  61,  112-21,  298-9,  667;  having  a  'Cal.  claim'  of  $7,390 
(v.  462).  He  kept  a  store  at  Sonoma  in  '47-8  in  partnership  with  Haan;  and 
in  '48-9  made  some  money  in  the  mines.  I  have  no  later  record  of  him  than 
'53,  when  he  was  a  witness  in  the  Limantour  case.  His  wife,  who  was  sepa 
rated  from  him  about  '48,  was  Teodocia  Bojorques.  Victor  Prudon — Prud 
homme  was  the  original  form — was  a  man  of  good  education,  a  master  of  the 
Spanish  and  English  languages,  and  an  adept  in  the  use  of  the  graceful,  flowery 
language  that  delights  all  of  Span,  race,  many  of  Alvarado's  and  Vallejo's 
state  papers  being  for  the  most  part  the  secretary's  work.  He  was  socially 
M\  agreeable  companion,  of  attractive  personal  appearance  and  fine  manners; 


PRUDON— QUIJAS.  785 

impulsive  and  often  imprudent,  but  never  involved,  so  far  as  I  know,  in  any 
thing  very  bad  or  good  so  far  as  character  and  conduct  were  concerned. 
Prueth  (Clias  11.),  1831,  clerk  or  sup.  on  the  Louisa. 

Pryor  (Gabriel),  1840,  one  of  the  exiled  foreigners,  arrested  in  the  south. 
iv.  14,  18.  P.  (Nathaniel  Miguel),  1828,  Kentuckian  silversmith  and  clock- 
maker  who  had  lived  4  years  in  N.  Mex.  and  came  to  Cal.  in  Pattie's  party, 
iii.  163,  168,  178;  ii.  554.  After  his  release  from  prison  he  worked  at  S.  Luis 
Rey,  found  favor  in  the  eyes  of  P.  Peyri,  and  in  '29  got  a  carta  from  Gov. 
Echeandfa,  being  then  24  years  old.  From  '30  he  lived  in  the  vicinity  of  Los 
Ang.,  sometimes  mending  clocks,  but  oftener  engaged  in  otter-hunting,  _  not 
always  with  due  respect  to  the  revenue  laws.  iii.  393.  In  '36  he  obtained 
from  the  ayunt.  a  certificate  of  long  residence  and  good  character,  and  a  few 
years  later  married  a  Sepulveda  who  died  in  '40.  He  served  against  Michel- 
torena  in  '45.  iv.  495;  commanded  a  comp.  of  citizen  artill.  in  June  '46.  v. 
50;  was  arrested  for  aid  to  Amer.  during  the  Flores  revolt,  and  in  '47  served 
as  regidor.  v.  626.  He  died  in  '50.  A  son  Paul,  born  in  '37-9,  married  a 
daughter  of  Juan  A"vila,  and  died  by  accidental  poisoning  in  '78.  iv.  119. 

Puaani  (Kale),  1847,  Hawaiian  owner  of  S.  F.  lot.  v.  685.  Puga  (Joa- 
quin),  sirviente  at  Sta  Clara  1776.  i.  306.  Puget,  1793,  officer  of  Vancou 
ver's  exped. ;  in  Cal.  '93-4,  exploring  Bodega,  Puget  Sound  in  the  north  bears 
his  name.  i.  513,  518,  533.  Puig,  1769,  sergt  of  Cal.  volunteers  in  the  1st 
exped.  i.  136,  160.  Pujol  (Francisco),  1795,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S. 
Carlos  and  died  at  S.  Ant.  1801,  being  poisoned  by  the  Ind.  i.  576,  686;  ii. 
146,  149-50,  159.  Pulaski  (Albert),  1846,  at  N.  Helv.  occasionally  '46-8. 
Pulis  (John  C.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  owner  of  S.F.  lots;  d.  at 
S.F.  '50.  Pulpule,  Incl.  at  Sutter's  '40.  iv.  138.  Pulsifer  (David),  1847, 
Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469):  in  '82  at  Concho,  Ariz.  Purcell  (Henry),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  P.  (Matthias),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  at  S.  F.  '50.  Purdy  (Sam.  L.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  in  L.  Cal.  '48.  Puter  (James),  1828,  Ainer.  trapper,  age  20,  of  Pattie's 
party,  iii.  163,  168;  nothing  known  of  him  later.  Putnam,  1847,  mr  of  the 
Susan  Drew.  v.  511. 

Pyle  (Edward),  1846,  overl.  immig.  from  Mo.,  who  settled  with  his  family 
at  S.Jose",  where  he  died  in  '75.  His  daughters  married  B.  H.  Gordon  and  J. 
W.  Laird.  His  son,  Edward,  Jr,  married  Mary  A.  Graves  of  the  Donuer  party 
in  '47;  is  ment.  in  '48  as  at  N.  Helv.  raising  recruits  for  service  at  Maza- 
tlan  (?);  also  as  a  member  of  the  Stockton  Mining  Co.  The  same  year  he  was 
murdered  near  S.  Jose"  by  Valencia,  who  was  hanged  for  the  crime  in  '49.  His 
widow  married  J.  T.  Clark  in  '51,  and  in  '80  was  living  at  White  River,  Tulare 
Co.  Another  son,  John  F.,  was  in  S.  Joaq.  Co.  '48;  Sta  Clara  Co.  '50-76;  and 
in  Kern  Co.  79.  Still  another,  Thomas,  served  in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
settled  with  wife  and  2  children  in  Nov.  '46  on  the  Moquelumne;  in  '47  is 
ment.  as  visiting  Sutter's  Fort;  and  in  '48  moved  to  Coyote  Cr.,  Sta  Clara  Co., 
where  he  was  murdered  in  '55. 

Qudron  (Jenckey),  1846,  doubtful  name,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Queen 
(Henry  W.),  1846,  lieut  of  marines  on  the  U.S.  Savannah;  lieut  Fauntleroy's 
dragoons  (v.  232,  247);  in  com.  at  S.  Juan  B.,  Sept.  Q.  (James),  1847,  sergt 
Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  in  charge  of  Brannan's  store  at  Mormon  Isl.  48;  d. 
at  Napa  79.  Quepness  (Odilon),  at  Soledad  '26.  ii.  623.  Quigley,  1847,  a 
Mormon  in  Kearny's  return  party,  v.  453.  Quigley  (Robert),  1846,  bugler 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Quijada  (Felipe),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32. 
Q.  (Francisco),  grantee  of  Bolsa  de  Chemisal,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  '37.  iii.  677. 
Quijano  (Manuel),  1807,  surgeon  of  the  troops  at  Mont.  1807-24.  ii.  88,  140, 
379,  571,  607. 

Quijas  (Jose"  Lorenzo  de  la  Concepcion),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacate- 
canos  who  served  at  the  4  northernmost  missions,  and  retired  in  '44,  being 
vice-prefect  in  '43-4,  perhaps  in  '57  a  parish  priest  in  the  state  of  Guerrero, 
dying  at  Quere"taro  a  little  later.  Padre  Q.  was  a  black  sheep  in  the  Francis 
can  flock,  yet  a  good  man  when  sober.  Biog.  iv.  680-1;  ment.  iii.  319,  354, 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  IV.  50 


786  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

713,  716,  719;  iv.  48,  86,  171,  195,  224,  371-3,  427,  676-7.  Quilaguegui  (Teo- 
dosio),  Ind.  grantee  of  Nicasio  '35.  iii.  712.  Quimby,  1848,  mr  of  the  Wave. 
v.  581.  Quimper  (Man.),  1790,  alfe"rez  of  the  Span,  navy  at  Mont,  from 
Nootka.  i.  444,  506;  see  also  Hist.  N.  W.  Coast.  Quin  (Peter),  1848,  Irish 
man  shot  at  Sta  B.  in  Dec.  for  the  murder  of  the  Reed  family  at  S.  Miguel. 
v.  632,  640.  Quinn  (Franklin),  1846,  iii  the  Los  Ang.  region;  at  Mont.  '47-8; 
possibly  'Gwinn'  of  '41.  Quinones  (Manuel),  Mex.  tanner  at  Branciforte 
'45,  age  45,  wife  Josefa  Condesa  (?),  child.  Benito  b.  Sta  Cruz  '27,  Juan  Diego 
'29,  Mariano  '33,  Capistrano  '34.  He  had  been  a  convict  of  '28-34. 

Quintana,  com.  of  N.  Mexicans  in  Castro's  force  '46.  v.  363.  Q.  (Andre's), 
1805,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  Sta  Cruz  until  Oct.  12,  '12,  when  he  was  mur 
dered  by  his  neophytes.  Biog.  ii.  387-9;  ment.  ii.  155,  159-60,  199,  324,  339, 
394.  Q.  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Q.  (Diego),  ditto.  Q.  (Francisco 
Estdvan),  grantee  of  La  Vena  '42.  iv.  656;  still  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '60.  Q.  (Ger- 
onimo),  grantee  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  del  Camote,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  '46,  v.  637.  Q. 
(Pedro),  from  N.  Mex.  '43,  a  settler  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  down  to  '83.  Quintero 
(Juan),  arrested  at  S.  Juan  B.  '37.  iii.  513.  Q.  (Luis),  negro  settler  of  Los 
Ang.  1781,  sent  away  in  '82.  i.  345-6.  Q.  (Tomas),  at  Sta.  B.  '37,  wife  Vi- 
centa  Valenzuela.  Quintin,  Ind.  chief  of  a  Marin  Co.  tribe  for  whom  Pt 
Quintin  was  named;  inent.  in  '24.  ii.  538,  598.  Quirado  (Basilio),  Los  Ang. 
land-owner  '48.  Quir6s  (Fernando),  1775,  Span,  lieut  on  the  S.  Antonio  and 
S.  Carlos  '75-6;  made  a  survey  of  S.F.  bay  in  boats  '76;  on  the  coast  again 
in  '79.  i.  241,  287,  289-92,  329.  Quivey  (Peter),  1846,  overl.  immig.  from 
Mo. ;  summoned  as  a  witness  in  N.  Helv.  Nov.  '46;  served  in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat. 
(r.  358);  named  at  N.  Helv.  '47;  wrote  from  Los  Ang.  in  March  '47  a  letter 
published  in  the  Western  Expositor  and  Liverpool  Millennial  Star.  Settled  La 
Sta  Clara  Co.  with  family. 

To  BE  CONCLUDED  AT  THE  END  OF  VOL.  V. 


PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 
1542-184S 

CONCLUDED   ALPHABETICALLY  FKOM  VOLUME   TV. 

R.  ('II  Signer'),  1827,  sup.  of  the  H6ros.  iii.  129-30.  Raabes  (Claudio), 
at  S.  Gabriel  '46.  Rabbens,  or  'Raben,'  1847,  mr  of  the  Mathifde.  v.  579. 
Rabbettoile  (Pierre),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.;  ' Rabbi ttaile '  on  the  roll; 
living  in  '64.  Radford,  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Warren,  who  went  east 
overland  withKearny.  v.  452.  Radon  (G.),  1846,  mrof  the  Narwal.  v.  579. 

Rae  (Wm  Glen),  1841,  nat.  of  Scotland,  and  agent  of  the  H.  B.  Co.,  in 
charge  of  the  Cal.  establishment  of  the  co.  at  S.  F.  '41-5.  He  was  an  able 
man  of  business,  and  a  jolly,  popular  bon-vivant.  In  '45  he  was  driven  by  a 
complication  of  causes,  arising  from  business,  political,  and  domestic  troubles 
aggravated  by  dissipation,  to  commit  suicide  at  the  age  of  31.  iv.  216-19, 
593-4,  665-8;  v.  679.  Rae's  wife  was  Eloise,  daughter  of  Dr  John  McLough- 
lin,  and  they  had  a  son  and  2  daughters.  The  widow  became  Mrs  Harvey, 
and  died  at  Portland,  Or.,  in  '84  at  the  age  of  68.  In  a  MS.  Life  of  Dr  Me- 
Louyhlin,  she  had  furnished  me  a  valuable  sketch  of  her  experience  in  S.F. 
Her  property  was  left  to  her  son,  Joseph  McL.  Harvey,  but  the  will,  ace.  to 
the  newspapers,  is  contested  by  the  daughters  of  Rae,  Mrs  Wygant  and  Mrs 
Myrick.  Raeckman  (Israel),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Rafter  (Wm),  1847, 
Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518);  still  in  the  service  '64.  v.  521.  Raggio 
(Luigi),  1847,  Ital.  from  Mex.;  justice  of  the  peace  S.  Luis  Ob.  '51;  S.  Benito 
Co.  '67-81  with  family.  Ragsdale,  1837,  mr  of  the  True  Blue.  iv.  106. 

Rainey  (Dav.  P.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Rainsford  (John), 
1829,  Irish  sailor  from  the  Islands,  known  as  •  Kanaka  Jack,'  and  as  Joaquin 
Solis  from  his  personal  resemblance  to  the  convict,  iii.  179.  He  worked 
as  a  lumberman;  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  in  '32.  iii.  221;  appears  on 
Larkin's  books  from  '34;  got  a  Mont,  lot  in  '35;  age  30  in  '36;  sold  out  in  '37; 
at  S.F.  in  '39-41,  acting  as  interpreter  and  mr  of  a  launch  on  the  bay.  iv.  130. 
In  '42  he  lived  at  Sonoma,  getting  naturalization  papers,  and  perhaps  visiting 
the  Geysers;  grantee  of  a  Napa  rancho  by  the  Sonoma  alcalde  in  *45.  Land 
Com.,  no.  804;  died  in  '46. 

Ramirez  (Agapito),  at  Los  Ang.  '45-6,  iv.  522,  541.  R.  (Angel),  1834, 
Mex.  ex-friar  and  ex-revolutionist,  in  charge  of  the  Mont,  custom-house  '34- 
6;  a  leading  supporter  of  Alvarado  at  first  and  later  a  conspirator  against  him; 
an  intriguing,  vicious  fellow,  who  died  in  '40.  His  wife,  or  mistress,  in  '36  was 
Francisca  Gutierrez,  who  came  with  him  overland  from  Tepic.  Biog.  iii.  587- 
8;  ment.  iii.  357-8,  261,  297,  370-3,  377,  452,  455,  469,  477,  487,  513,  523-5, 
569,  573,  670-2,  677,  683,  688;  iv.  96,  163.  R.  (Angeles),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
R,  ( Aquilino),  killed  at  S.  Buen.  '38.  iii.  554.  R.  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '39, 
age  25.  R.  (Francisco),  Chileno  at  S.F.  '43-6;  age  40  in  '45;  collector  in  '46. 
v.  648.  R.  (Ignacio),  first  man  buried  at  Mont.  1770.  i.  175. 

Ramirez  (Jose),  1820,  Mex.  sub-lient  of  artill.  '20-26,  when  he  returned 
to  Mex.  ii.  263,  371,  381,  422,  470,  510,  537,  674;  iii.  25.  He  was  an  old  man 
of  60,  and  soon  died,  leaving  a  widow,  Maria  de  Jesus  Ortega,  of  StaB.,  who 
returned  to  Cal.,  and  in  '75  was  still  living  at  Sta  Clara.  R.  (Jose*),  resid. 
of  Branciforte  '28-30.  ii.  627;  wife  Margarita  Lorenzana,  child.  Riviano 
(Bibiano?),  Vicente,  Victor,  Andre's,  Jos6  Arcadio,  Luis,  Estefana,  Barbara. 
R.  (Jos<§  Ant.),  carpenter-instructor  1792-5;  at  Los  Ang.  '21.  i.  615;  ii.  351. 
R.  (Jos<§  Guad.),  soldier  at  S.  Juan  B.  before  1800.  i.  558.  R.  (Jos<5  Maria), 

(687) 


688  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX 

1825,  Mex.  alfe"rez,  who  came  with  Gov.  Echeandfa,  and  was  soon  attached 
to  the  S.  Diego  cpmp.  iii.  13-14,  16,  24,  78.  He  married  Dolores  Palomares, 
and  in  '30  was  tried  and  acquitted  for  bigamy.  Took  part  in  the  revolt  of  '31, 
and  was  the  slayer  of  Vicente  Gomez,  iii.  204,  673;  in  '33-4  comisionado  to 
secularize  S.  Diego  mission,  iii.  326,  620,  630;  in  '35-6  admin,  of  S.  Antonio 
(possibly  another  man),  iii.  354,  687-8;  in  '36  at  Mont.;  also  comisionado  of 
Sta  Ines.  iii.  426,  463,  663-4;  iv.  46.  He  was  involved  in  the  sectional  quar 
rels  of  '37-8,  being  more  than  once  arrested  in  the  south,  iii.  504,  555,  566; 
in  '40  was  grantee  of  land  at  Los  Ang.  iii.  634;  iv.  635;  and  in  '44  is  mcnt. 
as  lieut,  being  also  instructor  and  adjutant  of  the  Los  Ang.  comp.  of  defen- 
sores.  iv.  407-8.  An  Alf.  Ramirez  was  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel  in  Jan.  '47. 
v.  396.  R.  (Jose'  Maria),  soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  33,  nat.  of  Oajaca.  R. 
(Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  in  '36,  one  of  the  vigilantes,  iii.  432;  age  32  in  '39;  juez 
de  campo  '36,  '40,  '48.  iii.  636-7;  v.  626;  justice  of  the  peace  in  '50.  R. 
(Manuel),  1801,  Mex.  convict,  ii.  170.  R.  (Maria  Potenciana),  wife  of  Ma- 
cario  Castro  1777.  ii.  141.  R.  (Miguel),  sindico  at  Branciforte  '36.  iii.  697; 
in  '45,  age  50,  nat.  of  Tepic,  wife  Margarita  Lorenzana,  son  Canuto  b.  '26  at 
B.;  prob.  same  as  Jose"  above.  R.  (Ramon),  at  S.  Gabriel '46.  Ramon 
(Jose"),  Ind.  grantee  of  Purisima,  Sta  Clara.  Ramos  (Jose"),  Mex.  convict 
settler  1798.  i.  606. 

Ramsay,  mr  of  the  Good  Hope.  ii.  284.  Ramsdale  (Geo.),  1846,  corp. 
Co.  K,  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons.  Killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346.  Ramsey  (Chas), 
1848,  settler  in  Solano  Co.,  still  in  Green  Valley  '78.  R.  (Dav.),  1847,  corp. 
Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  kept  a  store  at  S.F.  '48.  v.  683.  R.  (John  W.)t 
1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Rand,  or  Ran  (Caleb),  1847,  settler  in  Sta 
Clara  Val.  with  wife  from  '46-7;  went  to  Or.  72;  d.  '79.  R.  (Geo.),  1847, 
perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499),  under  another  name.  R.  (Joshua),  1847,  Co. 
C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  Randall  (Andrew),  1847,  gunner  on 
the  U.S.  Portsmouth;  in  '50  called  a  doctor  and  scientist;  in  '53  apparently 
the  claimant  for  several  ranches,  iii.  677,  712;  iv.  655,  670,  672.  R.  (Chan 
dler  G.),  1847,  said  to  have  been  orderly  sergt  in  N.Y.Vol.,  but  not  on  the 
rolls;  a  carpenter  at  S.  Jos4  from  '49  to  his  death  in  '58,  age  36.  R.  (Charles 
G.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  Jose"  after  '50;  doubtless  same  as 
preceding.  R.  (Eli),  1847,  at  Stockton.  Tinkham.  R.  (John),  1826,  mid. 
on  the  Blossom  '26-7.  Randolph  (Isaac  N.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons 
(v.  336);  kept  a  hotel  at  Sonoma  '48;  in  Amador  Co.  from  '53  to  '63,  when  he 
committed  suicide.  R.  (J.  B.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  Raney 
(McKee),  1848,  uat.  of  Va,  settler  of  S.  Joaq.,  apparently  living  in  '84;  also 
called  'Reany.'  Rangel  (Juan  Jose"),  1829,  Mex.  convict  set  at  liberty  '34. 
Ranguel  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Ran  sch  (Joseph  A.),  1847,  at  S.F. 
asking  for  land;  perhaps  'Rausch.' 

Ratiguende  (Wm),  1828,  doubtful  name;  mr  of  the  Fenix.  iii.  147. 
Rausch  (Nicholas  J.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot; 
later  a  prominent  German  citizen  of  S.F.  where  he  died  in  '63.  Rawson 
(Dan.  B.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Ray  (Charles),  1823,  mr  of 
the  Plowboy.  ii.  492.  R.  (David),  1848,  immig.  from  Or.  with  wife  and  5 
children;  died  on  the  Yuba  the  same  year.  Burnett.  R.  (JohnG.),  1846, 
memb.  of  the  Sonoma  council  '47.  v.  668;  Cal.  claim  of  $250  (v.  462);  in  '60 
kept  a  hotel  on  the  Geyser  road.  The  John  Ray  who  came  to  Rose  Bar  with 
his  family  in  '48,  Yuba  Co.  Hist.,  83,  maybe  he  or  David.  Rayaty  (Julian), 
at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  26.  Raymond  (Almon  P.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  R.  (Fred.),  1847,  nat.  of  Mass.,  who  died  at  S.F.  May  27th.  R. 
(Peter),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  murderer  of  J.  R.  von  Pfister  in  the 
mines  Oct.  '48,  but  escaped  from  jail.  I  think  he  may  possibly  be  the  Peter 
Remer  executed  at  Sta  B.  in  Dec.  for  the  Reed  murder,  v.  632.  Raymore 
(Thos),  1832,  memb.  of  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221.  Raynor 
(Wm),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336). 

Read  (Christina),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot. 
v.  679.  R.  (Edward),  1844,  Amer.  from  Mazatlan,  who  went  mad  on  the 
voyage,  and  seems  to  have  died  at  S.  Pedro,  iv.  453.  R.  (Hannah  T.),  1846, 


READ-REAL.  689 

of  the  Morm.  colony  with  a  child,  v.  546;  perhaps  Mrs  Jimison  later.  R. 
(John),  1826  (?).  Irish  sailor  said  to  have  come  from  Acapulco  this  year.  iii. 
176.  I  find  no  original  record  of  his  presence  before  '33  except  that  in  '34  sev 
eral  witnesses  testified  to  having  known  him  for  6  years,  or  since  '28.  Pre 
vented  by  Ind.  from  cultivating  the  Cotate  rancho,  and  serving  for  a  time  as 
majordomo  of  S.  Rafael,  ace.  to  current  sketches  he  came  to  Sauzalito  in  '32. 
Weeks  claims  to  have  visited  him  in  the  Sauzalito  cabin  iu  '31.  His  boat 
running  occasionally  to  Yerba  Buena,  may  be  regarded  as  the  1st  ferry.  From 
'33  his  name  appears  on  Larkin's  books  and  in  various  records,  iii.  365;  iv. 
117.  He  was  naturalized  in  Sept.  '34,  and  in  Oct.  was  grantee  of  the  Corte  de 
Madera  del  Presidio  rancho.  iii.  711.  In  '35  he  was  godfather  at  the  baptism 
of  Geo.  Yount,  and  in  '36  married  Hilaria,  daughter  of  Jose"  Ant.  Sanchez, 
being  appointed  admin,  of  S.  Rafael,  and  perhaps  serving  as  alcalde  the  next 
year,  when  he  was  visited  by  Edwards,  iii.  718;  iv.  86.  Henry  A.  Peirce  de 
scribes  a  visit  to  his  place  in  '41,  and  he  died  in  '43,  leaving  4  children.  The 
widow  was  still  living  in  '72  with  a  daughter  by  a  2d  husband.  The  son,  John 
J. ,  b.  in  '37,  inherited  his  father's  estate  and  was  still  living  in  '80,  with  wife 
Carlota  Suarez  and  2  children.  Another  son  was  Richard,  b.  about  '39.  One 
daughter,  Lie's,  Mrs  DefFenbach,  lived  in  '80  in  the  adobe  house  built  by  her 
father;  the  other,  Hilaria,  married  J.  Boyle  of  S.F.  R.  (Rachel),  1848, 
married  at  S.  F.  to  F.  Weaver.  R.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill. 
(v.  518). 

Reading  (Pierson  B.),  1843,  nat.  of  N.J.  and  overl.  immig.  in  the  Chiles- 
Walker  party,  iv.  393-4,  400.  He  entered  Slitter's  service  as  clerk  and  chief 
of  trappers,  making  wide  explorations  in  '44-5,  commanding  at  the  fort  dur 
ing  Sutter's  absence  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  and  getting  in  '44  a  grant  of 
the  S.  Buenaventura  rancho.  iv.  483,  486,  673.  In  '46  he  was  active  from  the 
first  in  promoting  the  settlers'  revolt,  and  served  '46-7  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  as 
paymaster,  with  rank  of  major,  owning  a  lot  at  S.F.,  and  havinga  'Cal.  claim.' 
v.  127-8,  170,  179,  360,  404-5,  447,  674,  685.  After  his  discharge  he  settled 
on  his  Shasta  Co.  rancho,  but  in  '48-9  engaged  extensively  in  mining  opera 
tions  on  Trinity  River,  where  Reading  Bar  bore  his  name,  and  in  '49  had  a 
store  at  Sac.  in  company  with  Hensley  and  Snyder,  besides  taking  part  in 
political  affairs.  In  '50  he  went  east  to  settle  his  accounts  as  paymaster,  and 
to  pay  a  large  debt  at  Vicksburg  resulting  from  a  business  failure  of  '37,  and 
returning  was  candidate  for  governor  in  '51,  barely  missing  election.  Subse 
quently  he  devoted  himself  to  agriculture  in  northern  Cal. ;  married  Fanny 
Washington  in  '56,  and  died  in  '68  at  the  age  of  52,  leaving  a  widow  and  5  chil 
dren.  Maj.  Reading  was  a  man  of  well-balanced  mind,  honorable,  energetic, 
and  courteous;  one  whose  Calif ornian  record  seems  never  to  have  furnished 
material  for  adverse  criticism. 

Real  (Antonio  Suarez  del),  1833,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecas  college,  who 
served  at  Sta  Cruz  '33-44,  and  retired  to  his  college  in  the  latter  year,  or  per 
haps  in  '45.  iii.  319,  693-5;  iv.  371,  657,  662,  675.  Padre  Real  was  a  dissolute 
man  addicted  to  more  than  one  vice,  and  even  accused  of  theft,  but  credited 
with  having  been  kind  and  indulgent  to  his  neophytes.  Sir  Geo.  Simpson, 
Laplace  the  French  voyager,  and  Josiah  Belden  have  something  to  say  of  the 
friar's  character.  R.  (Jos4  Maria  del  Refugio  Sagrado  Suarez  del),  1833, 
brother  of  Antonio,  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos,  missionary  at  S.  Carlos  to 
'43,  and  priest  at  Sta  Clara,  with  charge  of  S.  Jose1  and  S.  Carlos  from  '44.  iii. 
319,  679-80;  iv.  5,  427,  549,  638,  651,  657,  682.  In  '46-7  he  was  in  some  dif 
ficulty  about  sales  of  mission  lands  and  encroachments  of  immigrants,  v. 
564,  663,  665-7;  and  in  later  years  his  troubles  with  the  authorities  continued 
to  some  extent,  until  in  '51  the  guardian  called  on  P.  Gonzalez  to  suspend 
Real  if  he  could  not  be  induced  to  leave  Cal.  voluntarily.  He  went  in  '52;  in 
'53  writes  from  S.  Jose"  del  Cabo,  L.  Cal.;  and  in  '55  he  had  severed  his  con 
nection  with  the  college  and  was  serving  as  parish  priest  at  Mazatlan.  Padre 
Jose"  Maria  somewhat  resembled  his  brother  in  character,  though  an  abler  man, 
with  more  skill  in  concealing  his  irregularities.  It  was  most  unfortunate  for 
the  general  reputation  of  the  Cal.  padres— a  most  excellent  body  of  men,  as 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  V.  44 


690  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

is  fully  shown  in  these  volumes — that  the  Real  brothers,  Quijas,  Mercado, 
and  a  few  other  black  sheep  of  the  fold  were  the  friars  whose  conduct  was 
best  known  to  the  foreign  immig.,  and  on  whom  many  pioneers  have  founded 
their  estimate  of  the  missionaries.  Reamer  (Wm  C.)  of  the  Mormon  col. 
of  '46;  did  not  come  to  Cal.  Reausseau  (Charles),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  in  S.F.  '68. 

Recio  (Antonio  M.  Jimenez  del),  parish  priest  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  v.  625; 
prob.  came  in  '45  or  earlier.  Rector  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  nat.  of  Ky;  resid.  of 
S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  '68-83.  Reddick,  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men  perhaps,  iv. 
583;  went  east  with  Sublette  in  '46,  or  perhaps  to  Or.  v.  526.  Redmond 
(John  B.),  1848  (?),  Irish  settler  of  Maria  Co.  '64-80.  Reed  (B.  F.),  1846, 
Cal.  claim  of  $300  (v.  462).  R.  (Edward),  1831,  mr  of  the  Harriet.  R. 
(Geo.),  1828,  mr  of  the  Rascow.  iii.  148. 

Reed  (James  Frazier),  1846,  nat.  of  Ireland  and  a  prominent  member  of 
the  Donner  party  from  111.,  accomp.  by  his  wife,  4  children,  and  his  wife's 
mother,  Mrs  Sarah  Keyes.  The  latter  died  in  May  at  the  age  of  90.  In  Oct., 
before  reaching  the  mts,  Reed,  in  a  quarrel,  killed  John  Snyder  and  was  ban 
ished  from  the  company.  With  one  companion  he  crossed  the  Sierra,  and 
after  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  recross  with  relief,  served  as  lieut  in  the 
Sanchez  campaign,  and  in  Feb.  '47  went  back  to  the  lake  in  the  2d  relief. 
All  the  family  saved  their  lives  and  settled  at  S.  Jose",  where  R.  became 
wealthy  and  held  local  offices,  dying  in  '74,  and  his  wife,  Margaret  W.,  in  '61. 
James  F.  Jr  was  living  at  S.  Jose"  in  '80,  as  was  Thomas  K.,  also  Virginia 
E.,  wife  of  John  M.  Murphy,  with  6  children,  and  Martha  J.,  widow  of  Frank 
Lewis,  with  7  children.  Portraits  of  father,  mother,  and  the  daughters  in 
McGlashan's  work.  v.  508,  530,  532,  534,  664,  666,  668,  676. 

Reed  (John),  see  'Read.'  R.  (John),  1837  (?),  nat.  of  N.C.,  who  came 
from  N.  Mex. ;  often  accredited  to  the  Workman  party,  but  his  name  is  not 
in  Rowland's  list,  and  Given  is  positive  he  was  not  of  the  party,  iv.  118,  278. 
Accredited  to  '37  by  the  Los  Ang.  Co.  Hist.,  but  perhaps  did  not  come  till 
after  '41.  Served  against  Micheltorena  in  '45.  iv.  495;  signed  the  declaration 
against  Castro  in  June  '46,  and  in  Stockton's  campaign  of  46-7  served  as 
sergt  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  A  visit  to  Sutter's  fort  is  recorded  in  '47.  He  was  a  son- 
in-law  of  John  Rowland,  and  became  owner  of  La  Puente  rancho,  where  he 
died  in  '74,  leaving  a  widow,  but  no  children.  R.  (John),  1846,  of  the 
Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  perhaps  should  be  'Read,'  or  the  others  'Reed.'  R. 
(John),  1846,  lieut  in  Marston's  force  Sta  Clara  campaign,  v.  350.  R.  (John), 
1846,  sailmaker  on  the  Congress,  acting  capt.  in  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  385. 
R.  (Joseph),  1847,  accredited  tpN.Y.  Vol.,  but  not  on  roll;  in  St  Helena  '75. 
R.  (Martin),  1830,  asked  permission  to  cut  timber  at  S.F. ;  maybe  an  error 
for  'John  Read.'  R.  (P,  H.),  1847,  on  the  Vandalia  at  S.F.  and  Mont.  R. 
(Rachel),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  perhaps  'Read.'  R.  (Rich 
ard),  1845,  deserted  from  the  Hopewell  at  S.  Diego.  R.  (Thos  B.),  1845, 
doubtful  name  of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  R.  (Wm),  1826,  claimed  to  have 
been  with  Jed.  Smith,  iii.  153.  R.  (Wm),  1837,  Engl.  sailor  and  lumber 
man  in  Mont,  district  '37-8;  being  also  named  as  pilot  and  mate  of  the  schr 
California  '37-9.  iii.  532;  iv.  101.  He  married  a  native  and  settled  near  S. 
Miguel  before  '46,  in  which  year,  with  Petronilo  Rios,  he  got  a  grant  of  the 
mission  rancho.  v.  561,  637.  Returning  to  his  home  from  a  successful  trip  to 
the  mines  he  was  murdered  in  Dec.  '48,  with  wife,  children,  and  servants — 11 
persons  in  all — by  4  robbers,  some  of  them  discharged  N.  Y.  Volunteers.  One  of 
the  assassins  was  killed  in  the  pursuit,  and  the  others,  calling  themselves  Lynch, 
Remer,  and  Quinn,  were  executed  at  Sta  B.  Dec.  28th.  v.  592,  639-40.  R. 
(Wm),  1842,  trader  at  S.F.  from  N.  Orleans,  aged  32,  with  wife  and  3  chil 
dren,  John,  Maria,  and  Eliza,  the  last  born  or  S.F.  Padron  in  Dwinelle. 

Reer  (James),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Reese  (Dav.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d 
U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  R.  (Geo.),  1847,  ditto.  R.  (James),  1846,  Co.  E, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Reeves  (S.  C.),  1848,  Columbia  River  pilot  who  came  to 
Cal.  on  the  news  of  gold,  in  a  long-boat  rigged  for  the  trip;  returned  to  Or. 
as  mr  of  the  J6ven  Gnipuzcoana,  but  came  back  to  navigate  S.F.  bay  on  the 


REEVES— REQUENA.  691 

Flora,  and  was  drowned  in  '49.  Hist.  Or.,  i.  589,  808.  Reffe  (Winchester), 
1847,  nat.  of  Ky  and  overl.  imniig.;  a  farmer  near  Stockton  '49-56;  settler  in 
Lake  Co.  '65-80;  wife  Lucy  Maxwell.  Regalado  (Pedro)  invalido  corp.  of 
S.  F.  comp.  '39-40.  R.  (Victor),  1848,  nat.  of  Texas  who  came  from  Sonora 
to  the  mines;  later  at  Los  Ang.  Iteichart  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S. 
artill.  (v.  518);  supposed  to  be  living  in  '67. 

Reid  (Hugo  Perfecto),  1834,  nat.  of  Scotland,  who  had  been  6  years  in 
Mex.,  coming  to  S.  Diego  in  Aug.  '34  with  a  pass  from  Gefe  Pol.  Monterde  at 
La  Paz.  iii.  412.  He  settled  at  Los  Ang.,  aged  23,  and  in  '35  was  accused  of 
complicity  in  the  Apalategui  revolt,  iii.  285;  iv.  117.  He  is  ment.  in  various 
records  from  this  time,  and  seems  to  have  been  engaged  in  trade  with  Leese 
and  Keith.  Becoming  naturalized  in  '39,  he  settled  on  the  Sta  Anita  rancho, 
granted  to  him  in  '41-5.  iv.  635.  I  have  several  of  his  letters  to  Hartnell, 
who  aided  him  in  getting  the  land  against  the  efforts  of  J.  A.  Carrillo  in  be 
half  of  the  Lopez  family.  In  '39  he  had  a  wife,  Victoria,  and  3  children,  the 
wife  having  a  grant  of  the  Cuati  rancho  in  '38.  iii.  633.  He  is  named  as  mr  of 
the  Esmeralda  in  '42-3.  iv.  565;  in  '43,  '46,  encargado  de  justicia  at  S.  Gabriel, 
iv.  637,  of  which  establishment  he  was  purchaser  with  Workman  in  '46.  v. 
561,  627-9.  In  '47  he  sold  Sta  Anita  to  Dalton.  v.  628;  was  owner  of  a  S.  F. 
lot.  v.  685;  is  named  as  sec.  of  a  meeting  at  S.F.  on  land  matters;  visited  the 
mines  in  '48,  being  also  Pio  Pico's  agent  to  explain  the  motives  of  his  return, 
v.  588;  and  in  '49  was  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention.  He  gave  much 
attention  to  Ind.  manners  and  customs,  on  which  subject  he  wrote  a  valuable 
series  of  papers,  published  in  the  Los  Ang.  Star.  i.  180.  His  death  was  in  '52. 
Felipe  and  Jose"  Dolores  seem  to  have  been  his  sons,  iv.  119,  the  former  being 
at  S.  Juan  B.  in  '49.  R.  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Napa 
'71-82.  R.  (Patrick),  1847,  corp.  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  v.  519;  supposed  to 
be  living '64.  R.  (Wm),  1835,  Amer.  physician  at  Los  Ang.,  accused  of 
complicity  in  the  revolt,  iii.  242-5,  285.  The  ayunt.  passed  complimentary 
resol.  on  his  medical  services;  prob.  confounded  with  'Keith,'  q.v.  Rein- 
hart  (John),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Reintrie  (Henry),  1842,  sec.  of 
Com.  Jones,  iv.  310,  321;  a  nat.  of  Cuba  of  French  parentage,  who  was  sec. 
on  the  Independence  in  '47;  in  '68  vice-consul-general  at  Habana.  Reisch 
(Jacob),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Remer  (Peter),  1848,  one  of  the  murderers  of  the  Reed  family  at  S.  Mi 
guel,  executed  at  Sta  B.  in  Dec.  v.  632,  640.  I  think  he  was  Raymond  of  the 
N.V.Vol.,  '47,  who  killed  Pfister  in  Oct.  '48.  Remington  (Darius  C.),  1847, 
Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Wash.  Ter.  '74.  Remon  (Jos«5  Ant.),  1819,  at 
Los  Ang.  ii.  354.  Renard  (Wm),  1840,  mr  of  the  Francis  Henrietta;  letters 
of  introd.;  perhaps  did  not  come.  Rendall  (John),  1826,  mid.  with  Beechey. 
iii.  121.  Rendon  (Guadalupe  and  Julian),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  R.  (Ignacio), 
settler  at  Los  Ang.  '10-19.  ii.  349,  354.  Renom,  1817,  boatswain  on  Roque- 
feuil's  vessel,  d.  at  S.F.  ii.  288.'  Renshaw  (Wm  B.),  1846;  lieut  U.S.N., 
acting  capt.  in  Stockton's  bat.  '46-7;  came  from  Mazatlan  with  despatches 
on  the  Malek  Adhel  Oct.  '46.  v.  290,  357-8,  386,  391-5.  Repeto  (James), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Repoll  (Sam.  F.),  1846,  killed  at  S. 
Pascual.  v.  346;  prob.  the  following.  Repose  (Sam.  T.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st 
U.S.  dragoons  (v.  386). 

Requena  (Manuel),  1834,  nat.  of  Yucatan,  a  trader  who  came  by  sea  from 
Guaymas,  sold  his  vessel,  and  remained  in  Cal.  In  '35  he  was  fiscal  at  the 
Apalategui  trial,  iii.  285;  alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  '36.  iii.  418-19,  431,  481,  636; 
took  a  prominent  part  '36-8  in  the  southern  opposition  to  Alvarado,  and  after 
the  affair  at  Las  Flores  retired  for  a  time  across  the  frontier,  iii.  491,  504,  518, 
548-9,  555,  558,  561,  565.  In  '39-41  he  was  a  member  of  the  junta,  iii.  590, 
604;  iv.  193;  in  '44  alcalde,  iv.  411,  633;  and  in  '45  ministro  of  the  sup. 
tribunal  and  suplente  congressman,  iv.  532,  539-40;  v.  50.  In  the  troubles  of 
'46-7  he  seems  to  have  taken  but  slight  part;  but  in  '50-67  he  was  often 
member  of  the  city  council.  He  died  in  '76,  at  the  age  of  about  72,  having 
always  been  a  citizen  of  excellent  standing  and  much  local  influence.  His 
wife  was  Gertrudis  Guirado,  who  died  in  '74.  His  daughter  married  Dav.  W. 


692  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX, 

Alexander,  from  whom  I  obtained  copies  of  a  small  collection  of  Requena,  Doc* 
Hist.  Cal.  Retar  (Henry),  1840,  sailor  on  the  California.  Revell  (Andrew 
or  Joseph),  1848,  S.F.  letter  list. 

Revere  (Joseph  Warren),  1846,  nat.  of  Mass.,  and  lieut  on  iheCyane.  He 
was  the  officer  sent  to  raise  the  U.S.  flag  at  Sonoma  in  July,  and  remained 
in  com.  of  the  northern  district  for  several  months,  making  a  tour  to  Clear 
Lake — the  1st  ever  described  in  print — and  visiting  Sutler's  fort  to  repel  the 
threatened  Walla  Walla  invasion,  v.  59-60,  128-9,  238,  242-3,  254,  296-7, 
301,  433,  667.  In  '47  com.  of  the  prize  Admittance,  v.  576;  later  claimant  for 
a  Marin  Co.  rancho.  iv.  673.  His  Tour  of  Duty,  published  in  '49,  contained 
an  interesting  narrative  of  his  adventures  and  observations  in  Cal.  He  re 
signed  in  '50  to  become  a  ranchero  in  Mex. ,  soon  entering  the  govt  service, 
but  in  '61  reentering  that  of  the  U.S.  as  colonel  of  a  N.J.  regiment.  He  rose 
to  the  rank  of  brig. -gen.,  but  was  dismissed  from  the  army  by  court-martial 
in  '63  for  alleged  misconduct  at  Chancellorsville.  He  resided  at  Morristown, 
N.J. ;  published  another  book,  Keel  and  Saddle,  in  '72;  took  much  interest  in 
pioneer  Cal.  matters,  v.  148-9;  and  died  in  '80.  Revilla  (Cristobal),  1775, 
mate  on  transports  '75-6.  i.  241,  287. 

Rey  (Chas),  1823,  mr  of  the  Plowboy.  ii.  492.  R.  (Cristobal),  in  trouble 
1797.  i.  639.  II.  (Joseph),  1842,  French  lumberman  in  the  contra  costa. 
Reyes  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  i.  '19-39;  ii.  355;  and  Ant.  Maria  '46-8,  perhaps 
the  same.  R.  (Dionisio),  in  Los  Ang.  revolt  '46.  v.  308.  R.  (Fecundo),  at 
Los  Ang.  '46.  R.  (Francisco),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1787;  alcalde  '93-5;  owner 
of  ranches;  d.  before  1816.  i.  461,  553,561-2,  612,  661-3;  ii.  172,  185,  349. 
R.  (Ignacio),  juez  de  campoatLos  Ang.  '45.  iv.  634.  R.  (Inocencia),  ment. 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  v.  318.  R.  (Isidro)|  aux.  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  '38.  iii.  636; 
age  26  in '39;  cl.  for  Boca  de  Sta  M6nica  '52.  iii.  633.  R.  (Jacinto),  settler 
at  Los  Ang.  1804.  ii.  349.  R.  (Jose"),  saddler-instructor  1792-5.  i.  615.  R. 
(Jose"),  convict  settler  of  1798.  i.  606.  R.  (Jose"),  corp.  of  S.F.  comp.  '20-8; 
perhaps  same  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8;  Sta.  B.  '50.  R.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
R.  '(Martin),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  461.  R.  (Saturnine  and  Seferino), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46-8. 

Reynolds,  1810,  mr  of  the  Sultan  '10-14.  ii.  282.  R.  (Ed.  D.),  1847, 
purser  on  the  U.  S.  Southampton.  R.  (Sam.),  1843,  visited  Cal.  from  Hon. 
R.  (Stephen),  1833  (?),  Mass,  trader  at  Honolulu,  often  named  in  Cal.  corresp. 
of  '30-44,  many  of  his  original  letters  being  in  my  collection.  I  think  he  vis 
ited  Cal.,  but  find  no  positive  record.  He  died  insane  in  Mass,  about  '53, 
having  lost  his  property  in  a  sugar  plantation  at  the  Islands.  R.  (Wm), 
1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  R.  (Wm),  1845,  named  at  S.  F.;  also  as 
alcalde  of  S.  Rafael,  and  later  claimant  for  part  of  Nicasio  rancho.  iv.  587, 
593,  672,  677.  There  may  be  some  confusion  between  him  and  the  following. 
R.  (Wm  John),  1839,  Engl.  sailor  and  carpenter  on  the  Index,  who  left  the 
ship  and  settled  at  S.F.  in  '43.  iv.  119.  In  '44,  being  25  years  old,  he  became 
a  Mex.  citizen,  owner  of  a  lot,  iv.  669,  and  corporal  in  the  defensores.  He 
worked  as  a  carpenter  with  Davis  and  Rose,  spending  much  of  the  time,  '45-6, 
in  Napa  Valley,  where  he  seems  to  have  worked  on  a  mill,  and  where  he 
built  a  small  vessel,  the  Londresa.  His  visits  at  N.  Helv.  are  recorded  in  the 
Diary  of  '45-7;  and  he  is  said  to  have  been  married  in  '46(?)  by  Alcalde 
Boggs.  There  is  no  reliable  record  of  the  part  he  took  in  the  revolt  of  '46, 
though  some  vague  and  inaccurate  reminiscences  are  recorded  in  the  Napa 
Register  of  '72.  He  was  familiarly  known  as  Chino  Reynolds,  was  rarely  de 
tected  in  telling  the  truth  about  early  events,  and  died  in  '76  at  Sonoma. 
R.  (Wm  P.),  1845,  son  of  Stephen,  b.  in  Manila,  mate  on  the  Fama.  iv.  565; 
worked  for  Davis  &  Grimes;  served  in  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247); 
owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  684;  in  '49-52  was  in  charge  of  Lugo's  rancho,  Los. 
Ang.,  and  later  a  trader;  still  at  Los  Ang.  '58.  Rezanof  (Nikolai  Petro- 
vich),  1806,  Russ.  chamberlain,  who  visited  S.F.  to  establish  commercial  re 
lations  bet  Alaska  and  Cal.  ii.  38,  67-80,  182,  219. 

Rhea  (John),  1831,  Arner.  trapper  from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Wolfskill  party, 
who  settled  at  Los  Ang.,  where  he  kept  a  saloon,  with  a  billiard- table,  from. 


RHEA— RICHARDS.  693 

'34  to  '36,  but  is  thought  to  have  gone  east  about  '37.  iii.  387,  405.  Rhett, 
1845,  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583.  Rheusaw  (Hiram),  1845, 
overl.  immig.  of  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  v.  576,  587.  He  is  ment.  at  Sutter's 
fort  early  in  '46;  and  went  south  with  Fremont  in  Aug.,  remaining  there 
with  Gillespie,  and  ranking  as  lieut  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  during  the  final  cam 
paign,  v.  300,  386,  435;  Cal.  claim  of  $15  (v.  462).  I  have  no  record  of  him 
-after  his  discharge  from  the  service  in  April  '47.  Rhinehart  (Joseph),  1846, 
German  raeuib.  of  the  Donner  party,  who  perished  in  the  snow.  He  had  no 
family,  v.  531,533. 

Rhoads  (Darnel),  1846,  son  of  Thomas,  nat.  of  111.,  and  overl.  immig.  with 
wife  and  his  father's  family.  He  worked  for  Sinclair  on  the  Grimes'  rancho, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  1st  Donner  relief,  v.  538,  of  which  he  has  furnished 
for  my  use  a  valuable  narrative  in  MS.  Working  in  the  mines  '48-9,  after  a 
visit  east  he  settled  in  '51  on  a  rancho  near  Gilroy,  moving  in  '57  to  the  Kings 
River  country,  and  living  in  '83  at  the  age  of  62  near  Lemoore,  Kern  Co.  He 
had  at  that  date  a  son  and  three  daughters.  Portrait  in  Kern  Go.  Hist.,  168. 
R.  (Henry  C. ),  18-46,  son  of  Thomas,  in  Fresno  Co.  '72.  R.  (H.),  1847,  visited 
€al.  on  the  Gen.  Kearny.  R.  (John  B.),  1846,  oldest  son  of  Thomas;  mem 
ber  and  perhaps  capt.  of  the  1st  Donner  relief,  and  also  memb.  of  the  4th;  on 
the  jury  in  the  Keseberg  trial,  v.  538,  541.  He  settled  in  the  Sac.  Valley, 
was  a  memb  of  the  legislature  '63,  and  died  in  '66.  R.  (Thomas),  1846,  nat. 
of  Ky,  a  Mormon,  and  overl.  immig.  with  wife  and  12  sons  and  daughters. 
He  settled  on  the  Cosumnes,  and  the  visits  of  different  members  of  the  family 
are  often  recorded  at  Sutter's  fort  in  '47.  In  that  year  Mrs  R.  died  on 
Sutter's  launch  while  being  carried  to  S.F.  for  medical  aid,  and  was  buried  at 
Benicia.  R.  subsequently  went  to  Utah,  where  he  died  in  '69  at  the  age  of  77. 
The  sons,  Daniel,  Henry,  John,  Thomas,  and  Wm  B.,  are  named  in  this  regis 
ter.  Of  the  daughters,  Elizabeth  married  Sebastian  Keyser  in  '46,  and  in 
'72,  as  Mrs  Pierce,  lived  at  Kingston,  Fresno  Co. ;  Sarah  married  Wm  Daylor  in 
'47,  in  '51  became  the  wife  of  Wm  R.  Grimshaw,  and  in  '72  lived  at  the  Day 
lor  rancho  with  7  children.  Grimshaw's  narrative  has  been  my  chief  source  of 
information  about  the  Rhoads  family.  A  3d  daughter  married  Jared  Sheldon 
in  '47,  and  in  '72  lived  at  Day  lor  rancho  with  2  children.  The  youngest  daugh 
ter  went  to  Utah  and  married  John  Clawson.  The  wife  of  T.  Elder  is  also 
named  as  a  daughter  of  R.  R.  (Thomas  Jr),  1846,  son  of  Thomas;  prob.  the 
T.  Rhoads  who  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  drowned  while  crossing  the 
plains  in  '52.  R.  (Wm  B.),  1846,  son  of  Thomas;  in  Fresno  Co.  '72. 
Rhodes  (Jonas  B.),  1848,  at  S.  F.  from  Valparaiso.  R.  (Stephen  C.),  1846, 
sailor  on  the  U.S.  Dale;  came  back  to  Cal.  in  '49,  and  died  at  S.F.  '50  at  the 
age  of  40. 

Rice  (Daniel),  1832,  Amer.  carpenter  from  S.  Bias.  iii.  408;  at  Los  Ang. 
'40,  age  30;  married  a  Romero  about  '35.  R.  (Geo.  Joseph),  1826,  nat.  of 
Mass.,  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Rover,  iii.  176;  ii.  558;  and  settled  at  Los 
Ang.  In. '28  he  made  a  trip  to  Hon.  on  the  Heros  for  his  health,  returning  by 
L.  Cal.  and  S.  Diego,  obtaining  naturalization  and  a  license  to  marry  in  '29. 
His  wife  was  a  Lopez,  and  he  was  for  a  time  associated  in  business  with  John 
Temple,  the  partnership  being  dissolved  in  '32.  I  have  several  of  his  letters 
of  '31-4.  In  the  later  years  he  kept  a  billiard-saloon,  which  he  sold  to  Fran. 
Figueroa  about  '35;  and  he  is  said  to  have  left  Cal.  for  the  east  about  the  same 
time.  R.  (John),  1830,  Amer.  shoemaker  from  N.  Mex.  iii.  180;  at  Los 
Ang.  '36,  age  25.  R.  (Joseph  M.),  1846  (?),  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  R.  (Thos), 
1825,  mate  on  the  Rover.  R,  (Wm  H.),  1846,  died  in  Alameda  Co.  '67;  said 
to  have  been  a  sailor  in  the  navy  '46.  R.  (Wm),  1826,  mr  of  the  Warren 
'26,  '29  (?).  iii.  149. 

Rich  (Wm),  1841,  botanist  in  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  241,  243.  R.  (Wm),  1847, 
maj.  U.S.A.,  and  paymaster  '47-8;  came  on  the  Preble.  v.  517,  646.  Rich 
ards  (Henry),  1842,  sentenced  at  Los  Ang.  to  10  years  of  presidio  in  Jalisco 
for  murder;  nothing  known  of  the  case.  iv.  296,  342,  633.  R.  (James),  1847, 
Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  R.  (Q.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  R. 
(Nathaniel),  1833,  mr  of  the  N.  America,  iii.  383.  R.  (Pierre),  1844,  French- 


694  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

man  in  Mont,  district;  fined  for  buying  smuggled  goods;  had  a  claim  for 
damages  done  by  Fremont,  iv.  453,  566;  v.  615.  R.  (Peter  F.),  1847,  Co.  B, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  R.  (Wm),  1829,  British  subject  who  got  a  carta. 

Richardson  (A.),  1846,  mr  of  the  Brooklyn,  which  brought  the  Mormon 
colony,  v.  545,  576;  d.  in  N.  Y.  '84  at  the  age  of  86,  and  his  wife  the  same  day 
aged  77.  R.  (Artemas  W.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  county  sur 
veyor  in  Tuolumne;  d.  at  Sonora  '54.  R.  (Benj. ),  1848  (?),  a  capitalist  of  S.F. 
and  N.Y.  whose  arrival  is  doubtfully  accredited  to  this  year  in  newspaper 
sketches  of  '84.  R.  (Charles),  1847,  sergt  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  d.  at 
sea  '55.  R.  (Henry),  1844,  clerk  on  the  Sterling;  d.  in  Cal.  iv.  453.  R. 
(Henry  P.),  1847,  trader  on  the  coast  '47-8;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  and  of  property 
at  Benicia.  R.  (Paul),  1840  (?),  a  noted  trapper  and  mountaineer,  who  several 
times  crossed  the  continent  to  Or.,  and  may  have  entered  Cal.  before  '48, 
as  he  did  in  '49.  iv.  120. 

Richardson  (Wm  Antonio),  1822,  Engl.  mate  on  the  whaler  Orion  who 
'left'  his  vessel  at  S.F. ,  was  permitted  by  Gov.  Sola  to  remain  on  condition  of 
teaching  his  arts  of  navigation  and  carpentry,  and  in  '23  was  baptized  at  the 
mission  by  P.  Este"nega,  receiving  at  that  time  the  name  of  Antonio,  and  be 
ing  27  years  old.  ii.  478,  495-6,  591.  I  have  his  autograph  letter  of  '23  in 
Spanish,  and  many  of  later  date.  In  '24  he  was  in  trouble  about  debts,  ii. 
526;  and  this  was  by  no  means  the  last  occurrence  of  such  difficulties;  but  in 
'25  he  married  Maria  Antonia,  daughter  of  Comandante  Ignacio  Martinez. 
ii.  592;  iii.  29;  and  in  '27-9  he  applied  for  naturalization — obtained  in  '30 — 
calling  himself  a  piloto,  with  some  ideas  of  ship-building,  speaking  Spanish, 
and  having  a  capital  of  about  $3,000,  besides  some  live-stock,  and  producing 
a  certificate  from  P.  Altimira  of  great  usefulness  to  the  mission  by  carpenter- 
work,  and  teaching  calking  to  the  Ind.  He  had  a  boat  that  traders  could 
hire,  served  as  pilot  on  the  bay,  as  in  the  case  of  Duhaut-Cilly.  ii.  590;  was 
more  than  suspected  of  smuggling  with  the  support  of  his  father-in-law,  and 
in  '29  was  employed  to  vaccinate  Ind.  at  different  missions,  iii.  168,  whence 
his  later  title  of  doctor.  At  the  end  of  '29  he  moved  with  his  family  to  S. 
Gabriel,  where  he  made  his  home  till  '35,  though  making  trading  trips  up  and 
down  the  coast  in  different  vessels,  ii.  558;  iii.  143,  285,  382.  In  '35,  return 
ing  north,  after  aiding  in  founding  Sonoma,  he  erected  the  1st  structure  in  S.F. , 
a  kind  of  tent,  or  shanty,  replaced  in  '36  with  a  large  adobe  building;  became 
the  owner  of  town  lots;  declined  the  office  of  alcalde  in  '37;  and  from  the  1st 
day  of  '37  served  as  capt.  of  the  port  by  Vallejo's  appointment,  iii.  295,  512, 
700,  705,  709;  iv.  97-8,  116,  153,  601-2;  v.  682.  His  private  business  was  the 
collection  of  country  produce  by  a  launch  running  on  the  bay.  In '36  he  became 
owner  of  the  Sauzalito  rancho,  granted  to  Galindo  in  J35;  and  in  '41  he  went 
there  to  live,  though  still  holding  his  office  of  capt.  of  the  port  of  S.F.  till 
Nov.  '44,  with  no  little  trouble  arising  from  his  interested  leniency  to  whalers 
who  insisted  on  going  to  Sauzalito  '  for  wood  and  water.'  iv.  245,  314,  376, 
430,  665-6,  669-70,  683.  In  '46  he  afforded  some  slight  aid  to  the  Californians 
against  the  Bears,  v.  176;  but  under  Stockton's  appointment  served  again  as 
capt.  of  the  port  and  collector  in  '46-7.  v.  572,  659,  433,  539.  Had  a  Cal. 
claim  of  $6,683  (v.  462);  was  claimant  for  Sauzalito,  where  he  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life,  and  bis  wife  for  Pinole,  iii.  713;  iv.  672;  was  a  witness  in  the 
Limantour  and  other  land  cases;  and  died  in  '56,  leaving  a  widow,  still  liv 
ing  in  '80,  a  son,  and  2  daughters.  Capt.  R.  was  a  skilful  sailor  and  an 
energetic  man  of  business;  and  though  somewhat  too  often  involved  in  busi 
ness  difficulties,  and  severely  criticised — as  who  was  not  ? — in  land  litigations, 
is  still  given  a  good  name  by  men  of  all  classes  who  knew  him  in  the  early 
days.  A  biog.  sketch  is  given  in  the  Marin  Co.  Hist.,  386,  the  very  inac 
curate  nature  of  which  would  not  be  noticed  here  but  for  the  statement  that 
it  is  founded  on  an  original  diary.  R.  (Wm  B.),  1832,  Amer.  tailor  said  to 
have  come  on  the  Espia,  though  I  find  no  other  record  of  such  a  vessel,  iii. 
408.  Named  in  Larkin's  books  from  '33;  and  in  '40  at  Mont.,  age  30,  and  mar 
ried.  In  '46  he  served  in  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  and  was  stilf living  in  Mont. 
Co.  '50.  Called  also  Rocherson  and  Rickerson.  Sometimes  a  Wm  R.  appears 


RICHARDSON— RIDLEY.  695 

in  the  records,  at  Sonoma  and  elsewhere,  who  cannot  be  identified  with  Wm 
A.  or  Wm  B.,  so  that  there  may  have  been  a  third  of  the  name  Richer,  see 
'Nief.' 

.  Richie  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  C.  Monn.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Richmond  (Wm), 
1847,  Co.  D,  ditto.  Richter  (Carl),  1832  (?),  writes  to  Hartwell,  in  Russian, 
from  Sitka,  and  seems  to  have  spent  some  time  in  Cal.,  being  a  friend  of  the 
padre  prefecto.  Rickman  (Robert),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson 
party;  visited  Mont,  in  Jan.  '42  with  letters  from  Sutter,  but  went  east  the 
same  year.  iv.  267,  270,  275,  342.  Rico  (Francisco),  nat.  of  Mont.  b.  about 
'20;  in  '42-4  clerk  and  celador  of  the  Mont,  custom-house,  being  also  grantee 
in  '42-3  of  S.  Lorenzo  and  Rancherfa  del  Rio  Estanislao  ranches,  iv.  339,  377, 
431,  655,  672.  In  the  revolution  against  Micheltorena  '44-5,  Rico  took  a 
prominent  part  from  beginning  to  end.  iv.  460,  462,  487,  501,  505,  588.  In  his 
Notes  of  '45  Larkin  describes  him  as  an  honorable,  straightforward  man  of 
good  standing  but  little  property.  In  '46-7  as  capt.  of  defensores  he  was  an 
active  supporter  of  the  Flores  movement,  being  2d  in  com.  in  the  Natividad 
campaign,  chief  of  a  sub-revolt  against  Flores,  and  finally  commissioner  sent 
to  treat  with  Fremont,  v.  45,  307,  316-18,  321,  333,  362,  365,  368,  372,  404. 
As  late  as  Feb.  '48  he  was  required  to  give  bonds  to  commit  no  hostilities 
against  the  U.  S.  v.  585-6.  In  later  years  he  was  a  ranchero  in  Mont.  Co., 
being  apparently  supervisor  in  '56.  In  '77  he  gave  me  his  Memorias,  a  narra 
tive  confined  exclusively  to  the  events  of  '44-7  which  fell  under  his  personal 
observation,  the  general  accuracy  of  his  statements  being  well  attested  by 
original  documentary  records.  In  '85  I  have  not  heard  of  his  death.  R. 
(Martin  Gonzalez),  appointed  in  Mex.  district  judge  for  Cal.  in  '29,  but  never 
came.  R.  (Vicente),  sergt  at  Sta  B.  '29-30.  iii.  78,  114.  Ricord  (John), 
1847,  N.  Y.  lawyer  who  had  been  attorney-gen,  of  the  king  of  the  Sandwich 
Isl.  An  unfavorable  letter  from  Com.  Biddle  to  Gov.  Mason  respecting  his 
record  at  Hon.  and  in  the  U.S.  preceded  him  in  Cal.,  and  he  was  unable 
with  all  his  arts  to  secure  a  high  govt  position.  He  opened  a  law  office  at 
Mont.,  and  in  '48  was  a  speculator  in  quicksilver  mines. 

Riddell  (D.  A.),  1834,  mr  of  the  Wm  Lye.  iii.  384.  R.  (Timothy  W.), 
1834,  mr  of  the  Martha,  iii.  383.  Ridington  (Thomas),  1833,  Amer.  sailor, 
who  landed  from  the  Ayacucho  and  settled  at  S.  Diego  as  a  shoemaker,  age 
33.  iii.  409.  In  '35  he  applied  for  naturalization,  and  in  '38  got  provisional 
papers  from  Carlos  Carrillo  as  gov.  His  arrest  was  ordered  in  '40,  iv.  15,  but 
he  was  not  exiled;  and  in-'44  and  '47  he  served  as  justice  of  the  peace,  iv. 
618-20.  I  find  no  record  of  him  after  '48.  His  wife  was  Juana  Machado, 
widow  of  Ddmaso  Alipas,  who  still  lived  at  S.  Diego  in  '78,  with  4  married 
daughters,  giving  me  a  narrative  of  Tiempos  Pasados.  Ridley  (Robert), 
1840,  Engl.  sailor  and  clerk,  who  appears  on  Larkin's  books  from  Jan.,  being 
in  com.  of  Sutter's  launch,  and  for  a  time  in  charge  of  Ross  '41,  acting  also 
as  clerk  for  Spear  and  Rae  at  S.F.  iv.  117,  120,  129,  138,  186,  233,  668-9, 
678-9.  In  '44  he  was  naturalized,  owner  of  a  lot,  corporal  of  the  militia,  and 
married  to  Juana  Briones  of  North  Beach,  all  at  the  age  of  25.  He  was  a  pro 
nounced  cockney,  a  fine-looking  fellow,  prone  to  gossip  and  big  stories,  capa 
ble  of  drinking  prodigious  quantities  of  brandy,  and  popular  with  all  classes, 
In  '45  he  got  a  grant  of  Sonoma  rancho.  iv.  671;  and  this  year  or  the  next 
built  a  house  in  town — the  Leidesdorff  cottage,  at  the  corner  of  Montgomery 
and  California  streets.  He  was  capt.  of  the  port  in  '46,  and  for  a  time  2d  al 
calde;  but  having  a  fight  with  Leidesdorff—  whose  letters  are  full  of  denun 
ciation  of  this  'greatest  blaggard  in  town' — he  was  removed  from  the  office, 
v.  648-9.  In  July,  as  a  Mexican  official,  he  was  arrested  by  the  Bears  and  cast 
into  prison  at  Sutter's  fort,  but  released  in  time  to  get  some  votes  for  alcalde 
in  Sept.  v.  126, 129,  136, 178,  239,  295,  644-5,  659.  In  '47  keeping  a  saloon  at 
S.F.;  he  went  on  a  voyage  of  search  for  the  Warren's  launch,  v.  384,  680; 
later  appears  at  Mont,  for  a  time;  but  in  '48  was  appointed  alcalde  at  S.F. 
mission,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life,  dying  in  '51.  His  heirs  were  un 
successful  claimants  for  the  Visitacion  rancho.  v.  671.  His  name  was  prob. 
Robert  T.,  though  the  2d  initial  is  written  also  J.  and  F.,  and  he  is  also 
called  Richard  and  Joseph. 


696  .        PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

.Riely,  1847,  of  Lee  &  R.  at  Mont.  Rielson  (Geo.),  1846,  at  Bernal's 
rancho  near  S.  Leandro.  Rifle  (Wm),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  328);  prob.  same 
as  'Reffe.'  Rigby  (Geo.  R),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  Jos<§  '50. 
Riley  (James),  1846,  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex.  as  asst  in  the  engineer  dept. 
v.  337.  R.  (James),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '48. 
Ringgold  (J. ),  1841,  lieut  U.S.N.,  com.  of  the  Porpoise  in  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv. 
232,  235,  568.  Rins  (Louis),  1840,  refused  grant  of  Sta  Catalina  Isl.  as  a 
foreigner;  doubtful  name.  Rioboo  (Juan  Antonio  Garcia),  1783,  Span,  friar 
who  served  as  supernumerary  at  S.F.  and  S.  Diego,  retiring  in  '86.  Biog. 
i.  455-7;  ment.  i.  379,  388,  404,  422,  459. 

Rios  (A.)5  land-owner  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '43.  iv.  621.  R.  (Cayetano),  soldier 
of  S.  F.,  drowned  '17-18.  v.  202,  382.  R.  (Gregorio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
C.  (Joaquin),  sub-majordomo  at  S.  Juan  B.  '35;  land-owner  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41. 
iii.  692;  iv.  626.  R.  (Petronilo),  Mex.  sergt  of  artill.  at  S.F.  '27-40.  v.  592; 
iii.  71,  584,  672,  702;  prob.  came  in  '24-5.  In  '36  named  in  Mont,  padron  as 
30  years  old,  wife  Catarina  Avila,  child.  Jose"  Camilo  b.  '34,  Maria  Lina  '35, 
Jos6  Simon  '36.  In  '42  grantee  of  S.  Bearnabe"  rancho,  Mont.  iv.  655;  in 
'46  grantee  with  Reed  of  the  S.  Miguel  estate,  v.  375,  561,  637,  639-40;  and 
in  '52  claimant  for  Paso  de  Robles.  iv.  655.  He  still  lived  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co. 
'60;  and  in  '77  his  widow,  living  at  Sta  Clara,  gave  me  her  Recuerdos  of  the 
Reed  murders  at  S.  Miguel  in  '48.  R.  (Santiago),  juez  de  paz  at  San  Juan 
Cap.  '42-3,  where  he  was  also  grantee  of  land.  iv.  627.  R.  (Severiano), 
settler  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626.  R.  (Silverio),  at  S.  Diego  '31.  iii.  201; 
in  '39  at  Sta  Ana  rancho,  Los  Aug.;  in  '46  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  age  45,  wife 
Francisca,  child.  Salvador  b.  '39,  Jos6  Dolores  '41,  Jose"  Santos  '45.  R. 
(Silverio),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  32,  wife  Primitiva  (?),  child  Margarita  b. 
'39,  Manuel  '42. 

Riper  (Abraham  van),  1847,  sergt  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504.  Ripley 
(Francis  L.),  1833  (?),  nat.  of  Ga,  who  in  newspaper  sketches  is  said  to  have 
visited  Mont,  this  year  as  mate  on  a  whaler,  iii.  409.  In  '48,  being  wrecked 
on  the  L.  Cal.  coast  he  came  up  to  Mont,  on  the  Ohio,  and,  except  a  short  time 
in  the  mines,  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  Mont.  Co. ,  being  city  recorder  and 
county  surveyor  for  several  terms.  He  died  at  Sta  Rita  '79.  Ripoll  (An 
tonio).  1812,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  Purisima  and  Sta  B.,  and  fled  from 
Cal.  in  '28;  a  very  enthusiastic  missionary.  Biog.  578;  ment.  ii.  235,  264, 
354,  364,  366,  394, 416,  423,  530-2,  534-5,  655;  iii.  92-4.  Rippstein  (Jacob), 
1846,  overl.  immig.  with  Hoppe  and  Buckelew; 'Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47;  in  Yuba  Co.  '85,  a  farmer.  Riser  (John  J.),  1847,  Co.  C, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.;  settled  in  Cal.  on  discharge,  visiting  Utah  '48-50, 
and '51-82  in  Alameda  Co.  with  wife  and  6  children,  Catharine,  Geo.  C., 
Chas  W.,  May  B.,  Franklin  A.,  and  Helen  R. 

Ritchie  (Archibald  A.),  1848,  a  sea-captain  who  bought  land  in  Solano  Co.; 
later  successful  cl.  for  several  ranches,  iv.  671,  674;  of  the  S.F.  firm  R., 
Osgood,  &  Co.;  d.  in  '56,  leaving  a  family.  R.  (M.  D.),  1846,  nat.  of  Pa, 
known  as  'colonel'  for  services  in  the  Blackfoot  war,  overl.  immig.  with 
family,  v.  528-9.  Working  a  while  for  Sutter  and  being  one  of  the  first  Don- 
ner  relief,  v.  538-9;  he  settled  at  Napa  in  '47,  working  on  the  ranches  of 
Boggs  and  Bale,  and  renting  a  mill  of  Vallejo  in  '48.  He  died  at  Napa  in  74, 
having  lost  his  wife  in  '73,  leaving  6  married  daughters — Mrs  Stark  and  Poul- 
son  of  Lake,  Mrs  Pond,  Cooper,  and  Hecox  of  Napa,  and  Mrs  Howard  of  So 
lano— with  32 grandchildren.  Riter (Henry),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 
R.  (Levi),  1848,  Mormon  who  went  to  Salt  Lake  '49.  Glover.  Rithey 
<Wm  M.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  at  Sutter's  fort  '47.  Ritschard 
(John),  1848,  resid.  of  Sac.  '48-52;  d.  in  Switzerland  '77.  Rittenhouse 
<J.  B.),  1844,  purser  on  the  U.S.  Levant.  Ritter  (Henry),  1839,  deserter  from 
theschr.  California  at  S.F.  R.  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
reenl. 

Rivas  (Juan),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  Rivell  (Andrew),  1848,  in  S.F.  letter 
list.  Rivera  (Antonio)  Mex.  sold,  in  the  Hidalgo  piquete  at  Mont.  '36,  age 
27.  R.  (Francisco),  Alvarado's  comisionado  to  Mex.  '42.  iv.  283;  grantee  of 


RIVERA— ROBERTS.  697 

S.  Luis  Gonzaga,  Mariposa,  '43.  iv.  673.       R.  (Joaquin),  mason-instructor 
1792-5.  i.  615.       R.  (Pascual)  corp.  at  the  Col.  Riv.  pueblos,  killed  by  Ind. 

1.  359,  362.       R.  (Salvador),  mason-instructor,  1792.  i.  615,  684.       Rivera  y 
Moncada  (Fernando  Javier),  1769,  capt.  in  com.  of  the  Lore  to  garrison  from 
1 756  or  earlier,  and  in  '69  in  com.  of  the  1st  exped.  by  land  to  Cal.,  accompany 
ing  Portola  also  on  the  1st  exped.  from  S.  Diego  to  Mont,  and  S.F.  i.  115-25, 
132-6,  140-1,  150-5;  returned  to  L.  Cal.  70-1.  i.  165,  167,  171-2,  175,  178, 
182.  In  '74,  by  appointment  of  Aug.  17,  '73,  he  came  back  to  Cal.  to  succeed 
Tages  as  mil.  com.  of  the  province  from  May  25th.  i.  216-18,  220,  225-6,  231, 
238,  486,  608.  His  rule  lasted  until  the  arrival  of  Gov.  Neve  Feb.  3,  '77,  and 
then  he  went  to  Loreto  to  act  as  lieut-gov.  of  L.  Cal.   For  events  of  his  rule, 
including  his  troubles  with  Anza  and  Serra  in  '76,  see  i.  230,  232-5,  244-5, 
248-9,  255-7,  264-73,  276,  279-80,  286-8,  292,  294-5,  298-309,  683.  In  '78-9 
he  was  commissioned  to  raise  colonists  for  Cal.,  and  at  the  Colorado  River  on 
his  way  was  killed  by  the  Indians  July  17,  '81.  i.  319,  339-44,  361-3,  487;  ii. 
44.  On  his  character  and  family,  see  i.  363-4.       Riviere  (P.),  1847,  doubtful 
name  in  N.  Helv.  Diary  '47-8. 

Roach  (Chas  T.),  1848,  in  S.F.  letter  list.  R.  (John),  1830,  Amer.  from 
N.  Mex.  iii.  180;  in  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  '32.  iii.  221;  also  named 
in  a  list  of  '36.  R.  (Thomas),  1846,  gunner  in  Stockton's  Bat.,  campaign  of 
'46-7,  according  to  a  newspaper  sketch.  R.  (Thomas  J.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  C, 
N.Y.Vol.  v.  504,  511;  deputy  collector  of  the  port  of  S.F.,  where  he  engaged 
in  trade  after  a  tour  in  the  mines.  In  '50  he  settled  at  Trinity  bay,  and  in  '52, 
being  county  judge  elect  of  Klamath,  was  drowned  in  trying  to  cross  a  moun 
tain  stream,  at  the  age  of  28.  His  brother,  Philip  A.  Roach,  is  a  well-known 
citizen  and  official  of  S.F.  R.  (Wm),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  504); 
county  sheriff  of  Mont,  for  several  terms;  in  Sept.  '66  his  body  was  found  in 
a  well  near  Watson ville.  Roan  (Francis),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
(v.  518).  Roane  (Archibald),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Voi.  (v.  499);  d.  at  George 
town,  D.C.,  '79.  R.  (John),  1847,  musician  of  N.Y.Vol. 

Robb  (James  B.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Robbins,  1842,  men 
tioned  as  a  lieut.  with  Com.  Jones,  iv.  308.  R.  (Isaac  R.),  1846,  one  of  the 
Mormon  colony  with  wife  and  2  children,  v.  546;  a  councillor  of  the  church 
in  Utah  '84.  R.  (John),  1833,  at  Mont.  R.  (John  R.),  1846,  one  of  the 
Mormon  colony,  v.  546,  with  wife  and  2  children,  2  children  also  having  died 
on  the  voyage;  agent  to  settle  affairs  of  Brannan  &  Co.  47;  owner  of  a  S.F. 
lot.  v.  678;  in  Utah  '84.  R.  (Thomas  M.),  1823,  nat.  of  Mass,  and  mate  on 
the  Rover  '2»-5.  ii.  495;  mate  of  the  Waverly  '26-8.  iii.  147,  149,  154.  About 
'30  he  settled  at  Sta  B.,  where  he  opened  a  store,  commanded  the  Sta 
Barbara  schooner,  and  in  '34  married  Encarnacion,  daughter  of  Carlos 
Carrillo.  ii.  573;  iii.  140,  384;  iv.  117.  He  is  named  in  the  padron  of  '36  as 
an  Amer.  trader,  age  35,  a  catholic  with  wife  and  child.  In  '37-9  Capt.  R. 
commanded  the  govt  schr  California  in  the  service  of  Alvarado  and  Vallejo, 
winning  an  honorary  commission  as  capt.  in  the  Mex.  navy.  iii.  531;  iv.  101- 

2,  552,  569,  580;  v.  317.  His  name  does  not  appear  except  in  private  commer 
cial  records  in  40-4,  though  I  have  a  copy  of  his  MS.  Diary  of  weather  and 
movements  ofvessels  at  Sta  B.  for  the  1st  quarter  of  '43.  In  '46  he  was  gran 
tee  of  La  Calera  rancho  and  Sta  Catalina  Isl.  iv.  642;  v.  628;  being  also  in 
some  slight  trouble  with  the  Flores  govt.    v.  330,  304;   Cal.   claim  of  $143 
(v.  462).  He  was  claimant  for  La  Calera  in  '52,  and  died  in  '57,  his  widow 
living  until  '76.  Capt.  Robbins  is  remembered  as  a  hospitable,  good-natured 
old  salt,  whose  store  was  a  general  rendezvous  for  seafaring  men  and  traders, 
who  were  always  welcome  at  his  table. 

Roberts  (Mrs),  1847,  first  person  buried  at  Benicia,  drawn  to  the  grave  by 
an  ox-team.  Tustin;  perhaps  'Rhoads,'  q.v.  R.  (Geo.),  1836,  nat.  of  Ga,  at 
Sonoma  and  Ross;  baptized  at  S.  Rafael '38  as  Jorge  Maria,  iv.  118.  R. 
<J.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  perhaps  same  as  preceding.  R.  (James),  1840, 
at  S.  Diego.  R.  (L.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  '82  a  farmer  at 
Kaysvillc,  Utah.  R.  (Robert),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot.  v.  679.  R. 
<Sam.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  chief  of  the  Hounds  at  S.F.  '50,  sen- 


698  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

tenced  to  10  years  in  the  penitentiary.  Pop.  Trib.,i.  90,  99-100.  R.  (Win), 
1847,  Or.  missionary  at  S.  F.  v.  657.  R.  (Wm),  1848,  Amer.  sailor  at  the 
mines.  Robertson,  1848,  kept  a  gambling  and  grog  shop  at  Sta  B.  R. 
(John),  1848,  Engl.  from  Chile  on  the  Confederation;  kept  a  bakery  and  saloon 
at  Mont.,  going  soon  to  the  mines.  Settled  in  Salinas  Val.,  and  died  there  in 
'70  at  the  age  of  55.  R.  (Robert),  1840,  at  S.  Diego  '40-8.  iv.  15,  120. 
Robeson  (Thomas),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  326). 

Robidoux  (Antoine),  1846,  nat.  of  St  Louis,  Mo.,  who  had  lived  15  years 
in  Mexican  provinces  and  married  a  Mex.  wife.  He  came  with  Kearny  as 
guide  from  N.  Mex. ,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  337,  346-7. 
Going  east  in  '47  he  came  back  after  '49  to  remain  until  '54.  From  about  '56 
he  lived  at  St  Joseph,  Mo. — founded  by  his  brother — where  he  died  in  '60  at 
the  age  of  66.  The  name  is  variously  written,  but  I  follow  his  autograph. 
R.  (Louis),  1844,  brother  of  Antoiue,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  in  '44,  having 
possibly  visited  the  country  before,  iv.  265,  453.  He  purchased  the  Jurupa 
rancho,  where  he  settled  with  his  family,  a  man  of  considerable  wealth.  In 
the  troubles  of  '46-7,  being  juez  de  paz  at  S.  Bernardino,  v.  625-6,  he  favored 
the  Americans,  was  one  of  the  chino  prisoners  (v.  311),  and  served  in  the  Cal. 
Bat.  He  was  cl.  for  Jurupa  and  S.  Jacinto.  iv.  621,  633;  was  a  prosperous 
ranchero  down  to  about  '62;  and  died  in  '68  at  the  age  of  77.  Robinson, 
1838,  mate  of  the  Llama,  iv.  91.  Robinson,  1841,  storekeeper  at  S.  Diego, 
iv.  619;  perhaps  '  Robeson.'  R.,  1847,  of  the  firm  R.  &  Townsend  at  Mont. 
'47-8. 

Robinson  (Alfred),  1829,  nat.  of  Mass.,  who  at  the  age  of  23  came  on  the 
Brookline  as  clerk,  and  remained  in  Cal.  as  agent  of  Bryant  &  Sturgis  of  Bos 
ton.  He  was  baptized  as  Jose"  Maria  Alfredo  before  '33,  travelling  up  and 
down  the  coast  from  S.  Diego  to  S.F.  to  bargain  for  the  purchase  of  hides  and 
the  sale  of  goods,  often  mentioned  in  commercial  records,  and  many  of  his 
original  letters — generally  signed  'Alfredo*  or  'Robinson' — being  in  my  col 
lection,  iii.  137,  146,  179,  258,  374;  iv.  116;  v.  590-1,  619-20.  Early  in  '36— 
obtaining  in  his  haste  a  dispensation  of  two  bans  with  a  hint  from  Padre 
Duran  to  contribute  $20  to  the  church — he  married  Ana  Maria,  daughter  of 
Capt.  Jose"  de  la  Guerra  y  Noriega;  and  in  '37  with  his  wife  sailed  for  Boston 
via  Honolulu,  iv.  101.  He  came  back  on  the  Alert  in  '40  to  resume  his  former 
agency,  remaining  till  '42,  when  he  again  went  east  via  Mazatlan,  carrying 
despatches  from  Com.  Jones  to  the  govt,  and  also  gold  to  the  Phil,  mint  from  the 
Los  Ang.  placers,  iv.  297,  320,  403,  562,  640.  While  prevented  by  a  certain 
personal  reserve  and  dignity  from  achieving  the  'hail  fellow  wfll  met'  popu 
larity  of  some  of  his  contemporaries,  Robinson  always  inspired  respect  by  his 
straightforward  dealings;  and  his  alliance  with  the  leading  family  of  southern 
Cal.  naturally  did  much  to  give  him  a  good  standing  among  Californians.  In 
'46  he  published  anonymously  his  Life  in  California,  a  standard  work,  fol 
lowed  by  most  writers  on  the  annals  of  '30-42,  and  worthy  of  much  praise, 
though  showing  here  and  there  the  personal  and  political  prejudices  of  the 
author  and  his  father-in-law.  For  notice  of  the  book,  with  citations  on  vari* 
ous  topics  and  a  sketch  of  the  author,  see  iv.  343-5;  ii.  176,  563,  620-5;  iv. 
2-3,  6,  20,  35-6,  332-5;  v.  98.  In  '49  he  came  back  to  Cal.  as  agent  of  the 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Co.,  in  later  years  becoming  agent  for  the  sale  and 
management  of  several  large  estates  in  the  south;  and  in  '85  still  lives  at  S.F. 
— the  oldest  surviving  pioneer  so  far  as  my  records  show.  In  '80  he  furnished  a 
brief  Statement,  which  has  been  found  useful  in  connection  with  his  book  and 
his  original  correspondence.  His  wife,  after  living  in  the  east  I  think  from  '37 
to  '50  or  later,  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '55.  There  were  8  children,  2  of  them  b.  be 
fore  '40,  James  (who  died  at  West  Point  at  the  age  of  17),  Alfredo,  Miguel, 
James  2d,  Elena,  Maria,  Antonia,  and  Paulina.  One  of  the  sons  lives  at  S.F. 
'85,  his  wife  being  a  daughter  of  Horace  Hawes. 

Robinson  (Christopher  F.)  1847,  at  Mont,  from  Hon.  '47-8.  R.  (Edward 
R.),  1830  (?),  Amer.  sailor,  said  to  have  touched  at  Mont.  iii.  180;  then  'coasted 
off  and  on'  for  10  years,  and  settled  in  the  Sac.  Val.  Mentioned  45-8  in  the  N. 
Helv.  Diary;  in  '47  married  Mrs  Christina  Patterson  and  lived  on  Dry  Creek, 


ROBINSON— ROCHE,  699 

S.  Joaq.  Co.;  but  went  to  the  mines  in  '48;  testified  in  a  land  case  '60; 
near  Gilroy  '72;  and  in  S.  Joaq.  Co.  '78.  R.  (Geo.),  1839,  mate  on  the  Cal 
ifornia  schr,  who  seems  to  have  died  before  '42.  iii.  532;  iv.  101, 119.  R. 
(Geo.),  1842,  officer  of  marines  on  the  United  States.  Maxwell.  R.  (Geo.), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  R.  (Geo.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  G,  N.Y. 
Vol.  v.  504.  R.  (James),  1841,  nat.  of  the  Bermudas,  sailor  disch.  from 
the  Julia  Ann;  still  at  Mont.  42.  R.  (J.  F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  R. 
(L.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  R.  (Robert),  1835,  Scotch  sailor,  in 
trade  at  S.  Diego  to  '50.  iii.  423.  R.  (T.),  1847,  gunner  on  the  Columbus. 
R.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  R.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  R.  ( Wm),  1848  (?),  sup.  of  a  N.Y.  vessel  wrecked  in  S.  Araer., 
said  to  have  arrived  this  year;  at  Benicia  '49;  later  county  judge  of  Shasta, 
and  finally  a  filibuster  in  Peru.  R.  (Wm  D.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N^Y.  Vol.;  (v. 
499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  watchman  at  Mont.  '48;  still  at  Mont.  '72-82.  R. 
(Wm  M.),  1847,  nat.  of  Va;  member  of  S.  Joaq.  Pion.  Soc. 

Robles  (Avelino),  soldier  S.F.  comp.  '27-30;  killed  at  Branciforte  '39.  iii. 
588.  R.  (Antonio),  nat.  of  Zacatecas;  at  Branciforte  '28,  wife  Rosalia  Mer- 
lopes,  child.  Jose"  Raimundo,  Teodoro,  Secundino,  Guadalupe,  Nicolds, 
Fulgencio,  and  Estefana.  In  the  padron  of  '45  he  appears  as  Jose"  Antonio,  age 
70,  wife  Gertrudis  Merlopes  age  50.  He  had  settled  at  B.  in  1797.  i.  569; 
regidor  1805;  comisionado  '17;  secretary  '27;  and  alcalde  '33.  ii.  156,  390, 
605,  627.  iii.  696-7.  He  died  in  '42  and  his  widow  in  '49.  R.  (Fulgencio), 
son  of  Antonio,  a  rough  character,  killed  in  '42.  iv.  663.  R.  (Juan  Jose"), 
1769,  soldier  of  the  1st  exped.;  from  '76  sergt  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.;  killed 
on  the  Colorado  '81  by  Ind.  i.  342-3,  362,  452.  R.  (Manuel),  soldier  at  S. 
Diego  '71-2.  R.  (Miguel),  alcalde  at  S.  Luis  1781.  R.  (Nicolds),  son  of 
Antonio,  in  trouble  at  Branciforte  '39.  iii.  588;  named  in  '43.  R.  (Rafael), 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-30.  R.  (Ramon),  at  Mont.  '36,  age  27;  nat.  of 
Branciforte;  wife  Perfecta  Castro,  child  Felipe  b.  '33.  R.  (Secundino),  son 
of  Antonio,  b.  '13;  maj.  of  Sta  Clara  mission  from  '41.  He  claims  to  have 
been  one  of  the  discoverers  of  the  N.  Almaden  quicksilver  mine  about  '28; 
and  respecting  affairs  of  the  mine,  and  on  the  Sanchez  campaign  of  '46-7;  in 
'77  at  his  rancho  of  Sta  Rita,  Sta  Clara  Co. ,  he  gave  me  a  Relation.  He  was 
also  one  of  the  claimants  of  Rincon  de  S.  Francisquito.  iv.  672.  His  wife  was 
Antonia  Garcia,  and  they  had  29  children.  Still  living  in  '81.  R.  (Teodoro), 
brother  of  Secundino,  and  with  him  cl.  for  S.  Francisquito.  iv.  672.  Rob- 
redo  (Jose"),  1791,  lieut  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  498. 

Roca  (Jose"),  1796,  Mex.  sergt  of  artill.,  son-in-law  of  lieut  Sal.;  men 
tioned  to  1802,  and  after  an  absence  came  back  in  1805.  i.  540-1,  648,  679; 
ii.  30-1,  144,  147.  R.  (Ramon),  appointed  capt.  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  '17, 
but  never  came  to  Cal.  Rocha  (Antonio  Jose1),  1815,  Portuguese  who  came 
on  the  Columbia,  ii.  273,  393;  naturalized  '31;  in  '36  living  at  Sta  B.  with  his 
wife,  Josef  a  Alvarado,  and  5  children,  age  45;  perhaps  the  grantee  of  La  Brea 
'28.  ii.  350,  565,  633.  An  Antonio  R.  was  assessor  at  Los  Ang.  '69-70.  R. 
(Cornelio),  1798,  Mex.  convict  settler,  i.  606.  R.  (Juan  Este"van),  corp.  at 
S.  Diego,  1775.  i.  250-1.  R.  (Juan  Jose"),  1825,  Mex.  brevet  alfSrez  who 
came  with  Echeandia  under  sentence  of  banishment  for  2  years,  iii.  13-14. 
He  was  put  in  com.  of  the  Mont,  detachment  of  the  S.  Bias  comp.,  and  is 
often  named  in  the  records  of  later  years,  being  comisionado  for  the  seculariza 
tion  of  S.  Juan  Cap.  in  '33-4,  in  charge  of  S.  Gabriel  '36-7,  and  acting  com. 
of  the  southern  force  in  the  sectional  war  of  '37.  ii.  549;  iii.  13-14,  36,  61-2, 
69,  73,  99,  204,  326,  346,  481-2,  488,  491,  495,  504,  520,  626,  644-5,  648.  He 
died  at  S.  Diego,  at  a  date  not  recorded.  His  wife  was  Elena  Dominguez; 
and  a  son  Manuel  died  at  S.  Diego  in  '54.  R.  (Ramon),  soldier  at  Sta  B. 
before  '37  Roche  (Eugene  de  la),  1845,  came  from  Hon.  to  S.F.  this  year 
or  the  next  ace.  to  his  testimony  and  that  of  others  in  the  Santillan  case. 
Rochin  (Francisco),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '27-37;  at  S.  Jose*  '41,  age  30, 
wife  Maria  Archuleta,  child  Francisco  b.  '40;  still  at  S.  JosS  '47.  R.  (Igna- 
cio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  executed  for  murder  1795.  i.  638,  669.  His  wife  was 
Ana  Maria  Bojorques.  R.  (Leandro),  regidor  at  S.  Jose'  '35.  iii.  730;  in  '41 


700  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

named  in  the  padron  as  32  years  old,  wife  Maria  Fran.  Romero,  child.  Jose1 
Ant.  b.  '30,  Petra  '27,  Concepcion  '28,  Efigenia  '29.  R.  (Lucas),  soldier  of 
Mont.  comp.  '36,  age  15.  R.  (Miguel),  killed  by  his  wife  '33.  R.  (Vicente), 
drummer  in  the  Hidalgo  piquete  at  Mont.  '36,  age  11.  Rochon  (Z.),  1846, 
came  to  Sta  Clara  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82. 

Rock  (Geo.),  1836,  first  appears  at  Sonoma  as  a  witness  against  a  horse- 
thief,  iv.  118;  seems  to  have  had  a  rancho  near  Sonoma,  and  in  '37  was  nomi 
nal  grantee  of  S.  Julian,  Sta  B.,  iii.  655-6,  being  in  '37  grantee  of  Guenoc, 
Lake  Co.  iv.  671.  According  to  the  Lake  Co.  Hist.,  he  lived  at  Guenoc  from 
about  '48,  as  agent  for  Jacob  P.  Leese.  R.  (James),  1841,  Amer.  deserter 
from  the  U.S.  ex.  ex.  iv.  279;  though  there  is  a  record  that  seems  to  show 
the  banishment  of  a  woman  for  trato  ilicito  with  Santiago  Rock  in  '40.  He 
settled  at  S.  Jose1,  where  in  '45  he  signed  the  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  599.  In 
'46  he  served  as  lieut  of  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.,  but  was  cashiered  by  court-martial 
in  Jan.  '47.  v.  361,  366,  434;  and  was  killed  by  Ind.  in  S.  Joaq.  Val.,  accord 
ing  to  the  S.F.  Star  of  July  24,  '47.  Rockwell  (Orrin  P.),  1848,  guide  to 
the  Mormons  on  the  journey  east.  Tyler.  'Rocky  Mountain  Jack,'  1826, 
claims  to  have  been  one  of  Jed.  Smith's  party,  iii.  153. 

Roderick  (John),  1841,  Engl.  mate  of  the  schr  California  '41-2;  mr  of  the 
Bolivar  '44-5.  iv.  279,  563.  Rodford  (Wm),  1845,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  War 
ren,  iv.  587.  Rodgers,  1838,  mrof  the  Flibbertygibbet.  iv.  103.  R.  (1843),  at 
Mont.,  mrof  a  vessel.  Peterson.  R.  (Geo.),  1845  (?),  lumberman  before '46. 
iv.  587.  Brown.  R.  (James),  1842,  nat.  of  Md,  deserter  from  the  U.  S. 
Cyane,  and  captured  by  Salv.  Vallejo  March  '43.  Rodman  (Geo.),  1845, 
coxswain  of  the  Warren's  launch,  lost  in  S.F.  bay  '46.  iv.  587;  v.  384.  R. 
(Robert  C.),  1847,  sailmaker  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  Rodrian  (Chas),  1847, 
Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 

Rodriguez,  at  S.F.  '44,  age  20.  R.,  corp.  at  Sta  Cruz  '24.  ii.  519,  522. 
R.,  sailor  sirviente  at  Sta  Cruz  1795.  i.  496.  R.  (Alejandro),  alcalde  of  Bran- 
ciforte  '35.  iii.  696-7;  in  '36  at  the  Trinidad  rancho,  Mont.,  age  44,  wife 
Concepcion  Martinez,  child.  Manuel  b.  '18,  Jose"  '23,  Maria  del  Sacramento 
'26,  and  Juan  Buenaventura  '32;  at  Branciforte  '45,  age  50  (?),  with  the  same 
family  less  Manuel;  died  in  '48.  R.  (Antonio),  1829,  Mex.  convict,  liber 
ated  '33.  R.  (Antonio),  drummer  in  the  Hidalgo  piquete  '36,  at  Mont.,  age 
13.  R.  (Antonio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32;  wife  Mariana  Arellanes;  com 
mended  for  valor  '24.  ii.  552;  juez  or  alcalde  at  Sta  B.  '39-40,  '44.  iii.  654-5; 
iv.  642;  arrested  in  '45,  served  under  Flores  '46,  suspected  of  hostile  inten 
tions  '48.  iv.  542;  v.  330,  586;  justice  of  the  peace  '51-2.  R.  (Antonio), 
mentioned  as  103  years  old  at  Los  Ang.  '73.  R.  (Antonio),  alcalde  of  Bran 
ciforte  '37,  and  grantee  of  S.  Vicente  rancho  '39.  iii.  678,  695,  697;  also  of 
Bolsa  del  Pajaro  '36.  On  the  Branciforte  padron  of  '45  he  is  named  as  46 
years  old,  nat.  of  Cal.,  wife  Dolores  Galindo,  child.  Guadalupe  b.  '22,  Magin 
'31,  Venancio  '34,  Miguel  '37,  Jose  Maria  '43,  Balvaneda  '35,  Adelaida  '38, 
and  Maria  Ant.  '41.  R.  (Antonio),  regidor  at  S.  Jose"  '37.  iii.  729-30.  R. 
(Antonio  Catarino),  1809,  Span,  friar,  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  and 
Purisima,  dying  in  '24.  Biog.  ii.  580;  ment.  ii.  155,  159-60,  236,  292,  369,  384, 
387,  394,  529,  532-3,  581,  618,  655. 

Rodriguez  (Damaso  Antonio),  corp.  of  Mont,  comp.,  transf.  to  Sta  B.  comp. 
in  '18;  sergt  '21-30,  ii.  572,  being  a  leader  of  insurgents  in  '29,  iii.  78,  and 
alfe"rez  from  '31.  From  '33  he  was  alfe"rez  of  the  S.F.  comp.,  sometimes  com. 
of  the  post,  iii.  396,  573,  701-2,  being  an  invalido  at  Sonoma  on  full  pay  from 
'37.  In  '44  he  was  instructor  of  the  Sonoma  defensores,  grantee  of  Lac 
rancho,  and  perhaps  2d  alcalde  of  S.  Rafael,  iv.  407-8,  671,  677.  In  '46 
named  as  supl.  juez,  and  as  in  theOlompali  fight  with  the  Bears,  which  took 
place  on  his  land.  v.  168,  688;  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $2,675  (v.  462).  He  died  soon 
after  '46.  R.  (Fecundo),  at  Mont.  '36,  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  22,  wife  Guadalupe 
Robles,  child.  Rafaela  b.  '33,  Concepcion  '36.  R.  (Felipe),  at  Sta  B.  before 
'37,  wife  Rafaela  Soto;  soldier  of  S.  F.  comp.  '44;  prob.  2  men.  R.  (Fran 
cisco),  Sta  Cruz  poet  of  '18.  ii.  245;  in '28  at  Branciforte,  wife  Rafaela  Castro, 
child.  Jesus,  Escolastica,  Benita,  and  Antonia;  alcalde  in  '30.  ii.  627;  grantee 


RODRIGUEZ.  701 

of  Arroyo  del  Rodeo  '34.  iii.  677;  still  living  in  '55.  R.  (Fran.),  at  Los 
Ang.  '43-6;  justice  at  Alamitos  '56.  R.  (Giacundo),  at  Sta  Cruz  '43.  R. 
(Ignacio),  grantee  of  Conejo  rancho  1802  et  seq.  ii.  112,  172,  516,  664. 

Rodriguez  (Jacinto),  nat.  of  Cal.,  first  mentioned  in  public  records  as  lieut 
of  militia  and  employed  by  Alvarado  in  '36.  iii.  491.  From  '39  he  was  alferez 
of  the  Mont.  comp.  aiding  in  the  arrest  of  the  foreigners  in  '40.  iii.  671;  iv. 
23,  282,  652.  Celador  of  the  Mont,  and  S.  F.  custom-house  '43-46,  being 
grantee  of  the  Jacinto  rancho,  Colusa,  in  '44.  iv.  377,  431,  463,  557,  570,  671. 

Named  in  the  Branciforte  padron  of  '45  as  31  years  old,  wife  Guadalupe , 

child.  Rafaela  b.  '32,  Concepcion  '35,  Guadalupe  '36,  and  Josefa  '39.  Alcalde 
at  Mont,  in  '49  and  member  of  the  constit.  convention,  the  reasons  for  such 
a  choice  by  the  Montereyans  not  being  very  apparent.  He  still  lived  in  Mont. 
Co.  '74  and  later,  a  man  of  some  property.  I  obtained  from  him  a  brief  Nar 
ration  of  his  recollections  of  early  events.  His  oldest  son,  Porfirio,  died  at 
Mont.  '77.  R.  (Jose),  sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  R.  (Jose"),  soldier  at 
Sta  B.  1832,  wife  Bernarda  Rosas.  R.  (Jose),  prisoner  at  Mont.  '47;  alias 
'Letra.'  R,  (Jose),  sindico  at  S.  F.  '38.  iii.  705;  at  S.  F.  '42,  age  35,  wife 
Romana  Miramontes,  child.  Maria  b.  '38,  Maria  '40,  Jose*  and  Francisco  '37; 
perhaps  the  same  who  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $46  (v.  462),  and  was  at  S.  Jos6 
'50.  R.  (Jos6),  at  Branciforte  '45,  age  21.  R.  (Jose),  soldier,  carpenter, 
and  teacher  at  Mont.  1796-1800.  i.  643.  R.  (Jose  Antonio),  soldier  at  S. 
Antonio  '93  and  earlier;  corp.  of  the  escolta  at  S.  Miguel  '97.  i.  560;  inval. 
at  Branciforte  from  '99,  being  comisionado  of  the  villa  for  some  years  to  1810. 
His  wife  was  Maria  Vicenta  de  Leon,  and  (>  of  his  sons  were  soldiers  of  the 
Mont.  comp.  after  1800.  i.  571;  ii.  156,  171,  390.  He  died  in  '37.  R.  (Jose" 
Ant.),  at  Trinidad  rancho,  Mont.,  '36,  age  26,  wife  Maria  Elena  Castro;  juez 
at  S.  Juan  B.  '44.  iv.  661;  perhaps  was  drowned  in  attempting  to  save  goods 
from  the  Star  of  the  West  in  '45.  R.  (Jose"  Brigido),  son  of  Jos6  Ant.,  b.  at 
S.  Antonio  1793;  soldier  of  the  Mont.  comp.  1811-30;  a  tailor  by  trade. 
From  '34  he  was  a  ranchero  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.,  and  in  '77,  at  the  age  of  84,  resid 
ing  near  Soquel,  he  gave  me  his  Recuerdos  Histdricos.  He  died  in  '80,  leaving 
only  one  surviving  member  of  his  family,  an  aged  sister. 

Rodriguez  (Jose"  Maria),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37  with  wife  Carmen  Dominguez 
and  5  children;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  R.  (Juan),  resid.  of  S.  Diego  '30.  ii.  546. 
R.  (Luis),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37  with  wife  Maria  Arrellanes  and  3  children. 
R.  (Manuel),  Mex.  soldier  of  the  Mont.  comp.  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499; 
in  1819  comisionado  of  Branciforte.  ii.  390;  being  an  inval.  corporal;  smdico 
in  '39  and  alcalde  '44.  iii.  697;  iv,  408,  664;  in  '45  on  the  padron  as  68  years 
old,  nat.  of  Sinaloa,  with  a  daughter  Josefa  b.  '11.;  memb.  of  town  council 
'48.  v.  642;  though  this  may  have  been  the  following.  R.  (Manuel),  at 
Branciforte  '45,  age  28,  wife  Maria  Gonzalez,  child.  Jose"  b.  '42,  Santa  '44. 
R.  (Manuel),  1795,  Mex.  cadet  and  alfdrez  of  the  S.F.  comp.  though  serving 
in  the  S.  Diego  comp.,  of  which  he  became  lieut  and  comandante.  In  1806  he 
was  made  capt.  of  the  S.F.  comp.  and  sent  to  Mex.  as  habilitado  general,  dy 
ing  in  '10.  Biog.  ii.  98-9;  i.  646-7;  ment.  ii.  11-15,  39,  106,  109,  125,  188-9, 
370,  421.  R.  (Maria  Engracia),  at  Sta  Cruz  '47.  v.  641.  R.  (Matias), 
soldier  at  S.  Juan  B.  before  1800.  i.  558.  R,  (Nemesio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp. 
'41-2.  R.  (Norberto),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37. 

Rodriguez  (Pablo),  Ind.  settler  at  Los.  Ang.  1781-6.  i.  346,  348.  R. 
(Pedro),  at  Trinidad  rancho,  Mont.,  '36,  age  25,  wife  Gertrudis  Espinosa, 
child.  Juan  de  Parma  b.  '32,  Jose"  '35.  R.  (Ramon),  grantee  of  Agua  Puerca 
'43  and  Canada  de  S.  Miguel  '46.  iv.  655;  v.  632;  killed  '48  in  attempting  to 
arrest  the  murderers  of  Reed  in  Sta.  B.  Co.  v.  632,  648.  R.  (Ramon),  in 
Branciforte  '28,  wife  Teresa  Soto,  child  Jos<§  de  la  Cruz.  ii.  627;  in  '45,  age 
40,  wife  Maria  Ignacia  Alviso.  R.  (Sebastian),  sergt  of  the  Mont.  comp. 
'28-30,  and  comisionado  of  Sta  Cruz  '31.  ii.  609;  iii.  307;  in  36  at  the  Trini 
dad  rancho,  Mont.,  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  50,  wife  Maria  Perfecta  Pacheco,  child. 
Jose"  b.  '12,  Jacinto  '13,  Francisco  '17,  Teresa  '22,  Desiderio  '23,  Bernabe"  '26, 
Maria  Ant.  '28,  Carmen  '30,  Ramona  '32.  iii.  679.  Grantee  of  Bolsa  del 
Pajaro  in  '37,  iii.  677,  for  which  he  was  cl. — as  also  for  Rincon  de  la  Ballena, 


702  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Marin,  iii.  678— and  about  which  there  was  much  litigation  between  his  Treirs 
and  those  of  his  brother  Alexander.  He  or  another  of  the  name  is  named  as  a 
retired  soldier  with  the  rank  of  alf  erez  in  '44-5.  iv.  408.  He  died  in  '54  or  '55. 
R.  (Tomaso  A.),  grantee  of  Llajome  rancho,  Napa.  iv.  671. 

Roe  (Chas),  1832,  one  of  the  comp.  extranjeraat  Mont.  iii.  221.  Roeder 
(Louis),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Roether  (Chas),  1845,  German 
immig.  prob.  of  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587.  His  name  often  appears  in 
the  N.  Helv.  Diary  '45-7;  settled  at  'Charley's  rancho'  in  Butte  Co.,  moving 
in  '58  to  Feather  River  in  Yuba,  where  he  died  in  '68,  leaving  a  widow  and  3 
children.  Rogenade  (Jacob),  1848,  nat.  of  Poland,  who  came  with  the  U.S. 
dragoons  (v.  522);  murdered  at  Los  Ang.  '54. 

Rogers,  1847,  teamster  in  Sutter's  employ.  R.  (James),  1834;  Engl.  mr 
of  the  lolani  '35;  on  Larkin's  books  '34-43;  arrested  in  '40  but  not  exiled, 
iii.  382,  412;  iv.  17,  23.  R.  (John  P.),  1848,  from  Or.  to  the  mines;  brother- 
in-law  of  Gov.  Burnett.  R.  (Lewis),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  684. 
R.  (M.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  R.  (Sam.  H.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  in  Ariz.  '81.  R.  (Seth),  1827,  mr  of  the  Andes  '27-9.  R.  (Win.), 

1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).      R.  (Wm  H.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  74-84.       R.  (Wm  J. ),  1 843,  mr  of  the  John  Jay. 
iv.  566.     Roget  (Dr),  1848,  intending  to  settle  at  Benicia. 

Rohlman  (John),  1843,  Ger.  settler  in  Sta  Clara  76;  carta  '44,  then  in  Sac. 
Val. ;  perhaps  the  name  should  be  'Rohlan.'  iv.  400.  Rojas,  at  Los  Ang.  '37. 
iii.  504.  R.  (Feliciano),  at  Corralitos  rancho,  Mont.,  '36,  age  16,  nat.  of 
Mex.;  in  '41  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  iv.  626.  R.  (Justiniano),  Ind.  said  to  have 
been  baptized  at  Sta  Cruz  in  1791  at  the  supposed  age  of  40;  d.  Sta  Cruz 
1875,  a  famous  centenarian.  Rojo  (Jos£  Maria),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37  with 
wife  Altagracia  Garcia,  juez  de  paz  in  '39.  iii.  657-5;  grantee  of  Cuyama  in 
'43.  iv.  642. 

Roland  (Fred.  C.),  1828,  Engl.  sailor,  age  23,  who  landed  at  S.  Pedro, 
went  to  Los  Ang.,  and  sailed  from  S.  Diego  '29  on  the  Maria  Ester;  yet  ap 
parently  at  Los  Ang.  '30.  ii.  558.  R.  (John),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the 
Bartleson  party,  who  seems  to  have  returned  east  in  '42.  iv.  270,  275.  R. 
(John),  1846,  grantee  of  Los  Huecos,  Sta  Clara,  and  of  land  on  the  S.  Joaq., 
for  which  ranches  he  was  cl.  in  '52.  v.  665.  At  N.  Helv.  '48.  I  do  not  know  if 
this  was  the  same  man  as  the  preceding,  Rohlman  or  Rohlan,  John  Rowland 
of  the  south,  or  distinct  from  all.  Roldan  (Mariano),  aux.  alcalde  in  Los 
Ang.  dist  '36.  iii.  636;  grantee  of  La  Habra  '39,  iii.  633,  when  he  was  39 
years  old;  juez  de  campo  '40.  iii.  637;  at  S.  Gabriel'46-7.  v.  626,  628.  He  seems 
to  have  been  a  Mex.  who  came  about  '36  and  went  back  after  '47.  Rolfe 
(Tallman  H.),  1847  (?),  nat.  of  Me,  who  came  from  Or.  '47  or  '48,  salesman 
for  Brannan  &  Co.  at  Sutter's  fort  '48,  and  later  alcalde  in  Yuba  Co. ,  but  was 
a  printer  by  trade,  perhaps  working  on  the  S.  F.  Star,  and  later  connected 
with  many  papers  in  Cat.  and  Nev.,  being  long  the  editor  of  the  Austin 
Reveille  and  Nevada  City  Gazette.  He  died  at  S.  Bern,  in  72.  Some  sketches 
represent  him  as  having  come  in  '46  and  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  Rollin, 
1786,  surgeon  of  La  Pe"rouse's  exped.  i.  435.  Rollins  (Henry),  1846,  ac 
cording  to  Glover  one  of  the  Mormon  colony  (v.  546),  with  son  Isaac  and  a 
daughter;  prob.  'Robbins,'  q.  v.  R.  (John),  1843,  at  Mont.;  perhaps  'Rob- 
bins.'  R.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Springville,  Utah, 
'82.  R.  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto. 

Romaldo,  neoph.  grantee  of  land,  S.  Luis  Ob.  '42.  Roman,  tailor  of 
1798.  i.  598.  R.,  neoph.  accused  of  murder '27-8.  iii.  193.  R.  (Richard), 

1848,  doubtful  date;  at  Vallejo  '51;  state  treasurer  '49.       Romana  (Miguel), 
1841,  sup.  of  the  J6ven  Carolina,  iv.  566.       Romero,  a  discov.  of  silver  near 
Mont.  '25.  ii.  667.      R.,  soldier  ment.  '34,  '37.  iii.  257,  638.       R.  (Abelino), 
at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  52,  nat.  of  Cal.,  wife  Juana  Rubio,  child.  Matilde  b.  '24, 
Pedro  Ant.  '29,  Victoria  '31,  Jos<§  Ant.  '34,  Francisco  '37,  Rosario  '39.      E. 
(Antonio),  two  sirvientes  of  the  name  at  Sta  Clara  1777.  i.  306;  one  grantee 
of  S.  .Jos6  land  1783.  i.  350;  regidor  '85.  i.  478;  alcalde  '90.  i.  478;  in  '95-7 
owner  of  a  rancho  near  Mont.  i.  683,  716.      R.  (Antonio),  perhaps  son  of  the 


ROMERO— ROPER,  703 

preceding,  regidor  at  Mont.  '33-4;  grantee  of  rancho  '40.  iii.  673,  679.  R. 
(Antonio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1807.  ii.  350. 
R.  (Balbino),  gunner  at  the  Mont,  revolution  of  '36.  ii.  461.  R.  (Domingo),  2d 
alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  '35;  in  trouble  '40.  iii.  635,  639.  R.  (Felipe),  black 
smith  at  S.  Diego  1775.  i.  250;  wife  in  '78  Rosario  Marquez,  several  children 
born  before  '83.  R.  (Domingo),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  at  Los  Ang.  '39, 
age  47.  R.  (Florencio),  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  36,  wife  Encarnacion  Miranda, 
child.  Jos6  b.  '35,  Patricio  '37,  Jos<$  Ant.  '39.  R.  (Gabriel),  soldier  at  the 
Colorado  pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  359,  362.  R.  (Guadalupe),  at  Los 
Ang.  '46;  named  in  '58  as  a  centenarian.  R.  (Ignacio),  soldier  of  the  S.F. 
comp.  '28-31.  R.  (Inocencip),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '23-33;  in  '37  alf.  of 
militia  at  S.  Jose.  iii.  732;  in  '44  grantee  of  a  Contra  Costa  rancho.  iv.  671. 
R.  (Javier),  tanner  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  '38,  nat.  of  L.  Cal.  R.  (Joaquin), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Romero  (Jose"),  1823,  Mex.  capt.  who  made  an  exploring  exped.  from  So- 
nora  to  Cal.  '23-5.  ii.  507-9,  542,  568;  iii.  14.  R.  (Jos<§),  soldier  of  the  S.F. 
comp.  '19-22,  '30;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose,  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  42,  wife  Maria  Garcia, 
child.  Teodosia  b.  '30,  Estefana  '31,  Garcia  '33,  Jose"  '32,  Lovribano  (?)  '35, 
and  Poliarno  (?)  '38.  R.  (Jose"),  at  S.  Isidro  rancho,  Mont.,  '36,  age  48,  nat. 
of  Cal.,  wife  Paula  Cantua,  child.  Jos<§  b.  '29,  Aguilino  '32,  Maria  '31,  Fran 
cisco  '34,  and  Juan  '35.  R.  (Jose"),  Mex.  at  Branciforte  '45,  age  48,  child. 
Jose"  b.  '37,  Dolores  '40.  R.  (Jose),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  R.  (Jos6  Antonio), 
settler  at  the  Colorado  pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  359,  362.  R.  (Jose 
Antonio),  soldier  and  settler  at  S.  Jos<§  1777.  i.  212.  R.  (Jos<§  Ant.),  teacher 
at  S.  Jos6  '23.  ii.  603;  at  Mont.  '26.  ii.  612;  maj.  and  alcalde  S.  Carlos  '35. 
iii.  354,  674,  680;  being  also  grantee  of  Canada  de  Laureles.  iii.  677.  R. 
(Jos6  Ant.),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Dorotea  Alanis,  5  children.  R.  (Jos<$  Maria), 
soldier  of  artill.  militia  1801-10.  ii.  190.  He  was  a  son  of  Juan  Maria,  b. 
about  1788.  In  '77,  living  at  Los  Nietos,  he  gave  me  some  vague  Memorias  of 
the  olden  times,  ii.  237-8. 

Romero  (Josd  Mariano),  1834,  Mex.  teacher  who  came  with  the  H.  &.  P. 
colony  (iii.  259),  and  established  what  he  called  a  normal  school  at  Mont., 
writing  also  a  Catecismo  de  Ortologia,  printed  at  Mont,  in  '36.  He  opposed 
the  Cal.  revolutionists,  and  left  the  country  with  Gutierrez  in  '36.  iii.  463. 
R.  (Juan  Maria),  corp.^of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  1788;  his  wife  was  Lugarda  Sal- 
gado.  R.  (Juan  Maria),  1816,  Irish  interpreter  in  the  Lydia  case  at  Mont, 
ii.  276.  R.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-48.  R.  (Maria),  miner  of  Carmelo 
Vol.  '25.  ii.  667.  R.  (Mariano),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '22-33.  R.  (Mar 
tin),  1818,  Paraguayan  of  Bouchard's  insurgents,  ii.  237.  R.  (Miguel  Ant.), 
soldier  at  the  Colorado  pueblos  1780-1.  i.  359.  R.  (Pedro),  settler  at  S. 
Jose"  1791.  i.  716;  wife  Guadalupe  Garcia,  child  Maria  Guad.,  in  '93.  R. 
(Pedro),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  461.  R.  (Pedro),  at  Los  Ang.  '45-6.  iv. 
541;  v.  308,  628.  R.  (Pierre),  1831,  Fr.  laborer  at  Los  Ang.,  age  53,  from 
N.  Mex.  iii.  387,  405.  R.  (Rafael),  Span,  locksmith  at  Mont.  '20-8.  iii.  51. 
R.  (Teodoro),  grantee  of  Potrero  de  Felipe  Lugo  '45.  iv.  635.  R.  (Tomas), 
soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Felipa  Lugo;  sergt  '35.  iii.  650;  alfeYez  '39.  iii.  583. 
R.  (Vicente),  soldier  on  the  southern  frontier  from  '25;  in  later  years  at  S. 
Diego.  His  Notes  of  the  Past  were  dictated  to  Benj.  Hayes. 

Romeu  (Jos6  Antonio),  1791,  Span,  lieut-col  and  gov.  of  Cal.  from  April 
16,  '91,  to  his  death  on  April  9,  '92.  He  was  an  officer  from  whom  much  was 
expected,  especially  in  financial  reforms;  but  though  presumably  a  competent 
man,  and  certainly  a  conservative  and  amiable  one,  he  was  prevented  by  ill 
health  from  attending  to  any  but  routine  duties  during  his  brief  term.  Rule 
and  biog.  i.  481-500;  ment.  i.  370,  389,  393,  441,  471,  474,  479,  501-2,  530. 
Romeu's  body  was  buried  at  S.  Carlos,  and  has  been  multiplied  in  current 
newspaper  sketches  into  the  remains  of  dozens  of  governors.  Romie  (Ernest), 
1841,  doubtful  name  of  a  German  at  Mont.  Toomes;  at  S.F.  '84.  Swan.  R. 
(John  F.),  1843,  tailor  at  Mont.  '43-8;  also  visiting  Sutter's  fort;  had  a  son 
at  school  '46.  iv.  400.  Roody  (John  L.),  1846,  farrier  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dra- 
goona  (v.  336).  Rook,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Sagadahoc.  Roper  (John), 


704  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX, 

1832,  one  of  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont  iii.  221.  Ropiam,  181G,  Ha 
waiian  sailor  on  the  Albatross,  ii.  275.  Roquefeuil  (Camille),  1817,  mr  of  the 
Bordrlais  '17-18,  and  author  of  a  narrative  of  the  Voyaye.  ii.  287-91,  222,  251,. 
331,  373,  419. 

Rosa,  ment.  at  Mont.  1798.  i.  691.  R.  (Carlos),  at  S.  Diego  1803.  ii.  13. 
R.  (Jose1  de  la),  1834,  Mex.  printer  who  came  with  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  iii. 
263,  289;  going  to  Sonoma  and  becoming  a  kind  of  proteg6  of  Gen.  Vallejo; 
had  some  skill  as  a  musician,  and  also  worked  at  mending  clothes  and  tin 
ware.  In  '45  he  was  alcalde  at  Sonoma,  being  also  the  grantee  of  Ulpinos 
rancho,  for  which  he  was  the  unsuccessful  claimant  in  '54.  iv.  674,  678-9.  In 
'46  he  was  the  messenger  sent  to  Capt.  Montgomery  with  news  of  the  Bear 
revolt,  also  having  a  quarrel  with  Berreyesa.  v.  129-30,  668.  In  1875  Don 
Pepe  was  still  living  at  or  near  Martinez.  Rosales  (Bernardo),  settler  of 
1779-83.  i.  350,  605.  R.  (Cornelio),  soldier  at  S.  Jose  mission  1797-1800.  i. 
556.  R.  (Jose"  Ant.),  at  S.  Jos<§  '30.  R.  (Juan),  at  S.  Francisquito rancho, 
Mont.,  '36,  nat.  of  Mazatlan,  age  48,  wife  Isidora  Garcia,  child.  Jose"  b.  '33, 
Maria  '36;  in  later  years  juez  de  paz.  iii.  678,  680;  iv.  653;  v.  637.  Resales- 
Pacheco  (Jose"  Maria),  1843,  Mex.  priest  who  served  as  curate  at  S.  Buen.  till 
'48,  and  in  '49  at  S.  Antonio;  also  as  chaplain  of  Flores'  army  '46-7.  He  was 
sent  away  by  his  superior  in  '49-50  for  some  ecclesiastical  offence,  iv.  371, 
422,  644-5;  v.  400,  632,  635,  Rosah'o  (Eugenic),  owner  of  Mont,  rancho* 
1795.  i.  683.  Rosamel  (J.  de),  1840,  com.  of  the  Fr.  corvette  Danaide.  iv. 
35-6,  103.  Rosas  (Alejandro),  Ind.  settler  at  Los  Aug.  1781-6.  i.  345,  348. 
R.  (Basilio),  ditto,  i.  345-6,  348-9,  460.  R.  (Feliciano),  at  Los  Ang.  '46, 
R.  (Jose"),  convict  settler  of  1798.  i.  606.  R.  (Jose),  maj.  at  Soledad  '36.  iii. 
691.  R.  (Jose"  Ant.),  nat.  of  Los  Ang.  and  soldier,  shot  and  his  body  burned 
at  Sta  B.  1801  for  a  crimen  nefando.  i.  639-40;  ii.  1 19.  R.  (Juan),  settler 
at  S.  Jos6  1791-1800.  i.  716.  11.  (Manuel),  fifer  of  S.F.  comp.  '39-42.  R. 
(Ramon),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  R.  (Sinforoso),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Rose  (John),  1818,  Scotchman  of  Bouchard's  insurgents  captured  at  Mont., 
age  27;  in  '21  at  Purisima,  his  spiritual  welfare  being  the  object  of  much 
anxiety  to  the  authorities,  ii.  232,  241,  248,  292,  393,  412,  444.  Rose  (John), 
1841,  Scotch  carpenter  and  sailor  registered  at  S.  Bias  since  '39,  who  touched 
at  Cal.  ports  in  '41-2,  and  landed  permanently  at  Mont,  from  the  Clarissa  in 
Nov.  '43,  settling  at  S.F.  and  going  into  partnership  with  Davis  and  Reynolds- 
as  carpenters  and  builders,  iv.  279.  In  '44,  being  36  years  of  age,  he  obtained 
a  town  lot,  was  naturalized,  and  served  as  corporal  in  the  defensores.  iv.  669, 
593.  In  '46-7  he  was  town  treasurer,  v.  295,  648;  served  as  lieut  in  the  San 
chez  campaign,  v.  381;  was  a  member  of  the  council,  v.  648.  In  '46  his  firm 
built  a  schooner  in  Napa  Creek,  and  in  '47-8  a  mill  for  Salv.  Vallejo,  going 
to  the  mines  in  '48.  Rose  gave  his  name  to  Rose  bar  on  the  Yuba,  and  was- 
the  first  settler  of  Nevada  Co. ,  where  he  had  a  trading  post  from  '49.  Still  living 
at  Smartsville  in  '80  and  prob.  in  '85.  R,  (John  M.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499).  R.  (Thomas),  1847,  employed  by  Larkin  to  carry  despatches.  R. 
(Wm),  1843,  Engl.  naturalized;  prob.  an  error.  Rosecrans  (Geo.  W.),  1847, 
lieut  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477.  Rosencrantz  (Andrew),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U. 
S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Lancey;  not  on  the  roll.  Rosenberg  (N.),  1833,  mr  of  the 
Polifemia  '33-5.  iii.  383.  Rosentiel  (Anton),  1847,  musician  N.  Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  S.F.  '55.  Rosete  (Marcos),  soldier  of  the  Hidalgo  piquete. 
Rosistof,  1838,  mr  of  the  Sitka.  iv.  106. 

Ross,  1846,  came  to  Sta  Clara  Val.  Hall;  went  to  the  mines  '48.  R. 
(Chas  L.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.J.  who  came  on  the  Whiton  with  a  cargo  of  goods 
for  sale,  member  of  the  firm  Gelston  &  Co.,  a  prominent  merchant  and  land 
owner  of  S.F.  '47-9,  also  taking  part  in  public  affairs,  and  serving  as  school 
trustee,  v.  650-1,  656-7,  678-9,  681,  683.  He  lived  in  S.F.  for  some  years, 
after  '50;  kept  a  hotel  in  Calistoga  '66;  returned  to  S.F.;  and  shortly  before 
'85  went  to  the  Sandwich  Isl.  In  '80  he  furnished  me  a  statement  of  Expe 
riences  of  47.  R.  (Geo.  W.),  1842  (?),  in  S.F.  almshouse  '81,  said  to  have 
come  in  '42.  iv.  341.  Chronicle.  R.  (Henry),  1831,  sailor  on  the  Catalina; 
at  S.  Diego  again  '34  with  Hugo  Reid.  R.  (John),  see  'Rose.'  R.  (J.). 


ROSS-ROYAL.  705 

1876,  Co.  F.  Cal.  Bat.;  later  Co.  B,  artill.  (v.  358).  R.  (Sam.  H.  P.),  1848, 
nat.  of  La,  who  came  on  the  Major  TompHns,  and  went  to  the  mines,  age 
18.  Afterward  trader,  county  surveyor,  assoc.  judge,  and  superintendent  of 
schools  in  Merced  Co.;  d.  at  Hopeton  '73.  R.  (Wm),  1828,  mr  of  the  Times. 
iii.  149.  Rossen  (Joseph),  1848,  an  Or.  pioneer  of  '43  who  came  to  Cal.  '48; 
at  Weaver ville  '73.  Rossignon,  1848,  Fr.  trader  in  the  mines  with  Ama- 
ador  and  Sunol,  who  ran  away  to  Peru  with  the  profits  of  all  three.  Prob. 
'  Roussillon,'  q.  v. 

Rotchef  (Alex.),  1836,  Russian  manager  at  Ross  '36-41.  iv.  117-18,  129, 
153,  164,  171-6,  179-86;  iv.  233.  Roteta  (Antonio  V.),  1825,  naval  officer 
on  the  Asia.  iii.  25-6.  Roth  (John),  1848,  German  sailor  in  the  navy,  disch. 
in  '48;  in  the  mines  '48-51;  trader  at  Mont.  '52-73;  d.  at  Castroville  '79,  leav 
ing  a  wife.  Roudon  (Guadalupe),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  35.  Rouelle  (Jean 
B.),  1841  (?),  Canadian  trapper  from  N.  Mex.  iv.  278-9.  Nothing  is  known  of 
his  coming,  but  he  is  named  as  the  discoverer  of  gold  in  '42  in  the  S.  Fernando 
region,  iv.  631.  A  few  years  later  he  moved  with  his  family  to  the  Sac.  Val., 
and  was  there  during  the  mining  excitement,  being  named  in  the  N.  Helv, 
Diary.  Finally  settled  on  Feather  River.  Rouissillon,  1802,  Polish  count 
who  sailed  with  Cleveland  and  Shaler.  ii.  11,  22.  Roulam  (Henry),  1846, 
of  the  Mormon  colony.  See  'Rowland.'  Rouleau  (Francois),  1836,  Fr.  laborer 
at  Los  Verjeles  rancho,  Mont.,  age  30.  Roulette  (Wm  R.),  1845,  overl. 
immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party;  lived  in  Capay  Valley  '45-6;  prob.  went  to 
Or.  '46.  iv.  579-80;  v.  526.  Round  (Joseph),  1845,  mr  of  the  Pacific.  Rous 
seau,  1846,  with  Gillespie  when  he  met  Gen.  Kearny.  Roussillon  (Charles), 
1843  (?),  Fr.  trader  who  1st  appears  at  Los  Ang.  this  year,  but  is  said  to  have 
come  in  '37,  or  even  in  '33.  iv.  400.  From  '44  he  was  in  the  Mont,  district, 
chiefly  at  Sta  Cruz,  where  he  had  a  mill  and  dealt  in  lumber,  building  a 
schooner  in  '46,  v.  641,  and  in  '47-8  being  a  partner  of  Sainsevain.  The  1st 
jury  trial  in  Cal.  was  that  of  Graham  vs  R.  in  '46.  v.  289.  I  have  some  of 
his  business  corresp. ,  but  no  record  after  '48.  Perhaps  he  went  to  S.  Amer. 
See  'Rossignon;'  age  31  in  '45. 

Rowan,  1842,  doubtful  name  of  a  trapper  at  Los  Ang. ;  came  again  to  Cal. 
'50.  v.  341.  R.  (H.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.  S.  Cyane.  R.  (James),  1799,  mr 
of  the  Eliza,  i.  545,  706;  and  of  the  Hazard  1802-4.  ii.  11,  17-18,  24-5,  108, 
119,  122,  130.  R.  (James),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  '48  teamster 
for  Brannan  &  Co.  at  Sac.  R.  (Stephen  C.),  1846,  lieut  U.  S.  N.,  and  acting 
maj.  of  Stockton's  Bat.;  wounded  at  the  Mesa  Jan.  '47.  v.  385,  395;  in  later 
years  vice-admiral.  Rowe,  1848,  at  Sonoma,  called  one  of  the  N.  Y.  Vol.  R. 
1848,  went  to  Hon.  on  the  Currency  Lass.  R.  (James),  1816,  sailor  on  the 
Lydia.  ii.  275.  Rowland  (Henry),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony  with  his  son 
Isaac  and  perhaps  a  daughter,  v.  546.  They  were  generally  called  'Rollins' 
by  the  Mormons.  Henry  R.  died  in  the  faith  before  '80.  R.  (John),  1841, 
nat.  of  Pa  and  leader  of  the  Workman-R.  immig.  party  from  N.  Mex.,  where 
he  had  lived  18  years,  amassing  considerable  wealth  and  marrying  a  native 
wife.  iv.  276-9,  637.  He  was  suspected  of  complicity  in  certain  revolutionary 
or  filibustering  schemes  in  connection  with  the  Texans,  and  this  was  a  lead 
ing  motive  of  his  emigration;  indeed,  warnings  were  sent  to  Cal.,  but  they  did 
not  prevent  his  getting  in  '42  a  grant  of  La  Puente  rancho  in  company  with 
Workman,  iv.  331,  635.  Then  he  went  to  N.  Mex.  and  brought  his  family, 
spending  the  rest  of  his  life  on  his  rancho.  iv.  343.  In  '45  he  joined  the  other 
southern  foreigners  in  their  opposition  to  Micheltorena.  iv.  495,  508;  and  was 
one  of  the  Chino  prisoners  in  '46,  v.  314,  having  a  Cal.  claim  of  about  $1,500 
(v.  462);  but  as  a  rule  took  no  part  in  public  affairs,  being  noted  for  his  retir 
ing  disposition  and  fondness  for  home  life.  He  died  in  '73  at  the  age  of  about 
80.  His  son  Wm  R.  was  sheriff  in  '73,  and  he  or  another  son  married  a 
daughter  of  Bernardo  Yorba.  Roy  (C.),  1822,  mr  of  the  whaler  A lert.  ii. 
474.  R.  (Chas),  1823,  mr  of  the  Plowboy.  ii.  492;  perhaps  Ray.  R. 
(Pierre),  1782,  Fr.  sirviente  at  S.  Buen.  i.  377.  Royabe  (Claudio),  at  Los 
Ang.  '46.  Royal  (B.),  1845,  at  Butter's  fort  '45-6;  perhaps  one  of  Subr 
lette's  men. 

HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  V.    « 


706  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Rub  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Rubi  (Mariano),  1790, 
Span,  friar  whose  missionary  service  was  at  S.  Antonio  and  Soledad.  He 
retired  in  '93,  and  was  prob.  expelled  from  the  college  for  immorality.  Biog. 
i.  499;  ment.  i.  388,  492,  576,  597.  Rubio  (Casimiro),  at  Los  Ang.  '43-5.  iv. 
541,  633;  fatally  wounded  at  S.  Pascual  '46.  v.  347.  R.  (Francisco),  soldier 
of  the  S.F.  comp.  '24-31;  executed  in  '31  for  crime  committed  in  '28.  His  was 
one  of  the  causas  celebres  of  Cal.  ii.  592,  594;  iii.  191-3,  699.  R.  (Francisco), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46;  killed  at  the  S.  Gabriel  fight  Jan.  '47.  v.  396.  R.  (Jose 
M.  de  J.  Gonzalez),  see  'Gonzalez.'  iii.  318,  724.  R.  (Jose),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8. 
R.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  R.(Mateo),  nat.  of  Flanders,  soldier  of  the  S. 
Diego  comp.  in  1779  and  earlier,  and  a  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1794-1819.  i.  454; 
ii.  349,  354.  His  wife  was  Ursula  Dominguez,  and  the  birth  of  4  children  is 
noted  before  1790,  one  of  them  being  Francisco  Ramon.  R.  (Nabor),  Mex. 
at  Mont.  '36,  age  40.  R.  (Rafael),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '24-6.  R. 
(Santiago),  at  Los  Ang.  '19.  ii.  355.  R.  (Tomas),  at  San  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age 
30,  child  Candelaria;  at  Los  Ang.  '48. 

Ruckel  (Joseph  L.),  1847,  a  prominent  trader  at  S.F.,  S.  Jose,  and  Mont. 
'47-8,  of  the  firms  Sherman  &  R.  and  R.  &  Cooke.  v.  663.  About  '55  he  went 
to  Or.,  where  he  became  a  steamboatman  and  pres.  of  the  0.  S.  N.  Co.,  still 
there  in  '74-5.  Rucker  (Dan.  H.),  1848,  capt.  of  dragoons  in  Graham's  bat 
talion,  v.  522.  R.  (R.  A.),  1848,  at  S.F.  and  Mont.  Rudacof,  1846,  Russ. 
naval  lieut  on  the  Baikal  at  S.F.  Rudd  (John),  1848,  came  from  Callao  on 
the  Lady  Adams  and  took  com.  of  the  U.S.  Dale.  v.  577.  Rudenstein 
(John),  1846,  asst  surgeon  on  the  U.S.  Dale,  d.  '69.  Rudierkof,  1846,  Russ. 
lieut;  prob.  same  as  'Rudacof.'  v.  576. 

Rufus  (Ernest),  1844,  nat.  of  Germany,  about  the  manner  of  whose  coming, 
perhaps  earlier,  nothing  appears,  iv.  453.  He  was  naturalized  in  March  '44, 
appointed  in  July  a  lieut  in  Slitter's  army,  fighting  for  Micheltorena,  and  in 
Dec.  got  a  grant  of  the  Cazadores  rancho  in  Sac.  Val.  iv.  479,  485,  671,  680. 
In  '45,  in  partnership  with  Wm  Benitz,  he  leased  the  Ross  property  from  Sut- 
ter;  and  in  '46  was  grantee  of  the  Rancho  de  German,  north  of  Ross.  iv.  679; 
v.  669.  He  sold  the  rancho,  or  parts  of  it,  to  Glein  and  Hagler  in  '47,  but 
seems  still  to  have  resided  in  Sonoma  Co.  as  late  as  '79.  Ruggks  (John), 
1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sac.  in  '82. 

Ruiz,  mentioned  in  1798.  i.  670.  R.  (Agaton),  wounded  at  the  Olompali 
fight,  v.  166-8.  R.  (Anselmo),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-46,  age  25  in  '34.  R. 
(Carlos),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Verdugo,  4  children.  R. 
(Catarina),  widow  of  M.  Nieto,  grantee  of  Las  Bolsas  '34.  R.  (Efigenio), 
settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  461.  R.  (Eustaquio),  killed  at  Pauma  '46.  v. 
617.  R.  (Francisco),  com.  de  policia  at  S.  Diego  '36,  regidor  '37.  iii.  616. 
R.  (Francisco),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-48.  R.  (Francisco  Maria),  nat.  of  L.  Cal. 
and  sergt  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.  from  1795,  alferez  1801,  lieut  1805,  and  from 
1806  comandante  at  S.  Diego,  being  promoted  to  capt.  in  '20  and  retired 
from  active  service  in  '27.  He  received  a  grant  of  the  Penasquitos  rancho,  and 
died  in '39  at  the  age  of  about  85.  He  never  married.  Biog.  ii.  5,  39-41;  ment. 
i.  636,  665;  ii.  50,  85,  99-101,  109,  liy,  191,  240,  245,  340-1,  345,  451,  457, 
546-8,  551-2,  571,  663;  iii.  7-8,  612.  R.  (Fructuoso),  settler  at  Los.  Ang. 
1799;  regidor  1802.  ii.  110,  349.  R.  (Ger6nimo),  zanjero  at  Carpenterfa  '48. 
v.  631.  R.  (Guadalupe),  at  S.  Gabriel  '46.  R.  (Hilario),  soldier  at  Sta  B. 
before  '37.  R.  (Joaquin),  grantee  of  Bolsa  Chica,  Los  Ang.,  '41,  being  also 
claimant  '52;  at  Los  Ang.  13,  '39,  '46;  age  47  in  '39.  ii.  350;  iii.  639.  R. 
(Jos<§),  invalido  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '15.  ii.  349.  R.  (Jose),  soldier  at  Sta  B. 
'32,  wife  Isabel  Uribe.  R.  (Jose),  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Maria  Ign.  Lugo,  child. 
Deogracia,  Ger6nimo,  Baltazar,  Hilarion,  and  Gabriel;  in  '45  a  ranchero. 
R.  (Jos6  Manuel),  brother  of  Francisco  M.,  lieut  in  L.  Cal.,  appointed  to  Cal. 
in  '24  but  did  not  come;  he  became  gov.  of  L.  Cal.  ii.  515,  540.  R.  (Jos6 
Pedro),  grantee  of  Calleguas  rancho  Sta  B.  '47,  his  heirs  Gabriel  et  al.  cl.  iii. 
655.  R.  (Jos<5  Maria),  settler  at  S.  Jos6  1791-1800.  i.  716.  R.  (Juan),  set 
tler  at  Los  Ang.  '12.  ii.  350;  at  Sta  B.  '50.  R.  (Juan  Maria),  mentioned 
in  1801.  ii.  171.  R.  (Leon),  1842,  Mex.  sub-lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5. 


RUIZ— RUSSELL.  707 

iv.  289.  R.  (Manuel  D.),  mason-instructor  1792-5.  i.  615.  R.  (Manuel 
Garcia),  made  alferez  1789,  but  did  not  come  to  Cal.  i.  340.  R.  (Mariano), 
at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  25.  R.  (Martin),  settler  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Catalina 
Lizalde;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  R.  (Nicolas),  at  Sta  B.  '37,  wife  Encarnacion  Pico, 
and  5  children.  R.  (Santiago),  mason-instructor  1792-5.  i.  615,  684-5.  R. 
(Toribio),  ditto,  i.  615.  Ruiz  de  la  Mota,  see  'Mota.' 

Rule  (John  H.),  1847,  Scotch  teacher  at  Mont.,  from  Callao  on  the  Guipuz- 
coana.  Ruinville  (Geo.  W.),  1839,  at  Mont.,  as  per  Larkin's  books.  Rum- 
schottel  (Richard),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  hospital  steward  at  Sac.; 
at  Vallejo  71-4;  drowned  at  Stockton  '74.  Runyan  (Levi),  1847,  Co.  D, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Rupe  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518); 
supposed  to  be  living  in  '64.  Ruschenberger  (W.  S.  W. ),  1836,  surgeon  on  the 
U.S.  Peacock,  and  author  of  a  Narrative  of  the  voyage,  iv.  140-2;  iii.  680. 
Rush  (Madison),  1847,  acting  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Columbus. 

Russ  (Adolph  Gustav),  1847,  son  of  J.  C.  C.,  born  in  Germany  '26;  of  Co. 
C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot;  in  the  mines  '48.  He  settled  in 
S.F.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '82,  having  been  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
'67.  His  Biography  and  Remembrances  in  my  col.  of  MSS.  are  brief  sketches  of 
the  family  and  of  S.F.  affairs  in  early  times.  He  married  Frances  Simon  in 
'51,  and  had  5  children  surviving  in  '79.  R.  (August),  1847,  brother  of  A.  G., 
b.  N.Y.,  drummer  of  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.;  still  living  in  S.F.  '82.  R.  (Chas 
Christian  Ed.),  1847,  brother  of  A.  G.,  b.  in  Germany  '28;  fifer  of  N.Y.Vol.; 
owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  676.  After  his  disch.  at  Sta  B.  he  went  to  the  mines  in 
'48,  making  many  later  mining  tours  down  to  that  of  Frazer  River  in  '58. 
The  intervals  were  filled  in  with  business  enterprises  at  S.F.  He  married 
in  '52,  and  was  the  father  of  7  children.  Still  a  rich  and  prominent  citizen  of 
S.F.  in  '82;  life  and  portrait  in  Contemp.  Blog.  R.  (Henry  B. ),  1847,  brother 
of  A.  G.,  who  came,  as  a  boy,  with  the  family;  in  later  years  supervisor  of  S.F., 
where  he  still  lives  in  '85.  R.  (Jacob),  1846,  overl.  immig.  of  Young's  party, 
v.  529.  R.  (J.  C.  Christian),  1847,  German  of  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  He 
had  made  a  fortune  as  a  jeweller  in  N.Y.,  and  lost  it  by  burglarly  one  night 
when  he  closed  his  shop  and  went  to  see  a  procession  in  honor  of  Gen.  Jack 
son.  He  enlisted  with  3  sons,  and  was  accomp.  by  his  wife  and  other  children. 
Opening  a  jeweller's  shop  at  S.F.,  he  obtained,  as  did  his  sons,  building  lots, 
v.  676,  and  rapidly  regained  his  fortune  during  the  flush  times.  He  became 
the  owner  of  much  real  estate,  besides  the  original  lot  on  which  he  built  the 
hotel  still  owned  by  the  family  and  called  the  Russ  House.  His  house  on  this 
lot  was  in  '47-8  the  southern  limit  of  settlement,  being  separated  from  the 
town  by  a  sand  hill.  He  also  built  a  residence  on  Harrison  St  in  the  far-off 
wilderness,  and  the  Russ  Garden  near  by  was  from  '57  a  popular  place  of 
suburban  resort.  He  died  in  '57,  and  his  widow,  Christina,  in  '80.  The  sons  are 
named  in  this  Register;  a  daughter,  Mrs  Mebius,  died  in  Dresden  '85. 

Russell,  1846,  mr  of  the  Sarah  Parker,  v.  580.  R.  (Chas),  1846,  of  the 
Mormon  colony,  but  prob.  did  not  come  to  Cal.  v.  547.  R.  (Eugene),  1845, 
one  of  Fremont's  men,  and  of  the  Sta  B.  garrison  '46.  iv.  583;  v.  316;  later 
in  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  He  applied  for  land  in  the  S.  Jos6  district  '46. 
R.  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  sailor  on  the  Independence;  applied  to  Larkin  for  a  clerk 
ship.  R.  (Henry  or  Win),  1847,  carpenter  and  builder  at  Benicia,  a  partner 
of  Bryant  and  of  Briggs.  v.  672.  R.  (John),  1845,  sailor  on  the  Benj.  Mor 
gan.  R.  (J.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  R.  (Robert  E.),  1846,  of  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  358);  Cal.  claim  $46  (v.  462);  witness  at  Wash.  '48;  at  S.  Jos6  '50.  Per 
haps  same  as  Eugene.  R.  (Thomas),  1835,  Amer.  sailor  picked  up  by  the  Pil 
grim  at  Sta  B.  and  landed  at  S.  Diego  in  '35.  iii.  412.  He  became  a  permanent 
resident  of  S.  D.,  and  is  named  by  Dana  in  his  Two  Years.  In  '36,  with  one 
Weldon,  he  made  an  exped.  in  search  of  buried  treasure  at  the  Colorado  River 
missions,  the  affair  causing  more  excitement  than  increase  of  wealth,  iii.  613. 
The  same  year  he  was  in  trouble  through  sending  a  challenge  to  Lumsden  for 
a  duel.  iii.  618.  In  '40  he  worked  as  a  carpenter,  being  married  to  a  native, 
37  years  old,  and  a  naturalized  citizen.  Next  heard  of  in  '47,  when  he  was  in 
trouble  for  refusing  obedience  to  the  alcalde,  or  perhaps  for  an  attempt  to 


708  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

commit  murder,  v.  618;  and  in  '48  ment.  by  Buffum  in  the  mines  at  Weber 
Creek.  A  man  of  the  same  name  was  cl.  for  land  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.  '52.  R. 
(Wm),  1845,  Amer.  at  Mont. ;  perhaps  the  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  '47;  or  one  named 
in  Napa  Val.  '47-8;  or  as  present  at  Dr  Semple's  marriage  at  Benicia  '47.  v. 
672;  or  some  of  these  may  be  the  following.  R.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499). 

Russell  (Wm  H),  1846,  nat.  of  Ky  who  had  been  somewhat  prominent  in 
local  politics,  memb.  of  the  legislature,  U.S.  marshal,  etc.;  also  serving  in  the 
Florida  war.  He  came  to  Cal.  overland  with  Bryant  and  Jacobs,  v.  528;  made 
a  flowery  oration  at  the  S.F.  reception  of  Com.  Stockton  in  Oct.  v.  295-6; 
served  as  ordnance  officer  with  rank  of  major  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  v.  160,  399; 
and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  make  the  treaty  of  Cahuenga,  v.  404-5, 
being  somewhat  active  in  the  Fr^mont-Kearny  controversy,  and  sec.  of  state 
at  Los  Ang.  during  Fremont's  rule  as  gov.  v.  422-4,  432-3.  In  March  '47  he 
was  sent  east  with  despatches,  his  chief  mission  being  to  secure  F.'s  appoint 
ment  as  gov.  v.  445,  454;  and  he  was  one  of  F.'s  principal  witnesses  at  the 
court-martial,  v.  420,  423,  456.  He  came  back  to  Cal.  in  '49,  and  practised 
law  at  S.  Jose",  Sac.,  and  S.F.  to  '54  or  later;  about  '61-2  was  U.S.  consul  at 
Trinidad  de  Cuba,  but  resigned  and  returned  to  Ky,  where  he  died.  A  daughter 
married  a  grandson  of  Henry  Clay.  A  second  wife  was  married  about  '62. 
Russell  was  a  boastful  man  of  many  words,  and  a  hard  drinker,  but  honorable, 
intelligent,  and  popular,  with  much  ability.  R.  (Wm  W.),  1847,  lieut  of 
marines  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  Russum  (Thos),  1846,  Engl.  mr  of  the 
Euphemia  and  Mary  Ann  '46-7.  v.  578-9;  heard  of  in  England  in  later  years. 
Ruth  (John),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  Rutledge  (John),  1847,  acting 
lieut  on  the  U.S.  Erie.  Rutter  (Henry),  1841,  employed  on  Leese's  launch 
at  S.F.  R.  (John),  1829,  mr  of  the  Planet,  iii.  148. 

Ryan  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.F.  '66.  R.  (Geo. 
P.),  1843,  Irishman  who  got  a  pass  in  Dec.  R.  (Geo.  P.),  1847,  went  to  Hon. 
on  the  Gen.  Kearny.  R.  (P.  H.  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  R. 
(Q.),  1847,  blacksmith  at  Mont.  R.  (Win),  1845,  sailmaker  on  the  U.S. 
Savannah.  R.  (Wm  Redmond),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  He  returned 
east  by  Panama,  and  wrote  his  Personal  Adventures  in  Upper  and  Lower  Cal., 
1848-9,  published  in  London  '50.  Died  atN.  Orleans  '52.  Ryder  (Geo.  W.), 
1847,  arr.  Oct.,  according  to  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  roll;  died  S.F.  '68,  age  49. 

Saavedra  (Ramon  A.),  1790,  Span.  com.  of  transport  and  exploring  vessels 
on  the  coast  1790-7.  i.  506,  523-4,  542,  706,  728;  ii.  184.  See  also  Hist.  N.  W. 
Coast,  through  index.  Sabici  (Matias),  1834,  Ital.  sailor  who  came  from 
Mex.  with  the  H.  &  P.  colony,  and  settled  at  Mont,  after  working  for  a  while 
at  the  Palo  Colorado  as  a  sawyer,  iii.  412.  He  is  mentioned  at  Los  Ang.  in 
'47,  and  seems  to  have  married  a  daughter  of  Wm  Wolfskill.  Sabas,  (Jose1), 
at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Saenz  (Ignacio),  Mex.  convict  of  1791.  i.  606.  S.  (Juan), 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-30.  S.  (Luis),  ditto  '42.  S.  (Macario),  of  S.F. 
militia '37.  S.  (Manuel),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '32-3;  militia '37;  at  Sonoma 
'44,  age  30.  S.  (Pablo  Pedro),  of  S.F.  militia  '37,  exiled  in  '39.  iii.  580;  per 
haps  Pablo  and  Pedro.  S. ,  see  also  '  Sais, '  '  Saez. '  S.  de  Lucio,  see  '  Lucio. ' 
Saez  (Jose",  Justo,  and  Miguel),  settlers  at  S.  Josd  1797.  i.  717.  S.  (Na- 
sario),  settler  at  S.  Jos6  786.  i.  477;  wife  Micaela  Sotelo,  child,  in  '93,  Miguel, 
Juan,  Benedicta,  and  Felipa.  Sagarra  (Eduardo),  Peruvian  shot  for  stealing 
at  Mont.  '31.  iii.  191,  669,  673,  679.  S.  (Mateo),  1818,  of  Bouchard's  in 
surgents,  captured  at  Mont.  ii.  232.  Sahr  (Albert),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 

Sainsevain  (Pierre),  1839,  French  carpenter,  age  20,  who  arrived  at  Sta 
B.  on  the  Ayacucho.  iv.  117,  119.  His  passport  was  dated  Bordeaux,  Nov. 
'38.  He  was  a  nephew  of  Louis  Vignes,  whom  he  joined  for  a  time  in  the 
manufacture  of  wine  at  Los  Angeles.  In  '43  he  was  grantee  of  the  Canada  del 
Rincon  rancho,  iv.  655,  and  from  '44  owned  a  saw-mill  at  Sta  Cruz,  being  from 
'46  in  partnership  with  Roussillon,  building  a  schooner  in  '46,  v.  641,  and 
also  from  '46  having  a  flour-mill  at  S.  Jos6,  which  gave  rise  to  some  local 
troubles,  iv.  685;  v.  660.  He  went  to  the  mines  in  '48,  Sainsevain  Bar  being 


SAINSEVAIN—  SALMON.  709 

named  for  him;  and  in  '49  was  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention.  In  later 
years  he  became  one  of  the  most  prominent  vineyardists  and  wine-makers  in 
the  state.  His  wife,  married  in  '45,  was  a  daughter  of  Antonio  Sunol.  St 
Glair  (Trouett),  1843  (?),  trapper  who  prob.  came  from  N.  Mex.  about  this 
year.  iv.  400;  ment.  by  Schallenberger  and  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary  '44-5;  still 
living  in  Sta  Cruz  Co.  as  late  as  '79.  St  Germain  (Baptiste),  1831,  Fr.  from 
N.  Mex.;  prob.  with  Wolfskill.  iii.  387.  St  John  (Augustus  A.),  1847,  Co. 
B,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  St  J.  (Henry),  1843  (?),  Engl.  sailor,  and  later  sugar- 
planter  in  the  Sandw.  Isl.,  said  to  have  come  to  Cal.  this  year.  iv.  400.  He 
M  as  later  a  miner  and  cattle-dealer,  who  attempted  suicide  at  S.F.  '83.  St 
J.  (J.),  1848,  passport  from  Hon.  St  J.  (Stephen  M.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  St  Quintin  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  C,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Saia 
(Domingo),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '26-33;  of  S.F.  militia  '37;  grantee  of 
Canada  de  Herrera,  Marin, '39.  iii.  711.  He  had  been  elector  and  regidor  of 
S.F.  '37-9.  iii.  705;  and  his  age  was  '39  in  '44.  His  name  is  written  also 
'Saenz'  and  'Saez,'  which  are  perhaps  more  correct  forms;  at  least,  it  is  im 
possible  to  distinguish  between  them  in  Cal.  S.  (Miguel),  settled  at  Loa 
Aug.  1S06.  ii.  350.  Saizar  de  Vitoria,  see  'Vitoria.'  Sajat  (Lewis  T.), 
1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lots. 

Sal  (Hermenegildo),  1776,  Span,  soldier  who  came  with  Anza;  guarda- 
almacen  at  S.F.  '78-82;  alfdrez  '82;  lieut  '95.  He  served  at  Mont.  1782-1800 
(except  '91-4  at  S.F.);  much  of  the  time  as  habilitado  and  comandante.  In 
1800,  being  retired  as  capt.,  he  died  at  Mont.  Though  a  quick-tempered  man, 
he  was  a  faithful  officer,  strict  disciplinarian,  and  excellent  accountant.  Biog. 
and  fam.  i.  678-80;  ment.  i.  297,  335,  396-7,  441,  463,  467-8,  490,  493-6,  501, 
509-11,  514,  516-18,  526,  537,  547,  551-2,  569,  572-3,  588-94,  634,  680,  692- 
707,  718;  ii.  143,  191;  iii.  11.  Salamanca  (Secundino),  1791,  Span,  lieut  In 
Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Salazar,  1796,  com.  of  the  Conception  and 
Activo  '96-7.  i.  540,  544.  S.  (Aloiiso  Isidro),  1791,  Span,  friar,  who  was  a 
founder  of  Sta  Cruz,  where  he  served  until  his  retirement  in  '95,  writing  in 
Mex.  an  important  report  on  the  Con dicion  Actual  de  Cal.  Biog.  i.  497-9;  ment. 
i.  494,  566,  576,  579-80,  603-4,  618,  626,  661.  S.  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46;  juez  de  campo  '48.  v.  626.  S.  (Canute),  fifer  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '39-42; 
in  '54-5  at  S.F.,  age  28;  witness  in  the  Santillan  case.  S.  (Dionisio),  at 
Branciforte  '45,  age  28,  wife  Perfecta  Castro,  child.  Encarnacion  b.  '40,  and 
Juan  '41.  S.  (Fulgencio),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '38-42.  S.  (Ignacio 
and  Jesus),  at  S.  Bern.  '46.  S.  (Isidro),  teamster  at  Mont.  '47.  S.  (Jorge), 
soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  25.  S.  (Jos6),  convict  settler  1798.  i.  606.  S. 
(Jos6),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '38-43.  iv.  667;  Cal.  claim  (v.  462).  S.  (Jos<§ 
Antonio),  N.  Mexican  trader  and  settler  from  '39.  iv.  81,  278,  387;  in  '46 
supl.  juez  at  S.  Feliciano  rancho.  v.  625;  in  '47  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  v.  626; 
still  there  in  '48.  S.  (Jose"  Maria),  regidor  at  Branciforte  '34.  iii.  696,  588; 
in  '45  on  the  padron  as  a  nat.  of  Cal.,  age  60,  wife  Hermenegilda  Rios, 
child.  Isidro  b.  '15,  Jorge  '19,  Juan  '25,  Maria  Refugio  '30,  Refugio  '33.  S. 
(Juan),  com.  of  the  guard  at  S.  Fern.  '23.  ii.  570;  in  '27-30  acting  habilitado 
at  Sta  B.  and  S.  Diego,  ii.  543,  572;  iii.  114.  In  '31-4  he  was  promoted  from 
sergt  to  alfdrez,  and  was  once  a  prisoner  during  the  sectional  wars  in  '37.  He 
was  acting  com.  of  S.  Diego,  and  is  ment.  as  late  as  '46.  iii.  482,  503-4,  541, 
608-10;  iv.  617;  v.  566.  S.  (Miguel),  soldier  atS.  Jose"  mission  1797.  i.  556. 
S.  (Ramon),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Sales  (Alex.),  1833,  Amer.  hunter  from  IS".  Mex.,  at  Los  Ang.  '36,  age  29. 
Prob.  Cyrus  'Alexander,'  q.v. ;  also  ment.  in  the  campaign  of  '45.  iv.  495.  S. 
(Francisco),  grantee  of  land  at  S.  Gabriel  '45.  iv.  637.  Salgado  (Augustin), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  S.  (Francisco),  ditto;  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  50-8.  S.  (Tomas), 
juez  aux.  Mont,  dist  '44.  iv.  653.  Salines,  1842,  Frenchman  in  Sutter's  em 
ploy,  iv.  341 ;  prob.  the  Salinas  named  in  'JV.  Helv.  Diary  '45-8.  Sallalla 
(Faustino),  soldier  at  the  Colorado  Hiv.  pueblos  1780-1,  killed  by  Ind.  i.  359, 
362.  Salleman,  1847,  doubtful  name  of  a  Frenchman  at  S.  Jose".  Sallee, 
1846,  of  West's  overl.  party,  killed  on  the  Humboldt.  v.  528.  -  Salmon 
(Alejo),  colegial  at  Sta  In6s  '44.  iv.  426.  S.  (James),  1846,  Delaware  Ind. 


710  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

in  the  fight  at  Natividad.  v.  367;  at  Slitter's  fort  '47.  Salvador,  Cal.  Ind. 
sent  by  Sutter  to  relief  of  the  Donner  party  '46.  He  refused  to  eat  human 
flesh,  but  was  himself  shot  and  eaten,  v.  531-2,  534,  537.  Saly,  1845,  at 
Sta  B.  Samlyn  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  F.  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Samop  (Jaime), 
Ind.  alcalde  at  S.  Diego  1799.  i.  655.  Sam  Tetoy,  Ind.  chief,  later  called 
'Solano,'  q.v.  ii.  329.  Sampson  (Z.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 

Sanchez  (Antonio),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37.  S.  (Est<§van),  soldier  at 
Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Romana  Lopez.  S.  (Francisco),  son  of  Josd  Ant.;  soldier  of 
the  S.F.  comp.  '24-5;  in  '27-8  elector  and  sec.  at  S.F.  and  S.  Jose",  ii.  592, 
605;  in  '35  sec.  iii.  704;  in  '37  sec.,  capt.  of  the  militia,  elector,  and  grantee 
of  town  lots.  iii.  506,  511,  701,  705;  v.  683;  in  '38-9  acting-corn,  at  S.F.  and 
grantee  of  S.  Pedro  rancho,  S.  Mateo  co.  iii.  563,  701,  713.  He  served  as  juez 
de  paz  in  '43.  iv.  665;  in  '42  is  named  on  the  padron  as  a  nat.  of  S.  Jose", 
age  35,  wife  Teodora  Higuera,  child.  Luisa  b.  '34,  Luis  '36,  Dolores  '38,  and 
Pedro;  in  '44  capt.  of  defensores.  iv.  407,  4.68,  667;  in  '45  capt.  of  the  post, 
and  grantee  of  town  lot.  iv.  666,  669;  v.  678.  In  '46  was  acting  com.  at  S.F., 
though  absent  at  the  capture  by  the  U.S.  v.  4,  17,  61,  239-41,  659;  and  in 
'46-7,  provoked  by  the  depredations  of  the  Americans,  he  headed  a  kind  of 
revolt,  with  a  view  to  obtain  guaranties,  taking  captive  Alcalde  Bartlett  and 
his  guard,  who  were  making  a  plundering  tour.  v.  379-83.  Don  Francisco 
still  lived  at  S.F.  mission  in  '55.  He  is  remembered  as  a  hospitable  man, 
though  somewhat  hostile  to  Amer.,  and  always  regarded  by  them  with  sus 
picion. 

Sanchez  (Francisco  de  Jesus),  1842  (?),  Mex.  friar  of  the  Zacatecanos,  who 
was  apparently  left  behind  in  L.  Cal.  when  the  others  came  in  '33.  iii.  319. 
He  was  minister  at  S.  Buenaventura  '42-3  and  '52-3;  at  Sta  Ine"s  '44-50,  be 
ing  vice-rector  of  the  seminary,  iv.  425-6,  644-5;  v.  635.  He  is  named  occa 
sionally  at  S.  Gabriel  and  Sta  B.  to  '58,  but  I  have  found  no  later  record  of 
him.  S.  (Francisco  Miguel),  1774,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Gabriel,  and 
temporarily  at  other  missions,  till  his  death  in  1803.  Biog.  ii.  113-14;  ment. 
i.  299,  388,  451,  459,  495-6,  511,  576,  664,  719.  S.  (Gil),  regidor  at  Mont. 
'36,  tithe  col.  at  Branciforte  '39,  grantee  of  Arroyo  de  la  Laguna  '40,  killed 
Robles  '42,  agente  de  pol.  '45.  iii.  675,  676,  697;  iv.  653,  663.  S.  (Hilario), 
grantee  of  Tamalpais  '45.  iv.  674.  S.  (Isidro),  son  of  Jos6  Ant.,  of  S.  F. 
militia  '37,  age  23  in  '42,  wife  Teodora  Alviso,  child.  Dolores  b.  '37,  Isabel 
'40,  and  Narcisa  '41 ;  involved  in  the  assault  on  Capt.  Libby  '45.  S.  (Jacobo), 
in  revolt  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  538-9.  S.  (Joaquin),  sirviente  at  Sta  Clara 
1776.  i.  306.  S.  (Joaquin),  1801,  sergt  sent  from  Mex.  to  superintend  culti 
vation  of  hemp.  i.  620-1;  ii.  178,  181.  S.  (Joaquin),  soldier  of  the  S.  F. 
comp.  '23.  S.  (Jos<§),  1791,  piloto  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490. 

Sanchez  (Jose"  Antonio),  nat.  of  Sinaloa,  soldier  of  the  S.  F.  comp.  from 
1791,  corp.  from  1805,  sergt  from  1806,  brevet  alferez  from  '20,  and  alfe"rez 
from  '27,  or,  as  some  records  indicate,  from  '32.  He  was  for  some  years  corp. 
of  the  Sta  Cruz  escolta.  i.  496,  526,  535;  was  later  engaged  in  over  20  Ind. 
campaigns  and  exploring  exped.,  especially  in  '17-26,  being  famous  for  his 
skill  and  courage  as  an  Ind.  tighter,  ii.  91-2,  126,  232,  322,  329,  385,  339,  371, 
445,  497-9,  538,  584;  iii.  111-12,  123.  In  '27-35  he  was  the  grantee  of  Buri- 
buri  rancho,  S.F.  ii.  591-5,  664;  iii.  711;  in  '29-33  com.  at  S.F.,  though  in 
volved  in  the  revolt  of  '29.  iii.  75,  96,  223-4,  333,  365,  701;  but  in  '32-4  ap 
parently  attached  nominally  to  the  Mont.  comp.  iii.  671.  In  '36  he  was  retired 
from  active  service,  living  on  his  rancho  or  at  the  mission;  is  named  on  the 
padron  of  '42  as  67  years  of  age;  and  died  in  '43,  being  denied  the  comforts  of 
religion  on  his  death-bed,  and  for  a  time  Christian  burial,  through  some 
quarrel  with  the  friars,  to  whom  he  was  always  hostile,  iv.  373.  He  was  a 
good  man,  of  known  honesty  and  valor,  but  very  ignorant  and  unfit  for  pro 
motion.  His  sons  were  Jose  de  la  Cruz,  Francisco,  Manuel,  and  Isidro.  His 
daughters  married  Fran,  de  Haro,  two  Valencias,  and  John  Read.  S.  ( Jose" 
Ant.),  settler  at  S.  Jos<§  1791-1800.  i.  716. 

Sanchez  (Josd  Bernardo),  1804,  Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Diego- 
and  S.  Gabriel  till  his  death  in  '33.  A  very  prominent  missionary  and  presi- 


SANCHEZ-SANDERS.  711 

dent  of  the  Fernandinos  in  '27-30.  Biog.  iii.  641-2;  ment.  ii.  47,  99, 106-7,  110, 
159,  344,  366,  394,  442,  487,  560,  564,  567,  569,  580,  655,  657;  iii.  87,  91-2,  94, 
96,  102,  108,  142-4,  155,  309-10,  315-16,  337-8,  347,  351.  S.  (JosS  de  la 
Cruz),  son  of  Josa  Ant.,  elector  at  S.F.  '35,  regidor  '36-7.  iii.  704-5;  grantee 
of  S.  Mateo  rancho  '36-41,  and  admin,  of  S.  F.  mission  '36-40.  iii.  713,  715; 
named  in  the  padron  of  '42  as  40  years  old,  wife  Maria  Josefa  Merido  (?), 
child.  Soledad  b.  '23,  Concepcion  '30,  Jose"  Maria  '34,  Ricardo  '37,  and  Fran- 
cisco.  He  was  supl.  juez  de  paz  '43,  sergt  of  defensores  '44,  2d  alcalde  '45,  and 
2d  juez  de  paz  in  '46.  iv.  665,  666-7;  v.  648.  He  continued  to  live  at  the 
mission  till  his  death  in  '78.  S.  (Jos6  Joaquin),  at  Los  Ang.  '25.  ii.  559. 
S.  (Jos6  Maria),  1824,  Mex.  who  in  '35  was  grantee  of  Llano  de  Tequesquite 
rancho.  iii.  677;  age  30  in  '36;  juez  at  S.  Juan  B.  '37.  iii.  692;  his  rancho 
sacked  by  Ind.  '38.  iii.  693;  iv.  75;  Cal.  claim  '46-7  (v.  462);  alcalde  at  S. 
Juan  B.  '47-8.  v.  640.  He  was  cl.  for  Las  Animas,  Sta  Clara,  '52 

Sanchez  (Juan),  sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  S.  (Juan),  grantee  of  Sta 
Clara  rancho,  Sta  B.,  '37.  iii.  656;  wife  Lie's  Guevara  and  4  children  before 
'37;  still  in  Sta  B.  Co.  '54.  S.  (Juana  Maria  L.),  2d  baptism  at  S.F.  1776.  i. 
291.  S.  (Macario),  at  S.  Jos6  1800.  S.  (Manuel),  prob.  son  of  Jos<§  Ant., 
elector  at  S.  F.  '35  and  petitioner  for  Canada  de  Guadalupe  rancho.  iii.  704,  711; 
alf.  of  militia  '37.  iii.  701 ;  in  '42  age  30,  wife  Francisca  Solis,  child.  Manuel 
b.  '31,  Rosario  '37,  Dolores  '38,  Juan  Francisco  '41.  S.  (Maria  Josefa),  Cal. 
claim  for  $9,030  (v.  462).  S.  (Miguel),  1829,  Mex.  convict  liberated  in  '33. 
S.  (Rafael),  Ind.  executed  at  Mont.  '45.  iv.  654.  S.  (Rafael),  1842,  Mex. 
sub-lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5,  acting  also  as  Micheltorena's  sec.  He 
remained  in  Cal.  as  custom-house  officer  in  '45;  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of 
'46,  serving  on  the  1st  jury  and  getting  a  grant  of  S.  Lorenzo  rancho.  iv.  289, 
513,  557;  v.  35,  41,  45,  61,  289,  637.  S.  (Ramon),  1826,  Mex.  sup.  of  the 
Sta  Apolonia,  and  mr  of  the  Magdalena,  27-8.  iii.  147-8.  S.  (Ramona  or 
Romana),  grantee  of  Butano,  Sta  Cruz,  '44.  ii.  591.  S.  (Teodoro),  juez  de 
campo  at  Laguna  Seca  '35.  iii.  674. 

Sanchez  (Tomas),  at  Los  Coyotes  rancho,  Los  Ang.,  '39,  age  37;  collector  of 
taxes  at  Los  Ang.  '43.  iv.  633.  After  '49  he  was  somewhat  prominent  as 
sheriff;  still  living  in  '77.  S.  (Tomito),  at  S.  Pascual  '46.  v.  352;  perhaps 
same  as  Tomas.  S.  (Urbano),  owner  of  the  Sta  Apolonia  '26.  iii.  148,  682; 
prob.  not  in  Cal.  S.  (Vicente),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '14-19.  ii.  349,  354; 
arrested  and  sent  to  Sta  B.  in  irons  '22.  ii.  559;  elector  and  prob.  alcalde 
'26-7.  ii.  560;  iii.  33;  member  of  the  dip.  '28.  iii.  41-2.  In  '29-32  he  as  dipu- 
tado,  alcalde,  and  citizen  was  involved  in  a  complicated  series  of  troubles, 
being  deposed  and  imprisoned,  and  in  turn  imprisoning  others.  The  details 
cannot  be  presented,  even  if  anybody  ever  understood  them.  He  was  a 
vicious,  gambling,  quarrelsome  fellow,  though  of  some  intelligence  and 
wealth ;  and  political  quarrels  between  Echeandia  and  Victoria  had  something 
to  do  with  his  troubles,  about  which  suits  were  pending  as  late  as  '44.  ii.  561; 
iii.  187-8,  195-6,  200,  205,  212,  230,  630,  634.  In  '36-9  he  had  something  to 
do  with  the  vigilance  com.,  and  with  the  sectional  quarrel  on  both  sides,  iii. 
417,  432,  491,  504,  565,  636.  In  '42-4  his  name  appears,  being  the  grantee  of 
Ci<§nega  or  Paso  de  la  Tijera,  and  also  comis.  de  zanjas.  iv.  295,  629,  633-4; 
and  in  '45  he  was  again  alcalde,  not  free  from  popular  complaints,  iv.  497, 
523,  633.  I  have  no  later  record  of  him.  Sancho  (Juan  Bautista),  1804, 
Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Antonio  till  his  death  in  '30.  Biog.  ii.  621;  ment. 
ii.  152,  385,  388,  655. 

Sandeau,  1846,  a  mountaineer  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex.  Lancey.  San- 
dels  (G.  M.  W.),  1842,  Swedish  scientist  who  came  from  Mex.  ontheschr  Cali 
fornia,  and  went  to  Hon.  on  the  Diamond  in  '43.  He  wrote  an  account  of 
his  observations  under  the  name  of  'King's  Orphan.'  iv.  345-6,  363,  565,  640, 
650, 665.  Sanders  (Allen),  1845,  Amer.  blacksmith  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon 
party,  working  for  Sutter  Jul.-Dec.  In  the  spring  of  '46  he  visited  Napa  and 
Sonoma,  married  Miss  Bonney,  and  in  March  went  with  the  Bonneys  to  Or., 
where  he  is  said  to  have  been  living  in  '80.  iv.  572;  v.  526.  S.  (Horace), 
1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587.  He  was  perhaps  a 


712  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Bear  Flag  man.  v.  110;  and  served  as  sergt  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  361;  having  a 
Cal.  claim  of  $20  (v.  462).  Thos  Knight  states  that  in  70-1,  S.  was  living  near 
Carson,  Nev.  S.  (Richard  T.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Sander- 
son  (Geo.  B.),  1847,  asst  surg.  U.S.A.,  surg.  of  the  Morm.  Bat.,  and  an  object 
of  the  most  intense  dislike  on  the  part  of  the  Mormons.  He  went  east  with 
Gen.  Kearny.  v.  446,  452,  477,  480-2.  Sandoval  (Josefa),  1791,  wife  of  Gov. 
Romeu.  i.  488,  490.  S.  (Luciano),  1842,  cornet  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv. 
289.  S.  (Panfilo),  1828,  Mex.  convict  liberated  '34. 

San  Estevan  (Antonio),  1831,  chief  of  a  N.  Mex.  caravan,  iii.  396.  Sands 
(J.  R.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Benj.  Tucker.  Sanford,  1843,  at  Sutter's  fort  '45, 
and  perhaps  an  overl.  immig.  of  the  Chiles  party,  iv.  393,  578.  S.  (Sam.), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Sanger  (John),  1844,  mr  of  the  Newton;  A. 
at  S.  Diego,  iv.  567;  perhaps  '  Sawyer.'  Sangrador  (Miguel),  tanner-in 
structor  1792-5.  i.  615,  725. 

Santa  Ana,  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '24.  ii.  532.  Santa  Cruz  (Jose'  Antonio), 
com.  de  policiaat  Mont.  '33,  '36,  juez  de  campo  '35.  iii.  673-5;  age  43  in  '36, 
nat.  of  Mex. ,  wife  Gertrudis  Villavicencio,  child  Juan  Jos6.  Santa  Maria, 
1815,  teacher  who  came  with  Gov.  Sola.  ii.  426.  Sta  M.,  Ind.  sirv.  at  S. 
Luis  Ob.,  shot  by  Fremont,  v.  374.  Sta  M.  (Jose*  Maria),  clerk  of  the  court 
at  Mont.  '42;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '46.  v.  684.  Sta  M.  (Vicente),  1776,  Span, 
friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Buen.,  where  he  died  in  1806.  Biog.  ii.  121-2; 
ment.  i.  240-1,  246,  287,  300,  302,  376,  382,  385,  388,  399,  466,  522,  553,  576, 
674;  ii.  159-60,  490.  Santiago  (Juan  Jos6  Norberto),  1786,  Span,  friar,  wLo 
served  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  and  retired  in  1810.  Biog.  ii.  110;  ment.  i.  388,  423, 
458-9,  474,  563,  576,  657;  ii.  114,  159-60,  197.  Santillan  (Jos<§  Prudencio), 
1841,  Mex.  novice  of  Ind.  parentage  who  came  with  the  bishop  and  soon  be 
came  a  priest,  iv.  195.  He  was  parish  priest  at  S.F.  mission  in  '46-50,  though 
much  of  the  time  absent;  and  went  to  Mex.  in  '50.  His  chief  and  only  fame 
.  rests  on  his  claim  of  '50  to  the  misssion  lands  under  a  grant  of  Gov.  Pico  in 
'46,  a  grant  which  after  a  long  and  famous  litigation,  though  approved  by  the 
'land  com.  and  district  court,  was  finally  declared  invalid  by  the  U.S.  sup. 
court,  being  doubtless  fraudulently  antedated,  v.  558,  659-60.  Santillan  be 
came  asst  curate  at  Mazatlan  before  '56,  and  my  last  record  of  him  is  that  in 
'59  he  was  arrested  for  refusal  to  celebrate  the  return  of  peace  at  the  order  of 
Gov.  Pesqueira;  yet  in  '78  the  holders  of  the  land  claims  professed  to  be  able 
to  produce  him  as  a  witness.  Santos,  sirv.  at  Soledad  1791-1800.  i.  499. 
S.,  neoph.  grantee  of  Rincon  del  Alisal,  Sta  Clara,  '44.  iv.  672.  S.  (Guada- 
lupe),  at  Mont.  '36,  age  26. 

Sargent  (Constantine),  1846,  purser's  clerk  on  the  U.S.  Congress,  committed 
suicide  at  Mont.  Dec.  S.  (Henry  S.),  1848,  nat.  of  Conn,  recently  from  Or. ; 
d.  at  S.F.  Oct.  S.  (James  K.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Sarmiento 
(Jos6  M.),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo;  died  on  the  voy.  to  Cal.  iv. 
289.  Sarrfa  (Vicente  Francisco),  1809,  Span,  friar  whose  missionary  service 
was  at  S.  Carlos  and  Soledad  until  his  death  in  '35.  He  was  prefect  in  '13-19, 
'23-30,  and  president  '23-5;  one  of  the  ablest,  best,  and  most  prominent  of 
the  Fernandinos.  Biog.  iii.  688-9;  ment.  i.  list  of  auth.;  ii.  88,  148,  159-60, 
217-18,  240,  327-30,  364,  383,  386,  394,  396-409,  451-3,  461,  491,  501-5,  512- 
13,  517-18,  521,  525-6,  535,  622-3,  655,  657,  659,  662;  iii.  7,  16-19, 87,  89-91, 
128,  191,  336,  338,  350-1.  Satte  (Juan  Jose"),  1827,  Moorish  servant  from  S. 
Bias  on  an  Engl.  ship;  at  S.  Jos6  '29,  age  42. 

Sauerweid  (Alex.  A.),  1848,  Russian,  in  S.  Joaq.  Co.  '78.  Saunders 
(John),  1838,  Amer.  or  Irish  sailor  at  Mont,  and  Sta  Cruz  '38,  '43;  at  S.F.  '44, 
age  30.  iv.  119.  He  went  to  sea  again  in  '47-8,  but  returned  in  '52-3,  soon 
shipping  again.  S.  (Theodore  R.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  N.Y. 
city  '82.  S.  (Wm  L.),  1833,  trapper  named  in  Mont,  lists  of  '34.  In  '34  he 
writes  Capt.  Jos.  Walker  a  severe  letter  denying  any  indebtedness  and  claim 
ing  to  hold  a  receipt  from  Bonneville.  He  may  therefore  have  come  in  '33 
with  Walker  (iii.  389),  or  in  '32  with  Dye,  who  mentions  a  Saunders  in  his 
party. 

Savage  (Chas),  1845,  at  Sutter's  fort.  iv.  578;  went  to  Or.  '46.  v.  526;  and 


SAVAGE— SCHWEITZER.  713 

-was  at  Jacksonville  '81.  S.  (Eliza),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  in 
Utah  '84.  S.  (James  D.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  served  in  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat. 
v.  374  (358);  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary,  47-8.  He  had  been  a  trapper  and 
mountaineer,  having  great  influence  among  the  Ind.,  by  whose  aid  he  is  said 
to  have  acquired  much  wealth  in  the  gold  mines.  In  '48-9  he  had  trading 
posts  on  the  Mariposa  and  Fresno;  and  in  later  times  rendered  great  service 
to  govt  and  to  settlers  as  interpreter,  commissioner,  and  major  in  com.  of  a 
volunteer  battalion.  He  was  probably  the  discoverer  of  the  Yosemite  Valley. 
In  '52  he  was  killed  at  the  Kings  River  reservation  in  a  quarrel  with  Maj. 
Harvey,  the  county  judge.  An  ignorant  man  of  much  natural  shrewdness,  he 
made  many  warm  friends  and  bitter  foes.  It  is  related  of  him  that  he  made  it  a 
point  to  marry  a  chief's  daughter  in  every  tribe;  exchanged  hardware  and 
whiskey  by  weight,  ounce  for  ounce,  with  the  Ind.,  for  gold-dust;  and  bet  his 
weight  in  gold  on  the  turn  of  a  card  in  a  S.F.  gambling-house.  S.  (Levi), 
1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Lorqueville,  Utah,  '82. 

Sawis  (Nathaniel),  1816,  doubtful  name  of  a  deserter  from  the  Albatross. 
ii.  275.  Sawyer  (John),  1844,  mr  of  the  Newton;  d.  at  S.  Diego  '45.  iv.  453, 
567.  S.  (Joseph),  1828,  Scotchman  at  S.  Diego  '28-9.  Saxton  (Chas),  1847, 
Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Schaffer  (J.  R.),  1848,  nat.  of  Va;  at  Hon.  from 
£>,F.  on  the  Tepic;  dist  attorney  of  S.  Joaq.  Co.;  d.  in  '75,  perhaps  in  Idaho. 

Schallenberger  (Moses),  1844,  nat.  of  Ohio,  and  overl.  immig.  as  a  boy  in 
the  Stevens  party.  His  remarkable  adventures  at  Donner  Lake,  where  he  was 
left  by  the  party  and  passed  the  winter  alone,  are  noted  in  iv.  445-7,  453-4, 
as  related  in  his  MS.,  Overland  in  '44'  He  appears  in  various  records  of  '46-8 
as  clerk  and  trader  at  Sutter's  fort,  S.  Jose",  Mont.,  and  Sta  Cruz;  but  finally 
settled  at  S.  Jose",  where  he  acquired  considerable  property,  and  was  still  liv 
ing  in  '85.  I  have  been  unable  to  obtain  information  about  his  career  in  late 
years  or  his  family.  His  sister  was  the  wife  of  Dr  Townsend  of  the  Stevens 
party,  and  his  daughter  Maggie  in  '84-5  was  a  teacher,  who  from  her  father's 
notes  wrote  the  MS.  narrative  of  the  overland  trip.  Schenck  (James  F. ), 
1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Congress,  serving  in  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7;  nat.  of 
Ohio;  rear-admiral  '79.  v.  268,  281.  S.  (Woodhull  S. ),  1845,  lieut  on  the  U.  S: 
Portsmouth.  Schiller  (Ed.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Texas  '81. 
Schimer  (Earnest),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto.  Schlottour  (Karl),  1847,  Co.  F,  ditto; 
baker  at  S.F.  '48.  v.  683;  at  Rough-and-Ready  '82. 

Schmidt  (Geo.  W.),  1848,  German  who  died  at  S.  Diego '73;  an  early 
steamboat  man.  S.  (Jacob),  1847,  cooper  at  N.  Helv.  S.  (Karl),  1821, 
Russian  manager  at  Ross,  succeeding  Kuskof  '21-6.  ii.  464-5,  506-7,  642, 
648.  iii.  146.  Schmolcler  (B.),  1846  (?),  author  of  the  Neuer  Wegweiser,  who 
styles  himself  in  June  '47  as  Capt.  'from  Cal.'  He  sought  to  organize  a  German 
colony.  Schneider  (Johann),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Schoa  (Juan), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Schoolcraft  (Henry  A.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  H,  N.Y.  Vol.  v. 
504;  Sutter's  agent,  recorder,  and  alcalde  at  Sac.  '48-9.  He  went  east,  and 
while  returning  with  an  appointment  as  collector  of  Sac.  died  at  sea  near 
Acapulco  '53.  Schoonmaker  (Jacob  J.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  Vineland,  N.J.,  '82.  S.  (Milton  C.),  1847,  ditto;  d.  at  Stockton  '50. 
Schreador  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  D,  ditto;  d.  Napa  Co.  '82.  Schreiber  (Chas), 

1846,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  358;  one  of  the  Sta  B.  garrison.       Schroeder  (Martin), 

1847,  Engl.  mr  of  a  vessel,  married  at  Mazatlan,  who  brought  his  family  in 
'49  via  Hon.;  d.  at  S.  Jose"  '81,  leaving  5  children.       Schroth  (Chas),  1848, 
on  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.;  living  in  S.F.  '81. 

Schubart  (Peter),  1842,  Dane  naturalized  in  Feb.;  also  called  'Serbia.'  iv. 
341.  Schultz  (Ernest),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Schultze  (Fred. ),  1847,  Co. 
F,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Schulz,  1848,  cooper  at  Sutter's  fort.  Schumacher 
(John),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Los  Ang.  '82.  Schwartz  (John 
L.),  1841,  Dutch  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party.  270,  275,  279.  In  '44-5  he 
obtained  a  grant  of  Nueva  Flandria  on  the  Sac.  Riv.,  iv.  672,  where  he  estab 
lished  a  fishing  station  and  built  a  boat.  He  and  his  place  are  described  by 
Bryant  in  '46  and  Buffum  in  '48;  also  mentioned  in  N.  Helv.  Diary,  '45-7. 
He  died  in  '51  or  '52,  and  his  brother  George  was  unsuccessful  cl.  for  the 
rancho  in  '53.  Schweitzer  (Philip),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 


714  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Scollan  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sta  B.  '82.  Scott 
(Andrew),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  S.  (Antonio  J.),  1846,  grantee  of 
S.  Luis  Key  and  Pala.  S.  (Chas  G.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
treasurer  of  S.F. ;  d.  in  Nicaragua  '56.  S.  (Felix),  1845,  nat.  of  Va  and  prob. 
overl.  immig.  iv.  578-9.  One  of  his  daughters  died  at  Sutter's  fort  Jan.  '46. 
In  March  he  went  to  Or.,  v.  526,  where  he  became  a  prominent  settler,  visit 
ing  Cal.  again  about  '51-3,  and  being  killed  by  Ind.  in  '58.  See  Hist.  Or.,  i. 
750.  S.  (Gabriel),  1846,  had  a  'Cal.  claim'  (v.  462).  S.  (G.  J.),  1848,  had 
a  cabin  on  the  Capay  rancho,  Yolo  Co. 

Scott  (James),  1826,  nat.  of  Scotland,  who  first  visited  Cal.  as  sup.  of  the 
Olive  Branch  and  Waverfy,  being  mr  of  the  Huascar  in  '27-8.  iii.  176,  154,  147. 
From  '30  he  seems  to  have  considered  Sta  B.  his  home,  though  constantly  on 
the  move,  as  shown  by  his  business  corresp.  in  my  collection,  ii.  573;  iii.  409; 
iv.  117;  sup.  and  mr  of  various  vessels;  also  otter-hunter,  iv.  144,  209,  566; 
v.  578.  From  '39,  or  earlier,  to  '47  a  partner  of  Capt.  John  Wilson;  nient.  in 
mission  accounts  '40.  iii.  657,  660;  in  '45  purchaser  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  and  grantee 
of  Canada  de  Chorro  rancho.  iv.  553,  558,  655,  658-9.  Not  friendly  to  Amer. 
in  '46-7,  but  not  much  heard  of  in  those  years.  He  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '51. 
S.  (James),  1833,  Engl.  sailor  on  the  Catalina.  iii.  409;  in  Mont.  dist.  '34-5; 
in  trouble  on  the  schr  California  '39.  S.  (James),  1846,  of  the  Mormon 
colony,  excommunicated  at  S.F.  v.  546;  owner  of  S.F.  lots  '47.  S.  (James 
R.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Scott  (John),  1831,  sup.  of  the  Ayacucho  '31-5.  iii.  381;  perhaps  James. 
S.  (John),  1845,  possibly  of  Fremont's  party,  but  prob.  the  following,  iv.  583, 
587,  453.  S.  (John),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579, 
587.  Ace.  to  the  Yolo  Co.  Hist,  he  lived  as  a  hunter  in  Capay  Val.  to  June 
'46;  he  was  prob.  one  of  the  Bears,  v.  110;  and  served  as  a  lieut  in  the  Cal. 
Bat.  v.  435.  Swan  remembers  a  Jack  Scott  in  the  mines  from  Sta  Cruz  '48. 
S.  (Leonard  M.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  S.  (Sam.),  1847,  nat.  of 
Ky  and  overl.  immig. ;  a  trader  at  Sta  Clara,  successful  miner  who  built  the 
first  house  at  Placerville,  and  finally  a  settler  near  Snelling,  where  he  died  in 
'81,  leaving  one  son,  Moses.  S.  (Wm),  1846,  marine  on  the  Portsmouth, 
wounded  at  the  San  Gabriel  in  '47.  v.  395.  S.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  county  treasurer  of  S.F. ;  killed  in  Nicaragua. 

Scott  (Wm  W.),  1845,  brother  of  John  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby- 
Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587.  He  came  from  St  Louis  mainly  for  his  health,  and 
took  part  in  the  Bear  revolt,  being  also,  it  is  said,  the  man  who  in  July  '46 
carried  the  U.S.  flag  from  Sonoma  to  Sac.  v.  110,  148,  244.  In  '46-8  he  kept 
a  store  at  Sonoma,  being,  I  suppose,  of  the  firm  S.  &  Boggs  often  named,  and 
sometimes  visiting  Sac.  with  goods  for  sale.  In  '47  he  married  Mary  Ann 
Smith;  in  Jan.  '48  he  killed  a  man  named  McRice;  and  I  have  his  autograph 
letter  of  Feb.,  in  which  he  attributes  his  bad  conduct  to  the  use  of  liquor,  and 
solemnly  'swears  off'  forever.  Later  in  the  year  he  appears  as  a  carpenter  in 
Sutter's  employ,  and  is  said  to  have  been  at  the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was 
found.  A  man  of  the  same  name  settled  in  Scott  Valley,  Lake  Co.,  in  '48,  and 
was  still  living  in  '54.  The  preceding  items  may  refer  to  more  than  one  man. 
Scriver  (Chas),  see  'Schreiber.'  v.  316.  Scullen  (John),  1847,  Irishman  of  Sta 
B.,  said  to  have  been  killed  by  Ind.  in  Ariz.  '66;  prob.  'Scollan,'  q.v. 

Seagrim  (Thos),  1839,  sailor  on  the  schr  California.  Seaman  (Stephen), 
1846,  acting  sailmaker  on  the  U.S.  Dale.  Searles  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  Searls  (Susan  A.),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  prob.  not  com 
ing  to  Cal.  v.  547.  Sears  (Franklin),  1845,  nat.  of  Mo.  who  crossed  the 
plains  to  Or.  in  '44,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  the  McMahon  party,  572-4,  587,  gain 
ing  an  unenviable  reputation  as  an  Indian-killer.  He  is  named  in  the  N.  Helv. 
Diary  '45-6,  and  in  March  '46  was  nearly  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse  at 
Sutter's  fort.  Recovering,  he  joined  Fremont  and  went  south,  serving  at  S. 
Pascual  under  Gillespie  and  in  Stockton's  campaign.  An  account  of  S.  Pas- 
cual  by  Boggs  in  the  Napa  Registr,  May  11,  '72,  seems  to  be  founded  on  his 
statements.  In  '48-9  he  took  out  large  quantities  of  gold  near  Bidwell's  Bar; 
and  in  '51  settled  at  Sonoma,  where  he  was  living  in  '80  at  the  age  of  63.  His 


SEARS— SESAN.  715 

wife  was  Margaret  Swift,  and  there  were  2  children  surviving  in  '80,  one  of 
them,  Rachel,  being  the  widow  of  J.  R.  Snyder.  S.  (John),  1845,  brother 
of  Franklin,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579,  587,  with 
his  wife.  He  was  a  blacksmith  and  settled  at  Sonoma,  where  he  was  prob.  a 
Bear  Flag  man — indeed,  Mrs  S.  is  credited  with  having  furnished  flannel  for 
the  famous  flag.  v.  110,  147-8.  He  was  capt.  of  Co.  D,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  359,  361; 
had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462);  and  was  in  the  Feather  River  mines  '48.  He  seems 
either  to  have  left  Cal.  or  died  soon  after  this  date. 

Sebastian,  Ind.  who  died  at  Nicasia  '80,  said  to  be  about  100  years  old. 
S.,  1773,  Ind.  who  was  the  1st  Christian  to  make  the  trip  by  land  from  Cal. 
to  Sonora.  i.  221.  S.  (Narcisco),  1844,  Canadian  at  Sta  Rosa,  having  left 
Ridley's  service.  Secondi,  or  Sagondyne  (James),  1845,  Delaware  Ind.  of 
Fremont's  party,  iv.  583;  still  in  F.'s  employ  '53.  Seely,  1845,  in  N.Y.  '84, 
claiming  to  have  been  one  of  Fremont's  party;  also  declared  by  a  newspaper 
corresp.  to  be  the  original  of  Bret  Harte's  '  Yuba  Bill.'  Segundo  (Angel), 
sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  Segura  (Josd  Maria),  1842,  Mex.  capt.  of  the 
batallon  fijo,  who  remained  in  Cal.  after  Micheltorena's  departure,  acted  as 
com.  at  Los  Ang.  for  a  time  in  '46,  and  seems  to  have  departed  with  Flores  in 
'47.  iv.  289,  364,  492,  513;  v.  408.  Seibert,  1847,  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8. 
Seider  (Geo.  F.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499).  'Seis  Cuartillas'  (Theo 
dore),  1834,  French  carpenter  at  Mont.  Sel,  see  'Sells.'  Selden  (Ed.  A.), 
1846,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Columbus,  act.  lieut  in  com.  of  the  prize  Julia  '46-7. 
v.  358,  378.  Selfridge  (Thos  0.),  1847,  capt  U.S.N.,  com.  of  the  Columbus 
and  later  of  the  Dale.  Sellers  (Jackson),  1847,  sergt  Co.  K,  N.Y. Vol.  v.  504. 
Sells  (Joseph),  1846,  at  Sutler's  fort  '47-8;  also  called  Selly  and  Sel;  member 
of  the  Donner  relief  parties,  v.  538,  541. 

Semple  (Robert),  1845,  nat.  of  Ky  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Hastings  party, 
iv.  586-7;  a  printer  and  dentist  by  trade.  In  '45-6  he  was  engaged  in  farming 
with  Johnson  and  Keyser,  first  becoming  prominent  in  the  Bear  revolt,  v.  79, 
106-7,  110,  114-19,  298,  644.  Though  a  pronounced  filibuster  and  conspirator, 
he  doubtless  exerted  his  influence  with  much  success  to  restrain  the  lawless 
vagabonds  of  his  party  from  the  commission  of  outrages.  In  July  he  went  to 
Mont.,  served  for  a  time  in  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232.  247),  and  then  with 
Walter  Colton  published  at  Mont,  the  1st  Cal.  newspaper,  the  Monterey  Cali- 
fornian.  v.  291-3,  658.  Early  in  '47  the  paper  was  transferred  to  S.F.,  and 
Semple,  obtaining  from  Vallejo  a  large  tract  of  land  on  Carquines  Strait,  de 
voted  his  energies,  in  company  with  Larkin,  to  the  building  of  a  great  city  at 
Benicia,  as  fully  recorded  in  v.  670-4,  at  the  same  time  taking  an  interest  in 
various  political  matters,  delivering  a  4th  of  July  oration  at  S.F.,  and  owning 
a  S.  F.  lot,  which  he  patriotically  gave  away  to  show  his  faith  in  Benicia  as 
the  metropolis,  v.  433,  455,  646,  676.  His  great  speculation  of  city-bnilding 
was  not  very  successful,  but  he  made  a  large  amount  of  money  in  '48-50  by 
running  a  ferry-boat  across  the  strait.  In  '49  he  was  a  member  and  presi 
dent  of  the  constit.  convention;  but  does  not  appear  later  in  public  life. 
He  moved  to  Colusa  Co.,  where  he  died  in  '54  at  the  age  of  48,  his  death  being 
the  result  of  a  fall  from  his  horse.  Dr  S.  was  a  good-natured,  popular,  and 
honorable  man,  of  much  intelligence  and  natural  ingenuity,  of  some  education, 
a  good  speaker — indeed,  there  were  few  things  he  could  not  do  fairly  well, 
though  noted  for  obstinate  faith  in  his  way  of  doing  things  as  always  the  best. 
His  height  was  about  6  ft.  8  in.,  giving  rise  to  no  end  of  amusing  stories,  true 
and  false,  respecting  such  achievements  as  wading  the  strait  of  Carquines.  In 
'47,  being  a  widower,  he  married  Frances,  daughter  of  Stephen  Cooper,  by 
whom  he  had  a  daughter,  Mary  Benicia.  His  widow  is  living  in  '85  as  Mrs  Van 
Winkle.  A  son,  John  W.,  came  to  Cal.  in  '49,  dying  in  '50;  and  also  a  brother, 
C.  D.,  who  was  claimant  for  the  Colus  rancho.  v.  671.  Sefian  (Josd  Fran 
cisco  de  Paula),  1787,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Carlos  and  S.  Buenaventura 
until  his  death  in  1823.  A  model  missionary,  who  was  president  in  1812-15, 
and  '20-3,  being  also  prefect  in  '23.  Biog.  ii.  490-1;  icent.  i.  388,  469,  572, 
576-7,  598,  604-5,  674,  685;  ii.  121-2;  159,  209,  240,  258,  270,  317,  326-7,  333, 
351,  394,  396,  398,  405,  410-11,  451-3,  479,  487,  493,  497,  499-502,  569,  571, 


716  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

578,  580,  655,  657.  Senar  (Francisco),  1828,  doubtfu  'name  of  an  Irish  sailor 
at  Mont.  '28-9.  Septem  (Henry),  1816,  sailor  of  the  Albatross,  ii.  275. 

Sepulveda  (Diego),  one  of  the  grantees  of  S.  Bernardino  rancho  '42;  some 
what  prominent  in  the  Flores  revolt  at  Los  Ang.  '46-7.  v.  312,  320,  407-8. 
S.  (Dolores),  son  of  Juan  Jose",  b.  S.  Diego  1793,  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1812, 
still  living  there  '46-8,  having  been  accidentally  wounded  in  '39.  ii.  349,  565, 
595.  S.  (Dolores),  killed  by  Ind.  at  Purfsima  '24.  ii.  529.  S.  (Dolores), 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '37.  S.  (Encarnacion),  grantee  of  Ojode  Agua'40. 
iv.  633.  S.  (Enrique),  prisoner  at  S.  Buen.  '38;  grantee  of  S.  Pascual  '40. 
iii.  554-5,  634.  S.  (Fernando),  son  of  Francisco,  at  Los  Ang.  '39-'46;  ment. 
in  '40-3.  iii.  632-3,  639.  S.  (Francisco),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '15.  ii.  349;  in 
'25  regidor  and  acting  alcalde  ii.  559;  iii.  11;  in  '31  in  the  operations  against 
Victoria,  by  whom  he  was  imprisoned,  iii.  196,  208;  in  '36-7  comisionado  of 
S.  Juan  Cap.  iii.  626-7;  49  years  old  in  '39,  when  he  was  grantee  of  S.  Vi 
cente  and  Sta  Monica,  iii.  634;  ment.  in  '40-3;  iii.  639;  iv.  629.  In  '52  he 
was  cl.  for  the  rancho.  S.  (Ignacio),  killed  at  the  S.  Gabriel  '47.  v.  396. 

Sepulveda  (Ignacio),  son  of  Jose",  b.  before  '48,  educated  in  the  east  as  a 
lawyer.  In  later  years  he  became  a  very  prominent  lawyer  of  Los  Angeles, 
and  one  of  the  foremost  of  all  the  native  Californians  in  respect  of  both  abil 
ity  and  character.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in  '64;  served  in  Mex. 
under  Maximilian;  was  county  judge  in  '70-3,  district  judge  from  '74,  and 
superior  judge  from  '80,  resigning  his  position  in  '83  to  accept  a  responsible 
position  as  representative  of  Wells,  Fargo,  &  Co.  in  Mex.,  where  he  has  since 
resided  to  '85.  His  Historical  Memoranda,  i.  644,  is  a  valuable  contribution 
to  my  collection  of  original  MS. ;  and  he  has  otherwise  aided  me  in  my 
work.  His  wife,  who-  died  before  '77,  was  an  American,  and  there  was  a 
daughter.  S.  (Isabel),  at  S.  Rafael  '42.  iv.  237.  S.  (Jose"),  regidor  at  Los 
Ang.  '33-4.  iii.  635;  in  '36-8,  active  among  the  vigilantes,  alcalde,  grantee  of 
S.  Joaquin  rancho,  and  somewhat  prominent  on  both  sides  in  the  sectional 
quarrels  between  north  and  south,  iii.  432,  485,  495-9,  509-10,  518-19,  565, 
633,  636.  His  age  was  37  ace.  to  the  padron  of  '39,  when  he  was  regidor  and 
took  part  in  a  tumulto.  iii.  589,  636;  iv.  633;  sub-prefect  in  '45.  iv.  632-3.  He 
was  cl.  for  S.  Joaquin  in  '52,  and  died  in  Sonora  '75.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of 
Juan  AVila.  S.  (Jose),  two  of  the  name  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  a  shoemaker  and 
farmer.  S.  (Jose"),  juez  de  campo  at  S.  Josd  '43.  iv.  685;  still  there  in  '55. 
S.  (Jose"  del  Carmen),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  S.  (Jose*  L.),  juez  de  paz  at  Los 
Ang.  '42.  iv.  632;  2d  alcalde  '46,  '48.  v.  625-6;  grantee  of  Palos  Colorados 
'46.  v.  627;  nominated  for  prefect  '45;  memb.  of  the  council  '50.  I  am  not 
sure  that  he  was  not  the  same  man  as  Josd  above.  S.  (Jos6  Manrico  and 
Jose"  Miguel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  S.  (Juan),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '20-7; 
at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  41,  wife  Francisca  Pacheco,  child.  Demesio  b.  '29,  Silveria 
'31,  Lucia  '33,  Maria  Ant.  '35,  Sebastian  '38,  Bartolom6 '39.  S.  (Juan),  juez 
de  campo  at  Palos  Verdes  '40.  iii.  637;  2d  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  '45,  taking 
some  part  in  politics,  iv.  497,  539,  633;  age  27  in  '39;  alcalde  in  '49;  super 
visor  '54;  county  assessor  '57-8.  S.  (Juan  Maria),  at  Los  Ang.  '46;  justice  of 
the  peace  '56.  S.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  S.  (Patricio),  soldier  at 
Sta  B.  before  '37.  S.  (Rafael),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1789.  i.  461.  S.  (Vi 
cente),  grantee  of  La  Sierra,  Los  Ang.,  '46.  v.  628. 

Serbia  (Pedro),  1842,  Danish  resid.  of  S.F.,  age  26;  same  as  'Schubert,' 
q.v.,  and  probably  intended  for  'Sherrebeck,'  q.v.  Serer  (Domingo)  corporal 
at  Mont.  '36,  age  26.  Serna  (Manuel),  reputed  centenarian  of  S.  Diego  '79. 
S.  (Patricio),  Mex.  soldier  of  the  Hidalgo  comp.  at  Mont.  '36,  age  33.  Serra 
(Junipero),  1769,  Span,  friar,  1st  president  of  the  missionaries,  and  founder  of 
many  missions,  who  died  at  S.  Carlos  Aug.  28,  1784.  Biog.  i.  409-16;  ment. 
i.  116-23,  129,  134-5,  137-8,  164-8,  170,  175-7,  181,  183-4,  187-94,  199-221, 
224,  227,  229-31,  238-9,  244,  246,  248-9,  255,  257,  268,  270-1,  280,  287,  297- 
304,  309,  320-8,  330-1,  333,  351,  373,  376,  378,  382,  386,  388-400,  414-15, 
422,  455,  457,  459,  469,  473-4,  476,  486,  671,  687.  Serrano  (Florencio),  1834, 
Mex.  of  the  Hijar  &  Padre's  colony,  iii.  263,  268;  who  served  in  '35  as  clerk  of 
the  admin,  at  S.  Antonio,  and  as  teacher,  iii.  687;  and  from  '36  as  clerk  of 


SERRANO— SHAW.  717 

different  offices  at  Mont,  taking  part  in  the  revolt  against  Alvarado  in  '37,  and 
being  sec.  of  the  ayuut.  in  '38.  iii.  524-5,  675.  In  '44  he  was  2d  alcalde,  iv. 
653,  656,  404,  411;  and  in  '45-6  sindico  and  sec.  of  the  prefecture,  serving  on 
the  1st  jury  in  '46.  iv.  652-3;  v.  289,  636.  In  '48-9  he  succeeded  Coltoii  as. 
alcalde  of  Mont.  v.  637-8;  being  before  and  later  engaged  in  trade.  His  wife 
was  Rita,  sister  of  Joaquin  de  la  Torre,  and  there  were  several  sons  who  sup 
ported  Don  Florencio  in  his  old  age,  poverty,  and  blindness.  He  died  in  77 
at  the  age  of  63.  He  was  of  Span,  parentage,  of  fair  education  and  good  re 
pute.  Shortly  before  his  death  he  dictated  for  me  his  Apuntcs,  a  full  statement 
of  his  life  and  recollections  of  Cal.  affairs,  which  throws  light  on  many  topics. 
S.  (Francisco),  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  1799.  i.  661.  S.  (Ignacio),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46.  S.  (Jose"),  juez  de  carapo,  Los  Ang.  '35.  iii.  635;  grantee  of  Canada  tie 
los  Alieos  '42-6,  iv.  634,  being  also  cl.  in  '52.  S.  (Jose"  Antonio),  son  of  Le- 
andro,  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626;  grantee  of  Pauma  '44.  iv.  621;  in  the 
fight  at  S.  Pascual  '46.  v.  352;  still  living  at  S.  Diego  '75,  age  61.  His  wife 
was  a  daughter  of  Rosario  Aguilar.  S.  (Jose"  S.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  S.  (Le- 
andro),  son  of  a  soldier  of  the  1st  exped.,  b.  at  S.  Diego;  for  many  years 
majordomo  of  Pala  for  the  mission  S.  Luis  Reg.;  in  '28  maj.  at  S.  Juan  Cap., 
and  grantee  of  Temescal,  ii.  547,  663;  iii.  612,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his 
life,  dying  in  '52.  His  wife  was  Presentacion  Yorba  and  later  Josefa  Montalba. 
S.  (Manuel),  killed  by  Ind.  at  Pauma  '46.  v.  617.  S.  (Rafaela),  at  S.  Diego 
'21,  '41.  ii.  546;  iv.  619.  S.  (Tomds),  juez  de  campo  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  v.  626. 
Serviu  (Ignacio),  1842,  Mex.  sub-lieut  in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289,  513; 
still  in  Cal.  '46.  v.  41. 

Sessions  (Wm  B.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.   Bat.  (v.  469).       Sessor  (Peter), 

1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  S.F.  '82.       Settle  (Josiah),  1840  (?),  nat. 
of  Ohio  said  to  have  crossed  the  plains  to  Cal.  this  year;  prob.  an  error, 
though  he  may  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  iv.  120.  Went  to  Or.  '52,  to  Wash. 
Ter.  '60,  and  died  at  Seattle  '76.      Sevy  (Thomas),  see  'Levy.'      Sexton 
(Daniel),  1841,  nat.  of  La  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Workman  party,  iv.  278-9. 
He  worked  as  a  carpenter  in  the  Los  Ang.  region,  and  finally  settled  at  S. 
Bern.;  claims  to  have  raised  the  U.S.  flag  at  his  camp  '40.  iv.  342;  served  in 
the  campaign  against  Micheltorena  '45.  iv.  495;  carried  a  paessage  from  Stock 
ton  to  Fremont  '47.  v.  402;  married  an  Ind.  woman;  cl.  for  land  in  Los  Ang. 
'52;  still  living  in  '84.       S.  (Geo.  S.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
Co.  reenl.       S.  (Lorin),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).       Seyman  (James), 

1848,  at  Sutter's  fort.       Seymour  (Chas  H.),  1848,  on  roll  of  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. ; 
d.  S.F.  after  '81;  an  employe"  in  the  mint.       S.  (Sir  Geo.  F.),  1846,  admiral 
in  com.  of  the  British  Pac.  squadron  at  Mont,  on  the  Collingwood,  July.  v. 
199-214,  232,  577. 

Shadden  (Thos  J.),  1843,  Amer.  immig.  of  the  Hastings  party  from  Or. 
accomp.  by  his  family,  iv.  390,  400.  In  '44  he  obtained  a  land  grant  in  Yolo 
Co.  iv.  674;  is  named  in  '45-6  as  visiting  Sutter's  fort  from  S.  Jose",  Sta  Cruz, 
and  other  points;  and  had  a  'Cal.  claim'  of  $837  (v.  462).  A  son  is  said  to 
have  been  born  in  '47.  Shadden  settled  on  the  Cosumnes,  where  he  lived  in  a 
cabin  of  tules  in  '49,  having  been  before  that  date  a  miner  and  trader  in  mules. 
He  went  to  Or.  about  '51.  Shaler  (Wm)?  1803,  mr  of  the  Leila  Byrd  1803-4, 
and  author  of  a  Journal  pub.  in  1808,  which  was  prob.  the  1st  extended  ac 
count  of  Cal.  published  in  the  U.S.  ii.  10-14,  21-4,  102-3,  109,  119,  122,  143-4, 
183.  Shannon  (John),  v.  621;  see  'Charbonneau.'  S.  (Wm  E.),  1847, 
capt.  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.,  in  com.  at  S.  Diego  '47-8,  being  also  collector,  v.  504, 
514,  617,  619.  In  '49  a  trader,  of  firm  S.  &  Cady,  at  Coloma,  also  alcalde, 
member  of  the  constit.  convention,  and  district  judge.  From  Dec.  '49  a  law 
yer  at  Sac.,  where  he  died  in  '50  of  cholera.  Sharkey  (Frank  L.),  1847,  Co. 
I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  '82.  Sharnon  (John),  1847,  alcalde 
at  S.  Diego;  prob.  'Charbonneau,'  q.  v.  Sharp  (Matthew  W.  or  A.),  1847, 
Co.  I,  ditto;  at  S.  Diego  '48;  died  near  Coloma  '50.  Shattuck,  1842,  lieut 
U.S.N.  with  Com.  Jones  at  Mont.  iv.  308. 

Shaw,  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  died  on  the  Calaveras  in  '49.  S.  (Charles), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  S.  (James),  1848,  guide  to  return- 


718  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

ing  Mormons.  S.  (James  B.),  1846,  nat.  of  Australia;  resid.  of  Sonoma  Co. 
'51-77.  Son.  Co.  Hist.  S.  (Thomas),  1824  (?),  nat.  of  Mass.  I  have  his  auto 
graph  letter,  apparently  written  at  S.  Pedro  Oct.  28,  1824,  but  there  may  be 
an  error,  ii.  526.  In  '26-8  he  was  clerk  and  sup.  on  the  Courier  and  Waverly. 
\\\.  154;  in  30-1  on  the  Pocahontas,  making  a  contract  to  carry  away  Gov. 
Victoria,  iii.  148,  210,  383;  in  '33-5  sup.  and  sometimes  mr  of  the  Volunteer, 
Harriet  Blanchard,  and  Lagoda.  iii.  382,  384,  410.  He  was  in  Boston  '36, 
not  expecting  to  revisit  Cal. ;  but  in  '39-40  he  came  back  as  sup.  of  tbe  Mon 
soon,  his  name  often  appearing  in  commercial  corresp.  and  mission  accounts, 
iii.  iv.  105;  iii.  623,  727.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in  Boston  about  '66. 

Shea  (Win),  1840,  one  of  the  exiled  foreigners  not  known  to  have  returned, 
iv.  18.  Shearman,  1844,  mr  of  the  Menkar.  iv.  567.  Shehey,  1847,  died 
at  Sutter's  fort  Oct.  Sheldon  (Geo.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (Henry 
B.),  1848,  editor  and  part  owner  of  the  S.F.  Californian.  v.  658;  sec.  of  the 
guards;  owner  of  a  lot  at  S.  Jos6.  Went  to  the  Sandw.  Isl.  about  '65.  S. 
(Jared),  1840,  nat.  o£  Vt,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  or  Sonora  with  a  pass 
dated  March  9,  '40.  iv.  117,  120.  Possibly  he  had  visited  Cal.  before,  as  his 
arrival  is  often  credited  to  '34  or  '32.  He  was  naturalized  in  '43,  then  describ 
ing  himself  as  a  carpenter  who  had  arrived  in  '40,  being  in  '44  grantee  of  the 
Omochumne  rancho  on  the  Cosumnes.  iv.  672;  where  he  was  a  partner  of  Win 
Daylor,  and  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  but  for  his  service  in  the  Mi- 
cheltorena  campaign,  iv.  486,  501,  and  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines.  In  '51 
he  was  killed  in  a  difficulty  with  miners  about  a  dam.  His  wife,  married  in 
'47,  was  a  daughter  of  Thomas  Rhoads,  and  survived  him  with  3  children, 
Wm  b.  '48,  Sarah  '49,  and  Catherine  '51  (drowned  in  '52).  Shelikof  (Paul), 
1825,  Russian  manager  of  Ross  '25-9,  succeeding  Schmidt,  ii.  648,  650-1;  iii. 
213.  Shelly  (Pearson  B.),  1847,  mr  of  the  Gen.  Kearny.  v.  518;  and  trader 
at  S.F.  '47-8,  of  firm  S.  &  Norris.  v.  680;  also  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Shelton, 
1842,  at  S.F.;  prob.  'Sheldon,'  q.v.  S.  (Sebert  C.),  1847,  Q.M.  sergt  Morm. 
Bat.,  but  reduced  to  ranks  Co.  D.  v.  477.  Shepherd  (Edmund),  1846,  mid. 
U.S.N.,  acting  lieut  in  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  385.  S.  (Lafayette),  1847, 
Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Sherman  (Heran  V.  S.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  S.  (J.),  1837,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts. 

Sherman  (Richard  M.),  1846,  nat.  of  R.I.,  who  passed  his  boyhood  on  a 
farm,  and  then  went  to  sea  for  5  or  6  years,  coming  to  Cal.  from  Honolulu  as 
clerk  on  the  Euphemia,  leaving  the  vessel  at  S.F.,  where  he  worked  as  book 
keeper  for  Paty  &  Davis,  and  in  '47-8  made  a  trip  to  the  Isl.  as  sup.  of  the 
Euphemia.  He  became  the  owner  of  a  town  lot,  on  which  he  built  a  store  in 
which  the  firm  of  S.  &  Ruckel  did  business  in  '48-50.  v.  681,  686.  In  '51  he 
went  east,  but  returned  on  a  business  visit  in  '55-6.  He  resided  in  Mass,  and 
at  Providence,  R.I.,  till  '84,  when  he  returned  to  S.F.  to  take  charge  of  his 
real  estate  interests,  including  the  'Sherman  building,'  on  the  lot  purchased 
by  him  in  '47,  in  which  he  has  an  office  in  '85,  at  the  age  of  72.  In  an  inter 
view,  and  also  in  a  letter  from  R.I.,  he  gave  me  some  information  about  early 
S.F.  and  his  own  life.  His  1st  wife,  married  in  '54,  was  Sally  S.  Mauran,  who 
died  in  '65;  the  2d,  of  '69-70,  was  Emma  F.  Mitchell;  and  the  3d,  '78-85, 
Kate  Field.  Five  children  survived  in  '85,  Harry  M.,  Elizabeth  M.,  Adeline 
M.,  Ethel,  and  Richard  M.  Jr. 

Sherman  (Win  Tecumseh),  1847,  nat.  of  Ohio,  graduate  of  West  Point,  who 
came  to  Cal.  as  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.,  and  in  '47-50  served  most  of  the 
time  as  adj. -gen.  under  the  military  governors,  v.  444,  450,  492,  518,  520, 
609,  636,  646;  also  of  the  firm  Warner,  Sherman,  &  Bestor  at  Coloma  '48-9. 
He  went  east  with  despatches  in  '50;  but,  having  resigned  his  army  commis 
sion,  came  back  in  '53  to  conduct  as  partner  the  banking  business  of  Lucas, 
Turner,  &  Co.  until  '57.  His  Californian  experience  of  '47-57  is  fully  narrated 
in  the  early  chapters  of  his  Memoirs,  a  most  interesting  and  accurate  record, 
except  in  a  few  comparatively  unimportant  details.  Sherman  was  later  super 
intendent  of  a  La  military  academy  and  president  of  a  St  Louis  street  railroad 
until  in  '61  he  reentered  the  military  service  as  colonel.  His  subsequent  career 
in  the  war  of  '61-5  and  since  is  a  prominent  part  of  U.S.  history,  which  I 


SHERMAN-SIGLER.  719 

make  no  attempt  to  summarize.  He  reached  a  higher  position  than  any  other 
pioneer  named  in  this  register;  and  in  '85  is  still  living  as  retired  general  of 
the  army.  His  wife,  married  in  '50,  is  the  daughter  of  Hon.  Thomas  Ewing. 
The  general  has  often  revisited  Cal.,  taking  a  deep  interest  in  pioneer  matters. 

Sherreback  (Peter),  1840,  nat.  of  Denmark,  who  came  by  sea  and  settled 
at  S.F.  as  a  trader,  iv.  117,  120.  He  was  baptized  and  naturalized  in  '41-2; 
sindico  '43.  iv.  666;  agente  de  policia  '44.  iv.  666;  being  married  the  samo 
year  or  the  next  to  Mary,  sister  of  John  Sullivan.  In  '45  he  was  owner  of  S. 
F.  lands,  and  aided  Sutter  in  support  of  Micheltorena.  iv.  486,  669,  673;  v. 
681-2.  He  was  collector  in  '46-7.  v.  295,  648;  and  memb.  of  the  council  '47. 
v.  678.  He  still  lived  at  S.F.  in  '55  and  later,  but  I  find  no  mention  of  his 
death.  His  widow  was  still  living  in  '60.  The  original  name  was  probably 
'Scherrebach,'  but  it  is  written  in  a  great  variety  of  ways.  Sherwood  (Jere 
miah),  1847,  lieut  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504,  517.  In  '48-9  clerk  for  Brannan  & 
Co.  at  Sac. ;  later  member  of  N.Y.  legislature;  d.  N.Y.  City  '83.  Scheuer 
(Pierre),  1834,  Fr.  mason  at  Mont.,  age  27,  married  to  Maria  J.  Garcia.  Per 
haps  same  as  'Cheorette,'  q.v. 

Shields  (H.L.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  on  muster-roll;  but  did 
not  come  to  Cal.  (v.  518).  S.  (Sam.),  1831,  Amer.  from  N.  Mex.  in  the 
Wolfskill  party,  iii.  387,  405;  d.  at  Los  Ang.  a  few  years  later.  S.  (W.F.), 

1847,  capt.  in  com.  of  U.S.  Preble.       Shipley  (Otto),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S. 
artill.  (v.  518).       Shipp  (Wm),  1847,  ditto.       Shirland  (E.D.),  1847,  Co.  G, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  settler  in  Placer  Co.  from  '50;  capt.  in 
war  of  '61-5;  county  clerk  and  recorder  of  Sac.;  at  Auburn  '82.       Shirley 
(Paul),  1846,  on  the  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.;  d.  in  Ohio  '76.       Shislylind 
(Gustaff),  1847,  musician  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Shockley,  1846,  mr  of  the  Roman.  Shoemaker  (Sam.),  1846,  one  of  the 
Donner  party  from  Ohio;  died  in  the  Sierra,  v.  531,  533.  Shoetzof,  1803, 
in  charge  of  a  party  of  Aleut,  hunters,  ii.  25,  63,  perhaps  Shvetzof.  Shoive, 
1847-8,  mr  of  the  Anita,  v.  576.  Shocks  (Wm),  1841,  doubtful  name  at  S. 
Diego.  Toomes.  Shooter  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Short 
(J.O.  B.),  1846,  nat.  of  Ky,  and  overl.  immig.  with  his  mother — later  Mrs 
Merriner — who  settled  at  S.  Rafael,  where  he  still  lived  in  '80  with  wife,  Mary 
Miller,  and  5  children.  S.  (Jacob),  1846,  brother  of  J.  O.B.,  and  his  partner 
in  '80.  S.  (Patrick),  1832,  Irish  priest  who  came  in  exile  from  Honolulu 
with  P.  Bachelot;  in  '34-6  an  associate  of  Hartnell  in  his  school  near  Mont. ; 
left  Cal.  in  '37,  and  went  to  Valparaiso,  where  he  still  lived  in  '70.  iii.  317- 
18,  364,  384,  408,  670,  677-8;  iv.  102.  Shotwell(Geo.),  1841,  overl.  immig. 
of  the  Bartleson  party,  accidentally  killed  on  the  journey,  iv.  269.  Shreve, 

1848,  mr  of  a  vessel  at  S.F.       Shrives,  1848,  mr  of  the  Anita.       Shrives 
(Dan  B.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).       Shroter  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto; 
at  S.F.  '82.       Shubrick  (Wm  Bransford),  1846,  commodore  U.S.N.,  in  com. 
of  Pacific  squadron  '46-7,  on  the  Independence,  v.  428-9,  437,  636.       Shulters 
(John),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).       Shultz  (Ernst),  1847,  owner  of  S. 
F.   lot.       Shumway   (Aurora),    1847,   Co.    C,   N.  Y.   Vol.    (v.  469);  reenl. 
Shurts  (Watson),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Sibrian  see  'Cibrian.'  Sibs  (Sam.),  1836,  doubtful  name  of  a  witness  at 
Sonoma.  Sicard  (Pierre  Theodore),  1833,  Fr.  sailor  and  carpenter  who  on 
applying  for  naturalization  in  '40  claimed  a  resid.  of  7  years,  iii.  409.  He  was 
in  the  Mont,  dist  '34  and  at  the  S.  Pablo  rancho  '40.  In  '42-4  he  worked  for 
Sutter  at  Hock  Farm;  and  in  '44  got  a  grant  of  the  Nemshas  rancho  on  Bear 
River  adjoining  Johnson's,  iv.  672,  where  he  settled  in  '45.  His  visits  from 
Bear  River  to  Sutter's  fort  in  '45-8  are  often  recorded  in  the  N.  Hdv.  Diary; 
in  48-9  a  miner  and  trader  on  the  Yuba,  where  a  flat  and  bar  took  his  name. 
Though  deemed  rich  in  those  days,  he  became  poor;  was  living  with  Claude 
Chana  in  71,  and  died  before  '79.  Sickels  (J.  F.),  1847,  surgeon  on  the  U.S. 
Independence.  Siddons  (Wm  M.),  1848,  on  the  roll  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. 
Sierra  (Benito  de  la),  1775,  Span,  friar  who  visited  Cal.  as  chaplain  on  the 
Santiago  and  S.  Antonio,  and  died  at  S.  Bias  '77.  He  had  served  in  L.  Cal. 
'69-73.  i.  240-1,  287,  310.  Sigler  (Wm),  1845,  at  Sutter's  fort  Nov.;  prob. 


720  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

an  overl.  immig.  In  the  spring  of  '46  he  carried  despatches  up  the  valley  to 
Fremont.  He  was  murdered  at  Moon's  rancho  Tehama  Co.  in  '49  or  '50.  iv. 
578,  583;  v.  24. 

Sill  (Daniel),  1832,  nat.  of  Conn.,  trapper  and  carpenter  who  came  from 
N.  Mex.  in  the  winter  of  '32-3,  settling  at  Sta  B.,  where  he  hunted  otter 
under  Capt.  Dana's  license,  and  was  partner  in  a  bakery  in  '34.  iii.  388,  408. 
In  '35  he  came  to  Mont,  and  got  a  carta;  and  from  '39  or  earlier  lived  at  S.F.,. 
building  a  rail!  for  Spear  in  '39-40.  v.  681;  named  by  Farnham  as  one  of  the 
foreigners  arrested  in  '40.  iv.  17.  From  '44  he  spent  most  of  his  time  in  the 
Sac.  Valley,  working  as  a  blacksmith  for  Sutter  part  of  the  time.  In  '46  he 
bought  a  rancho  of  Lassen  where  he  had  a  cabin,  v.  301;  and  in  '49  was 
joined  by  his  son  Daniel  and  daughter  Harriet — later  Mrs  Mahew.  He  died 
in  ;62,  at  the  age  of  66.  Sillen  (D.  S.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Siltzer 
(Henry),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Silva,  family  at  S.  Dieguito  ran 
cho  '31.  iii.  612.  S.  (Antonio),  1840  (?),  Portuguese  deserter  from  a  whaler, 
employed  for  several  years  at  Petaluma  by  Gen.  Vallejo.  iv.  120.  S.  (Ma 
riano),  1840,  Mex.  capt.  of  artill.  at  Mont.  '40-6;  went  to  Mazatlan  '47  or  '48. 
iv.  31,  198,  293,  307-8,  311,  357,  652;  v.  41,  230,  232-3.  S.  (Mariano),  at 
Los  Ang.  '39;  in  '46  at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  age  37,  wife  Francisca  Perez.  S.  (Ma 
riano),  nat.  of  Chile,  patron  of  the  custom-house  boat  at  Mont.  '45.  Silvas 
(Antonio  M.),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  37.  S.  (Carlos),  owner  of  land  at  S.  Juan 
Cap.,  41.  iv.  626.  S.  (Clara),  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '46,  age  40,  child.  Ger6nimo 
b.  '29,  Guadalupe  '32,  Lugarda  '37,  and  Fernando  '38.  S.  (Dieso),  at  S. 
Bern.  '46,  age  24.  S.  (Jos6),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1789.  i.  461.  S.  (Juan), 
at  Mont.  '36.  iii.  617.  S.  (Mariano),  at  Los  Ang.  '46,  age  35.  S.  (Ramon), 
owner  of  land  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626.  S.  (Teodoro),  at  Los  Ang.  '10- 
16;  ii.  110,  350.  Silverio,  neophyte  who  killed  his  wife  at  Mont.  1798.  i. 
691. 

Sime,  1848,  in  the  legislature  '55;  John  L.  in  S.F.  guard  '49.  Simental 
(Josa  C.),  1800,  sentenced  to  6  years  in  Cal.  as  a  settler,  i.  606.  Simeon, 
Ind.,  grantee  of  lot  at  S.  Gabriel  '46.  v.  627.  Simmonds  (Stephen),  1835  (?), 
nat.  of  N.  Y. ,  landing  at  Sta  B.  from  the  whaler  Liverpool  Packet,  and  be 
coming  an  otter-hunter  with  Nidever  for  several  years.  Named  in  '39-40  at 
Sta  B.  and  Mont.  Making  voyages  in  different  vessels;  he  was  in  '44  sick  in 
care  of  the  consulate,  and  is  said  to  have  died  at  Branch's  rancho  about  '45. 
iii.  413.  Simmons,  1848,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Ohio.  S.  (Alex.  R.),  1846,  mid. 
on  the  U.S.  Columbia.  '46-7.  S.  (Bezer),  1843,  nat  of  Vt,  mr  of  the  Mag 
nolia.  '43-6,  iv.  400,  567;  v.  579.  Later  of  the  S.F.  firm  S.,  Hutchinson,  & 
Co.;  member  of  the  council  '49;  d.  in  '50  at  the  age  of  40.  His  assignees  were 
cl.  for  the  Novato  rancho.  iii.  712.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of  Frederick  Bil 
lings,  and  died  in  '49.  S.  (Charles),  1847  (?),  miner  and  later  trader  at  Reno, 
Nev.,  where  he  died  '79;  accredited  by  the  newspapers  to  N.Y.  Vol.  Left  a 
daughter  at  Livermore,  Cal.  S.  (Wm),  1846,  clerk  in  the  navy,  acting  lieut 
in  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  386.  S.  (Wm  A.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469).  Simon  (Lem.),  1828,  Amer.  sailor  of  the  Gen.  Lucre  left  at  S.  Diego 
drunk.  S.  (Luis),  1828,  Engl.  arrested  for  having  no  pass;  prob.  same  as 
preceding.  Simons  (Maurice),  1846,  passed  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Congress. 

Simpson,  1827,  mr  of  the  Cadboro.  iii.  146.  S.,  1845,  doubtful  name  of 
an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  S.,  1846,  ditto;  may  hare  gone  to  Or.  v.  529. 
S.  (Geo.),  1841,  at  S.F.  on  the  Cowlitz.  S.  (Sir  Geo.)  1841,  chief  of  the  H. 
B.  Co.,  visiting  Cal.  on  his  trip  round  the  world,  and  author  of  a  Narrative 
which  contains  much  valuable  information  on  the  country,  ii.  77-8;  iv.  191, 
209,  218-21,  235-6,  250-3,  259-61,  333,  343,  564,  639-40,  650-1,  665,  678. 
S.  (Henry  L),  1848,  author  of  Three  Weeks  in  the  Gold  Mines,  in  the  form  of 
a  letter  written  at  Mont,  in  Sept.  He  claims  to  be  of  the  N.Y.Vol.,  but  per 
haps  writes  under  an  assumed  name;  or  still  more  likely  the  letter  is  a  fraud 
concocted  in  N.Y.  S.  (Wm),  1844,  Engl.  who  got  a  passport.  S.  (Wm), 
1828,  witness  against  Capt.  Bradshaw.  iii.  133.  Sims  (Jack),  1846,  aided  in 
building  the  Sta  Cruz  schr.  S.  J.  Patriot.  S.  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  Engl.  settler  in  Sac.  Co.  '79-80,  with  wife  Mary  L.  Moor,  and 
3  children. 


SINARD— SLAGUE.  721 

Sinard  ('Major'),  1847,  visitor  at  Suiter's  fort.  Sinclair  (Archibald), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  S.  (John),  1839,  Scotchman  for  some  years 
in  employ  of  the  H.B.  Co.  in  Or.,  later  editor  of  a  paper  at  Honolulu,  who 
in  Dec.  '39  was  at  Mont,  asking  for  a  carta,  and  in  '40  at  Sutler's  fort.  iv. 
117,  119,  139.  In  '41  he  was  sent  back  to  tlie  Isl.  by  Sutter  to  make  arrange 
ment  for  consignments  of  goods,  going  on  the  Llama  and  returning  on  the 
Julia  Ann.  His  negotiations  for  Sutter  were  not  very  successful,  but  he  made 
a  bargain  with  Grimes,  by  virtue  of  which  on  his  return  in  Dec.  '41  he  obtained 
naturalization,  and  in  '42  took  possession  of  the  El  Paso  rancho,  north  of  N. 
Helv.,  as  the  representative  of  Grimes,  to  whom  it  was  granted  in  '44.  iv. 
229,  237,  566.  He  was  visited  in  '42-3  by  Sandels  and  Yates,  who  describe 
him  as  a  very  intelligent  man  fond  of  grog;  also  by  Fremont  in  '44,  iv.  438, 
when  he  was  an  officer  in  the  N.  Helv.  militia,  iv.  479,  680.  He  was  Sutler's 
aide  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  485-6;  is  often  named  from  '45  in  the 
N.  Helv.  Diary;  and  in  '46-9  he  was  alcalde  of  the  Sac.  district,  v.  675, 
having  a  Cal.  claim  of  $450  (v.  462),  taking  part  in  relief  measures  for  the 
Donner  party,  v.  538,  541,  and  finally  dying  in  '49  on  his  passage  by  steamer 
to  the  States.  S.  (Wm),  1845,  clerk  for  Rae  at  S.F.  iv.  593.  S.  (Wm  B.), 
1828,  Amer.  carpenter,  age  25,  who  left  his  vessel  at  Sta  B.,  escaping  with  3 
others  in  a  boat  to  Sta  Catalina  Isl.  Singleton  (A.  W.),  1848,  passp.  from 
Hon.  Sinova  (Jos<§  F.),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1785-6;  2d  alcalde  in  '89.  i.  346, 
348,  461.  Sinton  (Rich.  H.),  1848,  a  well-known  citizen  of  S.  F.  down  to 
'85,  whose  arrival  is  accredited,  erroneously  I  suppose,  in  various  publications 
to  '47  or  '48. 

Sipole  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  d.  before '64.  Sipp,  1846, 
Amer.  ship-carpenter  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon  party,  who  prob.  went  back 
to  Or.  in  '46.  iv.  572;  v.  526.  Siptler  (J.),  1846,  in  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  Si- 
ralde  (Mariano),  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  27;  perhaps  'Lizalde.'  Sirey  (James), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  settled  at  Stockton  '48;  at  S.F.  '71-4;  Stock 
ton  '75;  d.  before  '82.  Sirrine  (Geo.  W.),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v. 
546;  of  Stout,  S.,  &  Meder,  lumber  dealers  at  Sta  Cruz  '47;  memb.  of  the 
town  council  '48.  v.  642.  In  Ariz.,  still  in  the  faith,  '85.  S.  (John  J.),  1846, 
ditto,  with  wife  and  child,  v.  546;  in  '47  candidate  for  the  council  and  owner 
of  a  S.  F.  lot.  v.  650,  680;  an  elder  and  school  trustee  '48.  v.  656;  presid.  of 
the  council  '48;  in  Ariz.  '85.  Sisk  (Thos  J.),  1848 (?),  survivor  of  the  Texan- 
Mier  massacre;  died  at  Grass  Valley  '69.  Sisson  (Reuben),  1847,  Co.  K, 
N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  Rafael  '49.  Sitjar  (Antonio,  or  Buenaventura), 
1771,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Antonio — being  also  founder  of  S.  Miguel — 
until  his  death  in  1808.  Biog.  ii.  151-2;  ment.  i.  173,  176,  196,  298,  388,  411, 
469,  498,  552,  560,  576,  587,  688-9;  ii.  147,  159-60.  Swarthout  (Nathan), 
1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  469. 

Skeckett  (Job),  1845,  Delaware  Ind.  in  Fremont's  party  '45-7  (iv.  581). 
Skee  (Alex.),  1827,  mr  of  the  Huascar  '27-8.  iii.  147.  Skein  (Joseph),  1847, 
Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Skene  (Wm),  1846,  one  of  the  chino  prisoners, 
wounded,  v.  313-14.  Skillington  (H.),  1848,  at  Hon.  from  Mont.  Skin 
ner  (Eugene  F.),  1845,  overl.  immig.  from  N.Y.  in  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  with 
a  family.  Working  for  Sutter  and  visiting  S.F.  and  S.  Jos6,  he  went  in  '46 
to  Or.,  where  he  founded  and  named  Eugene  City,  dying  there  in  '64,  and 
leaving  a  widow  and  3  children,  iv.  579-80;  v.  526.  S.  (A.  A.),  1848,  Or. 
pioneer  of  '45,  judge  of  the  Or.  sup.  court,  brother  of  Eugene,  said  to  have 
made  a  trip  to  the  gold  mines;  d.  at  Sta  Cruz  '77.  S.  (Horace  A.),  1846,  of 
Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  child,  v.  546;  in  '47-8  he  kept  the  City  Hotel 
at  S.F.  v.  680;  in  Utah  '84.  S.  (John),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  at 
S.  Jose  '50;  at  Campo  Seco  '71-4. 

Slocum  (Wm  A.),  1837,  U.S.  commissioner  on  the  Loriot,  and  author  of 
a  Report,  iv.  146-7,  165.  Slade  (Philip  0.),  1832,  nat.  of  N.  H.  who  came 
by  sea.  iii.  408;  in  Mont.  dist.  '33-5;  naturalized  '39,  being  a  sawyer  at  S. 
Rafael;  last  appears  at  S.F.  '40.  S.  (Thompson),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358.  S.  (Wm  D.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  497).  A  printer  who  was  city 
marshal  at  Yreka;  d.  before  '82,  prob.  in  '63.  Slague  (John),  1836.  Fr.  sailor 
SIST.  CAJO.,  VOL.  V.  46 


722  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

on  the  Ayacucho,  age  19.  Slater  (Richard),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469);  mail-carrier  for  Brannan  '48.  Slausum,  1834,  Eng.  sailor,  age  46,  at 
Mont.  Sleight  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Slepe  (Jerome), 
1834,  Eng.  hatter  in  a  Mont,  list,  age  27.  Sloat  (John  D.),  1846,  nat.  of 
N.Y.  in  com.  of  the  Pacific  squadron,  raising  the  U.S.  flag  in  Cal.  July.  v. 
37,  195-215,  224-54,  411-12,  580.  Com.  Sloat  was  a  timid,  irresolute  man; 
but  after  he  decided  to  take  possession  of  the  Cal.  ports  his  policy  was  entirely 
praiseworthy  as  compared  with  that  of  Stockton,  his  successor.  Biog.  note  v. 
254.  S.  (Lewis  W.),  1846,  son  of  John  D.,  and  his  sec.  on  the  Savannah,  v. 
225.  He  came  back  to  Cal.  about '54  and  was  a  notary  public  at  S.F.  for 
several  years.  Slobodchikof,  1806,  chief  hunter  on  the  coast  from  Alaska, 
ii.  40;  in  '13-14  clerk  of  Kuskof  at  Ross,  visiting  S.F.  ii.  204,  302,  304,  373. 
Slocum,  1844,  mate  of  the  Newton.  Slover  (Isaac),  1828,  Kentuckian  trapper 
of  Pattie's  party  who  went  back  to  Sonora  with  a  pass  in  Nov.  iii.  163,  166-7, 
178.  He  came  back  with  a  N.  Mex.  colony  about  '41-3,  settling  at  S.  Bernar 
dino,  where  he  was  killed  by  a  bear  in  '54,  at  the  age  of  about  80.  Slover  Mt 
still  bears  his  name.  Slusser  (Levi  S.  B. ),  1847,  nat.  of  Pa;  in  Sonoma 
Co.  '48-77.  Sly  (James  C.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  a  miller  in 
Sutter's  employ,  also  in  the  mines  '48,  exploring  a  new  route  and  Salt  Lake 
Val.  S.  (John),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 

Smith,  naturally  many  of  the  name  cannot  be  identified.  S.,  1831,  sailor 
drowned  at  Sta  B.  iii.  405.  S.,  1831,  about  to  leave  Hon.  for  Cal.  S., 
1844,  officer  on  the  Modeste.  S.,  1845,  Engl.  who  got  a  pass  for  Sonora. 
S.,  1846,  from  Hon.  on  the  Euphemia.  S.,  1847,  had  a  project  of  establish 
ing  a  colony  on  the  Moquelumne,  transferring  his  claim  to  McKinstry  in  '48. 
S.  Joaq.  Co.  Hist.  S.,  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  S.,  1847, 
owner  of  a  saw-mill  near  S.F.  S.,  1848,  at  Sutter's  fort  from  Sta  Clara; 
lately  from  Or.  S.,  1848,  mr  of  the  Haalilo. 

Smith  (A.  B.),  1837(?),  committed  suicide  atS.  Diego  '67,  said  to  have  been 
a  resid.  for  30  (20?)  years;  ment.  at  S.D.  '46.  iv.  118;  v.  329.  S.  (Albert), 
1847,  sergt  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  also  Q.M.  sergt  at  Manti,  Utah,  '81. 
S.  (Alex.),  1846,  ment.  by  Michael  White  as  in  the  Los  Ang.  region,  known  as 
'Stuttering  Alec.'  S.  (Andrew  J.),  1847,  capt.  in  the  1st  U.S.  dragoons, 
who  came  with  the  Morm.  Bat.,  of  which  he  was  acting  com.  for  a  time  in  the 
east.  v.  477,  479-83.  He  was  the  officer  who  mustered  out  the  Morm.  Bat.  and 
part  of  the  N.Y. Vol.,  subsequently  taking  com.  of  the  dragoons,  v.  490,  515, 
631.  He  went  east  with  Sherman  in  '50;  and  in  the  war  of  '61-5  became  a 
general.  S.  (Azariah),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  author  of  a  song 
for  the  bat. ;  at  the  Coloma  mill  '38  when  gold  was  discovered.  S.  (Chas), 
1824,  named  in  an  archive  record  as  an  otter-hunter,  ii.  527;  perhaps  Karl 
'Schmidt.'  S.  (Chas),  1828,  Engl.  deserter  from  a  Fr.  whaler  at  Todos 
Santos;  at  S.  Diego  '28-9.  S.  (Chas),  1846,  powder-boy  on  the  Dale.  S. 
(Chas),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  S.  (Chas),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v. 
499).  S.  (Chas),  1847,  with  Brannan  on  trip  to  Salt  Lake.  v.  553;  perhaps 
C.C.  S.  (Chas  F.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before '82.  S.  (Chas 
R. ),  1825  (?),  said  to  have  been  at  StaB.  in  charge  of  Dana's  store.  S.Luis  Ob. 
Co.  Hist.;  in  '29  writes  from  Hon.,  and  had  visited  Cal.  before;  in  '31  came 
on  the  Louisa  as  sup.;  in  '32  joined  the  comp.  extranjera.  iii.  221;  ment.  in 
Larkin's  accts  '36.  S.  (C.C.),  1847,  trader  at  Sutter's  fort  '47-8,  a  partner 
of  Brannan;  made  a  trip  to  Hon.  on  the  Tepic  '48.  S.  (C.  S.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Hon. 

Smith  (D.),  1847,  Co.  B,  artill.  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  S.  (D.),  1848,  at  Hon. 
from  Mont.  S.  (David),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  d.  in  April  at 
S.  Luis  Rey.  v.  481.  S.  (D.  W.),  1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  S.  (Ed 
ward),  1848,  overl.  immig.  from  Mo.,  with  wife,  son,  and  5  daughters;  post 
master  at  S.  Juan  B. ;  died  about  '57.  One  of  his  daughters  married  John 
Breen  in  '52.  S.  (Elijah  M.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Aurora, 
Mono  Co. ,  '82  S.  (Elisha),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  S.  (Ezekiah), 
1847,  at  Sutter's  fort;  prob.  Azariah.  S.  (F.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358). 
S.  (Frances  R. ),  1846,  married  to  W.  W.  Scott  at  Sonoma,  June.  S.  (Frazer), 


SMITH.  723 

1814,  mrof  the  Isaac  Todd.  ii.  271-2.  S.  (Fred.),  1848,  German  farmer  at 
S.  Jose"  '50-76.  S.  (Fred  C.),  1845  (?),  said  by  his  son,  Budd  S.— U.S.  con- 
sul  at  S.  Bias — to  have  come  as  mr  of  the  bark  Helvetia,  but  I  have  no  other 
record  of  such  a  vessel  this  year.  iv.  587. 

Smith  (G.  M.),  1845,  at  Sutter's  fort,  apparently  an  overl.  immig. ;  also 
the  same  or  another  at  Sonoma  '45-6;  perhaps  the  father  of  Frances  R.  iv. 
579-80,  526.  S.  (Geo. ),  1825,  mr  of  the  Spy  '25-7.  iii.  149.  S.  (Geo. ),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  33(5).  S.  (Geo.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358); 
had  a  fight  with  Lieut  Rock,  and  was  sentenced  by  court-martial  to  22  months 
of  hard  labor,  v.  434.  S.  (Gerard  D.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  S. 
(H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (Henry),  1846,  at  Sutter's  fort;  interested 
at  Benicia.  '47-8.  v.  672;  perhaps  Henry  C.  S.  (Henry),  1846  (?),  keeper  of  a 
sailor's  boarding-house  at  S.F.,  owner  of  lot,  constable,  and  jail-keeper  '47. 
v.  648,  685;  perhaps  same  as  the  following.  S.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  drowned  in  Feather  River  '49.  S.  (Henry  C.),  1845,  nat.  of 
Ohio,  and  overl.  immig.  with  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  586-7.  He  served,  per 
haps,  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  had  a  'Cal.  claim'  for  $25  (v.  462);  was  a  memb. 
of  the  legislature  from  Sta  Clara  Co.  '52;  cl.  for  land.  iv.  673;  supervisor  of 
Washington,  Alameda  Co.,  '55;  in  Nev.  '61-4;  in  Alameda  Co.  from  '65  to 
his  death  at  Livermore  in  '75,  at  the  age  of  51.  His  wife  was  Mary  van  Gor 
don,  married  in  '46,  and  his  surviving  children  were  Julia  A.  (Mrs  Hargrave), 
Emma  L.,  Franklin  P.,  and  Charles.  S.  (Henry  J.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499).  S.  (Hiram),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  S.  (L),  1845,  at 
Sutter's  fort  Apr.  '46.  S.  (Isaac  P.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  at  Sut 
ter's  fort  '47.  S.  (Israel),  1848,  present  at  the  discov.  of  gold  ace.  to  the 
county  histories.  S.  (I.  T.),  1846  (?),  nat.  of  la  and  overl.  immig.;  a  settler 
in  Sonoma  Co.  from  '51  to  his  death  in  '79,  leaving  a  wife  and  two  children; 
called  also  I.  P. 

Smith  (J.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.,  Co.  B,  artill.  (v.  358).  S.  (J.  J.),  1846,  Co. 
F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  S.  (Jack),  1846,  at  Sutter's  fort  from  up  and  down 
the  valley  '40-8.  S.  (Jacob),  1816,  pilot  of  the  Lydla.  ii.  275.  S.  (James), 
1827,  capt.  of  a  vessel  at  S.F.  S.  (James),  1841,  nat.  of  Engl.,  naturalized 
in  '44,  when  he  had  been  3  years  in  Cal.,  being  then  a  farmer  in  the  Sac.  Val. 
iv.  279.  Often  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary  from  '45.  In  Jan.  '46  he  married 
the  widow  Marshall,  and  died  in  '48.  Bidwell  thinks  the  widow  married 
Gregson,  and  was  living  in  Sonoma  Co.  '64,  having  a  son  named  Marshall; 
but  there  may  be  some  confusion  here;  see  'Gregson.'  S.  (James),  1844,  mr 
of  the  Hibernia  '44-5,  iv.  566,  587,  who  in  later  years  established  a  line  of 
packets  between  S.F.  and  Honolulu,  being  well  known  as  Capt.  'Jim'  Smith. 
He  died  at  New  London,  Conn.,  in  '68,  at  the  age  of  '65,  leaving  no  family, 
as  I  am  informed  by  Capt.  H.  H.  Watson.  S.  (James),  1846,  of  the  Donner 
party  from  111.,  dying  in  the  mountains,  v.  530,  533.  S.  (James),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (James  G.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  drowned 
in  Amer.  Riv.  '49.  S.  (James  M. ),  1847,  Co.  K,  ditto. 

Smith  (Jedediah),  1826,  Amer.  trapper  chief  who  came  from  Salt  Lake  via 
Colorado  Riv.  and  Mojave  to  S.  Gabriel.  In  '27  he  went  to  Salt  Lake  from 
the  S.  Joaquin  Val.  and  returned,  being  the  1st  to  cross  the  Sierra.  From 
Cal.  he  went  to  Or.,  and  in  '31  was  killed  by  the  Ind.  in  N.  Mex.  See  record 
of  his  visit,  iii.  152-60;  ment.  ii.  551,  569,  600;  iv.  263.  S.  (John),  1834, 
Engl.  carpenter,  age  28,  in  Spear's  service  at  Mont.  iii.  412;  also  a  'tailor' 
Smith  the  same  year.  Named  in  Larkin's  accounts  '36-40;  arrested  in  '40  but 
escaped  exile,  iv.  17.  There  may  be  some  confusion  between  this  man  and 
the  following.  S.  (John),  1837,  nat.  of  Nova  Scotia,  who  came  by  sea;  asked 
for  naturalization  in  '42,  being  a  carpenter  in  the  Sac.  Val.  and  5  years  a  res 
ident,  iv.  118.  Sutter  says  S.  obtained  land  from  him  near  Marysville;  nat 
uralized  in  '44,  and  got  a  grant  of  land  in  Yolo  Co.  iv.  674;  living  on  his 
rancho  '45-8,  ment.  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary,  a  partner  and  neighbor  of  Michael 
Nye.  S.  (John),  1845,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  Morea  in  trouble  at  S.F.  S. 
(John),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247).  S.  (John),  1846,  Co.  C, 
1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  sentenced  by  court-martial  to  imprisonment  at 


724  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Los  Ang.  '47.  S.  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Utah  '82. 
S.  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  living  '64.  S.  (John),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (John  F.),  1838,  Fr.  carpenter  from  the  Sandw.  Isl.  at 
Sta  B.  iii.  409;  where  he  built  the  1st  wooden  house,  and  died  in  '66.  HUM. 
S.  (John  G.),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499),  under  another  name.  S. 
(John  H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (John  M.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  S.  (Joseph),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578. 

Smith  (L.  H.),  1846,  mr  of  the  Benj.  Rush.  v.  576.  S.  (Lewis),  1847, 
Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  S.  (Lot),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  re- 
enl. ;  in  Ariz.  '82.  S.  (Napoleon  B.),  1845,  nat.  of  Ohio,  and  overl.  immig. 
in  the  Hastings  party  with  his  brother  Henry  C.  iv.  586-7.  He  worked  a 
while  for  Sutter,  and  then  became  a  lumberman  in  the  S.  Antonio  redwoods, 
but  perhaps  took  some  part  in  the  revolt  and  war  of  '46-7.  In  '48-9  he  went  to 
the  mines,  and  kept  a  store  at  Mission  S.  Jose",  being  sub-prefect  for  a  time  in  '49. 
Later  he  became  a  trader  at  Martinez,  being  county  assessor,  and  memb.  of 
the  legislature  in  '52.  In  '57-85  he  lived  on  a  rancho  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  His 
wife  was  Margelina,  daughter  of  Elam  Brown,  and  he  has  8  children:  Frank 
(b.  Jan.  '48,  the  1st  in  Contra  Costa),  Lawrence  M.,  Sarah  C.,  Louis N.,  Ellen 
J.,  Elam,  Timothy  S.,  and  Warren  C.  I  have  a  full  Biog.  Sketch  of  '  Bony  ' 
Smith  written  in  '75.  S.  (Oliver),  1848,  doubtful  name  at  Benicia.  S. 
(Orrin),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  6  children,  excommuni 
cated  on  the  voy.,  and  perhaps  left  for  a  time  at  Hon.  His  daughter  Amelia 
was  in  Utah  '84.  v.  546,  549.  S.  (0.  K.),  1848,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  and  overl. 
immig.;  memb.  of  the  legisl.  '61,  being  a  farmer  at  Visalia,  age  '39.  S. 
(Persifer  F.),  1848.  Gov.  Smith  did  not  arrive  till  '49,  nevertheless  by  a  slip 
of  his  pen  he  writes  at  S.F.  in  March  '48,  inquiring  for  Benicia  lots.  v.  673. 

Smith  (R.),  1833,  mr  of  the  Fdkeja.  iii.  382.  S.  (Robert),  1846,  of  the 
Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  2  children;  teacher  of  tactics  on  the  Brooklyn; 
owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47;  died  in  the  faith  about  '49.  v.  546,  550,  679.  S. 
(Robert),  1847,  at  Sonoma  and  N.  Helv. ;  known  as  '  Growling '  Smith,  and 
arrested  for  outrages  on  Ind.  v.  569,  610.  He  may  have  been  the  '  Badger ' 
Smith  of  the  Bears  in  '46.  v.  167.  S.  (Sam. )  1837,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts. 
S.  (Sam.),  1845  (?),  at  Sonoma  and  N.  Helv.  '45-8;  iv.  587;  seems  to  have  had 
a  rancho  in  the  Sac.  Val.  '47,  also  working  forLarkin.  Sam.  S.  of  Baltimore  is 
named  in  the  El  Dorado  Co.  Hist,  as  having  come  in  '43  and  kept  the  1st 
store  at  Kelsey.  At  S.F.  as  a  witness  '47  and  owner  of  a  town  lot.  Ace.  to  the 
Marin  Co.  Hist.,  a  Sam.  S.  lived  in  the  Pt  Reyes  region  in  '46.  S.  (Simeon 
P.),  1847,  in  S.F.  letter-list. 

Smith  (Stephen),  1841,  nat.  of  Md.,  who  had  spent  some  time  in  Peru,  and 
who  visited  Cal.,  prob.  on  the  Corsair,  in  '41.  iv.  279.  I  have  his  letter  of 
July  written  at  Callao  after  his  return  from  Cal.  On  this  1st  visit  he  made 
arrangements  with  Gov.  Alvarado  to  introduce  a  steam-mill;  and  in  '43  he 
came  back  from  Baltimore  with  the  engine — the  1st  in  Cal. — and  mill  ma 
chinery  on  the  George  Henry,  iv.  395-6,  565-6.  As  soon  as  he  could  be  nat 
uralized  he  got  a  grant  in  '44  of  Bodega,  where  he  had  set  up  his  mill,  and 
where  he  lived  for  the  most  part  from  that  time.  iv.  186, 392,  670,  679.  In  '45, 
visiting  S.  Bias,  Smith  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of  being  engaged  in  filibus 
tering  schemes  for  the  U.S.,  but  soon  released,  as  there  was  no  proof,  iv.  601. 
As  he  later  told  Lieut  Sherman  that  he  came  to  Cal.  on  the  assurance  of  Web 
ster  that  the  U.S.  would  surely  have  the  country,  it  is  possible  that  in  the 
earlier  years  he  talked  indiscreetly.  In  '45-6  he  owned  lots  in  S.F.,  and 
built  a  house  at  the  cor.  of  Dupont  and  Washington  streets,  iv.  669,  673;  v. 
682.  In  '46  he  raised  the  U.S.  flag  at  Bodega,  and  in  '46-8  served  as  civil 
magistrate,  v.  242,  670.  In  the  lush  times  his  mill  was  a  very  valuable 
property,  and  he  was  cl.  for  not  only  Bodega,  but  the  Blucher  rancho.  iv.  670. 
He  died  at  S.F.  in  '55  at  the  age  of  69.  His  wife  was  a  Peruvian,  a  sister 
of  Manuel  Torres;  who  married  Tyler  Curtis  in  '56;  and  he  left  three  children, 
Manuela,  Stephen,  and  James  B.,  all  of  whom  seem  to  have  been  living  in  '75. 
The  daughter,  born  at  Bodega  '46,  married  John  M.  English,  and  lived  in  Oak 
land  '81. 


SMITH— SNOOK.  725 

Smith  (Theodore),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  S.  (Thomas),  1841,  at 
S.  Jose",  iv.  279;  naturalized  '44,  when  he  claimed  to  have  been  a  resid.  since 
'42;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  45,  where  he  kept  a  saloon  '46-50,  a  stout  and  stut 
tering  Englishman,  iv.  669;  v.  682,  685.  S.  (Thomas),  1845,  overl.  immig. 
of  the  Swasey-Todd,  or  possibly  the  McMahon,  party,  iv.  576-7,  573;  appar 
ently  at  Sutter's  fort  '46-7.  S.  (Thos),  1846,  sailor  in  Stockton's  Bat., 
fatally  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel,  Jan.  '47.  v.  395.  S.  (Thos),  on  the 
roll  of  the  Society  of  California  Pioneers  as  having  arr.  in  Sept.  S. 
(Thos  J.),  1845,  ditto,  arrived  S.F.  Dec.  iv.  587;  perhaps  the  cl.  of  S.F.  Mission 
lots  in  '52;  at  Gold  Hill,  Nev.,  '81.  S.  (Thos  L.),  1829  (?),  Kentuckian  trap 
per  and  mountaineer,  known  as  'Peg-leg'  Smith  from  his  wooden  leg. 
The  chronology  of  his  wild  career  is  confusing;  but  he  may  have  stolen  horses 
in  Cal.  in  '29  and  several  times  later,  as  he  was  fond  of  boasting  in  late 
years,  iii.  172,  179.  In  '41  'El  Cojo  Smit'  was  reported  to  be  in  com.  of  a 
party  of  vagabonds  from  N.  Mex.  iv.  208,  278,  342.  After  '49  he  lived  in 
Cal.,  and  died  at  S.F.  in  '66. 

Smith  (W.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.,  Co.  B,  artill.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Mont. 
Oct.  S.  (Willard).  1847,  musician  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  '82  at 
Littleton,  Utah,  stake  president  and  probate  judge.  Smith  (Wm),  1800, 
mate  of  the  Hazard,  perhaps  visiting  the  coast  several  times  before  1808.  ii. 
17,  24-5,  95-6.  In  1810-11,  as  mate  of  the  Albatross,  he  was  engaged  in  fur- 
hunting  on  the  coast,  especially  in  taking  seals  at  the  Farallones.  ii.  93.  In 
'16  he  came  back  from  China  in  com.  of  the  Albatross,  and  was  arrested  for 
smuggling  at  Sta  B. ,  though  his  vessel  escaped  capture,  ii.  275-7,  362,  248, 
633.  He  was  a  nat.  of  Va,  whose  voyages  and  adventures  in  all  parts  of  the  world 
would  fill  a  volume.  In  '36  or  earlier  he  found  his  way  to  Cal.  again,  iv.  103, 
141 ;  and  now,  too  old  to  command,  he  still  made  his  home  on  board  Boston  ves 
sels  on  the  coast  or  at  the  Islands,  being  transferred  from  one  to  another  accord 
ing  to  his  whims,  and  occasionally  spending  a  few  months  on  shore.  He  died  at 
Sonoma  on  May  5,  '46,  at  the  age  of  78.  S.  (Wm),  1824,  mr  of  the  Young 
Tartar,  ii.  519.  S.  (Wm),  1827,  Amer.  carpenter  in  the  Mont.  dist.  '29,  age 
22.  iii.  176.  Ment.  as  a  sawyer  working  for  Cooper  in  '31;  *  Bill  the  Sawyer ' 
at  S.  Jose"  '33,  married  to  a  Sais;  in  Mont,  lists  of  '34;  also  near  Pt  Reyes; 
at  Sonoma  and  S.F.  '37-9;  one  of  the  arrested  foreigners  '40.  iv.  17;  Engl. 
carpenter,  age  42,  at  S.  Jose"  '41;  wife  Maria  Josefa  Sais,  child.  Daniel  b.  '33, 
Jose"  '36,  Patricio  '37,  Jose"  S.  '39,  Maria  '38;  one  of  Sutter's  men  in  the 
Micheltorena  campaign  '45.  iv.  495;  at  S.  Jose",  S.F.,  and  in  the  Sac.  Val. 
'46;  owner  of  a  lot  at  S.F.  and  settler  atBenicia'47 — all  these  may  be  one 
or  half  a  dozen  Bill  Smiths  for  all  that  I  know. 

Smith  (Wm  H.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 
Still  at  S.F.  '52;  in  Tuolumne  Co.  '74.  S.  (Wm  M.),  1845,  nat. 'of  Gas  who 
came  with  Capt.  Paty  from  S.  Bias.  iv.  587.  A  droll  fellow,  who  had  been 
a  circus-rider,  known  as  'Jim  Crow'  Smith;  in  '46-8  member  of  the  S.F. 


tinez.  After  a  while  he  went  to  the  bad  altogether,  being  a  violent  and  dan 
gerous  man  when  intoxicated,  and  about  '54  he  killed  himself.  S.  (Wm 
Taylor),  1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Dale.  Smyth  (Wm),  1826,  mate  of  the 
Blossom,  iii.  121;  artist  from  whose  drawings  Forbes'  California  was  illus 
trated,  iv.  151. 

Snitter  (Lewis),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Snook  (Joseph  Fran 
cisco),  1830,  Engl.  mr  of  the  Ayacucho,  who  had  been  on  the  Mex.  coast  in 
Virmond's  employ  since  '24.  iii.  146,  180.  He  was  naturalized  in  '33,  and  in 
'33-9  mr  of  the  Ca.talina.  iii.  381;  iv.  102,  117.  In  '38  he  purchased  of  Berry 
a  rancho  at  Pt  Reyes  or  Tomales,  confirmed  next  year  by  the  diputacion.  Be 
fore  this  time  he  had  married  Maria  Antonia,  daughter  of  J.B.  Alvarado  of  S. 
Diego,  and  he  talked  of  quitting  the  sea  and  forming  a  partnership  with 
Fitch;  but  in  '40-2  he  commanded  the  Jdve.n  Guipuzcoana.  iv.  12,  104,  305, 
666;  and  the  Juanita  in  '46.  In  '42  he  was  grantee  of  the  S.  Bernardo  rancho, 


726  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

S.  Diego,  iv.  621,  where  he  lived  with  his  family,  dying  suddenly  in  April  '47 
or  '48.  His  widow  married  Henry  Clayton.  Snow  (A.),  1847,  at  Beuicia.  B. 
Tribune.  S.  (B.  F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (R.  D.),  1848,  ditto.  S. 
(Ze'nora  S.),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  546;  in  Utah  '84. 

Snyder  (Elijah),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Trenton,  N.J.,  '75. 
S.  (Jacob  R.),  1845,  nat.  of  Pa,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Swasey-Todd  party, 
iv.  576,  587.  Mentioned  at  Sta  Cruz  and  various  other  points  in  '45-6,  em 
ployed  as  a  surveyor,  v.  654,  641.  He  served  as  quartermaster  in  Fauntleroy's 
dragoons,  v.  293-4;  and  later  in  the  Cal.  Bat.,  ranking  as  major,  v.  360.  In 
'47  he  was  appointed  surveyor  for  the  middle  department  of  Cal.,  and  also 
commissioned  to  investigate  charges  against  Alcalde  Nash  of  Sonoma,  v.  610, 
465.  In  '48-9  with  Reading  and  Hensley  he  had  a  trading  post  at  Sacramento, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  constit.  convention;  from  '50  memb.  of  a  S.F.  firm; 
in  '52-3  state  senator;  in  '53-60  treasurer  of  the  U.S.  mint  at  S.F.  About  '62 
he  retired  for  the  most  part  from  public  life  to  a  rancho  at  Sonoma,  where  he 
died  in  '78  at  the  age  of  65.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  personal  appearance,  of 
good  abilities,  of  excellent  character,  and  of  well-deserved  popularity.  Por 
trait  in  Colton's  Three  Years;  Sonoma  Co.  Hist.  His  1st  wife,  of  '50,  was 
Susan  H.  Brayton;  the  2d,  of  '74,  was  Rachel  J.  Sears;  and  he  had  no  chil 
dren.  S.  (John),  1846,  of  the  Donner  party  from  111.,  killed  by  Reed  on  the 
Humboldt  before  reaching  Cal.  v.  530,  532.  S.  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469). 

Soberanes,  occupant  of  Sauzal  rancho  '23.  ii.  616,  664.  S.  (Agustin), 
sirviente  at  Sta  Clara  1776.  i.  306;  still  at  S.  Jose"  1794.  S.  (Ezequiel), 
son  of  Mariano,  volunteer  officer  under  Castro  at  the  taking  of  Los  Ang. 
'45.  iv.  492.  S.  (Feliciano),  at  Mont.  '26,  and  regidor  '29-30.  ii.  612; 

frantee  of  Alisal  '34.  iii.  676;  named  in  the  padron  of  '36  as  a  nat.  of  Cal.,  age 
7,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Rodriguez,  child.  Josefa  b.  '13,  Panfilo  '15,  Gabriela  '18, 
Francisco  '19,  Jose"  Ant.  '21,  Jose"  Maria  '23,  Carmen  '25,  Mariano  '28,  Feliciano 
'29,  Jos6  Andre's  '31,  Francisca  '32,  and  Jose"  Mateo  '33.  Alcalde  in  '38-9.  iii. 
675,  697;  grantee  of  S.  Lorenzo  in  '41.  iv.  655;  and  in  '41-5  the  admin,  of 
Soledad  mission,  of  which  estate  he  became  the  owner,  iv.  194,  559,  660-1;  v. 
558,  637,  641;  being  in  '45  juez  2°  at  Mont.,  iv.  653,  656,  where  he  still  lived 
in  '51.  S.  (Francisco),  grantee  of  Sanjon  de  Sta  Rita,  Merced,  '41.  iv.  673. 
S.  (Guadalupe),  alfe*rez  of  auxiliary  cavalry  '45-6.  v.  41;  in  Mont.  Co.  '50. 
S.  (Jos6  Ant.),  mentioned  at  Sutter's  fort  '47.  S.  (Jose"  Maria),  a  soldier  of 
the  1st  exped.  of  1769-74;  at  Soledad  1791  et  seq.;  in  1795  an  invalido  in 
possession  of  the  Buenavista  rancho,  Mont.  i.  683,  441,  499.  Prob.  ancestor 
of  most  of  the  Soberanes  here  registered.  S.  (Jose"  M.),  son  of  Feliciano, 
ment.  in  '46.  v.  41.  S.  (Josefa),  daughter  of  Feliciano,  grantee  of  Los 
Coches  '41.  iv.  655.  S.  (Juan),  sub-lieut  of  militia  '46.  v.  '41;  went  with 
Flores  to  Mex.  '47.  v.  407.  S.  (Mariano),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-21; 
in  '23  alcalde  of  Mont.,  smdico  '27,  alcalde  '29-30.  ii.  611-12;  iii.  49,  76,  82, 
194;  in  '35  admin,  of  S.  Antonio,  iii.  354,  687-8;  in  '36  living  at  Alisal,  age 
40,  a  widower — his  wife  had  been  a  daughter  of  Ignacio  Vallejo — 7  child. 
Mariano  b.  '19,  Juan  '21,  Ezequiel  '23,  Tomds  '25,  Guadalupe  '28,  Victor  '29, 
Ignacio  '31.  In  '42  he  was  grantee  of  Los  Ojitos  rancho.  iv.  655;  in  '45  juez 
at  S.  Miguel,  iv.  660.  In  '46  he  was  arrested  with  his  sons,  and  his  property 
at  Los  Ojitos  destroyed  by  Fremont,  v.  374,  464,  for  which  Don  Mariano  had 
a  Cal.  claim  of  $19,930,  of  which  $423  was  paid  (v.  462).  He  was  cl.  for  Los 
Ojitos  in  '52,  and  the  rancho  is  still  owned  by  his  sons  in  '85.  S.  (Mariano), 
son  of  the  preceding;  grantee  of  S.  Bernardo  rancho  '41 — though  this  may 
have  been  the  father,  iv.  655.  He  was  somewhat  active  in  the  final  campaign 
of  Natividad  against  the  Amer.  v.  290,  367;  and  was  still  in  Mont.  Co.  '78. 
His  son,  Clodomiro,  was  for  a  short  time  employed  in  my  Library,  and  a  small 
collection  of  Doc.  Hist.  Cal.  bears  his  name.  S.  (Panfilo),  son  of  Feliciano, 
juez  de  paz  at  Mont.  '43;  custom-house  guard  at  Mont,  and  S.F.  '44-5.  iv. 
557,  653,  656.  S.  (Tomds),  clerk  in  the  Mont,  custom-house  '44.  iv.  431; 
went  to  Mex.  with  Flores  '47.  v.  407.  Sobradelas  (Pablo),  1825,  Span,  marine 
from  the  Aquiles;  ordered  to  depart  in  '28-30.  iii.  51-2.  Sohns  (John),  1847, 
Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 


SOLA— SOTO.  727 

Sola  (Faustino),  1786,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  brief  terms  at  S.  Luis 
Ob.  and  S.F.,  retiring  in  1790,  and  dying  at  the  college  of  S.  Fernando  in 
Mex.  1820.  He  was  a  brother  of  Gov.  Sola.  i.  388,  423,  469-70,  474;  ii.  471. 
S.  (Pablo  Vicente),  Span,  lieut-col,  who  ruled  Cal.  as  gov.  from  Aug.  15,  '15, 
to  Nov.  22,  '22,  being  promoted  to  colonel  in  '19,  and  leaving  Cal.  as  dip.  to 
the  Mex.  congress  in  '22.  Except  that  he  was  a  member  of  the  junta  de  Cal. 
in  Mex.  in  '25,  iii.  3-5,  nothing  is  definitely  known  of  his  later  life.  For  his  life 
and  character,  see  ii.  470-3;  on  his  rule  in  Cal.  ii.  208-470,  passim;  miscel.  men 
tion,  i.  662;  ii.  78,  188,  479,  485,  514,  562,  565-6,  569,  571,  580,  587,  604,  607, 
616,  642,  674,  676;  iii.  3,  5,  11,  33, 109.  Solano  (Francisco),  Ind.  chief  of  the 
Suisunes,  who  from  '35  was  an  ally  of  Vallejo  at  Sonoma,  doing  more  than 
any  other  to  keep  the  Ind.  of  the  northern  frontier  in  order,  iii.  295,  360,  598; 
71-3,  444,  674.  He  was  the  grantee  of  Suisun  rancho  in  '42.  His  original 
name  was  Nunia  or  Tetoy,  and  the  name  Solano,  given  him  at  baptism  from 
that  of  the  mission,  passed  from  him  to  the  county.  I  have  no  record  showing 
the  date  of  his  death.  His  wTidow,  Isidora,  was  still  living  at  Sonoma  in  '74, 
at  an  advanced  age,  and  furnished  a  Relation  that  is  not  without  interest. 
Solar  (Jose  Maria),  at  Branciforte  '30.  ii.  627.  Solares  (Pedro),  soldier  at 
the  Colorado  Riv.  pueblos  1780-1.  i.  359.  Solas  (Matias),  sirviente  at  Sole- 
dad  1791-1800.  i.  499. 

Soler  (Juan),  1774,  guarda-almacen  at  Mont.  i.  224.  There  was  some  com 
plaint  of  his  unfitness  for  the  place  in  '78-9;  and  he  died  at  Mont,  in  '81.  S. 
(Nicolas),  1781,  Span.  capt.  who  held  the  position  of  ayudante-inspector  of  the 
Cal.  troops  in  '81-8;  a  prominent  officer  and  inveterate  fault-finder,  generally 
in  trouble  because  things  were  going  to  the  dogs.  He  became  comandante  at 
Tucson,  and  died  in  '90.  Biog.  i.  397-8;  ment.  i.  334,  370,  383,  385,  392-6, 
411,  443,  451,  462-3,  467,  471-2,  479,  484,  676;  ii.  571.  S.  (Pablo),  1792, 
surgeon  of  the  Cal.  troops  at  Mont,  to  1800.  i.  439,  501,  679-80.  Soleto 
(Juan),  doubtful,  '46.  v.  162.  Solis  (Joaquin),  1825,  Mex.  convict  who  in 
'29  headed  a  revolt  of  Californian  soldiers,  and  in  '30  was  sent  as  a  prisoner 
to  Mex.  For  full  account  of  the  revolt,  see  iii.  68-85;  mention  of  Solis.  ii.  576, 
591,  604,  615,  664;  iii.  16,  149.  Sol6rzano  (Francisco),  settler  at  Los  Ang. 
'16.  ii.  350.  S.  (Jose"  Antonio),  sergt  of  the  Mont.  comp.  '32-3.  iii.  671,  673. 
S.  (Ramon),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '39-42;  at  Sonoma  '44,  age  19. 

Somera  (Jose"  Antonio  Fernandez,  or  Angel),  1771,  Span.  Marat  S.  Gabriel, 
forced  by  illness  to  retire  in  '72.  i.  137,  176,  187-9,  192-3.  Somers  (Fred.), 
1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Somoza  (Antonio  Maria),  1842,  Mex.  lieut 
in  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5,  adjutant,  instructor,  and  com.  at  Los  Ang.  '44-5; 
still  in  Cal.  '46.  iv.  289,  354,  407,  538;  v.  41.  Soncho  (Francisco),  juez  de  paz 
at  S.F.  '42.  iv.  665,  667.  Soret  (Angelina),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  So- 
ria  (Francisco),  alcalde  of  Mont.  (?),  '29.  ii.  612;  in  '28  resid.  of  Branciforte, 
wife  Rita  Pinto,  child.  Jose",  Cecilia,  Carmen,  and  Gregorio;  juez  de  paz  at 
B.  '32,  regidor  '38,  juez  de  campo  '43,  2d  alcalde  '45.  iii.  588,  696-7;  iv.  663- 
4;  in  '45  at  B.,  age  '50,  wife  Guadalupe  Juarez,  child.  Jose"  Ant.  b.  '27,  Mi 
guel  '33,  Cineda  (?)  '36,  Jose  '44,  Cecilia  '28,  Benita  '35,  Prudencia  '37.  S. 
( Jose"),  at  Branciforte  '45,  wife  Maria  de  Jesus  Robles,  child.  Refugio  '43,  Te 
resa  '44.  S.  (Juan  Jose"),  alcalde  of  Mont.  '28.  ii.  612;  and  prob.  '29.  Sosa 
(Mariano),  visiting  Dominican  friar  at  S.  Gabriel  '31-2.  iii.  641. 

Sotelo  (Francisco),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1803.  ii.  350.  S.  (Gabriel),  ditto 
'15.  ii.  350.  S.  (Gabriel),  S.F.  militiaman  '37.  S.  (Jos<§),  at  S.  Bernardino 
'46,  ago  45.  S.  (Jose"  Maria),  at  Branciforte  '45,  age  50,  wife  Encarnacion. 
S.  (Juan),  soldier  in  S.F.  comp.  '42,  militia  S.F.  '37.  S.  (Mariano),  soldier 
of  S.F.  comp.  '34-9.  S.  (Pedro  D.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  S.  (Ramon),  settler 
at  Los  Ang.  1805;  killed  at  Purisima  '24.  ii.  350,  412,  529,  566.  In  '17  P. 
Pay  eras  writes  of  him  as  'el  famoso  criminal  de  California.'  Miguel  Sotelo, 
perhaps  his  descendant,  was  a  famous  outlaw  killed  by  the  sheriff  at  Los 
Ang.  in  '78.  S.  (Venancio),  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  S.  (Vicente),  at  S.  Bern.  '46, 
age  22. 

Soto,  sailor  sirviecte  at  Sta  Cruz.  i.  496.  S.  (Andre's),  at  Mont.  '38;  supl. 
juez  of  ranches  '46.  v.  637.  S.  (Antonio),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  before  1800, 


728  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

regidor  1809-10,  alcalde  '18,  dying  suddenly  in  that  year.  i.  716;  ii.  134,  378. 
S.  (Antonio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-29;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  42,  wife 
Maria  G.  Briones,  child.  Ramon  b.  '22,  Raimunda  '27,  Angel  '28,  Nieves  '30, 
Concepcion  '32,  Francisco  '39,  Felipa  '40.  S.  (Antonio  2d),  soldier  of  the 
S.F.  comp.  '19-27.  S.  (Bernardino),  had  a  Cal.  claim  '46-7  of  $873  (v.  462). 
S.  (Casilda),  grantee  of  La  Merced,  Los  Ang.,  '44.  iv.  635.  S.  (Casimiro),  at 
Mont.  '36,  age  28,  wife  Eleuteria  Castro,  child  Maria  Trinidad  b.  '34.  S. 
(Domingo),  at  S.  Jose  '41,  age  22;  and  living  with  him  Jesus,  age  18,  Fernando 
12,  and  Jose"  Ant.  14.  S.  (Eufemio),  juez  de  campo  Mont.  '37.  iii.  675.  S. 
(Eugenio),  body  found  hanging  at  Sta  Cruz  '38.  iii.  697.  S.  (Eugenic),  at 

Branciforte  '45,  age  40,  wife ,  child.  Ramona  b.  '35,  Juana  '37,  Rosalfa  '40, 

and  Josefa  '44.  S.  (Eusebio),  militiaman  at  S.F.  '37;  owner  of  a  town  lot 
'45.  iv.  669;  v.  685.  S.  (Felipe),  at  S.F.  '37-44.  S.  (Fernando),  owner  of 
a  Russian  River  rancho  '46.  Raven.  S.  (Flores),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 

Soto  (Francisco),  1st  child  b.  at  S.F.  1776,  son  of  Ignacio.  He  became  a 
soldier  in  the  S.F.  comp.,  was  a  corp.  in  1810,  and  was  promoted  to  sergt  for 
bravery  in  an  Ind.  campaign  of  that  year;  also  made  an  exped.  in  '13,  and 
another  in  '20.  ii.  91,  204,  324,  339.  He  was  possibly  the  Fran.  S.  at  S.  Matias 
rancho,  Mont.,  '36,  age  57,  child  Lorenzo  b.  '21.  S.  (Francisco),  corp.  in  S.F. 
comp.  '19;  sergt '20-9;  ment.  in  '27-8.  ii.  584,  592;  iii.  66-7,  111,  156.  I  am 
unable  to  distinguish  the  different  men  bearing  this  name.  S.  (Francisco), 
grantee  of  Bolsa  Nueva  rancho  '29.  ii.  615,  664.  S.  (Francisco),  corp.  died 
of  wounds  received  in  an  Ind.  exped.  '29.  iii.  111-13.  S.  (Francisco),  at 
Mont.  '36,  age  28,  wife  Maria  de  Los  Angeles,  child.  Ascension  b.  '32,  Trini 
dad  '34,  Gertrudis  '36.  S.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  34,  wife  Barbara 
Castro,  child.  Ana  Maria  b.  '34,  Francisco  '36,  Vicente  '38,  Encarnacion  :39; 
in  '42-4  grantee  of  S.  Lorenzo,  Alameda  Co.,  for  which  his  widow  was  cl.  in 
'52.  iv.  673.  S.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age  24.  S.  (Francisco),  grantee 
of  S.  Vicente,  Mont.,  '35-42.  iii.  678.  S.  (Francisco),  prob.  some  one  of  the  pre 
ceding;  sergt  of  the  Mont.  comp.  '35-6.  iii.  671 ;  a  supporter  of  Alvarado  and 
comisario  de  policfa.  iii.  461,  675;  ment.  as  lieut  in  '39.  iii.  588;  admin,  of 
Sta  Cruz  '39-40.  iii.  695;  went  to  Mex.  with  Covarrubias  in  '40.  iv.  13,  15, 
24;  but  is  ment.  again  in  '42.  iv.  308. 

Soto  (Gervasio),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-31;  resid.  of  Branciforte  '36. 
iii.  697;  at  S.F.  age  54  in  '44;  at  S.  Jos<§  '45.  iv.  686.  S.  (Guillermo),  soldier 
of  the  S.  Buen.  escolta  1786,  when  his  wife,  Nicolasa  Ramirez,  died;  settled 
at  Los  Ang.  1789.  ii.  349;  alcalde  in  '98  and  1809.  i.  661;  ii.  110.  S.  (Igna 
cio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  from  1776;  in  1793  at  S.  Jose",  wife  Barbara  Espi- 
nosa,  child.  Antonio  b.  '76,  Francisco  Maria  '77,  Damaso  '78,  Isidoro  '80, 
Josefa  (who  married  Jose"  Sanchez)  '83,  Joaquin  '84,  Jose"  Francisco,  Rafaela, 
Bernarda,  Tomas,  Juan,  Rafael,  and  Dolores,  i.  291,  477.  S.  (Ignacio}, 
soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '24-30.  S.  (Ignacio),  corp.  at  Mont.  '36,  age  22. 
S.  (Ignacio),  soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  26.  S.  (Ignacio),  at  S.  Jos6  '41,  age 
33,  wife  Teresa  Martinez.  S.  (Isidoro),  soldier  retired  with  rank  of  lieut 
'44.  iv.  408;  in  '36  at  Mont.,  age  '55,  wife  Marcela  Linares;  married  sons 
Lazaro  and  Joaquin. 

Soto  (Jesus),  sergt  who  went  to  Mex.  with  Castro  '40;  aux.  de  policfa  '46 
at  Mont.  iv.  13,  30;  v.  637.  S.  (Joaquin),  son  of  Isidoro,  at  Mont.  '36,  age 
33,  wife  Dolores  Cantua,  child.  Joaquin  b.  '24,  Luisa  '26,  Barbara  '27,  Josefa 
'32,  Laran  (?)  '34;  possibly  the  grantee  of  Piojo  in  '42.  iv.  655;  juez  de  paz  at 
S.  Juan  B.  '46.  v.  640;  and  still  in  Mont.  Co.  '51.  S.  (Joaquin),  son  of  Igna 
cio;  married  at  S.  Jos<5  1803  to  Maria  de  la  Luz  Berreyesa.  ii.  138.  S.  (Joa 
quin),  resid.  of  Branciforte  '30.  ii.  627.  S.  (Joaquin),  juez  de  cainpo  at  Los 
Carneros,  Mont.,  '35.  iii.  674.  S.  (Joaquin),  at  S.  Matias  rancho  '36,  age  51, 
wife  Juana  Butron,  child.  Barbara  b.  '24,  Antonia  '25,  Deogracias  '28,  Maria 
'30,  Adelaida  '31,  Maria  '33,  Salvador  '34.  iii.  678.  S.  (Joaquin),  at  S.  Ber 
nardino  '46,  age  35.  S.  (Joaquin),  grantee  of  Canada-  de  la  Carpinterla  '45. 
iv.  655. 

Soto  (Jose")  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '21-9.  S.  (Jos<§  Maria),  settler  at 
Los  Ang.  '15.  ii.  349.  S.  (Josefa),  grantee  of  Capay  rancho  '35-44.  iii.  711; 


SOTO-SPATZ.  729 

£T.  671.  S.  (Juan)  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-24;  in  '41  at  S.  Jos6,  age 
55,  wife  Petra  Pacheco,  child.  Jos6  b.  '19,  Francisco  '25,  Jose"  Ignacio  '30, 
Guadalupe  '33,  Silverio  '34,  and  Juana  '35.  S.  (Lazaro),  son  of  Isidro,  at 
Mont.  '3(3,  age  34,  wife  Solecita  Cantera,  child.  Isidro  b.  '28,  General  (?)  '31, 
Ramon  '34,  and  Joaquin  '35;  grantee  of  Canada  de  la  Segunda  '39.  iii.  677;  at 
Mont.  '46.  S.  (Lorenzo),  at  the  Natividad  fight  '46.  v.  368;  in  the  south  '47. 
v.  389-90;  cl.  for  Los  Vallecitos  '52.  iii.  612.  S.  (Luis),  at  S.F.  '42,  age  23. 
S.  (Manuel),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '23-31.  S.  (Manuel),  at  Branciforte 
'28.  S.  (Maria  Ant.  Mesa  de),  widow  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  39,  child.  Juan  Cap. 
b.  '23,  Jesus  '25,  Dolores  '27,  Juan  Cris.  '29,  Francisco  '31,  Jos<§  Ignacio '33, 
Patricio  '35,  Jos6  Cruz  '37,  and  Celia  '39.  S.  (Meliton),  in  the  Solis  revolt  of 
'29,  sent  to  Mex.  iii.  73,  77-8,  82-5.  S.  (Milano),  Mex.  soldier  at  Mont.  '36, 
age  33.  S.  (Pedro),  soldier  at  S.F.  '42.  S.  (Rejis),  settlerat  Los  Ang.  1789. 
i.  461.  S.  (Raimundo),  worked  forLarkin  '48  on  hisrancho.  S.  (Ramon), 
at  S.F.  '44,  age  20.  S.  (Teodora),  grantee  of  Canada  del  Hambre  and  Las 
Boleus,  Contra  Costa,  in  '42.  iv.  671.  S.  (Tiburcio),  at  Mont.  '36,  age  30, 
wife  Concepcion  Zuiiiga,  child.  Jos6  de  Jesus  b.  '29,  Raimundo  '30,  Vicenta 
'33,  Juliana  '34,  and  Miguel  '35.  Sonervoit  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  at  Los  Ang.  '77.  Sout  (W.),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.,  Co.  B,  artill.  (v.  358). 
Southward  (Chas  C.),  1847,  clerk  for  Parker  at  S.F.;  owner  of  town  lots;  in 
'48  trader  at  Napa  in  partnership  with  Swasey.  v.  670;  at  Vallejo  after  '50; 
Trinidad  '54;  Vallejo  '77.  South  wick  (John),  1846,  carpenter  on  the  U.S. 
Congress;  capt.  and  chief  engineer  in  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  385.  South- 
worth  (Eli),  1838,  nat.  of  Mass.,  visited  Cal.  from  Hon.  on  the  D.  Quixote, 
and  possibly  earlier,  '33-5,  on  the  Loriot.  iv.  103,  119,  141.  In  '43-5  he  lived 
at  S.F.  as  a  partner  in  Paty's  business,  being  named  in  the  padron  of  '44  as  25 
years  old.  After  '48  he  engaged  in  the  lumber  business;  and  from  '53  he  lived 
with  William  H.  Davis  at  S.  Leandro  until  his  death  in  '57.  Souza  (Wm), 
1847,  Portuguese  fruit-dealer  at  Sta  Clara  '63-76. 

Spalding  (Josiah),  1840,  mr  of  the  Lausanne,  in  trouble  with  the  author 
ities,  iv.  104,  121,  171-4.  A  Mass,  man  who  died  about  70;  his  daughter  at 
Mont,  in  '84.  S.  (J.  C.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Sparks  (Isaac  J.),  1832, 
nat.  of  Me,  and  long  a  resid.  of  St  Louis,  Mo.,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  with 
Young's  party  of  trappers,  iii.  388,  408.  He  engaged  in  otter-hunting  on  the 
coast,  and  in  '34  seems  to  have  made  a  trip  to  N.  Mex.,  or  at  least  got  a  pass. 
iii.  395;  in  '35  aiding  in  the  removal  of  Ind.  from  S.  Nicolas  isl.  iii.  361,  652. 
From  '35  he  lived  at  Sta  B. ,  keeping  a  store  from  '36  in  a  house  bought  of 
Foxen,  but  devoting  himself  mainly  to  otter-hunting,  for  which  he  received 
several  licenses,  iv.  81,  117;  asked  for  naturalization  in  '37,  estimating  his 
property  at  82,000;  grantee  of  a  rancho  in  '39,  he  having  become  a  catholic  be 
fore  '36.  He  was  not  arrested  in  '40.  iv.  24;  but  in  '41  was  in  some  trouble  be 
cause  of  a  young  woman  who  bore  him  two  children,  iv.  280,  being  threatened 
with  a  fine  of  $19  ( !)  if  he  did  not  put  an  end  to  the  scandal,  and  the  woman  be 
ing  finally  exiled  to  Los  Ang.  In  '43  he  was  grantee  of  Huasna  rancho,  S.  Luis 
Ob.,  for  which  he  was  later  cl.  as  also  for  Pismo.  iv.  655;  iii.  678.  He  served 
rather  unwillingly  under  Fremont  for  a  time  in  '46-7,  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  some 
$900  (v.  462),  and  in  '47  was  sent  to  Gov.  Mason  to  explain  the  state  of  affairs 
at  Sta  B.  v.  584.  He  gave  up  hunting,  except  as  a  pastime,  after  '48;  made 
an  unsuccessful  trip  to  the  mines;  and  later  led  the  life  of  a  prosperous  ran- 
chero  in  S.  Luis  Ob.  Co.  till  his  death  in  '67  at  the  age  of  63.  He  was  re 
garded  as  an  honest  and  active  man.  His  portrait  was  published  in  the  Hespe 
rian  of  '59,  with  a  sketch  of  his  early  life.  A  family  is  mentioned  in  the  later 
years,  but  I  find  no  record  to  show  whom  he  married.  S.  (Mary),  1846,  of  the 
Mormon  colony  with  children,  v.  546;  daughter  of  Mrs  Hamilton;  not  named 
in  the  Honolulu  list;  and  possibly  wife  of  Q.  S.  S.  (Quartus  S.),  1846,  of 
the  Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  child,  v.  546.  Called  also  Q.  L.  and  Q.  C.; 
nat.  of  Conn.,  teacher  and  preacher,  who  seems  to  have  left  the  church;  said 
to  have  been  a  lawyer  at  S.F.  in  later  years,  but  not  in  the  directories.  S. 
(Stephen),  1846,  sailor  on  the  Dale.  Sparrowhawk,  1846  (?),  mr  of  the  J6~ 
ven  Guipuzcoana,  who  settled  at  Stockton,  and  died  '61  ace.  to  newspapers. 
Spate  (Conrad),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  killed  in  L.  Cal,  '47. 


730  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Spear  (Nathan),  1823,  nat.  of  Boston,  druggist's  clerk  with  his  brother 
Paul  in  B.,  who  made  a  trip  to  the  Sandw.  Isl.  in  '19,  and  another  on  the 
Hover  in  '23,  touching  at  Mont.  In  '29  he  came  again  to  the  Islands,  in  '30 
married  Jane  Holmes,  and  in  '32  came  to  Cal.  in  time  to  join  the  comp.  ex- 
tranjera  at  Mont.,  iii.  221,  408,  where  he  opened  a  store,  obtaining  a  carta, 
and  owning  a  schooner,  the  Nicol&s,  which  ran  to  Sta  Cruz.  iv.  83,  141.  His 
name  occurs  often  in  commercial  records  of  each  year,  and  I  have  many  of  his 
letters.  In  '36  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Leese  and  Hinckley  to  open  a 
store  at  S.F.,  whither  he  moved  in  '38,  leaving  his  Mont,  store  in  charge  of 
Wm  Warren.  At  this  time  the  partnership  was  broken  up  by  a  quarrel  over 
$13,000  of  profits,  but  Spear  continued  the  business  in  the  store  at  the  cor.  of 
Montgomery  and  Clay  streets;  transferred  the  Nicolas  to  S.F.  bay  for  the 
collection  of  produce,  adding  the  Isabel  to  the  fleet — Wm  H.  Davis,  his 
nephew  and  clerk,  being  generally  in  com.  of  one  of  the  schooners;  and  built 
a  mule-power  grist-mill;  being  arrested  as  a  matter  of  form  in  '40.  iii.  705, 
709;  iv.  17,  82,  116,  130,  245,  250,  668;  v.  681.  In  '45  he  was  injured  by  Cal- 
ifornians  in  an  assault  on  Capt.  Libby.  iv.  569,  665-6;  and  is  named  as  a  wit 
ness  at  the  Rae  inquest,  iv.  593.  In  '46-7  he  is  named  as  owner  of  lots, 
candidate  for  alcalde,  and  taking  some  slight  part  in  politics,  v.  295,  455, 
680-1 ;  but  on  account  of  ill-health  moved  to  Napa  Val.  with  his  family  in 
'46,  denouncing  a  quicksilver  mine  on  the  Bale  rancho.  He  returned  to  S.F. 
at  the  end  of  '48,  and  died  there  Oct.  '49  at  the  age  of  47.  He  was  an  enter 
prising  man  of  business,  honorable  in  his  dealings,  gentlemanly  in  his  man 
ners,  and  scholarly  in  his  tastes  though  of  limited  education.  He  never  became 
a  Mex.  citizen,  and  therefore  obtained  no  land  grant.  His  wife,  a  half-breed 
Hawaiian,  died  in  Napa  '48;  and  there  was  one  son,  William  N.,  b.  at  Napa 
'46,  who  in  '78  gave  me  a  valuable  collection  of  his  father's  Papers.  He  died  be 
fore  '84.  Spect  (Jonas),  1848,  nat.  of  Pa,  who  came  overland  to  Or.  in  '47, 
and  to  S.F.  on  the  Henry,  possibly  at  the  end  of  '47.  In  '48  he  was  a  very 
successful  miner,  being  the  discoverer  of  gold  on  the  Yuba.  He  kept  a  store 
at  Sacramento;  was  elected  to  the  1st  state  senate;  was  a  founder  of  Fremont, 
where  he  lived  till  '56;  a  resid.  of  Vernon  till  about  '68,  when  he  moved  to 
Colusa,  dying  there  in  '83  at  the  age  of  66.  Portrait  in  Colusa  Co.  Plist.,  42; 
Yolo  Co.  Hist.,  26;  see  also  Hist.  Or.,  this  series,  p.  629.  Spedding  (Mat 
thew),  1848,  Engl.  farmer  in  Sta  Clara  '76.  Speiden  (Wm),  1846,  purser  on 
the  U.S.  Congress;  commissary  in  Stockton's  Bat. ;  witness  at  the  Fremont 
court-martial,  v.  385,  420. 

Spence  (David),  1824,  nat.  of  Scotland,  who  had  lived  a  few  years  at  Lima, 
and  came  to  Cal.  on  the  Pizarro  to  superintend  the  meat-packing  establish 
ment  of  Begg  &  Co.  at  Mont.  ii.  519,  526.  In  '27  he  started  in  business  for 
himself,  iii.  128,  and  was  prosperous  from  the  beginning,  being  cautious,  close, 
and  energetic.  His  name  often  appears  in  the  records  of  each  year,  and  I  have 
many  of  his  business  letters.  In  '28  he  was  baptized  at  Sta  Cruz  as  David 
Este"van;  in  '29  married  Adelaida,  daughter  of  Mariano  Estrada,  taking  an 
active  part  in  the  protection  of  Mont,  during  the  Solis  revolt,  iii.  71,  74,  82,  49; 
ii.  609;  and  was  naturalized  in  '30.  In  '34-9  he  was  grantee  of  Encinal  y  Buena 
Esperanza  rancho,  of  which  he  was  cl.  and  permanent  owner,  iii.  677;  in  '35 
alcalde,  iii.  673.  In  '36  he  was  a  member  of  the  diputacion,  and  in  this  and 
the  following  years  was  secretly  a  supporter  of  Alvrarado's  govt,  choosing  not 
to  act  openly  as  a  member  of  the  'congress,'  yet  exerting  quietly  much  in 
fluence  in  municipal  and  legislative  matters,  iii.  426,  454-5,  460,  469,  501,  524; 
iv.  86,  116,  148.  He  was  elector  and  juez  de  paz  in  '39-40,  furnishing  infor 
mation  to  Laplace,  giving  Slitter  a  letter  of  introduction,  and  doubtless  favor 
ing  the  exile  of  Graham  and  his  vagabonds,  iii.  675-6;  iv.  8-9,  128,  136,  154- 
5;  ment.  '41-2.  iv.  212,  309-10;  in  '43-5  member  of  the  junta  departamental. 
iv.  361,  411,  425,  521,  540;  in  '45  in  com.  of  the  foreign  guard  to  protect 
Mont,  during  the  Micheltorena  troubles,  being  also  appointed  prefect  by  Gov. 
Pico,  but  apparently  declining  the  office,  iv.  515,  522,  653.  In  '46,  though 
popularly  believed  to  have  intrigued  for  an  English  protectorate,  he  was  re 
garded  by  Larkin  as  friendly  to  the  U.S.,  was  member  of  the  council  after  the 


SPEXCE-STANTON.  731 

change  of  flag,  and  of  the  legislative  council  in  '47.  v.  28,  61,  G8,  234,  289, 
433,  637.  He  subsequently  served  as  prefect  in  '49-50,  and  as  county  super 
visor  in  '58-60.  About  '48  he  gave  up  his  mercantile  enterprises,  and  devoted 
himself  chiefly  to  the  care  of  his  estate  and  the  raising  of  live-stock.  In  '73 
he  furnished  me  some  brief  Historical  Notes,  and  died  in  '75  at  the  age 
of  77.  Don  David  had  an  excellent  reputation  among  the  pioneers  of  Cal.,  few 
exerting  so  wide  and  good  an  influence.  While  not  exactly  popular  by  reason 
of  his  conservatism  and  closeness  in  money  matters,  obstinate  as  any  of  his 
race,  and  making  enemies  as  well  as  friends,  he  yet  merited  and  received  the 
respect  of  all  classes.  His  wife  survived  him  but  a  month,  and  his  only  son 
David,  born  in  '30  and  educated  at  Honolulu,  iv.  103,  died  in  '68,  leaving  3 
sons  and  a  daughter,  who  inherited  their  grandfather's  large  estate. 

Spence  (Geo.),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat..,  enlisting  at  Sonoma  in  Oct.  (v.  358). 
S.  (Robert),  1846,  ditto;  in  the  mines  '48.  Spencer,  1839  (?),  on  board  the 
Boston  trader  Sophia,  ace.  to  the  S.  Diego  World  of  Feb.  15,  "73,  when  S.  re 
visited  S.D.  S.,  1809-10  (?),  hunter  reported  to  have  been  in  Cal.  ii.  89, 
S.  (Oscar  H.),  1846,  Irishman  on  roll  of  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.;  d.  at  Vallejo  '76,  age 
52.  S.  (Wm  W.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Spidle  (John),  1847, 
Co.  S,  ditto;  badly  hurt  at  Los  Angeles.  Spiel  (Henry),  1845,  overl.  immig. 
of  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  iv.  576,  587  (though  John  H.  Brown  says  that  he 
went  to  Or.  and  came  to  Cal.  in  '46).  He  served  in  Co.  B,  artill.  of  the  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358),  and  settled  at  Sta  Cruz,  where,  ace.  to  Brown,  he  was  accident 
ally  killed  about  '53.  Spitler  (John),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at 
Sonoma  in  Oct.  (v.  358).  Spitten  (John  D.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons 
(v.  336).  Spitzer  (August),  1846,  German  immig.  of  the  Dormer  party,  wha 
died  in  the  mts.  v.  531,  534.  Spooner,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Sagudahoc; 
perhaps  Sam.  B.  at  S.  Jose"  '50. 

Sprague  (Richard  D.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.,  musician  (v.  469);  reenl.; 
at  Brigham  City,  Utah,  '82.  S.  (Thomas),  1848,  doubtful  date  in  a  news 
paper  sketch.  Spriggs  (Thos),  1847,  died  in  Sonoma  Co. '51.  Spring,  1848, 
mr  of  the  Huntress,  v.  578.  Springer  (James  Peter),  1841,  nat.  of  Ky,  and 
overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  iv.  270,  255,  279.  He  returned  east  in 
'42.  iv.  342;  is  said  to  have  made  the  overl.  trip  several  times,  being  engaged  in 
promoting  immigration;  and  finally  came  to  Cal.  with  his  family  in  '52,  set 
tling  at  Saratoga,  Santa  Clara  Co.,  and  being  a  member  of  the  legislature  of 
'59.  He  died  in  '61,  leaving  a  widow  and  daughter.  An  account  of  the  trip  of 
'41,  by  him,  is  given  in  Taylor's  Discov.  and  Founders.  S.  (Lewis),  1847, 
painter  at  Mont.  '47-50.  Sproston,  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Independence. 
Squires,  1848,  saddler  at  Sutter's  fort. 

Stack  (Garrett),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Stadmuller  (Joseph), 
1847,  Co.  F,  1st  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Stag*  (Wm),  1816,  sailor  on  the 
Albatross,  ii.  275.  Stall  (Alfred  B.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d. 
before  '82.  Standage  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Ariz. 
'82.  Stanley,  1845,  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-6.  iv.  578.  S.  (Fabius),  1846, 
lieuton  the  U.S.  Dale;  nat.  of  N.C.;  later  rear-admiral;  at  Washington,  D.C., 
'79.  S.  (John  M.),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  artist  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex. 
v.  337;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  676;  went  by  sea  to  Or.  and  thence  to  the 
islands;  in  '51-2  connected  with  the  survey  of  the  Northern  Pac.  R.  R.;  d. 
at  Detroit  '72.  S.  (J.  R.),  1846,  at  Sta  Cruz  '81.  S.  J.  Pion.  An  R.  Stanley 
of  '44  is  also  mentioned  in  78.  Id.  S.  (Joseph),  1842,  sailor  on  the  United 
States;  at  Reno,  Nev.,  '83.  S.  (Simeon),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony;  did 
not  come  to  Cal.  v.  547.  Stanly,  1846,  overl.  immig.  v.  528,  who  joined 
the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  and  died  on  the  march  south  in  Dec.  Stanton  (Chas 
Tyler),  1846,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Douner  party  from 
Chicago.  He  crossed  the  Sierra  to  Sutter's  fort  and  went  back  to  aid  the  party, 
though  he  had  no  relatives  among  the  number.  Again  he  volunteered  to  cross 
the  mts  for  succor,  but  died  in  the  attempt,  v.  531-2,  534,  537.  Portrait  in 
McGlashan's  Hist.  I  have  a  long  letter  from  his  brother,  Philip  V.  N.  Stanton, 
to  Geo.  McKinstry  in  '48,  containing  much  information  about  the  young  man 'a 
life,  character,  and  family. 


732  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Stargenigge  (John),  1847,  shingle-maker  at  Mission  S.  Jose".  Stark 
(Benj.  F.),  1847,  from  Hon.  on  the  Currency  Lass,  returning  on  the  Toulon. 
S.  (Daniel),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  two  children,  v.  547; 
owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot  '47.  v.  682;  buikfer  of  a  school-house,  v.  656;  commis 
sioner  to  settle  the  affairs  of  Brannan  &  Co. ;  member  of  the  S.  F.  council  in  '49; 
living  in  Utah  '84.  S.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  S.  (John 
S.),  1846,  nat.  of  Ky  and  overl.  immig.  with  M.  D.  Ritchie,  whose  daughter, 
Mary  J.,  was  his  wife.  v.  529.  He  took  part  in  measures  for  the  relief  of  the 
Donner  party,  v.  540-1;  settled  in  Knights  Valley;  county  judge  of  Napa 
'50-1;  memb.  of  the  legislature  J51, '55-6;  lived  near  Calistoga  '51-68;  in 
Lake  Co.  from  '68  to  his  death  at  Guenoc  in  '74,  leaving  a  widow  and  8  chil 
dren.  Starke  (Fred.),  1845,  German  sailor  who  deserted  from  a  whaler  at 
Sauzalito.  iv.  587;  a  ranchero  in  different  parts  of  Sonoma  Co. ;  miner  in  '48-9; 
in  '80  on  a  farm  near  Petaluma  with  his  wife  Mina  Hastier.  Starkey,  1848, 
Engl.  merchant  of  the  S.F.  firm  of  S.,  Janion,  &  Co.  v.  678,  680;  d.  at  S.F. 
about  '50.  Stay  ton  (James),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499),  d.  on  the 
Calaveras  '52. 

Stearns  (Abel),  1829,  nat.  of  Mass,  who  had  lived  3  years  in  Mex.,  where  he 
was  naturalized  in  '28,  and  arrived  at  Monterey  in  July  '29.  iii.  179.  He 
came  with  the  intention  of  obtaining  a  large  tract  of  land,  to  be  selected  in  the 
Sac.  or  S.  Joaq.  valleys,  which,  apparently  in  payment  of  some  claim,  the 
Mex.  govt.  had  offered  him.  His  associate  in  this  scheme  was  Geo.  W.  Ayres, 
q.  v.  Being  meanwhile  for  a  year  or  two  in  the  employ  of  Capt.  Cooper,  Stearns 
seems  to  have  selected  his  land,  or  at  least  to  have  reached  a  point  where  the 
action  of  the  diputacion  was  required,  and  in  urging  a  meeting  of  that  body 
he  excited  the  enmity  of  Gov.  Victoria,  by  whom  he  was  banished  to  the 
frontier  to  return  as  one  of  the  leading  inciters  of  the  revolution  of  '31.  iii.  49, 
179,  193-4,  200-2,  630.  Nothing  more  is  heard  of  the  land  project;  and  in 
'33  S.  settled  at  Los  Ang.  as  a  trader.  I  have  much  of  his  business  corre 
spondence  from  year  to  year.  In  '34  he  obtained  a  town  lot,  and  also  a  build 
ing  at  S.  Pedro,  which  he  enlarged  and  used  as  a  warehouse.  His  dealings 
were  chiefly  in  hides  and  liquors;  and  from  '35  he  was  often  in  trouble  by 
reason  of  smuggling  operations;  and  also  in  '35  severely  wounded  in  a  quarrel 
about  a  barrel  of  wine  sold  to  Wm  Day.  iii.  375,  417,  631-2,  641;  iv.  95,  116, 
208.  Don  Abel  was,  perhaps,  not  more  addicted  to  contraband  trade  than 
Larkin,  Fitch,  Spence,  and  others,  but  he  was  less  cautious  and  less  fortu 
nate  in  keeping  on  the  right  side  of  the  authorities.  In  '36  he  was  sindico.  iii. 
636;  and  for  some  reason  that  is  not  very  clear,  but  perhaps  for  his  agency  in 
the  matter  of  the  vigilantes,  was  ordered  to  leave  Cal.  by  Gov.  Chico,  be 
coming  in  this  and  the  next  few  years  a  strong  supporter,  in  a  quiet  way,  of 
Alvarado,  even  as  against  Carlos  Carrillo.  iii.  197,  424,  428-9,  501,  565.  In 
'39  his  name  is  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  flag  tumult,  iii.  589;  in  '42 
entertained  Com.  Jones,  iv.  321;  sent  gold  from  the  S.  Francisquito  placers 
to  the  Philadelphia  mint.  iv.  297;  and  purchased  the  Alamitos  rancho  and 
its  live-stock  for  $6,000  as  a  foundation  for  his  future  landed  wealth.  He 
was  somewhat  active  in  the  movement  against  Gov.  Micheltorena  iii  '45,  be 
ing  also  a  suplente  of  the  assembly,  iv.  495,  497,  508,  540.  In  '46  he  was  sub- 
prefect  and  also  worked  earnestly— both  as  a  foe  of  Mex.  and  friend  of  the 
U.S. — to  further  the  plans  of  Larkin,  by  whom  he  was  formally  appointed  a 
sub-confidential  agent  of  the  U.S.  His  efforts  and  those  of  his  chief  were  de 
feated  at  the  last  by  Stockton's  perversity,  if,  indeed,  there  was  any  remain 
ing  hope  of  success  after  the  rascally  acts  of  Fre'mont  and  his  associates,  v. 
50,  63,  66,  71,  231,  264,  271-2,  625.  In  the  warlike  events  of  '46-7  he  re 
mained  neutral  as  a  Mex.  official,  though  he  had  some  small  Cal.  claims  (v. 
402),  and  is  mentioned  in  the  annals  of  '47-8,  being  sindico  in  the  latter  year. 
v.  329,  435.  448,  610,  626.  In  '49  he  was  a  member  of  the  constit.  conven 
tion,  and  later  served  as  assemblyman,  supervisor,  justice  of  the  peace,  and 
member  of  town  council.  He  was  cl.  for  the  Laguna  and  Alamitos  ranches, 
iii.  633;  iv.  621;  and  the  owner  of  many  more,  becoming  the  largest  owner  of 
land  and  cattle  in  southern  Cal.  His  wealth  was  somewhat  affected  by  the 


STEARNS  -STEVENS.  733 

drought  of  '63-4  and  by  other  reverses,  yet  he  left  an  immense  estate  at  his 
death,  which  occurred  at  S.F.  in  '71,  when  he  was  72  years  of  age.  Don  Abel 
was  a  shrewd  man  of  business;  somewhat  tricky  in  the  petty  transactions  of 
early  years,  but  apparently  honorable  in  the  larger  operations  of  later  times; 
a  man  of  quick  temper  and  strong  prejudices,  but  hospitable,  not  penurious, 
a  good  friend,  and  kind  husband.  He  hated  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans,  but 
liked  the  Californians  to  such  a  degree  as  to  cause  at  times  some  hostility  on 
the  part  of  Americans.  In  person  he  was  very  ugly,  being  known  sometimes 
as  Cara  de  Caballo,  and  having  an  impediment  in  speech  from  the  cut  inflicted 
by  Day  in  '35.  His  wife  was  Arcadia,  daughter  of  Juan  Bandini,  as  beautiful 
as  her  husband  was  ugly,  raising  the  personal  appearance  of  the  family  to  a 
high  average,  who  survived  him  without  children,  inherited  the  bulk  of  his 
estate,  married  Robt  S.  Baker,  and  still  lives  in  southern  Cal.  in  '85.  S. 
(Fred.),  1847,  killed  at  the  S.  Gabriel,  v.  395;  perhaps  'Strauss.' 

Stebbins  (Ira),  1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Hastings  party,  iv.  586-7;  work 
ing  for  Sutter  in  '45-6,  later  at  Sonoma,  and  prob.  one  of  the  Bears,  since  he 
is  recorded  as  having  arrived  at  N.  Helv.  from  Sonoma  on  June  17th.  v.  110, 
128;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  685;  said  to  have  been  killed  in  the  south  by 
Murieta's  men.  His  name  is  written  Ira  H.  and  Isaac  T. ;  possibly  two  men. 
Steel  (Austin),  1845,  mr  of  the  Dromio  (?).  S.  (James),  1841,  an  employe"  of 
the  H.  B.  Co.  S.  (Joseph),  1826,  Boston  trader,  and  mr  of  the  Harbinger 
'26-8,  of  the  Planet  '29-30,  Chalcedony  in  '32-3,  Sarah  and  Caroline  and  Kent 
'36-8,  and  Roger  Williams  in  '40.  His  name  constantly  appears  in  commer 
cial  records  of  all  these  years,  and  he  was  evidently  a  humorous  and  popular 
trader,  iii.  93,  146-8,  176,  381,  384,  461,  563;  iv.  104-6,  117.  Steele  (Geo. 
E.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  S.  (H.  A.),  1841,  lieut  on  the 
St  Louis.  S.  (Isaiah  C.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  S.  (Sey 
mour  G.),  1847,  capt.  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  503-4;  in  Humboldt  Co.  '74;  at  S. 
Diego  '82.  Steers  (Andrew  J.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl. 

Steingraudt  (Louis),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Stenner 
(Wm),  1831,  nat.  of  Mass,  and  mate  of  the  Ayacucho.  iii.  405;  for  2  years  in 
chargetof  the  hide-houses  at  S.  Diego;  in  '33  obtained  a  passport;  perhaps  the 
same  who  was  mr  of  the  Primavera  in  '47,  v.  580,  having  a  Cal.  claim  of 
$450  (v.  462).  Stenson  (J.  Fenwick),  1846,  passed  mid.  U.S.N.,  and  acting 
capt.  in  Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  385.  Stephens,  1848,  miner  at  Coloma. 
S.  (Alex.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Slitter's  employ  '47-8,  and  at 
the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was  found.  S.  (Alfred),  1837,  on  Larkin's  books. 
S.  (Charles),  1848,  at  Sutter's  fort.  S.  (John),  1798,  Boston  sailor  at  S. 
Diego,  i.  545,  654.  S.  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.F.  '49. 
S.  (Thos  H.),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lots.  S.  (Wm),  1836,  Engl.,  age  35,  in  a 
Los  Ang.  list.  Stepp,  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men,  separated  for  a  while 
from  the  party,  but  accompanied  Gillespie  up  the  valley  to  rejoin  it.  His  full 
name  was  prob.  'Steppenfeldt,'  or  possibly  there  may  have  been  another  of 
that  name.  iv.  583;  v.  24,  453. 

Sterling,  1840  (?),  at  Sta  Rosa  in  '77,  known  as  'Major'  S.,  said  to  have 
visited  S.F.  in  very  early  times  on  a  coasting  vessel,  iv.  120.  S.  (Chas  B.), 
1847,  nat.  of  La,  clerk  for  naval  agent  Larkin  at  Mont.  '47-8,  and  later  em 
ployed  by  him  in  the  Sac.  Val. ,  where  he  wrote  long  letters  on  his  adventures 
in  the  mines.  He  prob.  came  as  purser  on  a  man-of-war;  was  the  3d  settler  in 
Colusa  Co. ;  married  Lucinda  Stewart  '49  in  Yolo  Co. ;  and  died  after  '50  at  a 
date  not  recorded.  Sterrett  (Isaac),  1842,  lieut  in  com.  of  the  U.S.  Jtelief. 
iv.  314,  568.  Stetson  (Ed.  L.j,  1841,  clerk  on  the  Don  Quixote  '41-2,  named 
in  Larkin's  accounts  and  by  Davis,  iv.  341 ;  mr  of  the  Warren  at  Honolulu 
and  Mazatlan  '45-6;  in  '47-8  clerk  for  Larkin  at  Mont,  and  Benicia,  and  later 
for  Brannan  at  Sac.;  at  S.F.  '51.  Stetyel  (Geo.),  1848,  in  S.F.  letter-list. 

Stevens,  1840,  mr  of  the  Leonidas.  iv.  104.  S.,  1845,  mr  of  the  Wm  C. 
Nye.  iv.  570.  S.,  1846,  mr  of  the  United  States,  v.  580.  S.,  1847,  mid. 
on  the  U.S.  Independence.  S.  (Mrs),  1845,  at  Mont.,  went  east  on  the  Ad 
mittance.  S.  (Alex. ),  1847,  Mormon  at  the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was  found. 
S.  (Asa),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  679.  S.  (Charles),  1847  (?),  at  S.F.  '54. 


734  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Annals.  S.  (Elisha),  1844,  nat.  of  Ga  and  capt.  of  the  overl.  immig.  party 
to  which  I  have  given  his  name.  iv.  445-8,  453,  679.  I  find  no  record  of  him 
in  the  following  years;  but  in  '72-83  he  was  living  on  Kern  River,  with  an 
excellent  memory  of  early  times  as  he  wrote,  which  however  he  proposed  to 
utilize  one  of  these  days  to  make  a  book  which  should  bring  him  money  and 
fame.  Alleged  portrait  and  biog.  in  S.  F.  Post,  Dec.  26,  '83.  I  have  in  '85  re 
ceived  neither  a  copy  of  his  book  nor  news  of  his  death.  S.  (Geo.),  1847,  at 
Benicia.  v.  673.  S.  (Geo.  A.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Dale.  S.  (Isaac), 
1842,  at  Sta  Cruz  '42-3.  S.  (James),  1840,  mr  of  the  Roger  Williams  and 
Cervantes,  iv.  12,  104;  also  on  the  coast  in  '45  and  perhaps  in  '48.  S.  (James), 

1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578;  also  Richard.       S.  (John), 
1837,  at  Mont.       S.  (John),  1840,  on  the  Lausanne  ace.  to  a  letter  pub.  in  the 
county  histories,  iv.  121 ;  yet  not  named  as  a  passenger  at  Hon.  and  not  known 
to  have  remained  in  Cal.,  unless  he  may  be  the  following.       S.  (John),  1846, 
Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  one  of  the  Sta  B.  garrison,  v.  316.       S.  (John  H.), 
1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Stockton  '71-4.       S.  (Joshua  T.),  1845, 
mr  of  the  United  States.       S.  (Lyman),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in 
'81  at  Orderville,  Utah.       S.  (Thos  H.),  1848,  owner  of  S.F.  lots.       S.  (Wm), 

1846,  sailor  on  the  U.S.  Dale.       S.  (Wm),  1847,  at  Sutter's  fort.       Stevenson, 
(B.  W.)»  1847,  mid.  on  the  Independence. 

Stevenson  (Jonathan  D. ),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  democratic  politician,  and 
militia  officer,  who  came  to  Cal.  as  colonel  in  com.  of  the  regiment  of  N.  Y. 
volunteers.  For  a  record  of  the  regimental  history,  see  v.  499-518;  and  for 
additional  mention  of  Col  Stevenson's  career  in  '47-8,  v.  415,  439,  449-50,  489- 
90,  497,  565,  584,  588-9,  625,  631-2.  From  May  '47  to  the  end  of  the  war  and 
mustering-out  of  the  volunteers  in  '48  he  was  military  commandant  of  the 
southern  district,  with  headquarters  at  Los  Ang.  The  colonel  never  had  an 
opportunity  of  showing  his  prowess  as  a  warrior,  but  he  was  a  man  of  much 
energy,  of  strong  will,  and  good  executive  ability,  a  strict  disciplinarian,  who 
performed  the  duties  of  his  position  in  a  very  creditable  manner.  After  '48 
he  settled  at  S.F.  as  a  real  estate  agent,  and  was  particularly  interested  for 
some  years  in  developing  the  latent  greatness  of  New  York  of  the  Pacific, 
being  the  claimant  for  the  rancho  of  Los  M^danos,  Contra  Costa,  iii.  712. 
From  '72  he  held  the  position  of  U.S.  shipping  commissioner  at  S.F.,  where 
he  still  lives  in  '85  at  the  venerable  age  of  85  years.  Portrait  in  Annals  of 
S.F.,  and  Clarke's  Hist.  The  public  has  often  been  led  to  expect  the  publica 
tion  of  his  recollections  of  a  long  and  active  life,  a  work  that  could  not  fail 
to  be  of  deep  interest.  In  '47  Col  S.  was  a  widower,  having  3  daughters  in 
N.Y.;  in  '51  he  married  again  and  has  several  daughters  born  in  Cal.  S. 
(Matthew  R.),  1847,  son  of  the  colonel  and  capt.  of  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504; 
died  at  Sackett  Harbor,  N.Y.,  '63.  S.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill. 
(v.  518);  supposed  to  be  living  in  '64. 

Steward  (James),  1826,  on  the  Rover.  S.  (S.),  1848,  at  Mont.  Stewart 
(Alfred  V.),  1846,  at  S.F.  '46-7.  S.  (Chas),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  S. 
{Frank  S.),  1847  (?),  at  a  reunion  of  surviving  N.Y.  Vol.  '84.  S.  (J.  B.), 
1847;  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  S.  (James),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat. 
{v.  469).  S.  (John  C.),  1835,  sailor  on  the  Pilgrim  who  settled  at  S.  Diego 
in  '38;  married  Rosa  Machado,  and  still  lived  at  S.  D.  in  '77.  S.  (Robert 
B.),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  S.  (Thomas),  1824,  Scotch  carpenter 
on  the  Royal  George,  arrested  at  Sta  B.;at  Mont  '29;  at  S.  D.  '36.  ii.  526. 
S.  (Thos  K.),  1848,  on  Amer.  River;  at  Sac.  '61.  S.  (Wm  M.),  1848,  sec. 
of  Com.  Jones,  making  a  trip  with  Colton  to  the  mines;  owner  of  S.F.  lots, 
memb.  of  the  council,  justice  of  the  peace,  and  candidate  for  gov.  iii  '49;  still 
at  S.F. '54. 

Stickney  (John),  1836,  mr  of  the  Keat  and  perhaps  of  the  Sarah  and  Caro 
line  '36-7.  iv.  104,  106.  Stiggere  (Ignacio),  doubtful  name  of  a  Californian 
at  Sonoma,  v.  162.  Still  (Geo.),  1846,  of  the  Morm.  colony,  with  wife  and 
3  children,  v.  547.  Sarah  Still,  who  in  '48  was  married  to  J.  D.  Marston, 
may  have  been  his  daughter.  He  did  not  go  to  Utah.  Stillman  (Dexter), 

1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).       Stillwell  (Joseph),  1846,  overl.  immig., 


STILLWELL— STOKES.  735 

who  served  iu  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Jose"  in  Nov.  v.  528  (358);  he 
was  a  son-in-law  of  S.  C.  Young,  still  at  S.  Jose  in  '50.  Stilts  (Jesse),  1846, 
arrived.  Hittell.  S.  (John),  1846,  prob.  overl.  immig.,  enlisting  at  Sonoma 
in  Oct.  in  Co.  E.  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  settler  in  Solano  Co.  '48,  and  still  there 
in  '78.  S.  (Marion),  1846,  prob.  son  of  John;  nat.  of  Mo.;  in  Solano  Co.  '78. 
Stirling,  see  'Sterling.'  Stivers  (Simeon),  1846,  nat.  of  N.J.  and  memb.  of 
the  Mormon  colony,  v.  547.  He  was  a  carpenter  at  S.F.,  moving  in  '48  to 
Mission  S.  Jose",  where  he  still  lived  in  '82  with  wife,  Anna  M.  Jones,  and 
child.  Letitia  M.  b.  '59,  Simeon  E.  'bl,  Charlotte  J.  '64,  Sam.  '66,  Champion 
D.  '69,  Anna  M.  '72,  Mark  74,  and  Edward  '78.  Stock,  1841,  mr  of  the 
Leonidas.  iv.  506. 

Stockton  (Robert  Field),  1846,  nat.  of  N.J.  of  an  old  and  prominent  fam 
ily,  who  left  Princeton  college  in  181 1  to  become  a  midshipman  in  the  U.S.N. ; 
served  with  credit  in  the  war  of  1812  and  later;  and  in  '46  as  captain  came  to 
Cal.  on  the  Congress,  succeeding  Com.  Sloat  in  command  of  the  Pacific  squad 
ron,  and  holding  the  position  of  military  gov.  of  Cal.  till  Jan.  '47.  He 
returned  east  overland  in  '47,  resigned  his  commission  in  '49,  was  U.S. 
senator  from  N.J.  in  '51-2,  was  mentioned  as  a  democratic  candidate 
for  the  presidency  several  times,  and  notably  in  '56,  and  died  '66  at  the 
age  of  about  70  years.  His  career  in  connection  with  Cal.  affairs  is  fully 
recorded  in  v.  232,  251-87,  289-90,  295-6,  302-29,  356,  385-435,  449,  453,  456, 
460,  463,  539,  549,  577,  644;  iv.  673.  It  is  too  complicated  and  too  much  the 
history  of  the  country  in  '46-7  to  be  presented  en  re"sum6  here.  Com. 
Stockton  was  brave,  resolute,  energetic,  and  in  many  respects  an  agreeable 
gentleman,  but  an  insatiable  thirst  for  popularity  and  fame  was  his  most 
marked  characteristic,  and  may  be  supposed  to  have  determined  his  policy  in 
Cal. — a  policy  which,  however  we  may  admire  some  of  his  acts  and  qualities, 
merits  nothing  but  condemnation.  His  adoption,  in  opposition  to  the  views 
of  Sloat  and  Larkin,  of  the  filibustero  plans  of  Fremont  and  his  associates  may 
charitably  be  regarded  as  a  mere  error  of  judgment;  yet  it  is  hard  to  resist 
the  conviction  that  the  true  state  of  affairs  was  known  to  him,  and  that  his 
warlike  proclamation  to  a  peaceful  people,  his  blustering  tirade  against  imagi 
nary  evils,  his  willingness  to  identify  a  criminal  revolt  of  vagabond  settlers 
with  the  legitimate  military  occupation,  his  practical  refusal  to  accept  the 
voluntary  submission  of  the  Cal.  authorities,  his  whol%  policy  of  conquest 
which  was  to  produce  such  unhappy  results — that  all  this  was  chiefly  due 
to  his  personal  vanity  and  ambition  rather  than  to  his  honest  opinion  re 
specting  the  interests  of  his  nation.  To  the  same  motive  may  be  ascribed  his 
later  policy— not  without  plausibility  and  dignity  in  certain  aspects — in  the 
controversies  with  Gen.  Kearny.  Stockton  was  beyond  comparison  an  abler 
and  more  honorable  man  than  Frdmont,  yet  his  reputation  as  'conqueror'  of 
Cal. — notwithstanding  his  energetic  and  praiseworthy  surmounting  of  obstacles 
that  but  for  his  folly  would  not  have  existed — is  as  unmerited,  though  not  so 
fraudulent,  as  that  of  the  'pathfinder.'  S.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  Stoddard  (Rufus),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
worked  as  a  brick-maker  and  builder  at  S.  Diego.  Stokely  (John),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  killed  by  the  explosion  at  Los  Ang.  Dec. 
'47.  v.  625. 

Stokes  (Edward),  1840,  Engl.  sailor  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Fly, 
having  possibly  visited  Cal.  before,  iv.  104,  120.  He  married  Refugio,  daugh 
ter  of  Jose"  Joaquin  Ortega,  and  in  '43-4  was  grantee  of  the  Pamo  and  Sta  Isa 
bel  ranches,  iv.  621.  In  '46  he  rendered  aid  to  Kearny  by  carrying  despatches 
to  Stockton  at  S.  Diego,  v.  339.  The  date  of  his  death  after  '50  does  not 
appear,  but  his  widow  married  Agustin  Olvera,  and  was  still  living  in  '70. 
S.  (James),  1834  (?),  Engl.  sailor  who  in  Cal.  became  a  doctor;  first  appearing 
on  the  records  of  '35,  when  he  served  as  consulting  physician  in  the  case  of 
Gov.  Figueroa,  but  prob.  left  some  vessel  a  year  or  two  earlier,  iii.  412,  296. 
He  is  occasionally  named  as  doctor,  druggist,  and  trader  at  Mont,  in  '35-43. 
iv.  117,  342;  married  Maria  Josefa  Soto  in  '44;  appears  at  Mont.,  S.  F.,  N. 
Helv.,  and  S.  Jose"  in  records  of  '45,  being  in  com.  of  a  detachment  of  the 


736  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Mont,  guard,  iv.  515,  but  appears  to  have  considered  S.  Josd  his  home  from 
this  year.  In  '46  Dr  S.  is  vaguely  accredited  in  tradition  with  having  in 
trigued  for  an  Engl.  protectorate,  but  was  the  1st  to  raise  the  U.S.  flag  at  S. 
Jose",  where  by  Sloat's  appointment  he  served  for  a  time  as  alcalde  after  the 
change  of  flag,  owning  also  a  lot  in  S.F.,  and  having  a  Cal.  claim,  v.  34,  68, 
245-b,  294,  6b'2.  He  became  the  owner  of  the  Verjeles  and  Natividad  ranches, 
Mont.  Co.,  for  which  he  was  later  claimant,  iii.  679;  iv.  656;  and  in  '48  made 
a  trading  tour  to  the  mines.  I  find  no  record  of  him  or  his  family  after  '52. 
Stolze  (Adolphus),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Stone,  1833,  at  Mont.  ace.  to  Larkin's  accounts.  S.,  1847,  settler  in  Lake 
Co.  with  the  Kelseys,  killed  by  the  Ind.  in  '49.  Nothing  more  seems  to  be 
known  about  the  man.  Possibly  he  was  the  following.  S.  (Chas),  1847,  of 
the  2d  Donner  relief  party,  v.  539-40.  S.  (Elisha),  1841,  of  the  origi 
nal  Bartleson  party;  did  not  come  to  Cal.  iv.  269.  S.  (Heber),  1847,  Co.  B. 
N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  S.  (Henry),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  S.  (Joseph  M.), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (Mahlon),  1846,  at  Los  Ang.  S.  (Wm  W.), 
1808  (?),  a  resid.  of  Cal.  from  '48,  and  at  Angels  from  '57  to  his  death  in  '62; 
said  to  have  visited  the  coast  in  1808  (prob.  an  error)  and  at  other  dates  be 
fore  '48.  Stoneman  (Geo.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  graduate  of  West  Point, 
and  lieut  of  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  coming  to  Cal  with  the  Mormon  Bat. 
as  quartermaster,  but  soon  rejoining  the  dragoons,  v.  477,  483,  485,  489,  521, 
617.  Down  to  '55  or  a  little  later  he  was  engaged  in  garrison,  exploring,  or 
Ind.  service  on  this  coast.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  '61-5  he  was  a 
major  in  the  regular  army,  reaching  the  rank  of  brevet  major-general  of  vol 
unteers,  and  gaining  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  cavalry  officer.  After  the  war 
he  returned  to  Cal.  and  settled  near  Los  Angeles,  holding  later  the  position 
of  railroad  commissioner,  and  being  as  I  write  in  '85  governor  of  California. 
In  these  official  capacities  he  will  require  some  notice  in  a  later  volume;  and 
in  the  case  of  so  prominent  a  pioneer,  it  is  to  me  a  matter  of  regret  that  I 
have  no  data  for  a  more  complete  sketch  of  his  earlier  Cal.  experience. 
Stope  (Gerard),  1836,  Engl.  at  Mont.  Stoppard  (Moses),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).  Storer  (Geo.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  from  Hon.  on  the  Fran 
cesco,;  settled  in  Sonoma;  in  Meudocino  township  '77;  there  is  perhaps  con 
fusion  between  this  man  and  Geo.  'Story.' 

Storm  (Peter),  1§33  (?),  Norwegian  sailor,  whose  coming  is  credited  in 
current  sketches  to  this  date  with  doubtful  accuracy,  iii.  409.  Farnham 
names  him  as  one  of  the  foreigners  arrested  in  '40.  iv.  17.  The  1st  definite 
record  is  that  he  lived  at  S.F.  in  '44,  age  40.  He  settled  in  Napa  Co.  in  '44-5, 
and  probably  took  part  in  the  Bear  revolt  of  '46.  v.  110,  147-9.  He  spent  the 
rest  of  his  life  mainly  in  Napa,  and  died  at  Calistoga  in  '77.  Story  (Ed 
ward),  1848,  Amer.  lawyer  with  Brooks  in  the  mines;  said  to  have  been  al 
calde  at  Mont,  earlier  (?).  S.  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  near 
Healdsburgin  '80.  Stothers  (John  E.),  1847,  Co.  F,  ditto;  d.  at  Oakland 
after  '70.  Stout,  1848,  mr  of  the  Bristol  S.  (Wm),  1846,  of  the  Mor 
mon  colony,  with  wife  and  child,  v.  547.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  New- 
Hope  in  the  San  Joaquin  Val.  v.  550;  but  left  the  Mormons,  and  in  '47  was 
in  the  lumber  business  with  Sirrine  and  Meder  at  Sta  Cruz.  In  '48  had  a 
store  at  the  mines,  perhaps  of  the  firm  of  Brannan  &  Co.  S.  ( Wm  C. ), 
1836  (?),  agent  of  P.  M.  S.  S.  Co.  from  '48;  died  in  N.Y.  '70  at  the  age  of 
69;  said  to  have  visited  Mont,  in  '36.  iv.  118.  Stow  (Aaron),  1847,  Co.  K, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Davenport,  la,  '82. 

Stradspeth,  1845,  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  583.  Kern.  Strange  (John), 
1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Strauss  (Fred.),  1846,  sailor  on  the  Ports 
mouth,  killed  at  the  S.  Gabriel  Jan.  '47.  v.  395;  perhaps  'Stearns.'  Streeter 
(David),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  severely  wounded  at  S.  Pas- 
cual.  v.  346,  355;  later  a  barber  at  Sta  B.,  where  he  died  in  '63.  S.  (Wm 
A.),  1843,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  cousin  of  David;  dentist  and  mechanic,  who  came 
from  Peru  with  Stephen  Smith  as  engineer  to  superintend  the  construction 
and  running  of  the  Bodega  mill.  iv.  396,  400.  He  soon  left  Smith  and  went 
south  as  dentist  or  physician  till  '48.  iv.  651,  501.  Went  to  the  mines,  was  in 


STREETER— SUMNER.  737 

partnership  with  Weber  at  Stockton,  and  leased  the  S.  Buen.  mission.  Lived 
at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '51-5,  and  after  '55  at  Sta  B.,  holding  some  local  offices  in  both 
counties.  In  78  he  gave  me  his  Recollections  of  Early  Events.  Prob.  still  living 
in  '85  at  the  age  of  74.  Stribling  (C.  K.),  1836,  com.  of  the  U.S.  Ci/ane  '42 
-3,  and  '45,  and  of  the  Peacock  in  '36.  iv.  105,  308,  311,  321,  564-5.  String- 
fellow  (Jesse  A),  1846,  nat.  of  Pa  and  memb.  of  the  Mormon  colony,  v.  547. 
He  worked  as  a  carpenter  at  S.F.  (where  he  owned  a  lot),  Napa,  and  S.  Jose", 
going  to  the  mines  in  '48-9.  Later  a  farmer  at  S.  Jose",  where  he  died  in  78, 
leaving  a  widow  and  3  grown  children.  Stroms  (John  A.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st 
U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Strong  (Demas),  1848,  Amer.  trader  at  Big  Bar 
and  Sutter's  mill;  alderman  and  mayor  of  Sac. ;  returned  to  K  Y.  '50;  in  N.Y. 
senate '64.  S.  (James  H.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  S.  (John 
M.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  S.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469). 

Stuart  (Chauncey),  1848,  in  S.F.  letter-list.  S.  (Maria  Ant.)  1813,  mis 
tress  of  Capt.  Ayers.  ii.  269.  S.  (W.  K.),  1848,  nat.  of  Md  and  overl.  im- 
mig.;  in  Nevada  co.  '51  to  his  death  in  73;  widow  living  in  '82.  Study 
(David),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Stump  (David),  1848,  miner 
from  Or.  at  Grass  Valley  and  Placerville  '48-9.  Stupplebeen  (Jacob),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon.  Sturgis  (Thos),  1831,  mr  of  the  Crusader  '31-2.  iii.  382. 
Sturt  (F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Stuurtzenegger  (John),  1846,  Co.  G, 
Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  owner  of  S.F.  lots  '47-8;  d.  at  Oakland  about  '60-5. 

Suarez  (Simon),  1797,  sub-lieut  of  the  compania  franca  at  Mont.  i.  540-1, 
544.  S.  (Vicente),  juez  de  campo  at  S.  Jose"  '44.  iv.  685.  Sublette  (Wm), 
1845,  came  overland  with  a  party  of  15  men  whose  names  are  not  known;  at 
S.F.  Jan.  '46;  went  east  with  Clyman  and  Hastings,  iv.  577-8;  v.  526.  Suc- 
cara,  chief  of  the  Sotoyomes  '37.  iv.  72.  Suckert  (Leon),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.  F.  71.  Sugert,  Ind.  chief  at  Sta  Cruz  1791.  i.  494. 
Suhr  (Albert),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot. 

Sullivan  (Cornelius),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  locksmith  at  Mont. 
'47-8;  Sta  Clara  7L-4;  at  Lompoc  '82.  S.  (C.  G.),  1839,  doubtful  date  in  a 
newspaper  sketch,  iv.  119;  d.  in  '64,  at  or  near  Gold  Hill.  S.  (James),  see 
'O'Sullivan.'  S.  (John),  1844,  nat.  of  Ireland,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the 
Stevens  party  with  his  sister  Mary  and  two  brothers,  iv.  446,  453.  He  had 
come  to  Canada  at  the  age  of  6,  and  had  worked  as  a  stevedore  there  and  as  a 
logger  in  Me,  going  to  Mo.  in  '42.  After  serving  under  Sutter  in  the  Michel- 
torena  campaign  (iv.  476),  he  settled  at  S.F.,  v.  682,  where  he  was  teamster, 
trader,  lot-owner,  and  later  capitalist,  being  founder  and  president  of  the 
Hibernia  Bank.  He  had  also  kept  a  store  in  '48  on  Sullivan  Cr.,  Tuolumne. 
He  was  a  man  of  upright  character,  charitable,  and  well  known  for  his  gifts 
to  the  church.  He  died  in  '82  at  the  age  of  58.  His  1st  wife  was  Catherine 
Farrely  in  '50,  who  died  in  '54;  and  the  2d  was  Ada  E.  Kenna  of  '60,  by 
whom  he  had  10  children.  There  were  2  sons  by  the  1st  marriage,  one  of  whom, 
Robert,  died  in  '82.  The  other,  Frank  J.,  b.  in  '52,  was  educated  at  St  Igna 
tius  College  of  S.F.,  in  England,  and  at  Columbia  law  school,  N.Y.  In  78-85 
he  practised  law  at  S.F.,  having  been  State  senator  in  '82  and  a  candidate  for 
congress  in  '84.  His  wife  is  Alice,  daughter  of  James  Phelan.  He  has  fur 
nished  for  my  use  a  narrative  of  his  father's  life.  John  Sullivan's  sister 
married  Peter  Sherreback.  S.  (John),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S. 
Luis  Rey  '48.  S.  (Michael),  1844,  brother  of  John,  and  immig.  of  the  Stevens 
party,  iv.  446,  453;  owner  of  S.  F.  lot  '47.  S.  (Richard),  1847,  owner  of  S.F. 
lot.  S.  (Robert),  1844,  brother  of  John,  who  came  as  a  boy  in  the  Stevens 
party,  iv.  446,  453. 

Sumedor  (Wm),  1840,  permitted  to  remain  in  Cal.  Summers  (W.  F.), 
1848,  at  S.  Diego.  Sumner  (N.),  1847,  Amer.  at  N.  Helv.  S.  (Owen),  1845, 
immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McM. -Clyman  party  with  his  family,  including  Mrs 
Payne.  He  went  east  with  Clyman  in  '46.  iv.  572-3;  v.  526.  S.  (Owen  Jr), 
1843,  son  of  Owen,  who  came  from  Or.  with  the  Hastings  party,  perhaps 
with  a  family.  His  sister  Lizzie  married  Geo.  Davis  at  Sutter's  fort.  He  prob. 
went  east  in  '46  with  his  father,  iv.  390-2,  400.  S.  (Wm),  1826,  mr  of  the 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  V.  47 


738  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Zamora,  and  in  '32  of  the  Waverly.  iii.  149,317,  364,  384,  652.  Suner  (Fran 
cisco),  1808,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  5  different  missions,  and  died  at  S. 
Buenaventura  in  '31.  Biog.  iii.  658-9;  ment.  ii.  90,  110,  147,  159-60,  265, 
346,  348,  364,  394,  490,  576,  578,  655;  iii.  96,  310,  351. 

Sunol  (Antonio  Maria),  1817,  nat.  of  Spain,  who  had  been  a  sailor  in  the 
French  naval  service,  coming  to  Cal.  on  the  Bordelals,  and  deserting  on  her 
return  from  the  north  in  '18.  ii.  289.  He  settled  at  S.  Jose",  where  he  appar 
ently  kept  a  shop  and  sold  liquor  in  '23.  ii.  605;  married  about  '24-5;  was 
postmaster  '26,  '29.  ii.  605;  and  in  '28-30  was  the  object  of  some  investigation 
on  account  of  his  Span,  birth,  but  was  not  sent  away.  iii.  51-2.  From  about 
'39  he  was  owner  of  the  rancho  of  S.  Jose"  del  Valle,  and  from  about  '37  of  Los 
Coches,  AlamedaCo.,  selling  live-stock  to  Sutter  on  credit  and  having  no 
little  trouble  to  collect  the  debt.  iv.  134,  237;  being  sindicoin  '39-40,  iii.  731, 
and  sub-prefect  '41-4.  iv.  274,  684-6.  He  is  mentioned  by  Mofras  in  '41  as 
'very  devoted'  to  France,  and  blunderingly  by  Wilkes;  and  in  the  padron  of 
'41  is  named  as  a  Span,  trader,  age  41,  wife  Maria  Dolores  Bernal,  child.  Jos6 
b.  '26,  Paula  (later  Mrs  Sainsevain)  '28,  Narciso  '36  ('35?),  and  Francisca  '38. 
In  '43  he  was  suplente  of  the  junta,  iv.  361;  is  ment.  in  the  annals  of  '45-6. 
iv.  485-6;  v.  4,  45;  being  the  purchaser  of  S.  Rafael  mission,  and  a  memb.  of 
the  S.  Jose"  council,  v.  561,  664,  670.  He  engaged  in  mining  in  '48;  was  the 
claimant  for  his  two  ranches  in  '52.  iv.  671,  713;  and  died  in  '65,  leaving  an 
excellent  reputation.  His  son,  Jose",  was  probably  the  man  killed  in  '55  by  a 
squatter  on  his  rancho.  He  had  been  juez  de  policia  in  '49.  Another  son,  Nar 
ciso,  was  educated  in  France,  and  still  lives  in  Sunol  Valley,  '85,  with  wife, 
Rosario  Palomares,  and  6  child.,  Margarita,  Virginia,  Francesca,  Eulalia, 
Josephine,  and  Juanita.  Portrait  in  Alam.  Co.  Hist.,  176.  Other  children  of 
Don  Antonio  Maria  surviving  in  '83  were  Encarnacion  (Mrs  Etchebarne),  An- 
toneta  (Mrs  Murphy),  and  Jos<§  Dolores.  Suria  (Tomas),  1791,  artist  in  Ma- 
laspina's  exped.  i.  490.  Suriano  (Juan  Fran.),  1602,  alfe>ez  in  Vizcaino's 
exped.  i.  98.  Surok  (Francisco),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  applicant  for 
land.  Sutphen  (Win),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Sutter  (John  Augustus),  1839,  German-Swiss  trader  impelled  by  bankruptcy 
in  '34  to  become  an  adventurer  in  America,  where,  after  an  unsuccessful  career 
in  N.  Mex.  '35-7,  he  came  to  Cal.  by  way  of  Or.,  the  Sandwich  Isl.,  and 
Alaska,  and  established  a  trading  and  trapping  post  at  New  Helvetia,  obtain 
ing  a  land  grant  of  11  leagues,  and  in  '41  the  Russian  improvements  at  Ross. 
Biog.  matter  relating  to  Sutter  is  given  elsewhere  in  these  volumes  so  fully 
and  compactly  as  to  require  only  reference  here.  For  his  early  life  and  arrival 
in  Cal.  '39-40,  see  iv.  122-39,  with  ment.  in  iii.  670,  700;  iv.  74,  93,  102,  117, 
119.  Progress  of  his  estab.  '41-2.  iv.  226-40;  also  211,  213,  219-20,  275,  283, 
672-3,  679-80.  Purchase  of  the  Russian  property  in  '41,  with  the  Muldrow 
swindle,  and  efforts  of  the  Russians  '42-50  to  collect  the  debt.  iv.  177-89. 
Mention  in  '43  iv.  356,  366,  387-9,  396.  Career  in  '44.  iv.  439,  448-9,  453. 
Sutter's  famous  campaign  of  '44-5  undertaken  against  the  Californians  purely 
as  a  land  speculation,  iv.  407,  472,  474,  477-517.  Affairs  of  '45,  particularly 
his  efforts  to  sell  his  estab.  to  the  Mex.  govt.  iv.  607-16.  Policy  and  acts  of 
'46  in  connection  with  the  Bear  revolt,  etc.  v.  3,  22,  29,  65,  80,  102,  104, 122- 
5,  359,  538.  Mention  in  '47,  when  S.  had  a  'Cal.  claim,'  served  as  sub-Ind. 
agent,  and  owned  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  452,  467,  568,  610,  678.  For  his  experience  of 
'48  and  the  following  years,  especially  in  connection  with  the  gold  discovery, 
see  vol.  vi.  of  this  series.  In  '48-9  Sutter  was  regarded  as  being  very  rich, 
having  at  least  what  in  the  hands  of  an  abler  man  would  have  been  the  basis 
of  an  immense  fortune;  but  his  wealth,  won  by  good  luck  without  business 
capacity,  could  not  thus  be  kept  under  the  new  conditions  of  the  flush  times, 
and  soon  he  was  reduced  to  comparative  poverty,  the  successive  steps  of  his 
downfall  being  too  complicated  for  presentment  here.  Doubtless  in  some  in 
stances  he  was  the  victim  of  rascality  on  the  part  of  sharper  adventurers  than 
himself.  His  original  land  grant  of  '41  was  confirmed  after  it  had  passed  for 
the  most  part  out  of  his  possession;  but  the  Micheltorena  grant  of  '45  was 
very  justly  rejected  by  the  supreme  court.  The  end  of  his  public  career,  in  a 


SUTTER.  739 

sense,  was  in  '49,  when  he  was  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention,  and 
received  some  2,000  votes  for  governor.  From  '50,  being  joined  by  his  family 
from  Switzerland,  he  lived  at  Hock  Farm.  From  '64,  by  act  of  the  Cal.  legis 
lature,  he  received  a  pension  of  $250  per  month  till  '78,  when  the  bill  was  de 
feated.  Meanwhile,  about  '65,  he  went  east,  and  lived  from  '71  at  Litiz,  Pa, 
making  constant  but  vain  efforts  to  obtain  from  congress  compensation  for 
alleged  wrongs  of  the  past;  though  it  does  not  appear  that  in  his  old  age  and 
infirmity  he  ever  suffered  actual  privations.  In  '76,  at  his  home,  he  dictated  to 
me  his  Personal  Recollections,  identical  in  outline  with  the  story  so  often  told 
by  him,  but  fuller  in  most  phases  than  any  that  has  been  printed,  and  most 
interesting.  He  died  at  Washington,  D.C.,  in  '80  at  the  age  of  77,  leaving  a 
widow  who  still  lives,  I  think,  in  '85,  two  sons,  and  a  daughter.  The  family  seem 
to  have  come  to  Cal.  from  '44-50  at  different  dates,  though  I  find  but  slight 
information  on  the  subject.  Of  the  sons,  Alphonse  died  some  years  before  '80. 
One  of  them  seems  to  have  come  as  early  as  '44,  when  the  capt.  writes  to  com 
plain  of  his  not  being  regarded  as  a  naturalized  citizen.  John  A.  Jr,  to  whom 
his  father  turned  over  all  his  property  temporarily  in  '49,  and  who  was  a  part 
ner  of  Hensley,  Reading,  &  Co.,  was  for  some  years  before  and  prob.  after  '80 
U.  S.  consul  at  Acapulco.  Emil  Victor,  identical,  I  suppose,  with  E.  J. ,  who  was 
Kern's  lieut  at  the  fort  in  '46,  v.  298,  was  for  many  years  to  '80  a  well-known 
notary  at  S.F.,  and  committed  suicide  in  Belgium  in  '83.  The  daughter,  Anna 
Eliza,  was  married  in  '52  to  Geo.  Engler,  and  in  '80,  as  Mrs  Dr  Link,  was  liv 
ing  at  Acapulco.  The  biog.  matter  referred  to  above  contains  much  of  com 
ment  on  Sutter's  character.  None  of  the  pioneers  named  in  this  register  has 
received  so  much  praise  from  so  many  sources;  few  have  deserved  so  little. 
Yet  it  has  been  by  no  means  a  pleasing  task,  in  view  of  the  famous  captain's 
kindly  nature  and  his  misfortunes  of  later  years — especially  for  one  who,  like 
myself,  has  heard  from  his  own  lips  the  story  of  his  wrongs — to  reveal  the 
man's  true  character,  as  I  have  deemed  it  a  duty  to  do.  He  was  but  an  adven 
turer  from  the  first,  entitled  to  no  admiration  or  sympathy.  His  career  in  N. 
Mex.  was,  at  the  best,  discreditable.  He  came  to  Cal.  in  the  false  character  of 
an  ex-cap t.  of  the  French  army.  He  was  great  only  in  his  wonderful  personal 
magnetism  and  power  of  making  friends  for  a  time  of  all  who  could  be  useful 
to  him;  good  only  in  the  possession  of  kindly  impulses.  His  energy  was  a  phase 
of  his  visionary  and  reckless  enthusiasm;  his  executive  ability  did  not  extend 
beyond  the  skilful  control  of  Indians  and  the  management  of  an  isolated 
trading  post.  Of  principle,  of  honor,  of  respect  for  the  rights  of  others,  we  find 
but  slight  trace  in  him.  There  was  no  side  of  any  controversy  that  he  would 
not  readily  adopt  at  the  call  of  interest;  nationality,  religion,  friendship, 
obligation,  consistency,  counted  for  little  or  nothing.  There  were  no  .classes  of 
his  associates,  hardly  an  individual,  with  whom  he  did  not  quarrel,  or  whom 
in  his  auger  he  did  not  roundly  abuse.  For  all  the  favors  received  at  the  hands 
of  Californians,  he  did  not  hesitate  to  turn  against  them,  or  even  to  arm  for 
eigners  and  Indians  against  them,  when  a  personal  advantage  seemed  within 
his  reach.  That  his  frequent  plots  and  threats  of  vengeance  and  revolution 
and  French  intervention  were  for  the  most  more  amusing  than  dangerous  does 
not  much  increase  our  respect  for  the  angry  plotter.  His  only  capital  was 
money  borrowed  on  the  way  to  Cal.,  or  property  obtained  on  credit  from  Cali- 
fomians  and  Russians  after  his  arrival,  all  on  pretences  more  or  less  false.  He 
never  hesitated  to  assume  any  obligation  for  the  future  without  regard  to  his 
ability  to  meet  it;  he  rarely  if  ever  paid  a  debt  when  due;  and  a  general, 
vague,  and  kindly  purpose  to  fulfil  all  his  promises  in  the  brilliant  future  but 
imperfectly  excuses  his  short-comings.  His  apparent  success  in  '39-45  was  in 
a  sense  wonderful,  but  it  rested  almost  entirely  on  a  fortunate  combination  of 
circumstances,  and  notably  on  Gov.  Alvarado's  unwise  act— partly  inspired 
by  the  idea  of  introducing  in  the  north  an  element  of  opposition  to  Vallejo, 
with  whom  he  had  a  temporary  quarrel — in  permitting  a  foreigner  to  found  an 
isolated  rendezvous  for  hostile  and  uncontrollable  elements  of  a  vagabond  pop 
ulation  in  the  far  interior.  Though  Sutter's  establishment  did  something  to 
promote  the  influx  of  Amer.  settlers,  it  was  in  no  sense  beneficial  to  the  in- 


740  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

terests  of  the  U.S.,  merely  fomenting  filibusterism  with  all  its  unhappy  results. 
The  discovery  of  gold,  often  mentioned  in  this  connection,  was  purely  acci 
dental;  but  I  cannot  see  that  its  postponement  for  a  time  would  have  done 
any  harm;  and  I  can  imagine  that  its  earlier  occurrence — likely  enough  tore- 
suit  from  Sutter's  settlement — might  have  been  decidedly  detrimental  to  the 
U.S.  in  some  respects.  That  the  establishment,  chiefly  by  reason  of  its  situ 
ation  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  was  of  benefit  to  the  immigrants  is  true; 
also  that  Sutter  treated  them  kindly,  though  not  more  so  than  a  dozen  others; 
but  that  he  did  so  at  a  personal  sacrifice,  as  has  been  so  often  claimed,  is  not 
true;  for  Sutter's  letters  of  that  time  are  full  of  self-gratulations  on  hisl  ucky 
chance  to  exchange  food  and  cattle  for  wagons  and  implements,  to  hire  me 
chanics,  and  to  have  his  land  increased  in  value  by  the  influx  of  settlers. 
Neither  is  it  true  that  Sutter  in  '45-6  was  friendly  to  the  U.S.  or  to  the  im 
migrants  as  Americans.  He  did  not,  as  has  been  claimed  by  himself  and  friends, 
refuse  an  offer  of  $100,000  for  his  property  that  the  immig.  might  not  be  de 
prived  of  a  refuge;  on  the  contrary,  he  did  his  best  to  sell,  and  failed  chiefly 
because  the  Mex.  govt  saw  a  cheaper  way  to  get  the  property  by  buying  the 
Russian  mortgage.  And  as  elsewhere  stated,  I  have  the  captain's  original  let 
ter,  in  which  he  warned  Gen.  Castro  against  Gillespie  as  a  secret  agent  of  the 
U.S.,  urged  the  govt  to  buy  his  fort,  and  advised  the  stationing  of  a  garrison 
there  against  the  immigrants!. Perhaps  had  this  been  known  pioneers  in  later 
times  would  have  been  less  profuse  in  their  praise  of  the  noble-hearted  old 
patriot.  Suwerkrop  (E.A.),  1848,  at  Hon.  fromS.F.  on  the  Julian. 

Swab  (Emmanuel),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Swain,  1848,  from 
Hon.  on  the  Sagadahoc.  S.,  1829,  mr  of  the  Siisana.  iii.  149.  S.  (Chas 
A.),  1829 (?),  nat.  of  Mass.,  said  to  have  visited  the  coast  in  the  whaler  Ameri 
can,  iii.  179,  and  again  on  the  same  vessel  in  '38,  though  I  find  no  record  of 
such  a  vessel  in  either  year.  He  returned  in  '49  to  stay  as  a  farmer,  miner, 
and  contractor,  dying  at  S.F.  '84  at  the  age  of  71,  leaving  a  widow  and  son. 
S.  (F.  B.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  S.  (Isaac),  1823 (?),  on  the  roll  of  the  Soc. 
Cal.  Pion.  S.  (Josiah  H.),  1847,  at  Mont.  '47-8;  perhaps  came  in  '46  on  a 
whaler,  and  one  of  Maddox's  volunteers,  said  to  be  living  at  S.F.  '84.  Swan. 
Swaine,  1794,  one  of  Vancouver's  men.  i.  526. 

Swan  (John  A.),  1843,  nat.  of  England  of  Scotch  parentage,  who  came  as 
a  sailor  on  the  Soledad  from  Mazatlan  after  1 1  years  of  adventure  as  a  sailor  in 
many  parts  of  the  world,  iv.  400,  568,  651.  He  made  two  trips  with  Capt. 


Cooper  on  the  schr  California  in  '43-4,  then  quitting  the  sea.  He  kept  a  little 
shop  and  sailors'  boarding-house  at  Mont.,  bis  name  appearing  from  '44  on 
Larkin's  books  and  in  other  records;  made  a  trip  to  the  gold-mines  in  '48; 


Mont.,  bis  name  appearing  from  '44  on 

.uun.n..i-u  w  ww.a.K>  niivi  ii*  vuii^i  »v/vywi«.i3;  made  a  trip  to  the  gold-mines  in  '48; 
went  to  Fraser  River  in  '59-63;  again  visited  British  Columbia  in  '64-6;  and 
has  since  resided  at  Mont.  He  has  written  many  articles  on  the  olden  time 
for  the  newspapers,  which,  with  others  in  MS.,  have  place  in  my  collection, 
some  of  them  being  named  in  my  list  of  authorities;  and  he  has  furnished  me 
besides  from  time  to  time  many  useful  items  for  this  register.  Swan's  writings 
are  not  only  interesting,  but  remarkably  accurate,  his  memory  being  rarely  at 
fault,  and  the  tendency  to  testify  on  matters  beyond  his  personal  knowl 
edge — too  prevalent  among  pioneer  writers — being  in  his  case  reduced  to  a 
minimum.  His  work  in  this  direction  merits  high  praise.  In  the  later  years 
down  to  '85  this  kind-hearted  old  sailor,  73  years  old,  burdened  with  poverty 
and  deafness,  lives  in  an  old  historic  adobe  at  the  former  capital,  delighting 
in  the  old  ruins  that  keep  alive  his  dreamy  recollections  of  the  past;  and  oc 
casionally,  with  *  pioneer  of  '43 '  plainly  inscribed  as  credentials  on  his  hat 
band,  he  makes  a  trip  to  S.  Jos6  and  S.F.  to  look  after  the  constantly  lessening 
band  of  his  old-time  acquaintances.  S.  (Lyman),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 
S.  (Thos  M.),  1848(?),  in  Napa  Valley  ace.  to  testimony  in  later  litigation. 
Swanich  (James),  1845,  Delaware  Ind.  of  Fremont's  party  '45-7.  iv.  583,  587; 
said  by  Martin  to  have  been  killed  on  the  Or.  frontier  '46.  Swanson  (Joseph), 
1848,  in  S.F.  letter  list;  cl.  in  '53  for  land  in  Contra  Costa.  Swartout  (Ham 
ilton),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Swartz  (John  S.),  1847,  Co.  E, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Svvasden,  1847,  doubtful  name  in  a  Mont.  list. 


SWASEY— TABER.  741 

Swasey  ( Win  F.),  1845,  nat.  of  Maine  and  ovcrl.  immig.  from  St  Louis  in  the 
party  that  I  have  called  by  his  name,  which  was  really  a  division  of  the  Grigsby- 
Ide  party,  iv.  576,  587.  For  two  months  he  was  employed  by  Sutter  as  book-keep 
er,  and  at  the  beginning  of '46  went  byway  of  S.F.  and  S.  Jose"  to  Mont. ,  where  he 
worked  for  a  short  time  as  clerk  for  VVm  H.  Davis,  and  from  June  to  Sept.  was 
consular  clerk  for  Larkin  at  $60  per  month,  v.  16,  60.  In  Oct.  he  joined  the  Cal. 
Bat.,  serving  through  the  southern  campaign  as  asst  commissary  (v.  358);  and 
having  a  'Cal.  claim '  of  $40  (v.  462).  In  '47  he  came  to  S.F.,  where  he  was 
owner  of  a  town  lot,  clerk  of  election,  and  sec.  of  the  council,  v.  648,  650. 
From  '48  he  was  engaged  in  trade  in  partnership  with  Leighton  &  Co.  at  S.F. 
and  with  Southard  at  Kapa.  v.  670,  678,  681;  also  visiting  the  mines,  and  in 
'49  being  a  member  of  the  S.F.  district  legislature  and  taking  some  part  in 
politics.  In  '51-61  Swasey  was  a  notary  public  at  S.F.,  being  also  a  witness 
in  some  of  the  famous  land  cases;  in  '61-6  capt.  of  volunteers  and  asst  quar 
termaster  at  Benicia.  He  has  continued  to  reside  at  S.F.,  though  I  find  that 
he  was  appointed  in  '75  U.S.  marshal  of  Wyoming,  and  has  been  a  somewhat 
prominent  member  of  the  Pioneer  Society,  being  the  author  of  many  grace 
fully  written  eulogies  of  dead  pioneers.  In  '85,  at  the  age  of  60  years  .or  more, 
though  about  45  in  appearance,  he  has  received  a  new  appointment  as  notary 
public.  Of  his  family  I  know  nothing  except  that  his  mother  died  recently  in 
Cal.  at  a  very  advanced  age.  His  View  of  S.  F.  in  '4?  is  ment.  in  v.  676,  et 
seq.  Capt.  Swasey  has  furnished  me  his  recollections  of  California  in  '45-6; 
to  him  I  am  indebted  for  the  invaluable  New  Helvetia  Diary,  of  which,  as 
Sutter's  clerk,  he  was  one  of  the  authors;  and  in  several  other  matters  he  has 
afforded  me  some  assistance. 

Sweet  (Chas  C.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  S.  (Paul),  1840(?),  nat. 
of  R.  I.,  said  to  have  landed  at  Mont,  this  year.  iv.  120.  In  '43-5  a  tanner 
near  Sta  Cruz,  iv.  356,  being  named  in  the  Branciforte  padron  of  '45  as  Engl., 
age  30,  and  single;  perhaps  served  in  Cal.  Bat.  '46-7  (v.  358),  having  a  Cal. 
claim  of  §35  (v.  462);  and  still  at  Sta  Cruz  '49-80.  Sweeting,  1848,  doubt 
ful  name  of  a  hotel-keeper  at  S.F.  Brooks.  Swift  (Granville  P.),  1844,  nat. 
of  Ky,  and  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  Kelsey  party,  having  crossed  the  plains  in 
'43.  iv.  444-5,  453.  He  served  in  Sutter's  campaign  of  '45.  iv.  486,  501;  was 
a  leading  filibuster  of  the  Bears  in  '46.  v.  95,  104,  107,  110,  147, 153,  168,  172; 
and  in  '46-7  was  capt.  of  Co.  C,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  184,  282,  289,  361;  having  a  Cal. 
claim  of  about  §2,000  (v.  462).  He  was  a  fine-looking  man,  over  6  ft  in  height, 
a  crack  shot,  and  of  undoubted  bravery,  a  bitter  hater  of  the  Mexicans.  He 
settled  on  Stony  Cr. ,  Colusa,  in  '47;  made  a  large  fortune  in  mining  on  Feather 
Riv.,  with  the  aid  of  Ind.,  in  '48-9;  later  a  stock-raiser  in  Colusa  and  Tehama; 
from  '54  ranchero  in  Sonoma;  and  from  about  '68  engaged  in  fruit-culture 
and  quicksilver- mining  in  Solano,  where  he  was  accidentally  killed  in  '75,  at 
the  age  of  about  54.  He  had  a  habit  of  burying  his  money  on  his  rancho; 
several  such  deposits  being  accidentally  found  after  he  had  forgotten  them, 
and  in  one  instance  §24,000  having  been  stolen  by  an  employee.  S.,  1807, 
mr  of  the  Derby  and  Hazard;  perhaps  on  the  coast  earlier,  ii.  17,  78,  84.  S. 
(Richard),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Mont,  in  Oct.  (v.  358). 

Swinburn  (Wm),  1839,  Engl.  mate  of  the  schr  California,  who  became  a 
lumberman  in  the  Mont,  district,  getting  a  pass  in  '41.  iv.  119.  In  '44  in  S, 
F.  dist,  age  35.  Swinson  (Dav.),  1848,  at  Mont.  Swords  (Allen  J.),  1847, 
Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  La  Paz  '48.  S.  (Thomas),  1846,  major  U.S.A., 
who  came  from  N.  Mex.  with  Kearny  as  quartermaster,  and  returned  east 
with  him  in  '47,  after  having  made  a  trip  to  Honolulu  for  supplies;  witness 
in  the  Frdmont  court-martial,  v.  336,  343-7,  356,  440,  452,  456.  In  the  war 
of  '61-5  he  was  chief  quartermaster  of  the  western  dept,  and  in  '79  lived  in 
N.Y.  as  a  retired  brigadier.  Sylvester  (Anthony),  1845,  one  of  the  men  lost 
'46  on  the  Warren's  launch,  iv.  587;  v.  384.  Syrec,  1848,  named  as  having 
kept  a  store  on  the  Moquelumne. 

Tabeau  (Baptiste),  1844,  one  of  Fremont's  men,  killed  by  Ind.  iv.  437, 
440.  Taber  (J.  D.),  1846,  apparently  an  overl.  immig.;  of  T.  &  Hoyt,  hotel- 


742  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

keepers  at  Mont.  '47-8;  had  a  family  in  Contra  Costa  '60.  T.,  1847,  mr  of 
the  Copia.  v.  577.  Tabor  (Wra),  1846,  in  Sta  Clara  Val.  with  family.  Hall. 
Tafor6  (Jose  Ignacio),  1819,  nat.  of  S.  Amer.,  soldier  of  the  S.  Bias  comp.  at 
Mont.;  disch.  '24;  regidor  at  Mont.  '27.  ii.  612.  Taggart  (Geo.  W.),  1847, 
musician  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  469.  T.  (Robert),  1848,  nephew  of  Dr  label, 
who  killed  B.  K.  Thompson  on  the  way  east  overland.  T.  (Sam.),  1842,  ex 
ecuted  at  Los  Ang.  for  murder,  iv.  296,  342,  633;  called  also  'Taggefand^ 
'Taggett.'  Tait  (James  A.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sta  Cruz 
'71-83.  T.  (Wm  G.),  1847,  Co.  A,  ditto.  Tajochi  (Tomas),  Ind.  chief  of 
S.  Diego  '33.  iii.  327,  359. 

Talamantes  (Felipe),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1794;  grantee  of  Sta  B.  land 
1819;  at  La  Ballona  '39-40,  age  57.  ii.  349,  354;  iii.  633,  637.  T.  (Tomas), 
prob.  brother  of  Felipe,  at  La  Ballona  '39,  age  47.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  fight  against  Gov.  Victoria  in  '31.  iii.  196,  207;  was  juez  de  campo  '44. 
iv.  633;  rfnd  still  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Talbot,  1847,  of  L.  &  Upham  at  Mont. 
'47-8.  T.  (J.  M.),  1846,  witness  to  enlistment  in  Cal.  Bat.  T.  (Theodore), 
1844,  nat.  of  Ky  who  came  with  Fremont,  and  again  in  '45.  iv.  437,  581,  583. 
He  was  a  young  man  of  good  education,  who  was  in  a  sense  com.  of  that  di 
vision  of  the  company  entering  Cal.  by  the  southern  route;  and  in  Cal.  acted 
as  Fremont's  confidential  agent,  v.  3,  6,  22,  644.  He  was  left  in  com.  of  the 
Sta  B.  garrison,  and  later  served  as  lieut  and  adjutant  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  v. 
287,  304,  316-17,  358,  360,  630.  Being  sent  east  with  despatches  in  Feb.  '47, 
he  was  a  witness  in  the  Frdmont  court-martial,  v.  430,  456.  Died  at  Wash. , 
D.  C.,  '62.  Talmadge  (Abijah  D.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  4C9);  killed  in 
'48  by  Moquelumne  Ind.  Tamam  (Ig.),  1846,  doubtful  name,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358).  Tamanin  (Prokop),  1822,  mrof  the  Volga,  ii.  474.  Tamaree  (Peter), 
1834,  at  Mont.  Tambor  (Juan),  nickname;  killed  at  Los  Ang.  45.  iv.  492. 

Tanferan  (Toribio),  at  S.F.  mission  from  '40;  witness  in  the  Santillan  case 
'55.  Tanner  (Albert),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  T.  (John  L.), 
1848,  married  at  Sonoma  to  Mary,  daughter  of  J.  D.  Taber  of  Mont.  Tan- 
sill  (Robert),  1846,  lieut  of  marines  on  the  Dale;  in  Marston's  Sta  Clara  cam 
paign;  com.  of  the  S.F.  garrison  '47.  v.  380,  659. 

Tapia  (Antonio),  juez  aux.  at  S.  Carlos  '42.  iv.  653.  T.  (Bartolo), 
ranchero  at  Los  Ang.  1791-1813.  ii.  270,  350-3.  T.  (Carlos),  at  Los  Ang. 
'46.  T.  (Felipe),  soldier  at  S.  Jose"  and  settler  1786-90.  i.  350,  477-8.  T. 
(Fernando),  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  T.  (Francisco),  cadet  of  Sta  B.  comp.  '25-6. 
ii.  572.  T.  (Gregorio),  grantee  of  Aguajito  rancho  '35.  iii.  676;  at  Pilarcitos 
'36,  age  22,  wife  Martina  Vasquez,  child  Maria  de  los  Angeles;  perhaps  at  Sta 
Cruz  '54.  i.  524.  T.  (Jose"  Ant.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46;  arrested  in  '45.  iv.  541. 
T.  (Jose1  Bartolome"),  majordomo  of  S.  Luis  Ob.  1789,  wife  Maria  Lobo;  grantee 
of  Topanga  Malibu  rancho  1804.  ii.  112;  iii. -634.  T.  (Mariano),  1792,  pot 
ter-instructor  from  Mex.  '92-6.  i.  615,  715.  T.  (Ramon),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age 

25.  T.  (Tiburcio),  son  of  Jose"  Bartolome",  b.  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  1789;  later  soldier 
and  corporal  of  the  Sta  B.  comp.,  being  com.  of  the  Purisima  guard  in  '24  at 
the  revolt,  ii.  529;  member  of  the  diputacion  '27,  '33.  iii.  36-7,  41,  63,  246; 
alcalde  of  Los  Ang.  '30-1,  '36;  ii.  561 ;  iii.  634,  636;  sindico  '33,  and  encargado 
de  Ind.  '35.  iii.  635;  favored  Alvarado  '38.  iii.  565;  aux.  alcalde  '38.  iii.  636. 
In  '39  he  was  alcalde,  acting  prefect,  and  grantee  of  Cucamonga  rancho.  iii. 
586,  589,  633,  636,  640.   In  '42  he  was  a  supl.  ministro  of  the  sup.  court;  and 
in  '44  2d  alcalde,  iv.  296,  633.  Don  Tiburcio  was  a  man  of  good  sense,  good 
character,  and  some  wealth,  still  at  Los  Ang.  '48  at  the  age  of  about  60.  A 
current  tradition  of  later  times  represented  the  old  man  as  having  buried  his 
treasure  on  Fremont's  approach  in  '46,  and  as  having  died  without  revealing 
its  exact  location.       T.  (Urcino),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1809.  ii.  350.       Tapiii, 
1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Savannah.       Tapinto  (Mariano),  1792,  tailor-instructor 
'92-5.  i.  615. 

Tapis  (Estevan),  1790,  Span,  friar  who  toiled  as  missionary  longest  at  Sta  B. 
and  S.  Juan  B.,  and  was  president  of  the  missions  in  1803-12.  Biog.  ii.  623-4; 
ment.  i.  388,  492,  522,  573-4,  576,  588-90,  594,  640,  669,  672,  689;  ii.  7,  9-10, 

26,  28,  33-4,  42,  55,  85,  88-90,  108-9,  112-13,  120-1,  140,  148,  159,  161,  165, 


TAPIS— TAYLOR.  743 

168,  175,  182,  326,  346,  366,  369,  378,  383,  386-7,  394,  396,  461,  518,  655. 
Taplin  (Charles),  1844,  of  Fremont's  party;  also  in  '45,  returning  east  in  '46 
with  Sublette.  iv.  437,  583.  He  again  joined  F.  in  '48.  Tarakanof  (Boris), 
1806,  Russ.  chief  of  Aleut,  otter- hunters;  captured  at  StaB.  in  '15.  ii.  40,  80, 
210,  274,  307-13,  353.  Tasion  (Manuel  S.),  grantee  of  a  S.  Gabriel  lot  '47. 
iv.  637.  Taufer  (Andrew),  1847,  German  memb.  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.;  d.  at 
S.F. '79,  age  71. 

Taylor,  1848,  in  the  mines  from  Mont,  and  S.  Jose".  T.,  1848,  at  S.F. 
from  the  states.  T.  (Alex.  S.),  1848,  nat.  of  S.  C.,  where  his  father— who 
had  been  a  lieut  on  the  privateer  Saucy  Jack  in  the  war  of  1812 — died  in  '21. 
The  son  came  to  Cal.  from  China  in  Sept.  '48,  but  beyond  the  facts  that  he 
was  for  some  years  clerk  of  the  U.S.  district  court  at  Mont.,  and  later  settled 
at  Sta  B.,  marrying  Josefa  Ortega,  and  dying  in  '76,  nothing  of  biog.  proper 
appears  in  any  record  that  I  have  seen.  He  was  known  as  Dr  Taylor,  but  I  do  not 
know  whether  he  ever  practised  medicine.  It  is  not,  however,  as  a  pioneer, 
but  as  an  investigator  and  writer  on  the  ethnography,  bibliography,  and  his 
tory  of  Cal.  that  he  deserves  particular  notice;  and  in  these  respects  he  was 
a  remarkable  man.  Without  having  any  special  aptitude  by  nature  or  educa 
tion  for  such  work,  he  developed  a  fondness  for  it  almost  amounting  to  a 
mania.  His  zeal  in  face  of  the  most  discouraging  obstacles  is  worthy  of  all 
praise,  though  it  must  be  confessed  that  the  result  was  wellnigh  valueless. 
He  was  not  content  with  being  a  collector  or  even  translator  and  narrator,  but 
had  a  most  unfortunate  passion  for  working  the  results  of  his  observations  and 
study  into  what  he  regarded  as  a  scientific  form,  the  result  being  too  often  an 
absurd  jumble  of  bad  Spanish,  worse  Latin,  and  unintelligible  affectation's^ 
While  at  Monterey  he  obtained  from  the  priest  a  valuable  collection  of  old  mis 
sion  documents  (later  given  to  the  archbishop,  and  cited  by  me  as  Arch,  del 
Obispado)  which  he  made  the  basis  of  numerous  newspaper  articles,  in  which, 
by  reason  of  faulty  translations,  typographical  blunders,  unfounded  additions, 
and  the  difficulty  of  locating  the  dividing  line  between  record  and  comment, 
the  value  of  the  original  was  much  impaired.  His  writings  from  about  '53  for 
the  S.F.  Herald,  Bulletin,  Cal.  Farmer \  Hutchings'  Magazine,  Hesperian,  Sac. 
Union,  and  other  papers  wert>  very  voluminous.  The  most  extensive  of  his 
works  and  most  valuable,  being  least  injured  by  his  peculiar  methods,  though 
containing  very  little  original  matter,  is  the  Indianology  of  CaL,  published  in 
the  Cal.  Farmer  of  '60-3,  of  which  most  of  the  linguistic  portions  are  re 
printed  in  Lucy-Fossarieu,  Langues  IndiennesdelaCaL,  Paris  '81;  and  which 
gave  Dr  T.,  very  properly,  an  honorary  membership  in  several  learned  societies 
of  the  east.  Another  of  his  most  ambititious  attempts,  but  least  valuable  by 
reason  of  his  utter  lack  of  facilties  for  bibliographic  work,  was  the  Bibliografct, 
California,  pub.  in  the /Sac.  Union,  and  noticed  in  i.  35  of  this  work.  His  His 
torical  Summary  of  Lower  California,  pub.  in  Ross  Browne's  Resources,  ed.  of 
'69,  and  his  Precis  India  Caljfornicus,  included  by  Wm  H.  Knight  in  Ban 
croft's  Hand-book  of  '64,  are  very  creditable  works,  being  the  only  ones  that 
had  the  advantages  of  careful  editing  and  proof-reading.  His  First  Voyage  to 
the  Coast  of  Cal.,  of  '53,  was  a  translation  of  Navarrete's  version  of  Cabrillo's 
voyage,  with  comments  of  little  value,  i.  69,  72,  77.  In  his  later  years  Dr 
Taylor  collected  all  his  writings,  with  numerous  MS.  additions  here  and  there, 
into  a  series  of  7  scrap-books,  under  the  titles  Bibliogrofa  California,  Indian 
ology  of  the  California^,  Animated  Nature  of  Cal. ,  Odds  and  Ends  of  CaL  Life, 
and  Discoverers  and  Founders  of  CaL,  Felix,  and  CaL  Petra  (the  1st  3  being 
in  '85  in  the  library  of  the  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  in  S.F.),  and  issued  a  descriptive 
circular,  'The  Storehouse  of  Cal.,  History  and  Life,'  through  which  he  tried  in 
vain  to  find  in  America  and  Europe  a  publisher  for  his  collected  writings,  with 
out  a  suspicion  of  the  truth  that  the  work  and  time  and  ability  and  resources  of 
data  that  would  enable  an  editor  to  put  the  crude  mass  in  such  shape  as  to  do 
justice  to  the  author's  reputation  would  produce  an  original  work  of  much 
greater  value.  I  visited  him  in  '74  at  his  rancho  at  La  Partera,  near  Sta  B. ,  and 
found  him,  though  grievously  oppressed  by  illness  and  poverty,  as  enthusiastic 
as  ever  in  all  that  pertained  to  early  Cal.  annals.  He  pointed  sadly  but  with 


744  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

pride  to  a  wooden  box  that  contained  his  life  work — the  7  volumes  mentioned 
above;  and  when  I  sought  his  advice  respecting  my  own  researches,  he  pointed 
again  to  the  box  as  containing  all  that  could  ever  be  gleaned  about  early  Cal. ; 
and  he  was,  I  am  sure,  entirely  honest  in  his  belief.  'Test,  if  you  like,'  he 
said,  'the  accuracy  of  my  work  by  examining  the  documents  I  gave  the  arch 
bishop,  but  I  know  from  long  years  of  earnest  research  that  nowhere  else, 
especially  from  mission  and  Spanish  sources,  will  you  find  a  scrap  of  new  in 
formation.'  Yet  only  3  miles  away  from  the  rancho  where  he  had  lived  for 
many  years,  at  Sta  B.  mission,  I  took  6,000  pages  of  copies  of  most  important 
missionary  correspondence  that  he  had  never  seen !  All  honor,  nevertheless, 
to  such  men  as  Hayes  and  Taylor  and  Lancey,  who  have  toiled  under  more  or 
less  unfavorable  auspices  to  save  from  destruction  the  data  for  our  history. 

Taylor  (Christopher),  1848,  came  from  Or.  in  Sept.  on  the  Henry,  engag 
ing  in  trade  at  Sutter's  fort,  as  member  of  the  firm  of  Priest,  Lee,  &  Co. ;  finally 
settled  at  Dayton,  Or.,  where  he  was  in  78.  T.  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  nat.  of 
Va,  who  enlisted  in  Co.  F,  3d  artill.,  at  Mont.  (v.  518);  in  the  mines  '49,  and 
later  at  Mont.;  d.  at  Napa  '84.  Lancey.  _  T.  (Hiram),  1841,  Amer.  musi 
cian  in  the  Workman  party  from  N.  Mex.  iv.  278-9.  I  have  his  original  pass 
port  dated  Sta  Fe  Aug.  24th.  At  Los  Ang.  and  on  the  Cosumnes  '42;  went 
to  Or.  with  Leese  in  '43,  but  came  back  in  '48.  He  made  money  in  the  mines, 
and  settled  at  Cloverdale,  where  he  died  at  a  date  not  given.  T.  (John), 
1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  T.  (John),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol. 
(v.  499);  d.  in  N.Y.  '79.  T.  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Taylor  (Nelson),  1847,  nat.  of  Conn.,  and  capt.  of  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504, 
£11.  He  was  a  dentist,  and  after  a  brief  experience  in  the  mines  settled  at 
Stockton  as  a  trader,  also  running  a  ferry  on  the  Stanislaus;  ineinb.  of  1st 
legislature;  trustee  of  insane  asylum  from  '50;  sheriff  from  '54.  In  '56  he 
went  to  N.Y.  and  became  a  lawyer;  brig.-geii.  in  war  of  '61-5;  in  '65  memb. 
of  congress;  in  '71-85  resid.  of  South  Norwalk,  Conn.  T.  (Walter),  1847, 
i  sergt  Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504.  T.  (Win),  1818,  Amer.  lieut  of  Bouchard's 
1  insurgents,  ii.  227,  237.  T.  (Win),  1828,  Scotch  tailor  at  Mont.  '28-32, 
joining  the  comp.  extranjera;  a  married  man,  age  34  in  '29.  iii.  178,  221. 
T.  (Wm),  1834,  mr  of  the  Magruder.  iii.  412,  383.  T.  (Wm),  1834,  Engl. 
sailor  who  landed  from  the  Margarita  at  S.  Diego,  where  he  still  lived  in  '40, 
an  unmarried  carpenter,  age  43.  Perhaps  the  same  who  voted  at  S.  D.  in  '48; 
name  written  Tela,  Telen,  and  Thell.  T.  (W.  E.),  1847,  daughter  born  to 
his  wife  at  Sonoma;  at  S.  Jose"  '50.  T.  (W.  H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 

Teal  (Hiram),  1841,  nat.  of  New  England,  who  brought  a  stock  of  goods 
from  Mazatlan,  and  kept  a  store  at  S.  F.  '41-3,  with  Titcornb  as  partner  or  clerk, 
iv.  279;  v.  683.  He  went  to  Hon.  in  '43  on  the  Diamond,  en  route  for  Mex. 
Tebaca  (Gabriel),  settler  at  the  Colorado  pueblos  1780-1,  killed  by  Ind.  i.  359, 
362.  Teforia  (Jose"),  1831,  named  by  Dye  as  one  of  Young's  party,  iii.  388. 
Tego  (Manuel),  resid.  of  Branciforte  '30.  ii.  627.  Tejeda  (Juan  de  A.),  1602, 
alfe"rez  of  Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  Tellez  (Rafael),  1842,  Mex.  lieut-col  and 
brevet-col  in  com.  of  Micheltorena's  batallou  fijo;  somewhat  prominent  in  Cal. 
affairs  till  sent  to  Mex.  for  aid  in  '44.  iv.  289,  357,  367,  409,  439,  461,  471-2. 
In  '46  he  seems  to  have  started  for  Cal.  with  troops,  but  in  Sinaloa  engaged 
in  a  revolution,  v.  32-3,  and  became  acting  com.  at  Mazatlan,  where  he  was 
when  the  Amer.  took  the  town  in  Feb.  '48.  He  seems  to  have  died  before  the 
end  of  that  year,  and  Californians,  who  did  not  like  him,  delight  in  the  tra 
dition  that  after  a  drunken  debauch  he  drowned  himself  in  a  barrel  of  mescal ! 

Temple  (Francis  Pliny  F.),  1841,  nat.  of  Mass.,  who  came  on  the  Tasso  at 
the  age  of  20,  engaging  in  trade  at  Los  Ang.  with  his  brother  John.  iv.  279. 
Later  he  established  a  stock  rancho  at  S.  Emigdio,  near  Ft  Tejon;  was  a 
member  of  the  banking  firm  of  Hellman,  T.,  &  Co.  from  '68,  and  from  '72  of 
T.  &  Workman.  He  died  in  '80  at  his  rancho  of  La  Merced,  iv.  635;  v.  320; 
leaving  a  widow — the  daughter  of  Wm  Workman — and  several  children.  He 
took  but  slight  part  in  politics,  but  was  alwajTs  prominent  in  business  affairs. 
All  his  property  was  lost  by  the  failure  of  the  banking  firm  in  '75.  In  '77  he 
gave  me  a  brief  narrative  of  his  Recollections,  and  rendered  me  assistance  in 


TEMPLE— THOMAS.  745 

obtaining  testimony  from  others.  T.  (John),  1827,  nat.  of  Mass.,  and  brother 
of  the  preceding,  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Wavcrly,  and  in  the  earliest 
years  signed  his  name  'Jonathan.'  iii.  149,  176-7.  He  was  at  once  baptized 
at  S.  Diego,  and  after  a  few  trading  trips  on  the  coast  obtained  naturalization 
and  married  Rafaela,  daughter  of  Francisco  Cota,  in  '30,  engaging  in  trade  at 
Los  Ang.,  in  partnership  with  Geo.  Rice,  till  '32,  and  later  alone,  or  with  his 
brother  from  '41.  ii.  558.  I  have  some  of  his  business  corresp.,  but  he  does 
not  figure  in  public  affairs,  except  that  the  vigilantes  of  '36  met  at  his  house, 
ii.  418,  539;  iv.  117.  In  the  sectional  quarrels  he  took  no  part,  but  was  glad 
in  '39  to  hear  of  Alvarado's  final  success;  is  named  in  the  following  years^as 
creditor  of  southern  missions;  and  in  '45  was  the  purchaser  of  Purisima.  iii. 
595,  623;  iv.  92,  553,  629,  648;  v.  558.  In  the  annals  of  '46-7  he  is  named  in 
connection  with  financial  matters,  having  Cal.  claims  to  the  amount  of  about 
$16,000.  v.  49-50,  435,  467.  From  about  '48,  becoming  owner  of  the  Cerritos 
rancho,  iii.  633,  he  gave  his  attention  to  stock-raising  on  a  large  scale;  later 
he  was  the  builder  of  the  Temple  block  and  other  fine  structures  at  Los  An 
geles;  and  in  Maximilian's  time  obtained  an  immensely  profitable  lease  of  the 
Mexican  mint.  He  died  at  S.F.  in  '66,  at  the  age  of  68.  He  had  been  an  able 
and  successful  man  of  business,  socially  genial  and  well  liked.  His  widow  sur 
vived  him,  living  in  Paris  with  her  daughter,  Mrs  Ajuria,  the  only  child  of 
whom  I  find  any  mention,  born  in  '31. 

Tenchman  (Christian),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  TenEck 
(Anthony),  1848,  U.S.  commissioner  from  Hon.  on  the  Humboldt.  Tenid 
(Th.),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  Tennent  (Archibald),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon.  T.  (Sam.  J.),  1848,  Engl.  surgeon  on  a  whaler,  who  left- 
his  vessel  at  the  Islands  and  came  to  Cal.  on  hearing  of  the  gold  discovery. 
He  married  Rafaela  Martinez  and  settled  at  Pinole  rancho,  Contra  Costa, 
where  he  still  lived  in  '82  with  5  children,  his  wife  having  died  in  '68.  Por 
trait  in  Contra  Costa  Co.  Hist.,  46.  Tenorio  (Ignacio),  nat.  of  S.  Amer.,  who 
had  been  oidor  of  the  audiencia  of  Quito,  and  a  very  rich  man,  but  who,  tra 
ditionally,  had  devoted  his  fortune  to  charitable  and  educational  purposes, 
and  came  to  Cal.  about  '15  to  live  with  the  friars.  Not  much  is  known  of  him 
except  that  he  was  buried  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  in  '31  by  P.  Zalvidea,  who  in  the 
record  spoke  in  high  terms  of  his  piety. 

Teran  (Jose"  M.),  regidor  at  Branciforte  '34.  iii.  696;  memb.  of  the  S.  Diego 
ayunt.  '37,  and  in  trouble,  iii.  508;  perhaps  two  men.  Termain  (James  Gil 
bert),  1843,  recommended  by  the  Engl.  consul  for  a  carta.  Terrill  (Joel  J.), 
1847,  sergt  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  at  Ogden,  Utah,  in  '82.  Teschemacher 
(Fred.  Henry),  1842,  clerk  and  supercargo  of  Boston  trading  craft  '42-8.  iv. 
341;  v.  579;  owner  of  S.F.  lots  '46-7;  resid.  of  S.F.  after  '49;  cl.  of  the  Lup- 
yomi  rancho,  Napa,  '52.  iv.  671;  mayor  of  S.F.;  still  living  in  '85,  when  he 
visited  S.F.  Portrait  and  brief  biog.  notice  in  North  Pac.  Review,  i.  223,  252. 
I  have  a  few  of  his  early  letters;  but  for  so  prominent  a  pioneer  there  is  a  re 
markable  lack  of  information  about  him.  Tessau,  1837,  officer  of  Petit- 
Thouars'  exped.,  making  a  survey  of  S.F.  bay.  iv.  149. 

Thaffer  (Andrew),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  S.F.  79.  Thamen 
(Henry),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  Theall  (Hiram  W.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  D, 
N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  an  early  settler  of  Sonora;  d.  at  White  Pine,  Nev.,  before 
'82;  prob.  in  '69.  Theyer  (Geo.),  1848,  from  Or.,  a  settler  in  S.  Joaquin. 
Thing  (Capt.),  1838,  left  S.  Diego  for  Boston  on  the  Kent.  iv.  104. 

Thomas,  1845,  doubtful  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579.  T., 
1846,  at  Sta  Cruz,  June;  perhaps  same  as  following.  T.,  1847,  mr  of  the 
Laura  Ann  '47-8.  v.  579;  perhaps  L.  H.  T.,  1847,  at  Sutter's  fort.  T. 
(Ambrose),  1836,  at  S.  Jose"  Dec.;  also  Antonio  at  Los  Ang.  '35;  both  prob. 
'Tomlinson,'  q.v.  T.  (Christian),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  685.  T. 
(Elijah),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Leeds,  Utah,  '82.  T.  (Ig 
nacio),  1818,  Engl.  sailor  who  left  the  Bordelais,  ii.  393,  and  in  '29  lived  at 
S.  Jose*,  age  41,  and  blind.  T.  (John  W.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  S.  Jos<5  '82.  T.  (L.  H.),  1848,  sold  piano  to  Larkin;  conducted  prayer 
at  the  S.F.  school-house,  v.  657.  T.  (Thomas),  1840,  one  of  the  S.  Bias 


746  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

exiles  who  did  not  return,  iv.  18.  Thomen  (Henry),  1846,  overl.  immig. 
who  worked  for  Sutter,  and  owned  S.F.  lot  '47;  at  Sac.  '60,  age  45;  perhaps, 
at  S.F.  '79. 

Thomes  (Robert  Hasty),  1841,  nat.  of  Me,  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bar- 
tleson  party,  iv.  270,  275,  279.  With  Albert  G.  Toomes  he  worked  as  car 
penter  and  builder  at  S.F.  in  '41-2,  and  later  at  Mont.,  where  the  firm  name  of 
Thomes  &  Toomes  appears  often  in  Larkin's  books  and  other  records.  In  '44 
he  was  naturalized,  and  obtained  a  grant  of  Los  Saucos,  Tehama.  iv.  673; 
and  may  have  put  some  cattle  on  the  place  in  '45,  but  did  not  settle  there 
till  '47,  being  mentioned  at  Mont,  in  '45-7,  especially  as  a  member  of  the  1st 
jury.  v.  289.  He  took  no  part  in  the  war  or  in  politics,  but  spent  his  life — 
with  a  brief  interval  of  mining  on  Feather  River — on  his  Tehama  rancho,  be 
coming  a  wealthy  and  highly  respected  and  influential  citizen.  He  died  in 
'78,  at  the  age  of  61,  leaving  no  family.  A  sister  resides  in  Oakland  '85  as  the 
wife  of  Isaac  Given,  a  pioneer  of  '41.  Portrait  in  Tehama  Co.  Hist.,  108.  T. 
(Wm  H.)  1843,  nat.  of  Me,  and  distant  relative  of  R.  H.,who  came  from 
Boston  as  a  sailor-boy,  age  16,  on  the  Admittance,  which  he  left  in  '45,  and 
returned  east  in  '46  on  the  schr  California  to  Mazatlan,  and  thence  via  Eng 
land  to  Boston.  Again  he  came  to  Cal.  in  '49  on  the  Edward  Everett,  return 
ing  via  Manilla,  etc.,  on  the  Alex.  Humboldt.  In  Boston  he  was  a  journalist 
on  the  daily  papers,  and  from  '62  a  publisher  on  his  own  account,  making  a 
comfortable  fortune,  which  was  lost  in  the  great  fire  of  '72.  In  later  years  of 
the  firm  of  Thomes  &  Talbot,  publishers  of  Bailouts  Monthly;  also  author  of 
many  romances  of  adventure  for  boys.  On  Sea  and  Land,  one  of  his  latest 
works,  is  a  narrative  of  adventures  in  Cal.  on  the  Admittance  in  '42-5,  full  of 
interest  and  bad  Spanish,  remarkably  accurate  in  its  foundation  of  names  and 
dates;  let  us  hope  that  the  superstructure  of  the  sailor-boy's  personal  experi 
ences  is  equally  reliable.  A  later  story  of  Cal.  life,  covering  the  period  of  the 
conquest  and  now  appearing  in  the  Monthly  is  likely  to  be  as  fascinating  if 
somewhat  less  historic.  An  excellent  account  of  the  trip  and  company  of  '49 
was  also  written  by  Thomes  for  the  magazine,  reprinted  in  the  S.F.  Alta  of 
Oct.  22,  29,  '82.  In  '85  he  revisited  Cal.  to  revive  old  recollections,  at  which 
time  he  furnished  me  many  useful  items  about  early  men  and  things,  also 
permitting  me  to  consult  the  original  Diary  of  Capt.  Peterson,  his  old  mas 
ter  on  the  Admittance ,  and  later  his  father-in-law. 

Thompson,  1841,  blacksmith  at  Los  Ang.  and  Sta  B.  T.  (A.),  1839,  pas 
senger  from  Hon.  on  the  Clementine,  iv.  102,  127.  T.  (Alpheus  B.),  1823, 
nat.  of  Me,  and  sup.  on  the  Washington  '25-30,  having  possibly  visited  the 
coast  earlier,  iii.  29,  139,  149;  sup.  of  the  Convoy  '31;  in  '33-5  sup.  of  the 
Loriot,  being  arrested  for  smuggling  in  '33,  and  in  '35  carrying  prisoners  to 
Mex.  iii.  288,  365,  383,  393.  He  considered  Sta  B.  his  home,  and  dated  his 
residence  from  '34,  that  being  the  year  in  which  he  married  Francisca,  daugh 
ter  of  Carlos  Carrillo,  by  whom  he  had  3  children  before  June  '36.  I  have 
much  of  his  corresp.  from  year  to  year.  In  '36-7  he  was  sup.  of  the  Bolivar, 
on  which  he  went  to  Hon.  and  back  in  '37;  from  '38  had  a  hide-house  in  the 
Clark's  Point  region  of  S.F.;  is  named  as  mr  of  the  Union  in  '40;  and  also  as 
creditor  of  several  missions,  iii.  657,  660;  iv.  101,  106,  117;  v.  684-5.  He 
went  to  Hon.  on  the  Julia  Ann  '41;  was  naturalized  in  '43,  being  still  sup.  of 
the  Bolivar;  was  owner  of  the  Oajaca  in  '44-5,  sub-prefect  at  Sta  B.  '46, 
grantee  of  a  rancho  in  S.  Joaquin  Co.,  having  a  Cal.  claim  of  some  $2,000,  and 
being  in  all  these  years  engaged  to  some  extent  in  otter-hunting,  iv.  563, 
566-7;  v.  282,  330,  455,  675.  His  name  frequently  occurs  in  commercial  rec 
ords  down  to  '48;  and  after  that  date  continued  to  reside  at  Sta  B.,  where, 
and  throughout  the  country,  he  had  an  excellent  reputation  for  honorable 
conduct.  He  died  at  Los  Ang.  in  '69  at  the  age  of  74.  His  wife  had  died  in 
'41,  but  there  were  2  daughters  and  4  sons  who  survived.  One  of  the  sons, 
Francis,  is  a  somewhat  prominent  citizen  of  Sta  B.,  and  in  '78  rendered  me 
assistance  in  my  search  of  the  mission  archives. 

Thompson  (Bluford  K.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  and  capt.  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat., 
taking  part  in  the  fight  at  Natividad.  v.  361,  364-72.  He  was  a  coarse,  pro- 


THOMPSON— THURSBY.  747 

fane,  reckless  fellow,  a  gambler  by  profession,  with  some  pretensions  to  gen 
tlemanly  manners  when  sober;  known  sometimes  as  'Red-headed'  or  'Hell 
Roaring  '  Thompson.  After  the  war  he  settled  at  Stockton,  being  candidate 
for  Ind.  agent  in  '47.  v.  662;  where  he  soon  killed  Jame^  McKee.  He  was 
tried  for  murder  at  Slitter's  fort  in  Feb. '48,  being  acquitted;  but  was  obliged 
to  quit  the  country,  and  on  the  way  east  was  killed  in  a  new  quarrel  with  R. 
Taggart  on  the  Sweetwater.  T.  (Ch.),  1847,  at  Sutter's  fort.  T.  (Edward), 
1844,  Amer.  sailor  on  the  schr  California,  in  trouble  at  Mont.  T.  (Edwin), 
1848,  at  S.F.  as  he  testified  in  '65.  T.  (Frank  A.),  1832,  mr  of  the  Itoxana, 
'32-3.  iii.  384;  mr  of  the  Pilgrim  and  Alert  '35-6.  iii.  381,  383;  iv.  100.  T. 
(Geo.  A.),  1839,  naturalist  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Clementine  with  let 
ters  from  John  C.  Jones  to  the  gov.  and  Gen.  Vallejo.  He  was  in  search  of 
specimens;  called  also  Gordon  H.  T.  T.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469).  T.  (James),  1828,  Irish  sailor,  age  28,  from  Acapulco  on  the  Maria 
Ester  at  S.  Diego  with  a  letter  from  Virmond,  intending  to  settle,  ii.  545;  iii. 
178;  got  a  carta  in  '29;  in  his  application  seems  to  say  he  had  lived  8  years  in 
Cal.,  but  prob.  means  ia  Mex.  T.  (James),  1846,  sergt-major  of  Fauntleroy's 
dragoons  (v.  232,  247);  perhaps  the  man  at  Benicia  '47.  T.  (James),  1847, 
Co  A,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  perhaps  the  man  who  on  July  4th  read  the  decla 
ration  at  S.F.;  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  '82.  T.  (James  L.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469). 

Thompson  (John),  1832,  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221,  408; 


1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Riverdale,  Utah,  '81;  perhaps  the  owner 
of  a  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  685.  T.  (John?),  1847,  partner  of  Finch,  and  perhaps 
later  of  Bennett,  in  a  S.F.  saloon  '44-8.  v.  683;  thought  to  be  at  S.F.  :85.  T. 
(Joseph  P.),  1842,  nat.  of  Mass,  who  came  this  year  ace.  to  his  own  affidavit  in 
'62.  iv.  341;  perhaps  came  in  '39-40  as  sup.  on  the  Joseph  Pcabody.  He  came 
again  in  '44  from  Hon.  on  the  Fama;  at  Sta  Clara  '45;  at  S.F.  '46-7,  being 
owner  of  a  lot  and  sec.  of  the  council,  v.  648,  650;  at  Napa  '47-8,  where  he 
kept  a  store;  cl.  for  Napa  lands  '52;  lost  a  leg  by  a  street-car  accident  at  S.F. 
'84.  He  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Henry  A.  'Peirce,'  q.v.  T.  (Josiah),  1836, 
brother  of  Joseph  P.,  at  Mont.  '36;  sup.  of  the  Rasselas  '37-8.  iv.  105,  141. 
T.  (Miles),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  T.  (Peter),  1847,  Co.  A, 
N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Los  Ang.  '79.  T.  (Sam.),  1847, lieutCo.  C,  Morm.  Bat. 
v.  477,  488-9,  496;  capt  of  returning  Mormons  in  '48.  T.  (Sam.),  see 
'Buckle.'  T.  (S.  S.),  1830,  man  who  ordered  a  bottle  of  brandy.  T. 
(Stephen  B.),  1824,  doubtful  name  of  Taylor's  list.  T.  (Wm),  see  'Buckle.' 
T.  (Wm),  1840.  at  Sta  B. ,  May.  T.  (Wm),  1845,  Spear's  miller  at  S.F.  '45-6. 
iv.  587;  of  3d  Donner  relief  '47;  killed  by  a  bull  at  Hon.  in  '50  after  7  years' 
resid.  in  Cal.  These  may  be  1,  2,  or  3  men.  T.  (Wm  H.),  1846,  mid.  on  the 
Congress;  act.  lieut  of  Stockton's  Bat.  41-7.  v.  386.  T.  (W.  T.),  1823  (?), 
said  to  have  been  mr  of  a  trader  this  year;  came  to  reside  in  Cal.  '49;  in  '69- 
70  U.S.  gauger  at  S.F.  Call.  Thorns  (Adalberto),  1846,  aux.  de  policia  at 
Mont.  v.  637. 

Thorburn  (Robert  D.),  1847,  lieut  in  com.  of  the  U.S.  Southampton  '47- 
8.  v.  580.  Thome,  1846,  killed  at  the  Natividad  fight,  v.  371;  perhaps  an 
overl.  immig.,  or  he  may  have  been  the  following.  T.  (Wm),  1846,  of 
Fauntleroy's  dragoons.  Thorner  (Francis),  1847,  Co.  C,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Thornton  (J.  Quinn),  1847,  a  prominent  pioneer  of  Or. 
who  touched  at  S.F.  in  Nov.  on  his  wa)7  east  by  sea.  Author  of  Oregon  and 
Cal.  in  '4$,  a  work  containing  much  information  on  the  overl.  immig.  of  '46 
and  the  Donner  party,  v.  527,  535-6;  see  also  Hist.  Or.  Thorp  (Dav.),  1837, 
at  Mont.  Dec.  T.  (Lindy),  1845,  immig.  from  Or.  in  the  McMahon  party. 
iv.  572,  587;  apparently  living  in  Polk  Val.  '79.  Yolo  Co.  Hist.,  86.  T. 
(W.  S.),  1847,  constable  at  S.F.  v.  648;  prob.  the  man  who  in  '48  married 
Mrs  Caroline  Warner  of  the  Mormon  colony.  Thurning  (Henry),  1843,  sailor 
on  the  Admittance;  deserted  in  '44.  Peterson.  Thursby  (Lewis  P.),  1847, 


748  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Ga'71.  Thurston  (Chas  H.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Marysville  '82.  Thusum  (Benj.  F.),  1845,  mr  of  the  Han 
nah  '45-6.  Lancey.  Thy  bury,  1847,  shepherd  in  Sutter's  service. 

Tibbetts,  1837,  in  the  cattle  exped.  from  Or.  iv.  85.  Tibbey  (W.  H.), 
1848,  mr  of  the  Hawaiian  schr  Mary.  Tibeau,  1841,  Fr.  Canadian  gambler 
from  N.  Mex.  in  the  Workman  party,  iv.  278;  died  on  the  return  trip  in  '42. 
Tibian  (Fran.),  doubtful  name  of  '46.  vi.  162.  Tickner  (B.),  1847,  fleet  sur- 

feon  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  Tic6  (Fernando),  son  of  Joaquin  b.  at  S.F. 
798;  settled  at  Sta  B.,  where  in  '29  he  is  ment.  as  ex-alcalde,  iii.  78;  grantee 
of  Ojai  rancho  '37.  iii.  655;  juez  de  paz  '41.  iv.  641;  purchaser  of  S.  Buen. 
'45-6.  iv.  643,  634.  He  was  constable  at  S.  Buen.  '52  and  supervisor  '54.  T. 
{Joaquin),  1796,  sergt  of  Catalan  volunteers,  i.  540;  executor  of  Alberni's 
will  1801.  ii.  5.  His  wife  was  Juana  Carrera,  and  several  children  were  born 
at  S.F.  Tierney  (John),  1839,  Irish  carpenter  named  in  Larkin's  accounts 
'40.  iv.  119;  naturalized  '44,  claiming  5  years'  residence;  at  Mont,  to  '48. 
Tieroff  (August),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot '47.  v. 
685;  at  S.F.  '71-82.  Tighe  (John),  1847,  Co.  H,  ditto;  -lead  before  '82. 

Tilee  (Dan.  E.),  1847,  Co.  D,  ditto;  d.  N.Y.  before  '80.  Tilghman  (Rich 
ard  L.),  1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Congress;  act.  capt.  of  artill.  in  Stockton's 
bat.  '46-7.  v.  281,  327,  336.  Tillett  (James  F.),  1847,  artificer  Co.  F,  3d 
U.S.  artill.  v.  518.  Tillotson  (John  H.),  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth. 
Timeans  (Charles),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Tindall  (Israel  C.),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  T.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  d.  S.F.  before  '82.  Tinker  (John),  see  ' Finch. '  Tinkerman  (Michael), 
1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Tinslar  (B.R.),  1841,  surgeon  on  the  U.S.  St 
Louis.  Tinson  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y  Vol.  (v.  499).  Tipson  (Wm  H.), 
1 847,  Co.  A,  ditto;  a  Canadian  printer  who  died  at  S.F.  '79.  Tise  (Andrew), 
1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 

Titcomb  (Amos  A.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  resid.  of  S.F.  till  his  death  in 
'70,  having  held  the  office  of  supervisor.  Left  a  widow  and  one  child.  T. 
{Rufus),  1841,  nat.  of  New  England,  who  came  from  Mazatlan  with  H.  Teal, 
whose  clerk  or  partner  he  was  at  S.F.  '41-3.  iv.  279.  Tittel  (F.  G.  Augus 
tus),  1847,  Co.G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.F.  '64  (or '68);  apparently  father 
of  the  2  following,  but  there  is  some  confusion  about  the  family;  name  often 
written  Tittle.  T.  (Fred.  Gustavus  Ernest),  1847,  son  of  F.  G.  A.,  German 
fiferof  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518),  married  Miss  Winterhalder  and  settled 
at  Sta  Cruz  as  a  farmer.  Later  livery-stable  keeper,  ward  politician,  super 
visor,  militia  colonel,  memb.  of  the  legislature  ('61),  and  cigar-dealer  at  S.F. 
In  '70-1  he  was  engaged  in  the  Alaska  fur  trade;  and  died  in  '77,  leaving  a 
daughter.  T.  (F.  G.  Wm),  1846  (?),  brother  of  the  preceding,  said  to  have 
come  this  year;  a  lieut  in  Mex.  under  Maximilian;  d.  at  S.F.  '70  at  the  age 
of  42,  leaving  a  widow  and  2  daughters.  The  latter  are  actresses,  or  danseuses, 
in  '85  involved  in  interesting  legal  complications  respecting  a  lot  in  S.  F. 
which  was  owned  by  their  grandfather,  and  on  which  the  Maison  Dore"e, 
Kearny  St,  now  stands. 

Toba  (Fernando),  cadet  of  the  Mont.  comp.  1801.  ii.  147,  150;  in  later 
years  act.  com.  at  Loreto.  Tobar,  named  as  a  sergt  '21.  ii.  575.  T.  (Al 
bino),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1791-5,  sent  away  for  bad  conduct,  i.  598,  636,  716. 
T.  (Jose"),  1779,  piloto  on  the  Santiago;  and  later  com.  of  the  Favorita  and 
other  transports  and  exploring  craft  on  the  coast  down  to  1800.  i.  328-9,  378, 
430,  444,  540.  T.  (Juan  Jose"),  1838,  Mex.  capt.  and  brevet  lieut-col,  who 
had  been  somewhat  prominent  in  Sonora  as  a  mil.  officer  and  revolutionist 
since  '28,  and  who  came  to  Cal.  to  support  Gov.  Carrillo,  retiring  in  disgust 
after  the  campaign  of  Las  Flores.  iii.  557-61,  505,  555.  Tobias,  chief  in  the 
Sonoma  region,  iv.  72.  Tobin  (Robt  J.),  1848,  from  Tahiti;  at  S.F.  with 
wife;  still  at  S.F.  '54.  Toca  (Jose"  M.),  ship-boy  and  teacher  at  Sta  B. 
1795-7.  i.643. 

Todd  (James  J.),  1845,  Amer.  sailor  at  Mont.  T.  (John),  1848,  at  Sta 
B.,  May;  also  in  '50.  T.  (John  J.),  1845,  Amer.  sailor  at  Mont.,  perhaps 
same  as  James  J.  T.  (Thos  J.),  1844,  Amer.  sailor  at  Mont.,  aided  by 


TODD— TORRE.  749 

the  consulate  and  shipped  for  Oahu  in  '45.  T.  (Wm  J.),  1844,  Amer.  sailor 
in  consular  care  at  Mont.  Though  the  records  seem  clear,  it  would  seem  likely 
that  James  J.,  John  J.,  Thos  J.,  and  Wm  J.  did  not  represent  4  dif.  men. 
T.  (WmL.),  1845,  nat  of  111.,  nephew  of  Mrs  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  overl. 
immig.  of  the  Swasey-Todd  party,  iv.  576,  580,  587.  Named  in  the  AT.  Helv. 
Diary  '45-7.  Early  in  '40  he  went  to  Sonoma,  where  he  joined  the  Bears, 
gained  imperishable  fame  as  the  artist  who  painted  the  Bear  flag,  was  the 
messenger  sent  with  the  news  of  revolt  to  Capt.  Montgomery  at  S.F.,  and 
was  at  one  time  a  captive  of  the  wicked  Californians.  v.  110, 131,  146-9,  154, 
156,  167-8.  He  lived  at  Sonoma  for  several  years  after  '46,  not,  apparently, 
serving  in  the  Cal.  Bat. ;  then  went  to  El  Dorado  Co. ,  where  a  valley  bears  his 
name;  and  in  78  was  living  in  S.  Bernardino,  his  death  not  being  reported 
down  to  '85. 

Tole  (Thomas),  1836,  sailor  at  Los  Ang.  from  Lima,  age  24.  Toler  (Hope 
ful),  1847,  came  to  Cal.  with  despatches,  some  official  appointment,  and  2 
daughters,  on  the  Preble.  v.  584-5;  worked  as  a  clerk  in  settling  the  Leides- 
dortf  estate;  went  with  his  family  to  the  mines  in  '48;  in  '49  a  notary  public 
at  S.F.  I  have  no  record  of  what  became  of  him.  One  of  his  daughters,  Char 
lotte  Catherine,  married  L.  W.  Hastings  in  '48,  and  died  at  a  date  not  re 
corded;  the  other  daughter  was  still  living  about  '80.  T.  (Wm  P.),  1842,  son 
of  Hopeful  and  mid.  U.S.N.  with  Com.  Jones  at  Mont.;  also  on  the  Savannah 
'45-7;  returned  as  lieut  on  the  St  Mary  in '49.  He  married  a  Peralta,  and 
still  lived  at  S.  Leandro  in  '85.  Tolman  (H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon. 
Talmayr  (Louis  Auguste),  1836,  Fr.  carpenter  from  Peru;  at  Los  Ang,,  age  22. 

Tometty  (Nicholas),  1845,  Amer.  citizen  at  Mont,  from  St  Louis  Sept. 
Tomlinson  (Ambrose  G.),  1832,  trapper  of  Young's  party  from  N.  Mex.,  who 
remained  in  Cal.  iii.  388,  408.  He  is  also  called  Thomas  L.  and  Thomason, 
and  known  as  'Tom  the  Trapper.'  He  had  a  passp.  in  '34;  was  interested 
from  '35  with  Job  Dye  in  a  distillery  near  Sta  Cruz;  signed  the  letter  of 
thanks  to  Com.  Kennedy  at  Mont.  '36.  iv.  141;  and  apppears  on  Larkin's 
books  from  '37.  He  was  one  of  Graham's  riflemen  (iii.  457);  was  arrested  but 
not  exiled  in  '40,  being  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  man  who,  in  fear  of 
death,  revealed  Graham's  plot  to  P.  Real  at  the  confessional,  iv.  5,  17. 
In  '41  he  wrote  to  Com.  Forrest  a  report  on  the  murder  of  Anthony  Campbell, 
f .  686.  At  this  time  he  lived  at  S.  Josd  as  a  carpenter,  age  38,  wife  Maria  de 
Jesus  Bernal,  child  Tomas.  In '42  Dr  Maxwell  amputated  his  leg,  and  he 
died  before  the  end  of  '44.  He  is  called  Engl.  and  Amer.,  and  possibly  there 
were  two  of  the  name,  but  if  so  I  cannot  disentangle  the  records.  T.  (John 
J.),  1848,  nat.  of  Md,  who  came  from  Or.;  trader  in  Cal.  and  Ariz.,  and 
niemb.  of  a  Los  Ang.  firm;  d.  S.  Bern.  '67,  age  41.  Tompkins  (Amos),  1830, 
at  Mont,  bound  for  Guaymas.  T.  (Christopher  Q.),  1847,  nat  of  Va  and 
capt.  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  v.  414-15,  429,  518-20.  He  went  east  with  Kearny 
the  same  year;  was  a  col  in  the  confederate  army  '61-5;  and  died  in  N.Y. 
77.  T.  (Thomas),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  2  child,  v. 
v.  547;  at  Sutter's  fort  '47-8;  did  not  go  to  Utah. 

Tooms  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  treasurer  of  Stanislaus 
Co.;  at  Modesto  '82.  Toomes  (Albert  G.),  1841,  nat.  of  Mo.  and  overl. 
immig.  in  the  Workman-Rowland  party  from  N.  Mex.  iv.  278-9.  In  partner 
ship  with  R.  H.  Thomes  he  worked  as  carpenter  and  builder  at  S.F.  for  a 
short  time  and  at  Mont,  from  '43.  In  '44  he  was  married  to  Maria  Isabel 
Lorenzana,  was  naturalized,  and  obtained  a  grant  of  the  Rio  de  los  Molinos 
rancho  in  Tehama  Co.  iv.  673.  He  visited  the  rancho  to  put  cattle  on  it  in 
'45  and  again  in  '47,  but  did  not  settle  there  till  '49,  as  the  firm  of  T.  &  T. 
is  ment.  at  Mont,  down  to  the  end  of  '48.  From  '49  he  lived  on  the  place,  be 
coming  a  rich  and  respected  citizen,  and  dying  in  73  at  the  age  of  56.  His 
widow,  without  children,  died  at  Oakland  in  78,  leaving  her  large  property 
to  a  neighbor  who  had  been  friendly  during  her  illness.  The  will  was  con 
tested  by  cousins  of  the  Ortega  family,  with  results  not  known  to  me. 

Toribio,  ment.  in  '18,  '33.  ii.  383;  iii.  323-4.  Torre  (Este"van  de  la),  son 
of  Jose"  Joaquin,  who  in  '36  lived  at  Mont,  age  IS;  in  '44  regidor;  in  '46  juea 


750  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

de  campo.  iv.  653;  v.  363,  637.  He  never  had  much  to  do  with  politics;  but 
has  always  been  an  industrious,  hard-working  man,  as  ranchero  and  miner. 
In  '76,  living  on  his  rancho  of  Bolsa  de  las  Escarpines — of  which  Salv.  Espi- 
nosa,  his  father-in-law,  was  grantee  and  claimant — he  gave  me  a  most  interest 
ing  and  valuable  dictation  of  his  Reminiscencias,  which  has  been  frequently 
cited  in  these  volumes.  His  narrative  is  particularly  valuable  as  a  picture  of 
manners  and  customs  in  Mex.  times,  but  is  also  a  good  record  of  the  various 
public  events  in  which  his  brothers — more  devoted  to  war  and  politics  than 
himself — took  part.  He  is  a  man  of  excellent  repute,  and  still  living  in  '85 
with  wife  and  sevei-al  children.  T.  (Gabriel),  brother  of  Este"van,  soldier  of 
the  Mont.  comp.  from  '27,  taking  part  in  the  revolts  of  '28-30.  iii.  67,  69-70; 
sergt  in  '34-6,  taking  part  in  the  movement  against  Chico.  iii.  671,  429;  but 
retired  about  this  time,  and  in  '39  grantee  of  Zanjones  rancho,  and  agente  de 
policia  at  Mont.  '44.  iii.  679;  iv.  633,  653.  From  '45  he  was  a  capt.  of  defen- 
sores,  and  wai  active  in  '45-6  against  Micheltorena  and  the  U.S.  under  Castro 
and  Flores,  down  to  the  final  treaty  of  '47.  iv.  515,  652,  654-5;  v.  41,  362-3; 
and  in  '48,  during  the  rumors  of  intended  revolution,  was  one  of  the  Californians 
required  to  give  bonds  and  commit  no  hostilities,  v.  585-6.  He  was  a  brave 
and  somewhat  reckless  man,  devoted  to  the  cause  of  his  country.  I  have  no 
record  of  the  date  of  his  death.  T.  (Joaquin),  brother  of  Est6van  and  Ga 
briel,  b.  about  '12,  educ.  at  Mont.  ii.  429;  soon  enlisted  in  the  Mont,  comp.; 
corporal  in  '36;  alferez  from  '39.  iii.  583,  671;  iv.  13,  652.  In  '40  he  took  an 
active  part  in  arresting  the  foreigners,  and  accompanied  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias, 
being  also  grantee  of  Arroyo  Seco  rancho.  iv.  19-21,  30;  iii.  677.  In  '42-4  he 
was  celador  at  the  Mont,  custom-house,  iv.  339,  377,  431;  and  in  145  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  revolution  against  Micheltorena,  being  made  capt.  of  the 
Mont,  comp.,  and  acting  alcalde  for  a  time.  iv.  462,  487,  507,  652,  654.  In  '46 
he  was  in  com.  of  the  troops  sent  by  Castro  against  the  Bears,  getting  the 
worst  of  a  skirmish  at  Olompali,  but  deceiving  Fremont  by  a  ruse,  he  suc 
ceeded  in  crossing  the  bay  and  accompanied  Castro  to  the  south,  v.  41,  134- 
6,  165-8,  174-7.  After  the  occupation  by  the  U.S.  he  was  paroled,  but  with 
the  rest  broke  his  parole  and  fought  in  the  Natividad  campaign,  v.  289,  331, 
362,  366,  370.  Don  Joaquin  was  a  man  of  much  energy  and  courage,  like  his 
brother  Gabriel  in  many  respects,  and  not  friendly  to  the  Amer.  invaders. 
He  was  cl.  for  Arroyo  Seco  in  '52,  and  in  '55  was  killed  by  Anastasio  Garcia, 
a  murderer  whom  lie  was  trying  to  arrest  near  Sta  B.  T.  (Jose*  Joaquin), 
1801,  Span,  cadet  of  the  Mont.  comp.  to  '22,  serving  much  of  the  time  as  gov 
ernor's  sec.  ii.  379,  438,  457,  463,  580,  676.  In  '22  he  was  grantee  of  the  Bolsa 
del  Potrero,  sold  to  Capt.  Cooper  in  '29.  ii.  615,  664;  iii.  13;  in  '23-5  sec.  of 
the  junta  and  diputacion.  ii.  486-7,  513,  612;  iii.  7,  20;  in  the  lists  of  Span, 
of  '28-30,  but  not  sent  away.  iii.  51-2.  In  '36  he  is  named  in  the  Mont,  pa- 
dron  as  48  years  old  (prob.  52,  as  his  birth  is  recorded  in  1784  in  one  doc. ),  wife 
Maria  de  los  Angeles  Cota,  child.  EsteVan  b.  '18,  Jos6  Ant.  '20,  Encarnacion 
(who  married  Capt.  Silva)  '22,  Rita  (who  married  Florencio  Serrano)  '26, 
Pablo  '31,  Jose"  '33,  and  Maria  de  Alta  Gracia  '34.  I  find  no  later  record  of 
Don  Jos6  Joaquin.  His  widow  died  at  Mont,  in  '77  at  the  age  of  87,  leaving 
3  sons,  3  daughters,  and  43  grandchildren.  T.  (Jos6  Maria),  soldier  of  the 
Mont.  comp.  '36,  age  19;  juez  de  campo  '42.  iv.  653.  T.  (Pablo),  in  Castro's 
force  '46.  v.  363;  sou  of  J.  J.  T.  (Raimundo),  son  of  J.  J.,  at  Mont.  '26.  ii. 
612;  soldier  from  '28;  corporal  of  the  escolta  at  S.  Miguel  '29;  involved  in 
the  Solis  revolt  and  sent  to  Mex.  '30.  iii.  67-85;  served  in  Jalisco  and  Sonora; 
and  returned  to  Cal.  in  '47,  to  be  murdered  a  little  later  near  Mont. 

Torrens  (Hilario),  1786,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Diego  to  '98,  when 
he  retired,  dying  in  '99.  Biog.  i.  651;  ment.  i.  388,  423,  455-6,  459,  576-7. 
Torres  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  T'.  (Francisco),  1834,  Mex.  physician  of 
the  H.  &  P.  colony,  who  was  in  '35  exiled  to  Mex.  for  complicity  in  the 
movement  at  Los  Ang.  against  Gov.  Figueroa.  iii.  284-90.  T.,  1792,  mr  of 
the  Sta  Gertrudis.  i.  506.  T.  (Manuel),  1802,  surgeon  of  the  Cal.  forces  at 
Mont.  1802-3;  and  apparently  at  Mont,  again  1805.  ii.  31,  140.  T.  (Ma 
nuel),  1843,  nat.  of  Peru,  who  came  with  Stephen  Smith,  his  brother-in-law. 


TORRES— TROW.  751 

iv.  396;  and  for  some  years  was  employed  by  Smith  at  his  Bodega  mill.  In 
'45  he  signed  the  bonds  of  Amer.  immigrants,  iv.  581,  and  was  grantee  of  the 
Muniz  rancho,  Sonoma  Co.,  which  was  finally  confirmed  to  him.  iv.  672,  679. 
In  '48  he  married  Mariana,  daughter  of  Capt.  Wm  A.  Richardson.  He  took 
but  slight  part  in  the  troubles  of  '46-7.  In  75,  residing  at  S.F.,  Don  Manuel 
gave  me  his  Peripetias  de  la  Vida  Californiana,  a  most  interesting  MS.,  de 
voted  to  manners  and  customs  and  observations  on  early  men  rather  than  to 
a  narrative  of  events.  In  '85  he  resides  at  Martinez.  Torrey,  1845,  doubtful 
member  of  Fremont's  party,  iv.  583.  Tosta  (Bonifacio),  appointed  gov.  in 
'23,  but  did  not  come  to  Cal.  ii.  484-5.  Totten  (Matthew),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st 
U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Tova  (Antonio),  1791,  lieut  of  Malaspina's  exped. 
i.  490. 

Towner  (Loammi),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.  Jos6  after  '50. 
Towns  (Charles),  1844,  one  of  Fremont's  men,  who  left  the  party  in  Cal.  iv. 
437,  439,  453.  Townsend  (Alfred  A.),  1847,  from  Valparaiso  with  letters 
from  Atherton  to  Larkin;  of  firm  T.  &  Robinson,  bakers  and  saloon-keepers 
at  Mont.  '47-8;  went  to  the  mines  '48.  T.  (John),  1844,  nat.  of  Va,  a  phy 
sician  and  overl.  immig.  from  Mo.  in  the  Stevens  party  with  his  wife.  iv. 
446,  453.  He  served  as  Sutter's  aid  in  the  Micheltorena  campaign,  iv.  483, 
485,  516;  then  practised  medicine  at  Mont,  for  a  time  in  '45.  In  Clyman's 
Diary  he  is  described  as  'much  attached  to  his  own  opinions,  as  likewise  to 
the  climate  and  country  of  Cal.  His  pleasant  wife  does  not  enter  into  all  her 
husband's  chimerical  speculations.'  In '46-9  Dr  T.  practised  medicine  at  S.F., 
visiting  Sutter's  fort  in  '46.  v.  128;  being  at  Benicia  '47,  and  also  prospecting 
the  Marin  Co.  hills  for  minerals;  the  owner  of  several  S.  F.  lots,  on  one  of 
which  he  built  a  house  and  office,  v.  678;  in  '48  taking  some  part  in  town 
politics,  and  serving  as  school  trustee  and  alcalde,  but  making  a  trip  to  the 
mines,  v.  648-9,  651-2,  656;  and  in  '49  member  of  the  council.  Late  in  '50  he 
moved  to  a  farm  near  S.  Jose",  where  he  and  his  wife  (a  sister  of  Moses  Schal- 
lenberger)  died  of  cholera  in  Dec.  '50  or  Jan.  '51.  Dr  T.  was  a  man  of  excel 
lent  character,  and  of  genial,  enthusiastic  temperament.  T.  (John  M.), 
1848,  Sta  Clara  fruit-grower  '59-76.  T.  (J.  S.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.; 
perhaps  same  as  preceding.  Towson  (Thomas),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 
358);  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.  Toye  (H.  H.  F.),  1847,  Co.  G.  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  d.  in  Nicaragua  '56. 

Trail  (G.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Trapin  (R.  S.),  1845,  lieut  on  the  U.S. 
Savannah;  performed  relig.  service  at  S.F.  '46.  v.  225.  Travers  (John)  1847, 
owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  676.  T.  (Wm  B.),  1847,  sergfc  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  v. 
504;  killed  by  the  Los  Ang.  explosion,  v.  625.  Travis  (W.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Hon.  Tread  way  (P.),  1848,  mr  of  the  Kekanonohi.  v.  579;  went  back 
to  Hon.  on  the  Julian.  Treanor  (D.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Treat 
(Thomas),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Trejo  (Entimio),  appointed 
celador  at  Mont. ;  perhaps  did  not  come.  iv.  557.  Tremmels  (Wm  R.),  1847, 
lieut  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.;  died  on  the  voy.  to  Cal.  v.  504,  513. 

Tresconi  (Alberto),  1844,  prob.  Italian,  named  in  Larkin's  accounts  and 
other  records  at  Mont,  from  this  year.  iv.  453;  at  Sta  Cruz  '79,  owning  prop 
erty  in  Mont.  Co.  Trevethan  (Wm),  1826,  Engl.  sailor  who  came  from  the 
Islands  on  the  Rover,  iii.  176,  and  worked  as  boatman  at  Mont.,  afterwards 
becoming  lumberman  and  carpenter,  and  for  a  time  majordomo  of  S.  Miguel. 
In  '29  his  age  was  26;  and  from  '33  his  name  appears  in  various  records  as  a 
sawyer  in  the  Mont.  dist.  In  '40  he  was  arrested,  but  not  exiled,  iv.  17,  23; 
naturalized  in  '44,  and  married,  perhaps  earlier,  to  Maria  Antonia  Perez. 
In  these  years  he  lived  in  the  S.  Antonio  redwoods,  and  was  for  a  time  sub- 
alcalde;  later  he  moved  to  Sta  Cruz  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '70,  with 
10  children.  Trigo  (Jose"  R.),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  Triunfo  (Jos6  Miguel), 

frantee  of  Cahuenga  rancho  '45.  iv.  634.       Troutman  (James  B.),  1857,  Co. 
\  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).       T.  (John),  1847,  drummer  in  ditto.       Trow  (Henry), 
1845,  Engl.  sailor  in  Sutter's  employ  '45-6.  iv.  578,  587;  v.  675;  ment.  in 
connection  with  Benicia  affairs  '47-8;  later  in  the  mines  of  Trinity  or  Shasta; 
and  last  seen  by  Bidwell  between  '56  and  '60. 


752  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Trubody  (John),  1847,  nat.  of  Engl.  and  overl.  immig.  from  Mo.  with  fam 
ily,  who,  after  a  short  stay  at  Sutter's  fort,  settled  at  S.F.,  though  owning  land 
at  Napa.  He  and  his  wife  were  active  memb.  of  the  1st  methodist  society  in 
Cal.;  the  latter,  Jane  Palmer,  dying  in  77.  T.  (Josiah  P.),  1847,  son  of 
John,  b.  in  Pa,  who  went  from  S.  F.  in  '56  to  Napa;  married  Sophronia 
Ament  in  '65;  at  Napa  in  '80  engaged  with  his  brother  in  the  cultivation  of 
berries.  T.  (Wm  A.),  1847,  son  of  John,  b.  in  Mo.;  educated  in  the  east 
from  '50;  married  a  daughter  of  T.  L.  Grigsby  '68;  at  Napa  '80.  Truett, 

1847,  at  Sutter's  fort;  doubtful  name.       Truitte  (S.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat., 
enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.  (v.  358).       Trujillo,  half  a  dozen  of  the  name  at 
Los  Ang.  '46.       T.  (Lorenzo),  1841,  chief  of  a  N.  Mex.  colony  settling  at  S. 
Bern.,  where  he  still  lived  '46,  age  50.  iv.  278,  638.       T.  (Manuel),  Mex.  sec. 
of  Carlos  Carrillo  as  gov.  '37-8;  perhaps  the  same  who  was  admin,  of  S.  Luis 
Ob.  '35;  left  Cal.  with  Tobar  '38.  iii.  548-9,  565,  682-3.       Truman  (Jacob 
M,),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  one  of  the  explorers  of  a  new  route 
over  the  mts  '48.       Trusted  (Gottfried),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.   (v.  518). 

Tubb  (Michael),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  an  alcalde  at 
Mormon  camp  '49;  apparently  a  partner  of  J.  W.  Cassin  in  Tehama  Co.  in 
later  years.  T.  (Wm),  1846,  Co.  C,  ditto;  prob.  brother  of  Michael. 
Tucker  (Geo.  W.),  1846,  nat.  of  Ohio,  son  of  R.  P.,  memb.  of  1st  Donner  re 
lief,  v.  339;  miner  in  '48-9;  settler  in  Napa  '47-81;  married  in  '58  to  Ange 
lina  Kellogg,  by  whom  he  has  8  children.  T.  (John  W.),  1846,  brother  of 
G.  W.,  and  resid.  of  Napa  '47-81;  wife  Mrs  C.  E.  Weed  '79.  T.  (Reasin 
P.),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  wife  and  several  sons.  v.  529;  a  member  of  the 
1st  and  4th  Donner  relief,  v.  538,  541;  settled  in  Napa  with  his  sons,  but  in 
'79  living  at  Soleta,  Sta  B.;  also  called  Daniel.  T.  (S.  J.),  perhaps  another 
son  of  R.  P.,  in  Napa  '47.  T.  (Thomas),  1845,  in  Sutter's  employ.  T. 
(Wm),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sonora  '71;  not  in  Clark's  last  list. 
Tuel  (James),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247). 

Turcote  (Fran9ois),  1830,  Canadian  trapper  of  Young's  party;  prob.  re 
turned  to  N.  Mex.  iii.  174.  Turincio  (Manuel),  1841,  mr  of  the  Columbine. 
iv.  564.  Turkson  (Paul),  1845,  trader  at  S.F.  Turnbull  (Thomas),  1841, 
Engl.  sailor  on  the  Brayanza,  who  left  the  vessel  and  was  at  Sta  Cruz  '42-3. 
In  '48  his  relatives  in  London  write  for  information  about  him.  Turner, 

1848,  from  Hon.  on  the  Sagadahoc.       T.  (Chas  C.),  1845,  com.  of  the  U.S. 
Erie  '45-7.  iv.  565.      T.  (David),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).       T. 
(Henry  S.),  1846,  capt.  1st  dragoons,  who  came  with  Kearny  from  N.  Mex., 
fought  at  S.  Pascual;  com.  of  2d  bat.  of  Stockton's  force  '46-7;  went  east 
with  Kearny  '47;  and  was  a  witness  at  the  Fremont  court-martial,  v.  336, 
347,  385,  391-5,  437,  441,  444,  452,  456.  He  was  again  at  S.F.  '52-4,  being  a 
member  of  the  banking  firm  of  Lucas,  T.,  &  Co.       T.  (James  M.),  capt.  of 
Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  503,  511;  did  not  come  to  Cal.  v.  540.       T.  (John  S.), 
1826,  one  of  Jed.  Smith's  trappers  in  Cal.  '26-7.  iii.  153,  159-60,  176;  came 
back  with  McLeod's  party  '28.  iii.  161;  and  again  before  '35,  when  he  went 
from  Cal.  to  Or.,  revisiting  Cal.  with-  the  Cattle  party  of  '37.  iv.  85.  Bryant 
met  him  near  Clear  Lake  in  '46;  he  was  one  of  the  2d  Donner  relief  '47.  v. 
540;  and  died  the  same  year  in  Yolo  Co.       T.  (Loammi),  1847,  Co.  B.  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499).       T.  (Sam.),  1845,  one  of  the  men  lost  on  the  Warren's  launch 
'46.  iv.  587;  v.  384.      Turney,  1848,  from  Or.,  kept  a  restaurant  at  Sutter's 
fort. 

Tustin  (Fernando),  1845,  son  of  Wm  I.,  who  came  overl.  as  a  child,  iv. 
579,  587;  a  blacksmith  in  S.F.  '83.  T.  (Wm  Isaac),  1845,  nat.  of  Va,  and 
overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party  with  wife  and  son.  v.  579,  587.  He 
worked  for  Sutter  and  remained  in  the  upper  Sac.  Val.  '45-6;  iv.  580;  and  in 
'47  settled  at  Benicia,  where  he  built  the  first  adobe  house,  v.  672.  Later  he 
moved  to  S.F.,  where  he  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  windmills,  and  where 
he  still  lives  in  '85  at  the  age  of  65.  In  '80  he  wrote  for  my  use  his  Recollec 
tions,  a  MS.  which  has  furnished  me  not  a  few  items  of  interest.  Tuttle 
(Elanson),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  T.  (Luther  T.),  1847,  sergtCo. 
D,  ditto,  v.  477;  at  Manti,  Utah,  '81. 


TWIST— VACA.  753 

Twist  (Hilary),  1S4C,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  T.  (W.W.), 
1 847  (?),  sheriff  of  Los  Ang.  '52-3;  killed  in  Sonora,  Mex.;  accredited  to  the 
N.Y.Vol.  by  Bell.  Rc.min.,  58,  288.  Twitchell  (Anciel),  1847,  Co.  D,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  Tylee  (Dan.  K),  1847,  doubtful  name  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  not  in  Clark's  last  list.  Tyler  (Daniel),  1847,  sergt  Co,  C,  Morm.  Bat. ; 
also  elder  in  the  church,  capt.  of  50  on  the  return,  and  author  of  an  excellent 
J Jittery  of  the  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477,  488,  491,  493;  in  Utah  '85.  T.  (Henry  B.), 
1847,  capt.  of  marines  on  the  U.S.  Columbus.  T.  (J.),  1846,  Co.  B,  artill. 
Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  Sac.  Oct.  (v.  358). 

Uber,  1843,  German  in  charge  of  Sutter's  distillery.  Yates;  iv.  229. 
Uhrbrook  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  G,  K  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Nicaragua  with 
Walker;  d.  Sta  Clara  '75.  Ulibarri  (Francisco  Roman  Fernandez),  1809, 
Span,  friar  who  served  chiefly  at  S.  Juan  B.  and  Sta  Ines,  dying  at  S.  Gabriel, 
'21.  Biog.  ii.  569;  ment.  ii.  154,  159-60,  237,  357,  366,  369,  386,  394,  655. 
Ulloa  (Gonzalo),  1819,  com.  of  the  8.  Carlos,  ii.  253;  com.  S.  Bias  '21-2.  ii. 
441,  456-7.  U.  (Francisco),  1539,  in  his  navigation  of  the  gulf  possibly 
looked  upon  Cal.  territory,  i.  64,  68;  Hist.  North  Mex.  St.,  i.  78  et  seq. 

Unamano(  Francisco),  1842,  mr  of  the  Constante.  iv.  564.  Underwood 
(G.L.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Petaluma'74;  d.  Portland,  Or.,  '81. 
Unzueta  (Jose"),  sergt  of  artill.  at  Mont.  1803-4.  Upham  (Wm),  1847,  of  U. 
&  Talbot  at  Mont.  '47-8.  Upson  (Trueman),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Uren  (Thomas),  1848,  d.  at  Dutch  Flat  73.  Placer  Co.  Hist.,  411.  Ur- 
guides  (Antonio,  Dolores,  Guillermo,  Juan,  and  Tomas),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8. 
U.  (Encarnacion),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '12;  alcalde  in  '24.  ii.  349,  354-5,  359. 
Uria  (Francisco  Javier  de  la  Concepcion),  1797,  Span,  friar,  whose  longest 
service  was  at  Sta  Ine"s.  He  died  at  Sta  B.  in  '34.  Biog.  iii.  659;  ment.  i.  562, 
577;  u.  29,  115,  155,  159-60,  236,  368,  394,  526,528-9,  579,  581,  620,  622,655; 
iii.  92,  96,  118,  350-1,  657.  U.  (Jose'  Antonio),  1799,  Span,  friar,  who  served 
chiefly  at  S.  Jose"  mission,  retiring  in  1808.  Biog.  ii.  115;  ment.  i.  556,  557; 
ii.  46,  68,  130, 137-8,  155,  159-60. 

Uribe  (Francisco,  Jose"  M.,  and  Pedro),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  U.  (Ricardo), 
soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  '37;  at  Los  Ang.  '45,  being  a  leader  in  a  re 
volt,  iv.  523,  541,  632.  Uribes  (Jose"  Miguel),  settler  at  Branciforte  1797.  i. 
569.  U.  (Tomas),  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '19.  ii.  351,  354.  Uriquides  (Maria 
Magdalena),  1794,  wife  of  Gov.  Borica.  i.  728.  Urrea  (Jos6),  interpreter  at 
the  Col.  River  pueblos  1780-2.  i.  359,  362,  367.  Urresti  (Jose"  Antonio), 
1804,  Span,  friar,  who  served  for  brief  terms  at  several  missions,  and  died 
at  S.  Fern,  in  '12.  Biog.  ii.  357;  ment.  ii.  109,  114-16,  121-2,  159,  355,  394. 
Urselino  (Jose),  carpenter  at  S.  Diego,  killed  by  Ind.  1775.  i.  250,  253.  Ur- 
sua  (Julian),  grantee  of  Panocha  rancho  '44.  iv.  672;  chosen  alcalde  at  S. 
Juan  B.  '47.  v.  640.  Usson  (Ramon),  1772,  Span,  friar  who  was  intended 
for  the  mission  of  S.  Buenaventura,  but  after  Leing  stationed  as  supernumer 
ary  at  S.  Diego  and  S.  Antonio,  he  went  away  sick  as  chaplain  on  the  explor 
ing  transports  in  '74,  retiring  also  from  that  service  after  one  voyage,  i.  19-2-3, 
196,  227,  240-1,  455. 

Vaca  (Manuel),  1841,  nat.  of  N.  Mex.,  prob.  of  the  prominent  N.  Mex. 
family  of  that  name — descended  from  Capt.  Vaca,  one  of  the  conquerors  of 
1600,  and  often  absurdly  connected  with  Cabeza  de  Vaca— who  came  with 
his  family  in  the  Workman  party,  settling  in  Solano  Co.,  where  with  Pena 
he  obtained  a  grant  of  the  Putah  rancho,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life, 
dying,  I  think,  before  '60.  iv.  278,  516,  672;  v.  119.  Don  Manuel  was  a  hos 
pitable  man  of  good  repute,  whose  name  is  borne  by  the  valley  and  by  the 
town  of  Vacaville.  Of  the  family  there  is  not  much  definite  information. 
Juan  was  killed  by  Ind.  on  the  Moquelumne  in  '45.  Marcos  is  named  in  N. 
Helv.  records  from  '45;  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $4,967  (v.  462);  and  was  perhaps 
grantee  of  a  rancho.  iv.  671;  being  2d  alcalde  at  Sonoma  '45.  iv.  678.  Nepo- 
muceno  is  named  in  a  Sonoma  list  of  '44;  age  26;  perhaps  the  same  as  Juan. 
Tedfilo  was  19  in  '44,  and  died  at  the  raucho  in  '77,  leaving  a  family.  These 
HIST.  CAI,.,  VOL.  V.  48 


754  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

I  suppose  were  all  sons  of  Manuel.  In  '30  Jose"  Ant.  Vaca  had  visited  Cal. 
from  N.  Mex.  iii.  173.  Vail  (James  M.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
killed  by  Ind.  in  El  Dorado  Co.  '48.  Vaillant  (Jean),  1830,  trapper  of 
Young's  party  from  N.  Mex.  iii.  174. 

Valdes  (Antonio),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '15.  ii.  350.  V.  (Antonio  Maria), 
at  Los  Ang.  '36;  age  25  in  '39  (another  Antonio  '47);  zanjero  in  '44.  iv.  633. 
V.  (Basilio),  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '36-7;  sindico  '40-1,  '45.  iii.  481,  509,  631-2, 
634,  636,  638;  still  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  V.  (Cayetano),  1791,  lieut  of  Malaspi- 
na's  exped.  i.  490;  com.  of  the  Mexicana  1792.  i.  506-7;  killed  at  Trafalgar. 
V.  (Crescencio),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  before  '37;  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  40. 
V.  (Dorotea),  an  old  woman,  aged  81,  living  at  Mont.  '74,  who  gave  me  her 
Reminiscences  of  very  early  times,  ii.  232.  She  was  a  daughter  of  Juan  B. 
Valdes,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  S.  Diego,  where  she  was  born  in  1793. 
V.  (Eugenio),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1800.  ii.  349.  V.  (Felix),  1843,  Mex. 
officer  of  the  batallon  fijo,  who  seems  to  have  come  later  than  the  main  body; 
is  named  in  several  transactions  of  '43-5,  and  was  the  grantee  of  Temecula 
rancho  in  '44.  iv.  406,  470,  509,  621,  639.  V.  (Francisco),  at  S.  Bern.  '46, 
age  25.  V.  (Gervasio),  sub-deacon  at  the  Sta  Lie's  seminary  '44.  iv.  426. 
V.  (Jesus),  Sonoran  killed  at  Sta  B.  '40.  iii.  655.  V.  (Jose),  soldier  of  Sta 
B.  comp.  '32;  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  V.  (Jose  Maria),  at  Los  Ang.  and  S.  Bern. 
'39-46.  V.  (Jose"  Ramon),  b.  at  Los  Ang.  1803;  a  soldier  of  '21-32;  later 
ranchero  and  trader  Sta  B.;  in  '38  sindico.  iii.  654;  in  '42-3  juez  de  paz.  iv. 
642;  in  '45  maj.  at  S.  Buen. ,  iv.  645,  where  in  '78  he  gave  me  his  Memorias.  ii. 
240;  wife  Daria  Ortega,  3  child,  in  '37.  V.  (Juan  B. ),  an  old  settler  who  left 
some  hist.  mem.  i.  175.  V.  (Julian),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-48.  V.  (Luciano), 
teacher  at  Los  Ang.  '30.  ii.  564.  V.  (Maria  Rita),  grantee  of  S.  Antonio 
rancbo  '31.  V.  (Melecio),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1789.  i.  461.  V.  (Miguel), 
at  Los  Ang.  '48.  7.  (Rafael),  soldier  of  Sta  B.  comp.  '32;  wife  Rafaela 
Pico;  5  child,  in  '37.  V.  (Rodrigo),  shoemaker  at  Mont.  '41.  V.  (Salva 
dor),  fifer  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '39-42.  V.  (Simplicio),  arrested  in  '45  for  con 
spiracy,  iv.  522.  V.  (Urita),  in  revolt  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  v.  308. 

Valencia  (Antonio),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-28;  hanged  in  '49  for  mur 
der  of  Pyle  near  S.  Jos6  in  '47;  perhaps  2  men.  V.  (Antonio),  soldier  of 
Sta  B.  comp.  before  '37;  arrested  in  '37,  and  executed  for  murder  at  Los  Ang. 
'42.  iii.  638;  iv.  632.  V.  (Antonio),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  V.  (Ascencio),  shot  for 
murder  at  Los  Ang.  '41.  iv.630.  V.  (Bruno),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19- 
27;  in  '41  at  S.  Jose",  age  39,  wife  Bernarda  Duarte,  child.  Francisco  b.  '31, 
Maria  Concepcion  '30,  Meliton  '35,  Jose  Ramon  '38;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '43. 
iv.  669;  v.  684;  juez  de  campo  '43.  iv.  685.  He  apparently  lived  at  S.  Mateo. 
V.  (Candelario),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '23-33;  in  '34  grantee  of  Acalanes 
rancho,  Contra  Costa,  iii.  711;  S.F.  elector  '35.  iii.  704;  owner  of  lot  at  S.F. 
mission  '40.  iii.  706;  juez  de  campo  '42,  iv.  665,  being  named  on  the  S.F. 
padron  as  38  years  old,  wife  Paula  Sanchez,  child.  Eustaquio  b.  '28,  Jos6  Ra 
mon  '29,  Maria  '32,  Lucia  '43,  Tomas  '37,  Josefa  '41.  Sergt  of  defensores  '44. 
iv.  667;  juez  de  campo  '46.  v.  648;  witness  in  the  Saiitillan  case  '54.  His  wife 
was  a  cl.  for  Buri-buri  rancho.  V.  (Dolores),  wife  of  Lieut  Grijalva  1770. 
ii.  104.  V.  (Eustaquio),  son  of  Candelario,  resid.  at  S.F.  mission  from  '37, 
witness  in  the  Santillan  case  '55.  Grantee  and  cl.  of  a  mission  lot  '45-52.  iv. 
673.  V.  (Francisco),  regidor  at  S.  Jos<§  1802.  ii.  134;  still  at  S.  Jose"  '41, 
age  68,  nat.  of  Sonora,  widower.  He  was  perhaps  the  father  of  the  S.F.  Va- 
lencias.  The  family  name  is  borne  by  a  leading  street  in  S.F.  V.  (Gregorio),  at 
S.  Bern.  '46.  V.  (Guadalupe),  at  S.  Jos<§  '41,  age  26,  wife  Ramona  Martinez, 
child  Miguel  b.  '40.  V.  (Ignacio),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1808.  ii.  349;  at  S. 
Bern.  '46,  age  25,  prob.  a  son.  V.  (Jos6  de  Jesus),  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp. 
'27-37;  in  '42  at  S.F.,  age  35,  wife  Julia  Sanchez,  child.  Catarina  b.  '35,  Riso 
'37,  and  Francisco;  corp.  of  defensores  '44.  V.  (J.  M. ),  his  wife  the  1st  person 
buried  at  S.F.  '76.  i.  296.  V.  (Jos6  Ramon),  b.  at  S.F.  '28,  grantee  and  cl. 
of  mission  lots.  iv.  673;  in  Marin  Co.  '65-76.  V.  (Julio),  at  S.  Jos<§  '41, 
age  35,  wife  Concepcion  Alviso,  child.  Cirilo  b.  '28,  Guadalupe  '33,  Magda- 
lena  '45,  Manuel  '39;  in  '44  of  the  S.  Jos<§  guard,  iv.  685.  V.  (Manuel),  set- 


VALENCIA— VALLE.  755 

tier  at  S.  Jose"  1788,  died.  i.  477.  V.  (Manuel),  grantee  of  Canada  de  Pinole, 
Contra  Costa,  iv.  672.  V.  (Manuel),  at  Los  Ang.  '37  in  jail;  known  as  'El 
Chino.'  V.  (Miguel),  2d  alcalde  at  Sta  B.  '29;  soldier  before  '37,  wife  Prisca 
Olivera;  alcalde  '31-2,  iii.  653,  212;  maj.  at  Sta  Ines  '39.  iii.  664.  V.  (Ra 
mon),  grantee  of  land  at  S.  Gabriel,  iv.  637.  V.  (Ritillo),  arrested  '38.  iii. 
638;  a  leader  in  Los  Ang.  tumult  '45.  iv.  523.  V.  (Vicente),  sindico  at  Sta 
B.  '27,  '39.  ii.  572;  iii.  52,  654;  wife  Margarita  Valenzuela,  4  child,  before  '37. 
Valentin,  at  Soledad  '26.  ii.  623.  Valentino,  at  N.  Helv.  '47-8.  Valen 
zuela  (Antonio),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Felix;  grantee  of  land 
at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626;  land  at  S.  Gabriel '43.  iv.  637;  at  S.  Gabriel'46. 
V.  (Desiderio  and  Dolores),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  V.  (Estanislao),  soldier  of 
the  S.F.  comp.  '27-31;  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  V.  (Felipe  and  Francisco),  at  Los 
Ang.  '46.  V.  (Gaspar),  zanjero  at  Los  Ang.  '44.  iv.  633;  resid.  '39-48.  V. 
(Ignacio),  invalido  at  Sta  B,  !32,  wife  Felipa  Fernandez,  child  Juana.  V. 
(Ignacio),  named  in  '46.  v.  162.  V.  (Joaquin),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  29;  at 
S.  Gab.  '46-7  as  juez  de  campo.  v.  628;  at  Sta  B.  '50.  V.  ( Jose"),  at  Los  Ang. 


'46.  V.  (Jos<§  Maria),  at  Los  Ang.  '15.  ii.  350;  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32;  alcalde 
at  Sta  B.  '35.  iii.  654;  maj.  at  Sta  B.  mission  '38.  iii.  656-7;  admin,  at  Pu- 
rfsima  '38-41.  iii.  666;  iv.  648;  still  at  Sta  B.  '51.  His  wife  was  Josefa  Cota, 
with  4  children  before  '37.  V.  (Jose'  Sabas),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  V.  (Luis), 
soldier  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Josefa  Rocha;  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  V.  (Manuel), 
soldier  of  Sta  B.  1799;  settled  at  Los  Ang.  1800.  ii.  349.  V.  (Manuel),  corp. 
at  Mont.  '36,  age  22.  V.  (Maximo),  juez  de  campo  at  Los  Ang.  '38.  iii.  636; 
still  there  '48.  V.  (Pedro),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1798.  ii.  350;  at  Los  Ang. 
'46;  d.  S.  Juan  Cap.  '68.  V.  (Pr6spero),  owner  of  land  at  S.  Gab.  '43.  iv. 
637.  V.  (Ramon),  at  Los  Ang.  '46-8.  V.  (Salvador),  ranchero  at  Sta  B. 
'45.  V.  (Secundino),  at  Los  Ang.  '39-46.  V.  (Segundo),  settler  at  Los 
Ang.  1800-19.  ii.  349,  354 

Valle  (Antonio  del),  1819,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  S.  Bias  infantry  comp.,  sta 
tioned  at  S.F.  for  a  few  years,  ii.  253,  265,  371;  in  '22  accompanied  the 
can6nigo  to  Ross,  ii.  464,  and  from  that  year  was  in  com.  of  the  inf.  comp. 
at  Mont.  ii.  534,  536,  583,  609,  675,  549;  iii.  26.  In  '23-4  he  was  in  trouble, 
was  tried  by  a  military  court  for  breaches  of  discipline,  and  once  ordered  to 
S.  Bias,  but  was  finally  permitted  to  remain.  His  troubles  seem  to  have 
sprung  from  the  hostility  of  Gov.  Argiiello,  against  whom  he  made  many 
complaints;  and  he  was  not  released  from  arrest  till  '26.  Robinson  describes 
him  in  '31  as  'a  little  dried-up  piece  of  vanity.'  In '32  he  supported  Zamorano, 
going  to  Los  Ang.  with  Ibarra,  iii.  227;  ment.  in  '34.  iii.  271;  in  '34-5  he  was 
comisionado  for  the  secularization  of  S.  Fern.,  where  he  served  also  as  major- 
domo  to  '37.  iii.  346,  353,  646-7.  He  opposed  Alvarado  in  '36,  was  arrested 
in  '37,  and  supported  Carlos  Carrillo  in  '38.  iii.  488,  504,  545.  In  '39  he  was 
grantee  of  S.  Francisco  rancho,  iii.  633,  where  he  died  in  '41,  the  same  year 
that  gold  was  discovered  on  his  place.  V.  (Antonio),  soldier  of  the  Hidalgo 
batallon  at  Mont.  '36,  age  14;  juez  de  paz  at  Sonoma  '46.  v.  668.  V.  (Ig 
nacio),  1825,  son  of  the  lieut  and  nat.  of  Jalisco,  who  came  to  Cal.  with 
Echeandia,  and  in  '28  became  a  cadet  in  the  Sta  B.  comp.,  going  to  S.  Diego 
with  the  gov.  and  serving  as  ayudante  de  plaza,  ii.  572,  549.  In  '31-2  he 
joined  the  pronunciados  against  Victoria  and  Zamorano,  though  his  father 
served  on  the  other  side,  being  made  alferez  in  '31,  and  attached  to  the  Mont, 
comp.  from  '32.  iii.  201,  204,  227,  671.  He  was  comisionado  to  secularize  S. 
Gabriel  '33,  Sta  Cruz  '34,  and  S.F.  '35.  iii.  289,  326,  346,  354,  644,  694-5, 
714-15.  Don  Ignacio  supported  Gutierrez  against  Alvarado  in  '36,  going  south 
after  G.'s  downfall,  supporting  Carrillo,  and  being  sent  to  Sonoma  as  a  pris 
oner  in '38.  iii.  463,  545,  449,  555,  566,  578.  In  '39  he  is  named  asalf.,  habili- 
tado,  and  supl.  vocal  of  the  junta;  but  was  mustered  out  of  the  mil.  service 
the  same  year,  iii.  583,  590,  592,  641, 651,  though  still  ment.  as  habil.  in  '40-1. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  in  '41  he  settled  on  the  S.  Francisco  rancho,  where 
in  '42  he  was  appointed  juez  of  the  new  mining  district,  iv.  297,  315,  630-1 ; 
in  '43  elector,  suplente  of  the  junta,  and  grantee  of  Tejon.  iv.  361,  635;  in 
45-6  still  memb.  and  sec.  of  the  junta,  memb.  elect  of  the  consejo,  and  treas- 


756  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

urer  of  the  civil  govt  by  Pico's  appointment,  iv.  519,  521,  547,  558,  631;  v. 
35.  He  was  alcalde  at  Los  Ang.  in  '50,  recorder  in  '50-1 ,  member  of  the  coun 
cil  and  of  the  legisl.  '52.  His  record  throughout  his  career  is  that  of  a  faith 
ful  officer  and  excellent  citizen.  In  '77,  living  at  his  rancho  of  Camulos,  he 
dictated  for  me  his  recollections  of  Lo  Pasado  de  California,  and  gave  me  a 
col.  of  Doc.  Hist.  OaL,  which  contains  some  important  papers.  He  died  in 
'80  at  the  age  of  72.  Of  his  family  I  know  only  that  a  son,  R.  F.,  is  in  '85 
prominent  in  Cal.  politics,  having  been  member  of  the  assembly  and  state 
senator.  V.  (Luis),  1834,  com.  of  the  Morelos.  iii.  269,  383.  V.  (Rafael), 
teacher  at  S.  Jose  '21.  ii.  379. 

Vallejo  (Ignacio  Vicente  Ferrer),  1774,  nat.  of  Jalisco,  Mex.,  son  of  Ge- 
r6nimo  V.  and  Antonia  Gomez,  b.  in  1748,  of  pure  Span,  blood,  and  of  a  fam 
ily  which  included  many  persons  of  education,  especially  several  priests, 
friars,  and  nuns  of  some  prominence,  as  is  proved  by  a  certificate  of  limpieza 
de  sangre  founded  on  testimony  taken  in  Jalisco  1806  at  the  petition  of  Juan 
Jos6  V.,  a  priest  and  brother  of  Ignacio.  The  latter,  however,  had  no  incli 
nation  for  education  or  the  church;  nothing  definite  is  known  of  his  early 
life;  but  in  '73,  at  the  age  of  25,  he  enlisted  at  Compostela  under  Rivera 
for  Cal.  service,  and  arrived  at  S.  Diego  in  Sept.  '74  with  Lieut  Ortega.  He 
was  a  somewhat  unmanageable  soldier,  often  in  trouble;  but  was  praised 
for  bravery  in  connection  with  the  Ind.  rising  at  S.  D.  in  '75.  i.  255;  and  in 
'76  was  given  leave  of  absence  from  mil.  service  to  become  an  employe"  at  S. 
Luis  Ob.  i.  299,  428;  being  formally  discharged,  I  suppose,  at  the  expiration  of 
his  enlistment  term.  From  '81  he  was  employed  at  S.  Carlos,  having,  it  seems, 
much  skill  and  energy  in  directing  agric.  and  irrigation  works,  though  by  no 
means  a  model  of  regular  conduct,  as  is  shown  by  occasional  charges  and  rep 
rimands.  In  '85  he  was  appointed  comisionado  of  S.  Josd;  reenlisted  in  '87 
for  10  years  in  the  Mont.  comp. ;  was  promoted  to  corporal  '89;  and  in  '95 
was  removed  from  his  position  at  S.  Jos6  on  complaint  of  the  citizens;  being 
corp.  of  the  escolta  at  Soledad  in  '93-5;  returning  to  S.  Jos6  as  superintend 
ent  of  flax  culture  '95-6,  and  holding  again  the  post  of  comisionado,  or  perhaps 
corp.  of  the  guard,  in  '97-9.  i.  439,  478-9,  499,  543,  552,  587,  620,  710-11, 
716-19,  725.  In  1799  he  was  made  comisionado  at  Branciforte,  holding  that 
place  for  several  years,  or  more  than  once,  the  records  not  being  quite  clear. 
i.  571;  ii.  156;  in  1805  was  promoted  to  sergt,  and  in  1807 — having  ob 
tained  the  certificate  of  gentle  blood  in  1806,  as  mentioned  above — was  de 
clared  sargento  distinguido.  ii.  140-1,  182;  iii.  451.  I  have  his  hojas  de 
servicio  of  dif.  dates,  showing  him  to  have  been  engaged  in  several  Ind.  cam 
paigns,  and  to  have  been  recommended  for  promotion,  which — prob.  on 
account  of  his  intractability  and  early  irregularities — he  did  not  get.  In  '18 
he  is  ment.  in  connection  with  the  Bouchard  affair,  subsequently  being  em 
ployed  on  certain  public  works  at  Mont.  ii.  230-1,  339,  379,  381,  609.  In 
24  he  was  sent  to  S.  Luis  Ob.  on  service  connected  with  the  Ind.  revolt  of 
that  year;  asking  the  same  year  for  retirement,  which  was  apparently  not 
granted,  though  he  got  a  grant  of  the  Bolsa  de  S.  Cayetano  rancho,  on  which 
his  cattle  had  been  for  some  years,  ii.  536-7,  615-16,  619,  664;  iii.  43,  678; 
ment.  in  '30.  iii.  83.  He  died  at  Mont,  in  '31  at  the  age  of  83.  Don  Ignacio 
is  described  in  his  enlistment  papers  as  5  ft  5^  in.  in  height,  with  brown 
hair,  gray  eyes,  short  nose,  full  beard,  and  fair  complexion.  He  was  a  rough, 
coarse-grained,  uneducated  man;  proud  of  his  Spanish  blood  and  family; 
haughty  in  manner,  insubordinate  and  unmanageable  as  a  soldier,  and  often 
in  trouble  with  his  superiors;  careless  in  his  morals;  but  endowed  with  con 
siderable  force  and  executive  ability,  and  honorable  and  straightforward,  I 
think,  in  his  dealings  with  other  men.  His  wife  was  Maria  Antonia,  daughter 
of  Francisco  Lugo,  married  in  1790,  who  died  in  '53.  There  were  13  children, 
5  sons — 4  of  whom  survived  their  father,  and  are  named  in  this  register — and 
8  daughters — 3  of  whom,  including  Magdalena  b.  1833,  IsiJora,  and  the  wife 
of  Mariano  Soberanes,  died  before  31.  The  survivors  were  Prudenciana,  who 
married  Jos6  Amesti,  and  died  after  '77.  Encarnacion,  who  married  Capt.  J. 
B.  R.  Cooper,  and  still  lives  in  '85;  Rosalia,  Mrs  J.  P.  Leese,  living  in  '85; 


VALLEJO.  757 

Josefa,  wife  of  Alvarado  (ii.  141),  Estrada,  and  Madariaga  successively;  and 
Maria  de  Jesus,  still  living  in  '53. 

Vallejo  (JostS  de  Jesus),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  at  S.  Jose"  in  1798;  1st  named  in 
records  of  the  Bouchard  affair  of  1818,  when  he  perhaps  commanded  a  battery 
at  Mont.  ii.  229-32,  234.  From  about  '24  he  seems  to  have  lived  at  the  Bolsa 
de  S.  Cayetano,  belonging  to  his  father  and  after  '31  to  himself,  till  '36, 
being  suplente  of  ths  diputacion  in  '33,  regidor  at  Mont,  in  '35,  and  capt.  of 
militia  artill.  under  Alvarado  in  '36-8.  ii.  615;  iii.  82,  246,  430,  457,  474,  511, 
525,  567,  673,  678,  732.  From  '36  he  was  comisionado  and  admin,  of  S.  Jose" 
mission,  iii.  725;  iv.  47,  194;  in  '39  suplente  of  the  junta,  iii.  590;  in  '40  en 
gaged  in  an  Ind.  campaign,  iv.  76,  138;  and  in  '40-2  grantee  of  the  Arroyo 
de  la  Alameda,  for  which  in  later  years  he  was  the  successful  claimant,  iii. 
711;  iv.  670.  He  was  mil.  com.  at  S.  Jos6  '41-2,  and  is  ment.  in  '44.  iv.  201, 
465,  684,  686;  delegate  to  the  consejo  general  '46.  v.  45;  Cal.  claim  of  $2,825 
'46-7  (v.  462).  He  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  at  Mission  S.  Jose",  where  he  was 
postmaster  in  '52,  and  in  '75  dictated  for  my  use  his  Rtminiscencias  His- 
tdricas.  He  died  in  '82  at  the  age  of  '84.  His  wife  was  Soledad  Sanchez, 
and  two  daughters,  Teresa  and  Guadalupe,  survived  him.  V.  (Juan 
Antonio),  son  of  Ignacio,  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '40.  iii.  706;  v.  681;  supleute 
juez  at  Mont.  '43.  iv.  653;  aux.  de  policia  '46.  v.  637.  He  was  later  a 
ranchero  in  the  Pajaro  Valley,  having  but  little  to  do  with  public  affairs  at 
any  time.  Died  at  Mont.  '57.  Larkin  describes  him  as  the  most  popular  of 
the  brothers. 

Vallejo  (Mariano  Guadalupe),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  at  Mont,  in  1808,  and 
educated  at  the  same  town.  ii.  429;  see  a  sketch  of  his  life  to  '36  in  iii.  471-3. 
He  entered  the  mil.  service  in  '23  (or  from  Jan.  1,  '24)  as  cadet  of  the  Mont, 
comp.,  and  in  '27  was  promoted  to  alferez  of  the  S.F.  comp.,  though  remain 
ing  at  Mont,  till  '30  as  habilitado  and  sometimes  acting  com.,  being  in  '27  a 
suplente  of  the  dip.,  and  in  '29  a  prisoner  of  the  Solis  revoltei-s,  besides  mak 
ing  a  somewhat  famous  exped.  against  the  Ind.  ii.  583-4,  608;  iii.  36,  65,  69, 
73,  89,  112-14.  From  '30  he  served  at  S.F.,  being  com.  from  '31;  but  as 
memb.  of  the  dip.  during  the  revolution  against  Victoria,  of  which  he  was  an 
active  promoter,  and  the  Zamorano-Echeandia  regime  of  '32,  he  was  absent  in 
the  south  much  of  the  time.  iii.  50,  99,  187,  189, 192-3,  200,  212,  216-19,  365, 
399, 701.  In  '33,  though  denied  a  place  in  the  dip.  on  account  of  his  mil.  rank,  V. 
was  sent  to  the  northern  frontier  to  select  a  presidio  site  and  to  inspect  the 
Russian  establishment,  on  which  he  made  a  report;  and  was  also  occupied  by 
troubles  with  his  soldiers  and  with  the  missionaries,  iii.  245-8,  254-5,  321-4, 
393,  631,  699,  716;  iv.  161-2.  In  '34  he  was  promoted  to  lieut,  sent  as  comi 
sionado  to  secularize  Solano  mission,  and  was  grantee  of  the  Petalumarancho, 
besides  being  intrusted  with  the  preliminary  steps  toward  establishing  a  civil 

§ovt  at  S.F.,  and  being  elected  a  substitute  member  of  congress,  iii.  256-8, 
79,  292,  712,  719-20.  In  '35  he  was  the  founder  of  Sonoma,  being  made  com. 
mil.  and  director  of  colonization  on  the  northern  frontier,  engaging  also  in 
Ind.  campaigns,  iii.  286-7,  294,  354,  360,  363,  721-3;  and  from  this  time  was 
indefatigable  in  his  efforts  to  promote  the  settlement  and  development  of  the 
north,  efforts  that  were  none  the  less  praiseworthy  because  they  tended  to 
advance  his  own  personal  interests.  From '35  he  was  the  most  independent 
and  in  some  respects  the  most  powerful  man"  in  Cal.  The  year  '36  brought 
new  advancement,  for  though  Lieut  V.  took  no  active  part  in  the  revolution, 
yet  after  the  first  success  had  been  achieved,  such  was  the  weight  of  his  name, 
that  under  Alvarado 's  new  govt  he  was  made  comandante  general  of  Cal., 
taking  the  office  on  Nov.  29th,  and  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  colonel 
by  the  Cal.  authorities;  and  in  the  sectional  strife  of  '37-9,  though  not  per 
sonally  taking  part  in  mil.  operations,  he  had  more  influence  than  any 
other  man  in  sustaining  Alvarado,  being  advanced  by  the  Mex.  govt  in  '38  to 
the  rank  of  capt.  of  the  comp.  and  colonel  of  defensores,  his  position  as  com 
andante  militar  being  recognized  by  Mex.  from  '39.  iii.  423,  429-30,  440-3, 
456-7,  471-4,  488-9,  511-14,  523-5,  531-4,  541-4,  546-7,  561-2,  567,  570,-4, 
579-83,  590-2,  594,  670,  718;  iv.  47,  67,  70-4,  86-7,  145.  The  new  admin. 


758  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

being  fully  established,  Gen.  V.  gave  his  attention  not  only  to  the  develop 
ment  of  his  frontera  del  norte,  but  to  an  attempted  reorganization  of  the 
presidial  companies  in  anticipation  of  foreign  invasion,  and  to  the  commercial 
interests  of  Cal. ;  but  insuperable  obstacles  were  encountered,  the  general's 
views  being  in  some  respects  extravagant,  the  powers  at  Mont,  not  being  iu 
sympathy  with  his  reforms,  and  a  quarrel  with  Alvarado  being  the  result. 
Meanwhile  no  man's  name  is  more  prominent  in  the  annals  of  '39-42,  space 
permitting  special  reference  here  only  to  his  relations  with  Sutter  and  with  the 
Russians,  iii.  595-604;  iv.  11-12,  61,  92,  121,  128-9,  133-4,  165,  171-8,  196, 
198-206,  208,  213-14,  218-20,  237-9,  249-52,  273-5.   After  several  years  of 
controversy  with  the  gov.,  and  large  sacrifices  of  private  means  in  fruitless 
efforts  to  serve  his  country,  the  general  induced  the  Mex.  govt  to  unite  the 
mil.  and  civil  commands  in  one  officer  from  abroad,  and  turned  over  his 
command  to  Micheltorena  in  '42.    There  is  no  foundation  for  the  current 
charge  that  he  sought  the  governorship  and  overreached  himself.  Under  the 
new  admin,  he  was  promoted  to  lieut-colonel  and  made  com.  mil.  of  the  linea 
del  norte,  his  jurisdiction  extending  south  toSta  Ine"s.  iv.  281-93,  312-17,  338. 
In  '43  he  was  granted  the  Soscol  rancho  for  supplies  furnished  the  govt,  his 
grant  of  Petaluma  being  extended;  and  was  engaged  in  '43-4  not  only  in  his 
routine  duties  and  efforts  for  progress,  but  in   minor  controversies  with 
Micheltorena,  Mercado,  and  Sutter.  iv.  351-3,  356-7,  373,  386-8,  396,  402, 
407-8,  423,  444-5,  672,  674.  From  this  time  the  general  clearly  foresaw  the 
fate  of  his  country,  and  became  more  and  more  satisfied  with  the  prospects, 
though  still  conscientiously  performing  his  duties  as  a  Mex.  officer.  In  the 
movement  against  Micheltorena  in  '44-5  he  decided  to  remain  neutral,  un 
willing  and  believing  it  unnecessary  to  act  against  a  ruler  appointed  through 
his  influence,  and  still  less  disposed  to  engage  in  a  campaign,  the  expense  of 
which  he  would  have  to  bear,  in  support  of  a  treacherous  governor;  but  he 
discharged  his  soldiers  to  take  sides  as   they  chose,  and  warmly  protested 
against  Sutter's  villany  in  arming  foreigners  and  Ind.  against  his  country, 
the  only  phase  of  the  affair  likely  to  give  a  serious  aspect  to  the  expulsion  of 
the  cholos.  Meanwhile  he  was  a  faithful  friend  to  the  immigrants,  iv.  459-60, 
462-5,  481-2,  486,  516,  519,  530,  561,  603,  608.  In  the  spring  of  '46  he  was 
an  open  friend  of  the  U.S.  as  against  the  schemes  for  an  English  protecto 
rate,  though  his  famous  speech  on  that  subject  must  be  regarded  as  purely 
imaginary,  v.    17,  28,  36,  41,  43,  46,  59-63,  66,    105-6;  and  in   June- Aug., 
perhaps  because  of  his  devotion  to  the  cause  of  the  U.S.  in  its  more  legit 
imate  form,  he  was  cast  into  prison  at  Sutter's  fort  by  the  Bears,  being  rather 
tardily  released  by  the  U.S.  authorities,  and  even  awarded  some  slight  honors, 
and  a  considerable  amount  of  his  'Cal.  claim'  being  later  allowed  as  partial 
recompense  for  his  losses,  v.  111-21,  123-6,  157,  297-300.  467-8.  Commissions 
of  brevet  colonel  and  colonel  were  issued  to  him  in  Mex.  in  July  and  Sept. 
Still  mindful  of  the  interests  of  his  section,  he  gave  the  site  on  which  Benicia 
was  founded,  the  town  being  named  for  his  wife.  v.  670-1 ;  and  in  '47  he 
received  the  appointments  of  legislative  councillor  and  Ind.  agent,  v.  433, 
539,  568,  610,  667-8.  In  '49  Vallejo  was  a  member  of  theconstit.  convention, 
in  '50  a  member  of  the  1st  state  senate;  from  that  time  he  was  engaged  in 
brilliant  and  financially  disastrous  schemes  to  make  Benicia  the  permanent 
capital  of  Cal.,  of  which  more  will  be  found  in  vol.  vi.  of  this  work;  and  in  '52 
et  seq.  the  claimant  for  several  ranches,  with  varying  success.  In  later  years 
Gen.  V.  has  continued  to  reside  at  Sonoma  to  '85,  often  called  upon  to  take 
part  in  public  affairs,  though  reduced  financially  to  what,  in  comparison  with 
the  wealth  that  once  seemed  secure  in  his  grasp,  must  seem  like  poverty. 
That  he  has  been  from  1830  one  of  the  leading  figures  in  Cal.  annals  is  clearly 
shown  in  the  records  to  which  I  have  referred  above;  and  in  connection  with 
the  narrative  thus  referred  to  will  be  found  much  of  comment  on  his  acts  and 
character.  Here  it  must  suffice  to  say  that  without  by  any  means  having 
approved  his  course  in  every  case,  I  have  found  none  among  the  Californians 
whose  public  record  in  respect  of  honorable  conduct,  patriotic  zeal,  executive 
ability,  and  freedom  from  petty  prejudices  of  race,  religion,  or  sectional  poll- 


VALLEJO-VANCE.  759 

tics  is  more  evenly  favorable  than  his.  As  a  private  citizen  he  was  always 
generous  and  kind-hearted,  maintaining  his  self-respect  as  a  gentleman  and 
commanding  the  respect  of  others,  never  a  gambler  or  addicted  to  strong 
drink,  though  by  no  means  strict  in  his  relations  with  women.  In  the  earlier 
times  he  was  not  in  all  respects  a  popular  man  by  reason  of  his  haughty,  aris 
tocratic,  overbearing  ways  that  resulted  from,  pride  of  race,  of  wealth,  and 
of  military  rank.  Experience,  however,  and  long  before  the  time  of  his  com 
parative  adversity,  effected  a  gradual  disappearance  of  his  least  pleasing 
characteristics,  though  the  general  still  retained  a  pompous  air  and  grandilo 
quence  of  speech  that  unfavorably  impress  those  who  know  him  but  slightly. 
He  is  in  a  sense  the  last  survivor  of  old-time  Califoruians  of  his  class;  and 
none  will  begrudge  him  the  honor  that  is  popularly  accorded,  even  if  praise 
sometimes  degenerates  into  flattery.  He  is  a  man  of  some  literary  culture, 
and  has  always  taken  adeep  interest  in  his  country's  history.  Many  of  his  writ 
ings  are  named  in  my  list  of  authorities.  His  services  tome  in  this  connection 
have  been  often  and  most  gladly  acknowledged.  His  collection  of  Doc.  Hist. 
Cod.  is  a  contribution  of  original  data  that  has  never  been  equalled  in  this  or 
any  other  state.  His  MS.  Historia  de  Cat.,  while  of  course  not  to  be  compared 
with  the  original  documents,  is  not  only  the  most  extensive  but  the  most 
fascinating  of  its  class;  and  while,  like  the  works  of  Bandini,  Osio,  Alvarado, 
Pico,  and  the  rest,  it  is  a  strange  mixture  of  fact  and  fancy,  yet  to  a  student 
who  has  the  key  to  its  cipher,  it  is  a  most  useful  aid;  and  moreover  it  should 
be  stated  that  its  defects  are  not  all  fairly  attributable  to  the  author.  In  '32 
Vallejo  married  Francisca,  daughter  of  Joaquin  Carrillo  of  S.  Diego,  who  still 
lives  in  '85.  They  had  13  children.  None  of  the  sons  has  ever  been  prominent  in 
public  life;  one  of  them,  Platon,  is  a  well-known  physician  of  Vallejo — a  town 
that,  like  a  street  in  S.F.,  bears  his  father's  name;  and  two  others  still  reside 
in  Cal.  Two  of  the  daughters  married  the  Frisbie  brothers  and  two  others 
the  Haraszthys  all  well-known  men,  and  four  or  live  I  think  still  live  in  Cal. 

Vallejo  (Salvador),  son  of  Ignacio,  b.  in  '14.  His  early  years  were  passed 
as  a  ranchero,  but  in  '30  his  brother  established  him  at  Sonoma,  where  he 
ranked  as  capt.  of  militia,  was  often  in  com.  of  the  post,  engaged  in  many 
Ind.  campaigns,  went  south  to  serve  Alvarado  in  the  Las  Florea  campaign  of 
'38,  served  as  juez  de  paz  in  '39,  when  he  also  had  an  appointment  as  admin, 
of  Solano  mission;  was  capt.  of  defensores  from  '44.  iii.  511-12,  522,  547,  552, 
529,  551,  591,  720-3,  71-2,  163,  197,  252,  355,  362-3,  407,  444,  465,  678.  He 
was  grantee  of  the  Napa  ranchoin  "38,  of  Salvador's  ranchoin  '39,  and  of  Lup- 
yomi  in  '44.  iii.  705,  712;  iv.  671.  In  '46  he  was  a  prisoner  of  the  Bears,  v. 
112-21,  298-9;  is  named  in  connection  with  the  Walla  Walla  affair,  v.  302; 
and  had  a  Cal.  claim,  $11,000  of  which  was  paid.  v.  467.  He  is  said  to  have 
made  a  large  amount  of  money  in  '48-9  by  the  aid  of  Ind.  miners;  but  his 
lands  passed  gradually  out  of  his  possession,  though  he  was  a  successful  cl. 
for  Llajome.  iv.  671.  In  '63  he  was  commissioned  major  of  the  native  Cal. 
cavalry,  going  to  Ariz.,  but  engaging  in  no  active  service.  He  died  at  Sonoma, 
where  he  had  long  lived  with  the  general,  in  76.  Don  Salvador  was  a  rough, 
hard-d. inking,  unprincipled  fellow;  recklessly  brave,  and  often  inhumanly 
cruel  in  his  Ind.  warfare;  very  popular  among  his  countrymen,  though  easily 
provoked  to  quarrel;  generous  and  hospitable  to  the  early  immigrants,  though 
hostile  to  Americans  and  to  all  foreigners  as  a  rule.  He  dictated  some  Notas 
HiKt6ricas  for  my  use,  but  his  good  qualities  as  a  historian  did  not  include 
truthfulness.  His  wife  was  Maria  de  la  Luz  Carrillo,  but  I  have  no  further 
information  about  his  family.  Vallely  (John),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499).  Vallivode  (Stephen),  1839-40,  doubtful  name,  mr  of  the  Elena,  iv.  103. 
Vallobodski  (Stephen),  1837,  mr  of  the  Sitka.  iv.  106;  doubtful  name,  prob. 
same  as  preceding.  Valois  (Antoine),  1846,  Frenchman  at  Los  Ang.  Val- 
verde  (Agustin),  tailor  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  27.  V.  (Jose"  M.),  Mex.  tailor 
at  Los  Ang.  '36,  age  29,  wife  Francisca,  child  Jose*. 

Vanallen  (John),  at  Sta  Cruz.  Vanaken  (Paul),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S. 
dragoons  (v.  336).  Vanauken  (Philander),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 
Vanbussum  (J.V.),  1847,  Co.  B,  ditto;  d.  before  '82.  Vance  (Robert),  1847, 


760  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  living  in  '64.  Vancoeur  (Francis),  1846,  from 
N.  Mex.  with  Kearny.  Lancey.  Vancouver  (Geo.),  1792,  English  navigator 
who  accompanied  Capt.  Cook  in  his  famous  voyages;  and  in  1792-4  three 
times  visited  Cal.  in  com.  of  an  exploring  exped.  to  the  N.  W.  coast  and  round 
the  world.  His  Voyage  contains  much  of  interest  on  Cal.,  and  is  a  standard 
work  on  the  regions  farther  north.  Capt.  V.  died  in  1798.  For  his  visits  to 
Cal.  and  his  book,  see  i.  510-29;  ment.  i.  503,  506,  533,  538,  602,  619,  623,  645- 
6,  649,  653,  658-9,  607-9,  674-5,  681-2,  685-6,  696,  698,  702-5,  714,  724;  ii.  23, 
121-2,  206;  see  also  Hist  N,  W.  Coast,  i.,  this  series.  Vanderbeck  (J),  1847, 
owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  Vandussey,  1847,  at  Sutler's  fort.  Vanegas  (Cosine), 
invalido  at  Sta  B.  '32,  wife  Bernardina  Alvarez,  child  Estefana;  ranchero  at 
Sta  B.  '45.  V.  (Jose"),  Ind.  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1781;  alcalde  '88,  '96.  i.  345, 

348,  461,  661.       V.  (Pablo),  at  Sta  B.  before  '37,  wife  Rita  Rodriguez,  and  4 
children.       Vanhorn  (Barnett),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  d.  before 
'64.       Vankensen  (Jeremiah),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  Aroca,  N.Y., 
'55.       Vanness  (Henry),  1848,  nat.  of  N.J.,  who  came  from  the  Society  Isl., 
became  a  pilot  on  S.F.  Bay,  and  was  lost  in  '67  on  the  pilot-boat  Caleb  Curtis, 
age  47,  leaving  a  widow  and  3  children.       Vanpelt  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  E,  N. 
Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  d.  at  S.F.  '49.       Vanriper  (Abraham), 
1847,  sergt  Co.  E,  N. Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  on  the  Mokelumne  '48-9.       Van- 
vechten  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  H,  ditto;  at  New  Brunswick,  N.J.,  74-82.       Van- 
zandt  (R.  H.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Columbus. 

Varela,  1818,  mr  of  the  S.  Ruperto.  ii.  291-2.  V.  (Casimiro),  one  of  the 
1st  settlers  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  V.  (Hilario),  ringleader  with  his  brother  in 
a  Los  Ang.  revolt.  '44-5;  also  in  '46.  iv.  476,  538,  540-1;  v.  308.  V.  (Man 
uel),  killed  by  Pomponio  before  '24.  ii.  537.  V.  (Sdrbulo),  brother  of  Hila 
rio,  a  turbulent  character  at  Los  Ang.  '38-9,  age  26;  engaged  in  revolts  of  '45- 
6;  and  taking  part  in  the  last  campaigns  against  the  U.S.  iii.  564,  589;  iv. 
540-1;  v.  307-14,  325.  Varelas  (Casimiro),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1790;  d.  be 
fore  1816.  V.  (Cayetano),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1809-19;  still  there  in  '46.  ii. 

349,  354.       V.  (Ignacio),  settler  at  Los  Ang.  '15.  ii.  349.       Vargas  (Fran 
cisco),  Los  Ang.  trader  '39,  age  37;  alfe~rez  of  Mont.  comp.  '43,  and  appointed 
instructor  of  the  S.  Juan  comp.  of  defensores  '44.  iv.  652,  407.       V.  (Josefa 
Rodriguez  de),  wife  of  Capt.  Soler.  i.  398.       V.  (Jose"  Manuel),  1828,  Mex. 
convict,  liberated  in  '34.       V.  (Julian),  1831,  perhaps  of  Young's  party  from 
N.  Mex.  iii.  388.       V.  (Manuel),  1781,  soldier  of  the  Mont,  comp.;  cabo  dis- 
tinguido  in  1787;  sergt  of  the  comp.  from  about  '87  to  :94,  being  generally 
employed  by  Gov.  Fages  as  a  clerk.  On  retiring  from  the  service  he  taught 
school  at  S.  Jose",  S.  Diego,  and  Sta  B.  down  to  1800  or  later,  i.  468,  484, 
642-4,  680,  688.  His  wife,  married  at  S.F.  1783,  was  Marj'a  Certrudis  Linares, 
and  in  '95  there  was  a  daughter  named  Micaela.       V.  (Mariano),  friar  named 
for  Cal.  1801;  did  not  come.   ii.   159.       Vargas  Machuca,  1834,  named  by 
Janssens  as  a  Mex.  alfdrez  who  came  with  the  colony.       Varney,  1841,  mr  of 
the  Thos  Perkins,  iv.  569.       V.  (Sam.),  1846,  mr  of  the  Angola,  v.  576;  and 
trader  at  S.F.  '46-8. 

Vasquez,  at  Mont.  '28.  ii.  615.  V.,  at  S.F.  '44,  age  48.  V.,  mr  of  the 
Flecha  '48.  V.  (Antonio),  soldier  of  the  Mont.  comp.  '36,  age  20;  perhaps 
the  man  killed  at  Los  Ang.  '45.  iv.  492.  V.  (Atanasio),  settler  at  S.  Jose" 
1786.  i.  477.  V.  (Felipe),  of  the  Mont,  policia  '33.  iii.  673;  grantee  of 
Chamizal  '35.  iii.  677;  in  '36  at  Pilarcitos,  age  54,  wife  Maria  Nicanor  Lugo, 
child.  Jos<5  Ant.  b.  '20,  Pedro  '22,  Dionisio  '24,  Sinforosa  '26,  and  Manuel  '32. 
V.  (Hermenegildo),  soldier  at  Mont.  1809;  regidor  at  S.  Jose"  '27.  ii.  605; 
grantee  of  land  '35.  V.  (Jose"),  soldier  of  S.F.  comp.  '19-24;  at  Mont.  '48; 
S.  Luis  Ob.  '51.  V.  (Jose"  Ign.),  settler  at  S.  Jos<§  1777.  i.  312.  V.  (Jose- 
Maria),  1829,  Mex.  convict  set  a  liberty  '33;  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  31,  wife  An 
drea  Garcia,  child  Susana  b.  '36.  V.  (Julio),  at  Mont.  '36,  nat.  of  Cal.,  age 
40,  wife  of  Brigida  German,  child.  Ambrosia  b.  '16,  Apolonia'18,  Ramon  '23, 
Gregorio  '26,  Domingo  '28,  Maria  Guad.  '30,  Altagracia  '32,  Perseverancia  '33, 
Juan  '34,  Marcos  '35.  V.  (Pedro),  applic.  for  land  '45.  iv.  656;  cl.  for  Son- 
lajule  '52.  iv.  674;  Cal.  claim  $3,375  '46-7  (v.  462).  Vasquez  (Tiburcio), 


VASQUEZ-VERDUGO.  761 

Mex.  settler  at  S.F.  1777,  and  at  S.  Jose"  '83.  i.  297,  350  (another  named  as  a 
convict  of  '98.  i.  006);  named  in  the  S.  Jose"  padron  of  '93,  wife  Maria  Bo- 
horques,  child.  Felipe,  Maria,  Hermenegildo,  Rosalia,  Faustino,  and  Felix; 
alcalde  1802,  1807.  ii.  134,  192;  slndico'24.  ii.  605.  He  seems  to  have  died  in 
'27.  The  famous  bandit  of  later  years  was  prob.  his  grandson.  V.  (Tiburcio), 
prob.  son  of  the  preceding;  soldier  of  the  S.F.  comp.  '19-25;  in  '39  regi- 
dor  at  S.F.,  and  grantee  of  Corral  de  Tierra  rancho.  iii.  705,  711;  in  '40-6 
admin,  and  maj.  of  S.F.  mission,  iii.  715;  iv.  675;  v.  660;  named  in  the 

rdron  of  '42,  b.  at  S.  Jose",  age  49,  wife  Alvira  Hernandez,  child.  Juan  Jose" 
'25,  Barbara '27,  Josefa '29,  Siriaca '31,  Jose"  Maria '32,  Purificacion '33, 
Luciano  '34,  Francisco  '36,  Francisca '38,  and  Pablo  '40.  He  was  still  at  S.F., 
a  witness  in  the  Santillan  case,  '55.       V.  (Timoteo),  at  Branciforte  1803.  ii. 
156.       Vassilief,  1820,  com.  of  Russ.  vessels,  ii.  319. 

Vealy  (John),  1829,  Amer.  cooper,  age  34,  who  landed  at  S.  Pedro  ill  from 
a  Hon.  vessel.  Vedder  (Peter  G.),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  in 
Nicaragua  '56.  Vega  (Jose"),  sergt  killed  by  Ind.  at  the  Colorado  Riv. 
pueblos,  i.  359-62.  V.  (Matfas),  soldier  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  1776;  killed  at 
Colorado  Riv.  pueblos  1781.  i.  303,  359-62.  V.  (Victoriano),  1834,  came 
from  Mex.  in  the  H.  &  P.  colony  at  the  age  of  24;  in  77  at  S.  Gabriel  gaining 
a  living  by  making  cigarettes.  He  gave  me  a  MS.  dictation  of  62  p.  on  Vida 
Californiana.  His  real  name  was  Esparza.  V.  (Jose"  M.),  1769,  Span,  arriero 
killed  by  Ind.  at  S.  Diego,  i.  138.  V.  (Emigdio),  juez  de  campoat  LosAng. 
'38;  juez  de  paz  at  S.  Juan  '44-5;  grantee  of  Boca  de  la  Playa  '46.  iii.  636; 
iv.  627.  In  '46  living  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  He  was  35  years  old,  wife  Rafaela 
A"vila,  child.  Maria  de  Jesus  b.  '38,  Jesus  '43,  Ramon  '45.  V.  (Emilio), 
aided  in  taking  Los  Ang.  '37.  iii.  519.  V.  Enrique),  juez  de  campo  at  Los 
Ang.  '40.  ii.  637.  V.  (Francisco),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1791-5.  i.  716-17;  man 
of  same  name,  son  of  Ricardo,  at  Los  Ang.  '46-77.  V.  (Juan  Cris6stomo), 
regidor  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  25.  iii.  636;  member  of  the  council  '65-70.  V. 
(Ldzaro  and  Manuel),  at  Los  Aug.  '46.  V.  (Pablo),  son  of  Salvador,  b.  at  S. 
Diego  in  1802;  soldier  of  the  S.  D.  comp.  from  '21,  but  soon  sent  to  Mont,  for 
an  attempt  to  desert.  In  '28-9  he  was  a  leader  in  the  revolt,  and  wa?  sent  to 
Mex.  in  '30,  but  returned  in  '33.  iii.  66-7,  69,  74,  85;  again  ment.  in  '37.  iii. 
519;  and  in  a  revolt  of  '46,  being  taken  prisoner  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  308,  347. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Juan  M.  Felix  and  Isabel  Cota.  In  '77,  living  near 
Spadra  with  his  brother  Ricardo,  with  a  large  family  and  in  great  poverty, 
he  dictated  90  pages  of  the  Recuerdos  de  un  Virjo  for  my  use.  V.  (Ramon), 
at  Los  Ang.  '46.  V.  (Ricardo),  son  of  Salvador;  in  '33  juez  de  campo 
LosAng.  iii.  635;  grantee  of  S.  Jose",  or  Azuza,  '37-40.  iii.  633;  age  28  in'39. 
He  became  a  rich  man,  but  was  reduced  to  poverty,  and  in  '77  lived  near 
Spadra  with  a  large  family.  V.  (Salvador),  1792,  Mex.  carpenter-instructor 
at  S.  Diego  '92-5;  at  Mont.  '96.  i.  615,  684.  His  wife  was  Maria  Josefa  Lopez. 

Vela  (Martin),  at  Branciforte  '28-30.  ii.  627;  wife  Maria  de  la  Luz  Fuentes. 
Velarde  (Baltasar),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  34.  V.  (Desiderio),  Los  Aug.  hatter, 
age  38,  in  '39.  V.  (Jacobo),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1791-1800.  i.  716;  alcalde  in 
'98.  Velasquez  (Jose"),  1781,  alfe"rez  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.,  engaged  in  ex 
plorations  to  the  Colorado  Riv.  and  in  other  directions;  d.  at  S.  Gabriel  1785. 
i.  340,  367,  451,  454-5;  ii.  44.  V.  (Jos<§),  1798,  convict  settler  at  Branci 
forte  1798-1803.  i.  606;  ii.  156.  V.  (Jose"),  corporal  of  the  S.  Diego  comp. 
1803.  ii.  14,  103.  Velez  (Miguel),  sirviente  at  S.F.  1777.  i.  297.  V.  (Ra 
fael),  appointed  sec.  of  the  com.  gen.  '29;  did  not  come.  iii.  54.  Velsor 
(Stephen),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  Vendurm,  1846, 
doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list. 

Verdia  (Jos6),  died  in  '16,  leaving  hia  property  to  the  mission  fund.  ii. 
407;  iv.  338.  Verdugo  (Cris6stomo),  at  Los  Ang.  46.  V.  (Francisco),  at 
Los  Ang.  '39,  age  38.  V.  (Jose"  Antonio),  at  S.  Bern.  '46,  age  20.  V.  (Jose" 
Maria),  retired  corp.  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  and  S.  Gabriel  escolta,  who  was 
grantee  of  the  S.  Rafael  rancho  in  1784,  '98,  and  is  often  named  down  to  1816 
in  connection  with  farming  operations,  i.  553,  609,  612,  661,  664;  ii.  Ill,  185, 
350,  353,  663;  iii.  634.  V.  (Juan  Diego),  at  S.  Diego  1776;  wife  Maria  Ign. 


7G2  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

de  la  Concepcion  Carrillo,  who  in  '50  was  cl.  for  the  F£lix  rancho,  granted  in 
'43.  iv.  634;  daughter  Rosalia,  married  to  Sergt  Gongora.  V.  (Julio),  son 
of  Jos6  Maria;  aux.  alcalde  at  S.  Rafael  rancho  '31,  '33,  '36,  and  juez  de 
campo  '40.  iii.  635-7;  cl.  for  the  rancho  '52.  V.  (Manuel),  juez  de  campo 
at  S.  Diego  '41.  iv.  619;  soldier,  retired  with  rank  of  lieut  '44.  iv.  408.  V. 
(Mariano),  1769,  soldier  of  the  1st  exped.,  serving  in  the  S.  Diego  comp. ; 
sergt  at  Mont.  '81-7;  settler  at  Los  Ang.  1787-1819  or  later,  being  alcalde  in 
1790-3,  1802;  grantee  of  Portezuelo  rancho  1795.  i.  252-3,  461,  468,  661-2; 
ii.  110,  350,  353-4,  663.  V.  (Miguel),  at  Sta  Ana  rancho  Los  Ang.  '39,  age 
26;  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  '41.  iv.  626.  V.  (Pedro  and  Teodoro),  at  Los  Ang.  '46. 
Verduzco  (Francisco),  1834,  Mex.  ex-capt.,  who  was  connected  with  the  H. 
&  P.  colony;  but  being  implicated  in  the  alleged  revolt  of  '35  was  sent  to 
Mex.  as  a  prisoner,  iii.  281,  286,  288.  Vergara  (Quirino),  1842,  cornet  in 
the  batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289. 

Vermeule  (Thomas  L.),  1847,  lieut  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504,  511;  nat.  of 
N.J.j  mdmb.  of  the  constit.  convention  '49;  lawyer,  politician,  and  writer  for 
the  newspapers.  He  died  at  S.  Jos6  before  '67.  Vermilion  (John),  1840,  one 
of  the  exiles  not  known  to  have  returned,  iv.  18.  Vernon  (Richard),  1848, 
overl.  immig.  with  Allsopp.  Verrot  (Joseph),  1844,  Canadian  of  Fremont's 
party,  remaining  in  Cal.  iv.  437,  439,  453;  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary,  '46 
-8;  an  early  settler  of  YubaCo.;  connected  with  the  Donner  relief,  v.  537; 
married  Mary  Luther  in  '48,  and  a  son,  Charles,  was  born  in  '50.  Usually 
called  '  Vero'  or  'Varro.'  Vevis  (Joseph),  1847,  chief  musician  of  N.Y. Vol. 
v.  503;  d.  before  '82.  Vhor  (Christopher),  1836,  Arabian,  age  49,  at  Mont. 

Viader  (Jos6),  1796,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  37  years  at  Sta  Clara,  leav 
ing  Cal.  in  '33.  Biog.  iii.  726-7;  ment.  i.  577,  719-20,  723;  ii.  56-7,  135,  137, 
153,  159,  168,  218,  387,  394,  577,  585,  600,  623,  655;  iii.  20,  88-9,  96,  318, 
338,  365,  727.  Viana  (Francisco),  1791,  lient  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i.  490. 
Vice  (James),  1846,  sailor  on  the  Dale.  Vicente,  corp.  at  Sta  B.  '38.  iii. 
656.  Vich  (Chris.),  1845,  Amer.  at  Branciforte,  age  20;  doubtful  name. 
Vicbilman,  1823,  mr  of  the  Buldakof.  ii.  492.  Victoria  (Manuel),  1830, 
Mex.  iieut-colonel,  who  came  in  '30  as  gov.  and  com.  gen.  of  Cal. — appoint 
ment  March  8th,  arrival  Dec. — and  held  that  office  from  Jan.  31,  '31,  to  Dec. 
9th,  when  he  yielded  to  a  successful  revolutionary  movement,  and  sailed  for 
Mex.  Jan.  17,  '32.  He  was  an  honest  and  energetic  officer,  who  as  general 
forgot  that  he  was  also  governor;  ignored  the  diputacion  and  all  civil  author 
ities  and  precedents;  and  by  his  well-meant  short  cuts  to  justice  by  military 
methods  soon  provoked  a  revolution  that  overwhelmed  him.  All  that  is  known 
of  the  man  is  contained  in  the  narrative  of  his  rule  and  downfall,  iii.  181- 
212.  See  also  ment.  in  ii.  549,  551,  594;  iii.  26,  54,  216-17,  233,  306-8,  364, 
367-8,  374-6,  647,  652,  669-70;  iv.  160.  Vidal  (Francisco),  1602,  corp.  in 
Vizcaino's  exped.  i.  98.  V.  (John  A.),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499);  set 
tled  at  Sta  B.,  where  in  '53  he  was  killed  in  a  fight  over  the  possession  of  a 
rancho.  See  Sta  B.  Co.  Hist.,  82.  V.  (Mariano),  1776,  purveyor  of  Anza's 
exped.  to  Cal.  i.  258,  266. 

Vigil  (Francisco  EsteVan),  1841,  in  com.  of  a  trading  caravan  from  N. 
Mex.  '41-2,  and  again  in  '48.  iv.  207,  343;  v.  625.  Vignes  (Jean),  1834, 
nephew  of  Louis,  age  22,  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the  D.  Quixote  to  join  his 
relatives  at  Los  Ang.  V.  (Jean  Louis),  1831,  Fr.  cooper  and  distiller,  who 
came  from  Hon.  on  the  Louisa  at  the  age  of  48.  iii.  405.  His  Fr.  passp.  was 
dated  Bordeaux  '26.  He  at  once  applied  for  naturalization;  in  '32  joined  the 
comp.  extranjera  at  Mont.  iii.  221;  but  soon  settled  at  Los  Ang.,  where 
he  was  in  a  sense  the  pioneer  vineyardist  and  wine-maker,  being  joined  by 
his  nephew  in  '34.  His  name  is  occasionally  mentioned  in  '36  et  seq. ,  he  being 
one  of  the  vigilantes  in  '36,  an  applicant  for  Sta  Catalina  Isl.  in  '40,  and  rid 
ing  in  the  campaign  against  Micheltorena  '45.  iii.  417,  634;  iv.  117,  495, 
629;  v.  49,  283,  365;  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  about  $1,000  '46-7  (v.  462).  He  was 
founder  of  the  wine-making  firm  of  Sainsevain  &  Co. ;  was  the  cl.  for  Teme- 
cula — of  which  he  had  been  in  reality  the  grantee  in  '45,  and  of  Pauba;  and 
died  at  Los  Ang.  '62  at  the  age  of  79  (or  82).  He  had  no  family  in  Cal.,  was 


VIGNES— VINCENT.  763 

an  excellent  and  popular  citizen,  and  was  familiarly  known  as  Don  Luis 
del  Aliso,  from  an  immense  sycamore,  or  cottonwood,  on  his  land  at  Los  Ang. 
V.  (Pierre  E.),  Fr.  at  Branciforte  '45,  age  50;  at  S.  Jos6  '47. 

Vila  (Vicente),  1769,  com.  of  the  S.  Carlos  in  the  Istexped.  '69-70.  i.  116, 
128-9,  136,  165-8.  Villa  (Antonio  M.),  prob.  son  of  Joaquin;  cl.  for  Te- 
quepis  rancho,  Sta  B.  iv.  643.  V.  (Buenaventura),  soldier  of  the  Mont, 
comp.  '36.  age  20.  V.  (Demetrio),  at  Los  Ang.  39-48.  V.  (Diego),  cole- 
gial  at  Sta  Ine"s  '44.  iv.  426.  V.  (Eletiterio),  invalido  soldier  '44-5.  iv.  408. 
V.  (Francisco),  at  Los  Ang.  19.  ii.  354;  in  charge  of  S.  Jose"  del  Valle  '36. 
iii.  612;  zanjero-atS.  Gabriel  '47.  v.  628;  juez  de  campo  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '49; 
still  at  S.  Luis  '51.  V.  (Joaquin),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  maj.  at  Sta. 
In<§s  '39.  iii.  664;  grantee  of  Tequepis  '45.  iv.  643.  V.  (Jose),  settler  at 
Los  Ang.  1790.  i.  461.  V.  (Luis),  at  Los  Ang.  '46.  V.  (Maria  del  Rosario), 
executed  by  vigilantes  at  Los  Ang.  '36.  iii.  417-19.  V.  (Manuel),  soldier  of 
S.F.  comp.  '32-3.  V.  (Mariano),  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  22;  also  in  '46.  V. 
(Mariano),  1842,  Mex.  lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5;  remained  in  Cal.  '4G. 
iv.  289,  513;  v.  41.  V.  (Miguel),  settler  for  Los  Ang.,  who  deserted  be 
fore  reaching  Cal.  i.  345.  V.  (Rafael),  cabo  inval.  1793  at  S.  Jose",  wife  II- 
defonsa,  child.  Pascual,  Eleuterio,  Rafael  Gertrudis,  Maria  Ign.,  and  Juana. 
The  full  name  was  prob.  *  Villavicencio,'  q.v.  V.  (Rafael),  son  of  preceding, 
at  S.  Luis  Ob.  '42-60.  V.  (Vicente),  at  Los  Ang.  '19;  regidor  in  '27.  ii 
354,  560. 

Villagrana  (Jose"  Felix),  Mex.  at  S.  Jose"  '41,  age  52,  wife  Bernardiua 
Martinez,  child.  Guadalupe  b.  '26,  Juana  '31,  Lucia  '36,  Dolores  '38;  d.  in '47. 
V.  (Manuel),  regidor  at  Branciforte  '32.  iii.  696.  V.  (Miguel),  Mex.  resid. 


age  23,  wife  Concepcion,  child.  Julian  b.  '40,  Jose"  '44.  Viilalba  (Nicolas), 
settler  o{  the  Colorado  Riv.  pueblos,  killed  by  Ind.  1781.  i.  359-62.  Villa- 
lobos  (Jos6),  at  Los  Ang.  '48.  Villapando  (Juan  de  J),  mule-thief  '33.  iii. 
396.  Villarasa  (Francis  S.),  1848,  said  to  have  preached  at  Stockton. 
Villaroel  (Francisco),  1777,  com.  of  the  S.  Antonio,  i.  310.  Villaverde 
(Alonso),  lieut  for  Cal.  1779;  did  not  come.  i.  340.  V.  (Jose"),  1782,  chap 
lain  on  the  Favorita.  i.  378.  Villavicencio  (Felix),  Span,  settler  of  Los  Ang. 
1781-6.  i.  345,  348.  V.  (Joss  Maria),  resid.  of  Mont.  '36,  age  36,  wife  Rafaela 
Rodriguez,  child.  Jose"  Ant.  b.  '34,  Jose"  Ramon  '35;  being  at  the  time  juez  de 
campo.  iii.  675.  As  capt.  in  Alvarado's  force,  and  at  times  com.  at  Sta 
B.,  he  was  prominent  in  the  operations  of  '36-8.  iii.  460,  481,  505,  524-5, 
546,  550,  552-3,  561,  565,  651,  672;  also  admin,  of  S.  Antonio  and  S.  Fer 
nando  '37-8,  '40-3.  iii.  647-8,  688;  iv.  61,  638;  acting  prefect  at  Mont.  '40. 
iii.  675;  grantee  of  Corral  de  Piedra,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  '41,  '46.  iv.  655;  in  '44  juez 
de  paz  at  S.  Luis  Ob.,  and  capt  of  defensores.  iv.  407,  462,  658-9;  also  serv 
ing  against  the  U.S.  at  S.  Diego  '46.  v.  267.  Still  at  S.  Luis  '51-2,  and  later  a 
prosperous  ranchero.  Often  called  by  himself  and  others  *  Villa. '  V. 
(Rafael),  weaver  at  S.  Jose"  1791-1811.  i.  716,  718;  ii.  378.  V.  (Rafael), 
grantee  of  S.  Ger6nimo,  S.  Luis  Ob.,  in  "42.  iv.  655;  and  cl.  in  '52.  Villela 
(Felipe),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  before  '37;  at  Los  Ang.  '39,  age  '35.  V.  (Juan  M. 
M.),  settler  at  S.  Jose"  1777;  did  not  remain,  i.  312.  V.  (Marcos),  soldier  at 
Soledad  1791  et  seq.;  inval.  at  Branciforte  '99.  i.  499,  511. 

Viiials  (Jose"),  1798,  Span,  friar  who  served  at  S.  Carlos,  retiring  in  1804. 
Biog.  ii.  146-7;  meut.  i.  577,  686;  ii.  159-60,  166.  Vincent,  1848,  mr  of 
the  Zach  Taylor,  built  at  Sta  Cruz.  Fresno  Co.  Hist.,  51.  V.  (Calvin),  1846, 
came  to  Sta  Clara.  Hall.  V.  (E.  C.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  V.  (Geo. 
W.),  1826,  nat.  of  Mass,  and  mate  of  the  Courier.  He  came  back  as  mr  of  the 
Monsoon  '39-40;  and  in  '44-6  com.  the  Sterling;  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  and  of  a 
Cal.  claim  '46-7.  In  '48  he  was  mr  of  the  Sabine,  and  remained  at  S.F.,  where 
he  was  killed  in  the  fire  of  '51.  iii.  146,  176;  iv.  105,  568;  v.  296,  580.  Ason^ 
Geo.  W.,  lives,  I  think,  in  S.F.  '85.  V.  (Joshua  S.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  Ir 


764  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  at  Linn  Creek,  Mo.,  '82.  Vincenthaler  (L.  C.),  1846,  in 
€al.  during  the  war  of  '46-7;  prob.  went  east  with  Fremont  or  Stockton,  v. 
454;  one  of  Fremont's  men  '48.  Vines  (Bartlett),  1843,  overl.  immig.  of 
the  Walker-Chiles  party  with  his  wife,  who  was  a  daughter  of  Geo.  Yount. 
iv.  393,  400,  448.  He  settled  in  Napa  Val.,  and  still  lived  there  in  '81.  A 
daughter  was  born  in  '45.  Vinson  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Vioget  (Jean  Jacques),  1837,  Swiss  sailor  and  surveyor  who  came  as  mr  of 
the  Delmira  '37-9.  iv.  103,  117-18.  He  settled  at  S.F.)  where  he  made  the  1st 
town  survey,  owned  a  lot,  and  built  a  house  in  '39-40.  iii.  706,  710;  v.  679. 
In  '40  he  was  naturalized,  and  from  that  time  appears  in  various  records  as  a 
trader,  keeping  also  a  billiard-saloon,  and  being  employed  by  Sutter  in  '41  to 
make  a  survey  of  his  N.  Helvetia  grant,  having  of  course  much  trouble  to 
collect  his  pay.  iv.  179,  229-30,  237,  668.  In  '44-5,  renting  his  saloon  or  hir 
ing  a  man  to  keep  it,  he  was  mr  of  the  Clarita;  was  employed  to  carry 
Michel torena  to  Mex.,  and  was  grantee  of  the  Blucher  rancho,  Sonoma 
Co.  iv.  480,  564,  670.  In  '46-7  he  made  a  trip  to  Hon.  and  back  on  the 
Don  Quixote;  and  in  '47-8  was  mr  of  the  Euphemia,  running  to  the 
Islands,  being  judge  of  election,  and  advertising  his  hotel — The  Portsmouth 
House— for  sale.  v.  578,  650,  680.  He  lived  at  S.  Jose"  '49,  and  in  '54 
atS.F.,  age  55.  I  find  no  later  record  of  him.  His  wife  was  apparently  a 
Benavides.  Vioget  was  a  jolly,  musical  sort  of  fellow,  speaking  several  lan 
guages,  a  sailor  and  surveyor  and  hotel-keeper  of  some  skill.  Virgen 
(Leonardo),  soldier  at  Sta  B.  '24.  ii.  532.  Virgin  (Thomas),  1827,  Amer.  at 
S.  Diego. 

Virmond  (Henry),  1828,  German  merchant  of  Acapulco  and  the  city  of 
Mex. ,  who  did  a  large  business  with  Cal. ,  where  he  was  well  known  to  nearly 
everybody  before  he  visited  the  country  in  '28-30.  He  was  a  skilful  intriguer, 
had  extraordinary  facilities  for  obtaining  the  ear  of  Mex.  officials,  and  was 
always  the  man  first  sought  to  solicit  any  favor,  commercial,  military,  civil,  or 
ecclesiastical,  for  his  many  Cal.  friends.  He  owned  the  Leonor,  Maria  Ester, 
Catalina,  Clarita,  and  many  other  vessels  well  known  in  the  Cal.  trade.  He  was 
the  tallest  man  ever  seen  here  till  the  coming  of  Dr  Semple;  was  a  business  man 
of  great  enterprise;  had  many  accomplishments  and  a  Mex.  wife;  and  had, 
also,  his  leg  broken  by  the  kick  of  a  mule  while  in  Cal.  ii.  594;  iii.  58,  141-3, 
147,  149,  233,  313,  398,  572;  iv.  249,  285.  Vischer  (Edward),  1842,  Ger. 
clerk  in  Virmond's  employ  at  Acapulco,  \vho  came  to  Cal.  on  the  schr  Cali 
fornia,  iv.  341,  349.  After  '49  he  became  a  resident,  being  an  artist,  and  his 
Pictorial  of  Cal.  was  a  series  of  photographs  from  pencil  sketches,  with  de 
scriptive  matter,  published  under  the  title  of  Missions  of  Upper  Cal.  His  draw 
ings,  however,  were  all  made  after  '65.  He  died  at  S.F.  after  '70. 

Victoria  (Marcos  Antonio  Saizar  de),  1805,  nat.  of  the  province  of  Alava, 
Spain,  b.  in  1760;  became  a  Franciscan  in  '76;  came  to  Mex.  in  1804.  Hia 
missionary  service  was  at  Sta  B.  1805-6,  S.  Buen.  1805-17  and  '20-24,  S.  Fer 
nando  '18-20,  Purisima  '24-35,  and  Sta  Ines  '35-6.  His  death  occurred  on  July 
25,  '36,  at  Sta  Ine"s.  Padre  Vitoria  was  a  most  virtuous  and  exemplary  man, 
always  in  feeble  health,  not  accredited  by  his  superiors  with  great  ability,  but 
beloved  by  his  neophytes.  Autobig.  Autog.  de  los  Padres,  MS.;  Arch.  Sta  B. 
iii.  48-50,  128;  Sta  I  ties  Lib.  Mis.,  19-21.  See  mention  in  ii.  109,  121-2,  357, 
490,  530,  578-9;  iii.  96,  661-2,  664;  iv.  63.  Vivaldo  (Feliciano),  1842,  sub- 
lieut  of  the  batallon  fijo  '42-5.  iv.  289.  Vivero,  1800,  com.  of  the  Princesa. 
i.  546.  Vizcaino  (Juan),  1769,  Span,  friar  who  served  for  a  brief  term  at  S. 
Diego;  was  wounded  by  the  Ind.  in  Aug.;  and  retired  on  account  of  illness 
in  '70.  i.  127,  136,  138,  164-5.  V.  (Sebastian),  1602,  Span,  navigator  in  com. 
of  an  exped.  that  explored  the  Cal.  coast  1602-3.  See  complete  record  of  his 
visit,  and  mention  of  a  later  one  of  1613,  in  i.  97-105,  111,  151-2,  158,  169; 
ii.  1.  Vizcarra  (Jose"),  soldier  at  Sta  Cruz  1795.  i.  496. 

Vonks  (Stephen),  1837,  doubtful  name  of  mr  of  the  Baical.  iv.  101.  Vor- 
hees  (John),  1817,  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Vorhies  (Wm  Van),  1848  (?), 
postal  agent  for  the  govt;  memb.  of  the  1st  senate,  and  sec.  of  state  under 
Gov.  Burnett  and  his  successors;  prominent  in  later  years  as  politician,  law- 


VORHIES-WALKER.  765- 

year,  and  editor,  residing  many  years  in  Oakland.  He  died  at  Eureka  in  '84. 
Vrandenburg  (Adna),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Vyer(John),  1846, 
Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336). 

Waccodzy,  or  Wacoocky  (Basil),  1835,  doubtful  name  of  mr  of  the  Sitka 
'35-6.  iii.  384;  iv.  106.  Waddell  (Archibald),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v. 
499).  Wade,  1847,  at  Sutter's  fort  '47-8,  prob.  one  of  the  Mormons.  W. 
(Edward  W.),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Ogden,  Utah,  '82.  W. 
(Isaac),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  d.  before  '64.  W.  (Moses), 

1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).       W.  (Wm),  1844,  deserter  from  the  U.S. 
Warren.       Wadleigh  (Joseph),  1848,  maker  of  pans  at  Sutter's  fort  '48-9;. 
went  east  with  a  fortune  '49.  Grimshaw.       Wadsworth  (James  C.  L.),  1847, 
came  from  N.Y.  on  the  Whiton;  became  sutler's  clerk  of  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  503; 
alcalde  at  Stockton  '49;  a  resident  of  S.F.  in  later  years  to  '85,  being  a  well- 
known  mining  man.  He  gave  me  his  testimony  on  matters  connected  with  the 
Vigilance  Committee.       W.  (Samuel),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  settler  at  Sta 
Clara;  d.  at  Pleasanton  '82  at  the  age  of  62.       Waggoner  (P.  W.),  1846,  Cal. 
Bat.,  Co.  B,  artill.  (v.  358);  enlisting  at  Sta  Cruz  Oct.       Wagner  (Thomas), 

1848,  nat.  of  Va,  who  died  at  Snelliug  '77.       Waine,  1846,  lieut  on  the  Levant. 
Wainwright  (John),  1826,  lieut  on  H.  B.  M.  S.  Blossom  '26-7.  iii.  121.       W. 
(J.  M.),  1847,  acting  mr  of  the  U.S.  Columbus;  perhaps  J.  W.       Wakefield 
(Benj.),  1847,  act.  boatswain  on  the  Preble.- 

Walcott  (Ephraim),  1844,  Amer.  deserter  from  a  vessel  who  worked  at  S. 
F.  for  Fink,  going  into  business  for  himself  as  a  blacksmith  in  '47.  iv.  453, 
683;  also  at  Sutter's  fort  '46-7.  Wald  (Wm),  1840,  arrested  at  Los  Ang. 
iv.  14.  Waldo  (Geo.),  1846,  officer  of  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  361).  W.  (Giles), 
1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Waldrou,  1846,  at  Sutter's  fort  from  S.F.  June. 
W.  (J.  W.  and  R.  R.),  1841,  brothers  and  officers  on  the  U.S.  Vincennes. 
Walker,  1843,  mate  of  the  Admittance  discharged  at  S.  Diego;  in  '45  mr  of 
the  John  and  Elizabeth;  perhaps  two  men.  W.  (Edwin),  1847,  Co.  D.  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  W.  (Henry  D.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v. 
336). 

Walker  (James  T.),  1848,  nat.  of  Term,  and  nephew  of  Capt.  Joe  W.,  who 
came  overland,  starting  in  '47,  but  being  obliged  to  winter  on  the  way,  through 
having,  with  the  true  family  instinct,  sought  a  new  route,  v.  556-7.  Working 
as  teamster,  cattle-trader,  and  miner  in  '48-9,  he  went  east  by  sea  and  came 
back  across  the  plains  in  '50.  The  next  year  he  went  to  Mo.  via  N.  Mex.,  and 
in  '52  made  his  3d  overl.  trip  to  Cal.  In  '53  he  settled  in  Contra  Costa,  where 
he  still  lived  in  '82,  at  the  age  of  57,  with  wife  and  3  children.  Portrait  in 
Contra  Costa  Co.  IJist.,  88.  W.  (Joel  P.),  1841,  nat.  of  Va,  brother  of  Jo 
seph,  Ind.  fighter  from  '14  in  the  Seminole  and  other  wars,  later  in  the  Sta  F6 
trade,  overl.  immig.  to  Or.  '40,  who  came  to  Cal.  with  his  family  from  Or., 
accompanying  a  detachment  of  the  U.S.  Ex.  Ex.  After  working  for  Sutter,  and 
later  for  Yount,  he  returned  to  Or.  with  a  drove  of  cattle,  remaining  there  for 
5  years,  though  he  appears  as  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot  in  '45.  iv.  233,  278-9,  347, 
377,  390.  He  came  back  to  Cal.  in  '48,  lived  at  Napa  till  '53,  being  a  member 
of  the  constit.  convention  in  '49,  and  1st  assessor  of  Napa  Co.  In  '53  he  moved 
to  Sonoma  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '78  at  the  age  of  81.  His  wife,  Mary 
Young  of  Mo.,  was  the  1st  white  woman  to  arrive  in  Cal.  by  land  or  to  settle 
north  of  the  bay.  They  had  a  daughter  Louisa  born  in  Or.  '41;  and  the  other 
children  who  came  to  Cal.  in  '41  were  John,  Joseph,  Newton,  and  Isabella. 
The  1st  was  living  at  Sebastopol  in  '77.  A  MS.  Narrative  furnished  by  Joel 
P.  to  Robt  A.  Thompson  is  in  my  collection. 

Walker  (Joseph  Reddeford),  1833,  nat.  of  Tenn.  who  went  to  Mo.  in  '19, 
where  he  served  as  sheriff,  and  became  one  of  the  most  skilful  and  famous  of 
the  guides,  mountaineers,  Ind. -fighters,  and  trappers  of  the  far  west.  His  1st 
visit  to  Cal.  was  as  com.  of  a  party  of  Bonneville's  trappers,  spending  the 
winter  of  '33-4  at  Mont.  Walker's  lake,  river,  and  pass  were  named  for  his 
discoveries  on  this  trip.  iii.  389-92,  409,  669;  iv.  264,  434.  In  '41,  unless- 
there  is  an  error  in  archive  records,  he  came  to  Los  Ang.,  prob.  from  N.  Mex.,. 


766  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

to  buy  horses,  iv.  278.  In  '43  he  guided  a  division  of  Chiles'  immig.  party  by 
a  southern  route  to  Cal.,  going  back  in  '44.  iv.  393-5,  679.  His  next  visit  was 
in  '45-6  as  guide  to  Fremont's  party,  a  portion  of  which  he  brought  through 
his  original  Walker  pass.  iv.  582-5;  v.  3,  6.  In  July  '46  he  was  met  by 
Bryant  at  Ft  Bridger  on  his  return  from  Cal.  Capt.  W.  continued  his 
wanderings,  with  intervals  of  ranchero  life  and  stock-trading  experience  in 
•Cal. ,  for  20  years,  making  extensive  explorations  in  Arizona  as  well  as  in 
other  sections;  and  then  in  '66-7  he  settled  in  Contra  Costa  Co.,  living  with 
his  nephew  James  T.,  and  dying  in  '76  at  the  age  of  78.  Capt.  Joe  Walker 
was  one  of  the  bravest  and  most  skilful  of  the  mountain  men;  none  was  bet 
ter  acquainted  than  he  with  the  geography  or  the  native  tribes  of  the  great 
basin;  and  he  was  withal  less  boastful  and  pretentious  than  most  of  his  class. 
In  his  old  age  he  was  moved  by  the  absurd  praise  accorded  to  a  'pathfinder' 
who  had  merely  followed  the  tracks  of  himself  and  his  trapper  associates,  to 
say  many  bitter  and  doubtless  unjust  things  against  Fre'mont,  but  his  preju 
dice  on  this  point  was  natural  and  merits  but  slight  censure.  W.  (R.),  1848, 
passp.  from  Hon.  W.  (W.  M.),  1841,  lieut  in  U.S.  Ex.  Ex.  iv.  241.  W. 
.(Wm),  1846,  sailor  on  the  Dale.  W.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 
Walkinshaw  (Robert),  1847,  nat.  of  Scotland  and  long  resid.  of  Mex.,  who 
came  as  sup.  of  the  William,  and  took  charge  of  the  N.  Almaden  quicksilver 
mine;  cl.  for  Sta  Clara  lands  '52.  iv.  673;  left  Cal.  in  '58  and  died  in  Scotland 
159.  A  man  of  the  same  name  and  apparently  of  the  same  family  resided  at 
S.F.  in  '85. 

Wall  (Richard),  1 847,  Co.  B,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  in  S.  Joaq.  Co.  after 
'50.  W.  (Wm),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot.  Wallace  (Geo.),  1845,  Amer. 
at  Mont.;  in  prison  '47.  iv.  587.  Wallen  (Edward),  1846,  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat. 
(v.  358).  Wallis  (Wm),  1846,  Co.  F,  ditto,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.  Wai- 
pole  (Fred.),  1846,  lieut  on  the  Collingwood,  and  author  of  Four  Years  in  the 
Pacific,  v.  213-14.  Walsh  (James),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  W. 
(John),  1818  (?),  resident  of  Benicia  '78-84,  said  to  have  visited  S.F.  in  '18; 
prob.  an  error.  W.  (Robert  A.),  1838  (?),  priest  at  Hon.  '39,  who  had  appar 
ently  visited  Cal.  with  his  associate,  Murphy. 

Walter,  see  'Wolter.'  W.  (Geo.),  1846,  one  of  the  Chino  prisoners,  v. 
314;  Co.  A,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358).  W.  (John),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.Y.Vol.;  not 
on  roll.  W.  (Philip  J.),  1832,  Engl.  carpenter  and  naturalized  citizen  at 
Mont.  '32-6.  iii.  408;  perhaps  'Watson.'  Waltham  (Henry),  1848,  passp. 
from  Hon.  Waltber  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Los  Ang. 
'71-4.  Walton  (Ambrose),  1841,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party,  who 
prob.  returned  east  in  '42.  iv.  270,  275,  342.  W.  (Major),  1841,  ditto;  or, 
ace.  to  some  sketches,  was  drowned  in  the  Sac.  Riv. ;  also  named  as  one  of 
the  Chiles  party  of  '43.  iv.  393.  Walz  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499). 

Warn  bough  (M.  M.),  1846,  apparently  from  Or.  in  June.  v.  526;  enlisting 
at  S.  Juan  Oct.  in  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.,  of  which  he  became  lieut.  v.  361.  In  '47 
he  became  the  owner  of  land  in  Sta  Clara  Co. ;  and  in  July,  while  on  his  way 
to  Stockton's  camp,  was  robbed  and  perhaps  wounded  near  Altgeier's  place 
in  the  Sac.  Val. ;  though  in  later  years,  when  he  attempted  to  get  relief  from 
the  govt,  some  doubt  was  thrown  on  the  robbery.  I  do  not  know  if  he  was 
the  senator  to  whom  Wm  B.  Ide  directed  his  famous  letter  on  the  Bear  revolt. 
Wanec  (Wm),  1845,  doubtful  name  of  an  Irish  resid.  of  Branciforte,  age  45, 
single.  Warbas  (Thos  A.),  1840  (?),  on  roll  of  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  iv.  120;  in 
'42,  ace.  to  list  in  the  Herald  of  '51;  at  S.  F.  '54.  Warbeck  (Henry  K.), 
1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.F.  after  '50.  Warburton  (Henry  H.), 
1847,  Engl.  physician  who  came  as  surgeon  on  the  Corea  (?),  and  settled  at 
Sta  Clara,  where  he  still  lived  in  '81,  with  wife,  Catherine  Pennell,  and  5 
child.,  Caroline,  Ellen,  John,  Charles,  and  Henry. 

Ward,  1848,  of  the  ship  Confederation  at  S.F.  W.  (Andrew  J.),  1847, 
Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  physician  at  Sutter's  fort  '47-8;  at  Madison,  Wis., 
'82.  W.  (C.  L.),  1848,  at  S.F.  in  August.  W.  (Edward  C.),  1847,  officer 
on  the  U.S.  Preble.  W.  (Frank),  1846,  came  from  N.  Y.  on  the  Brooklyn, 


WARD— WARNER.  767 

though  not  a  Mormon,  and  opened  a  store  at  S.F.  as  a  member  of  the  firm  W. 
&  Smith,  which  became  prominent  for  several  years;  owner  of  town  lota,  in 
spector  of  election,  marshal  at  the  public  reception  of  Com.  Stockton,  acting 
alcalde,  etc.  v.  295-6,  455,  539,  546-7,  648,  679,  681,  685.  In  '48  he  testified 
on  the  Cal.  claims  at  Wash.,  D.C.,  but  came  back  to  Cal.  with  his  wife,  Hen 
rietta  Zimmerman,  who  died  at  S.F.  in  '49.  A  little  later,  in  business  reverses, 
he  shot  himself,  but  not  fatally;  went  east  about  '53;  came  back  soon  after 
'70,  married  the  widow  of  Dr  Bale,  and  some  years  later  started  east  by  sea, 
drowning  himself  on  the  way.  He  was  not  a  very  dissipated  man,  but  stylish 
and  extravagant.  W.  (Geo.  R.),  1839,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  (?).  W.  (Henry), 
1847,  gunner  on  the  Preble.  W.  (James  C.),  1847,  brother  of  Frank,  who 
came  in  March  with  letters  to  Larkin;  owner  of  lots  at  S.F.,  and  member  of 
the  firm  W.  &  Wells;  inspector  of  election;  lieut  of  S.  F.  guard,  somewhat 
prominent  in  politics  '47-8.  v.  650-2.  It  was  perhaps  he  instead  of  his  brother 
who  shot  himself.  He  lived  in  Mass.  '55-78,  then  returning  to  S.F.,  where  he 
was  a  notary,  and  published  his  Diary  of  earlier  times  in  the  Argonaut.  He 
had  a  shock  of  paralysis,  and  was  taken  back  to  Mass.,  where  he  died  in  '83, 
learing  a  widow.  W.  (John),  1832  (?),  nat.  of  Va,  said  to  have  been  at  Los 
Ang.  '32-3.  iii.  408;  again  in  Cal.  '43-6,  returning  in  '49,  and  dying  at  Los 
Ang.  '59.  Los  Ang.  Co.  Hist.,  35.  The  only  original  record  that  I  find  is  a 
pass,  for  Sonora  in  '45.  W.  (John  B.),  1840,  nat.  of  Ireland,  who  came  as  a 
boy  on  the  U.S.  8t  Louis,  visiting  Mont,  and  S.  F.  He  came  back  in  '49  on 
the  steamer  California;  married  Arcadia  Concepcion  Estudillo;  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  S.  Leandro;  and  still  lives  at  S.F.  in  '85.  W.  (0.  R.),  1847, 
at  Mont,  from  Hon.  on  the  D.  Quixote.  Wardell  (Geo.  S.),  1847,  left  S.F. 
on  the  Chas  Drew.  Warden  (Wm),  1829,  mr  of  the  Dhaulle,  or  Dotty,  iii. 
146.  Wardlow  (Joseph),  1846,  overl.  immig.  with  family,  v.  328;  owner  of 
Sonoma  Co.  lands  in  '47. 

Ware,  1847,  blacksmith  at  S.  Buen.  W.  (T.  H.),  1845,  purser  of  the 
Warren  '45-8.  W.  (Wm),  1832  (?),  Irishman,  who  prob.  came  this  year 
from  N.  Mex.,  but  possibly  with  Walker  in  '33.  iii.  388,  391,  408.  He  worked 
as  distiller,  tanner,  and  lumberman  in  the  Sta  Cruz  region,  his  name  often 
appearing  on  Larkin 's  books  and  other  records  from  '34.  In  '40  he  was  arrested. 
iv.  17;  but  got  a  license  to  remain;  and  in  '44  was  naturalized.  Wm  H.  Ware 
testified  in  Alameda  Co.  '68  that  he  had  been  in  Cal.  since  '32;  and  ace.  to 
the  newspapers,  Uncle  Billy  lived  at  his  Zayante  farm  till  his  death  in  Feb. 
'68.  Warfield,  1841,  one  of  Lieut  Emmons'  guides  from  Or.,  with  wife  and 
child;  perhaps  remained.  Waring  (Richard),  1837,  perhaps  at  Mont. 
Warley  (Alex.  F.),  1847,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Independence.  Warner  (Caro 
line),  1846,  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  3  children,  v.  547;  she  married  at 
S.F.  a  man  named  Thorp,  and  died  some  years  before  '84.  W.  (Cornelius), 
1834,  Amer.  in  a  Mont.  list.  W.  (John),  1840,  Engl.  exile,  who  returned 
from  S.  Bias  in  '41.  iv.  18,  33,  120. 

Warner  (Jonathan  Trumbull,  known  in  Cal.  as  Juan  Jose",  or  John  J.), 
1831,  nat.  of  Conn.,  who  went  to  St  Louis  and  N.  Mex.  in  '30,  was  a  clerk 
for  Jed.  Smith  at  the  time  of  the  latter's  death,  and  came  to  Cal.  in  Jackson's 
party  of  trappers,  iii.  387,  405;  iv.  264.  He  continued  his  occupation  as  a 
trapper  in  the  Cal.  valleys  during  '31-3,  iii.  357,  393,  and  settled,  '34,  at  Los 
Ang. ,  where  he  is  occasionally  named  in  records  of  the  following  years,  tak 
ing  part  with  the  vigilantes  in  '36,  obtaining  from  the  ayunt.  a  certificate  of 
long  residence  the  same  year,  and  in  '38  having  an  arm  broken  in  resisting  a 
search  of  his  house  during  the  political  wars.  iii.  566.  In  '39  he  went  east  via 
Acapulco,  and  thence  overland  to  V.  Cruz;  and  during  his  stay  he  delivered 
at  Rochester,  N.Y.,  an  interesting  lecture  on  the  far  west,  with  special  ref 
erence  to  a  Pacific  railroad,  returning  to  Cal.  in  '41  on  the  Julia  Ann.  iv.  37, 
223,  280,  566.  In  '43  he  got  a  license  to  hunt  goats  and  seals  on  the  Sta  B. 
islands,  iv.  642;  and  in  '44,  being  naturalized,  he  was  grantee  of  the  Agua 
Caliente  rancho,  S.  Diego  district,  where  he  lived  with  his  family  from  '45  to 
'57,  the  place  being  known  as  Warner's  rancho,  and  another,  Camajal  y  el 
Palomar.  being  perhaps  granted  in  '46.  iii.  611,  620;  v.  619.  Here  Gen. 


768  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Kearny's  force  camped  in  '46  just  before  the  fight  of  S.  Pascual.  v.  339;  also 
the  Mormon  battalion  in  '47.  v.  486;  and  here  W.  had  much  trouble  with  the 
Ind.,  notably  at  the  time  of  the  Pauma  massacre.  To  a  certain  extent  Warner 
was  a  confidential  agent  of  Larkin  for  the  U.S.  in  '46.  v.  63.  In  his  Notes  of 
'45,  Larkin  described  W.  as  a  man  of  good  information,  addicted  to  politics, 
with  some  influence  likely  to  increase.  Since  '57  he  has  resided  at  Los  Ang., 
holding  at  times  the  positions  of  federal  assessor  and  notary  public,  but  much 
reduced  financially.  He  has  written  much  for  the  papers  on  topics  of  early 
history,  respecting  some  phases  of  which,  involving  the  trappers'  explorations, 
he  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  best  authorities.  He  was  selected  to  write  the 
earliest  annals  for  the  centennial  Los  A ng.  Hist.;  and  he  has  furnished  for 
my  use  a  brief  Biog.  Sketch,  and  a  more  extended  book  of  Reminiscences,  which 
I  have  often  had  occasion  to  cite.  He  still  lives  at  Los  Ang.  in  '85,  age  78. 
About  '37  he  married  Anita,  daughter  of  Wm  A.  Gale,  who  died  in  '59,  leav 
ing  a  son.  W.  (Richard),  1S36,  one  of  the  Los  Ang.  vigilantes.  W.  (Wm 
H.),  1846,  capt.  U.S.  top.  engineers,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.  with  Kearny, 
and  was  wounded  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  336,  343-7.  In  '47  he  came  to  Mont,  and 
S.F.,  where  he  obtained  a  lot;  and  then  engaged  in  trade  with  Sherman  and 
Bestor  at  Coloma  in  '48,  having  previously  made  a  survey  of  Sacramento  City. 
He  was  killed  in  '49  by  the  Pit  River  Ind. 

Warre  (John),  1843,  Sutter  writes  that  he  is  not  at  N.Helv.,  but  prob.  at 
Sonoma.  Warren  (James),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Warren 
(Wm),  1828  (?),  negro  known  as  'Uncle  Billy,'  who  died  atS.  Jose"  '75;  said  in 
newspaper  sketches  to  have  come  in  '28.  iii.  178.  W.  (Wm  R.),  1836,  nat. 
of  Mass,  who  had  lived  at  Hon.  some  10  years  or  more,  being  known  as 
'Major.'  iv.  118.  He  signed  the  memorial  to  Com.  Kennedy  at  Mont,  in  Oct., 
unless  Wm  M.  may  have  been  another  man.  iv.  141;  his  name  appears  on 
Larkin's  books  in  '37-42;  and  he  was  for  some  years  in  charge  of  Spear's 
store  at  Mont.  In  '40-1  he  made  a  trip  to  Hon.  and  back.  iv.  100,  567;  and 
his  daughter  Mary,  a  quarter-breed  Hawaiian,  coming  to  Cal.  about  that  time, 
married  W.  D.  M.  '  Howard, 'q.v.  Warren  went  back  to  Hon.  and  apparently 
died  before  '48.  Warrington,  1846  (?),  connected  with  the  legislature  of  '55. 
W.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  Jos6  '50;  d.  in  Mendocino 
before  '82.  W.  (John  H.),  1848,  porter  in  U.S.  naval  store  at  Mont.  '48-9. 

Wasden  (Stephen  J.),  1844,  Amer.  who  got  a  pass.  Washburn  (Benja 
min),  1844  (?),  nat.  of  N.Y.  who  had  lived  in  111.  and  Iowa,  signed  the  call  to 
foreigners  at  S.  Jose"  in  March  '45,  and  prob.  came  overland  in  '43  or  '44.  iv. 
453,  599.  In  April  occurred  the  death  of  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Woodred,  at  S. 
Jos6;  and  in  Nov.  W.  was  ill  at  Perry's  farm  near  N.  Helv.  In  April  '46  he 
was  at  S.  Jose1;  and  in  July  is  named  as  one  of  the  prisoners  carried  south  by 
Castro,  v.  136.  I  have  no  later  record,  but  W.  is»thought  by  Given  to  have 
died  at  S.  Jose".  W.  (J.),  1845,  at  Sutter's  fort;  also  at  S.  Jose".  Hall;  per 
haps  an  error,  iv.  578,  587.  W.  (Lysander  E.),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v. 
499);  at  N.  Helv.  and  Sonoma  '47,  taking  part  in  a  dramatic  performance  at 
Sonoma;  capt,  of  Cal.  volunteers  in  the  war  of  '61-5;  at  S.F.  '71-82.  Wash- 
ington  (Geo.),  1844,  sailor  on  the  Monmouth. 

Watawha,  or  Wetowah,  1845,  Delaware  Ind.  of  Fremont's  party;  died  in 
the  service,  iv.  583.  Waterfall  (Christian),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v. 
518).  Waterman,  1841,  mr  of  the  Brarjanza.  iv.  563;  perhaps  same  as  the 
following.  W.  (Robert  H.),  1848,  nat.  'of  N.Y.,  and  for  many  years  a  sea- 
captain;  founder  of  Fairfiekl,  Solano  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  in  '79.  His  wife 
was  Cordelia  Sterling.  Waters  (C.),  1848,  from  Hon.;  clerk  for  Ross,  Ben- 
ton,  &  Co.  at  S.F.  W.  (James),  1844,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  Rocky  Mt  trapper, 
who  settled  i?  S.  Bern.  Co.,  where  he  lived  in  '76.  Watkins  (Adolphus), 

1846,  came  from  Hon.  on  the  Elizabeth;  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  '47.       W.  (B.  F.), 

1847,  from  N.Y.;  a  fruit-grower  at  Sta  Clara  '76.       W.  (Francis  D.),  1847, 
owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot;  d.  at  Mission  S.  Jose"  '48,  age  33.       W.  (James  T.), 
1832  (?),  com.  of  steamers  from  about  '55,  said  to  have  touched  at  S.  Diego  in 
'32;  died  in  China  '67;  a  nat.  of  Md  age  59.  Also  called  James  W.,  and  ac 
credited  to  '44.  iv.  453.       W.  (Richard),  1846,  one  of  the  party  captured  with 


WATKIXS— -WEAVER.  769 

Alcalde  Bartlett  by  Sanchez;  in  '82  a  judge  in  Mono  Co.       Watmough  (James 
H.),  1846,  purser  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth,  who  was  com.  of  the  Sta  Clara 

tarrison  in  Aug.  and  made  a  successful  campaign  against  the  Ind.  on  the 
tanislaus.  v.  102,  239-40,  294,  378,  567,  661.  He  was  owner  of  a  S.  F.  lot.  v. 
685;  and  in  '47  bought  land  in  Sonoma  Co.  from  Vallejo,  being  in  '53  an  un 
successful  cl.  for  part  of  the  Petaluma  rancho.  In  later  years  he  was  a  pay 
master  in  the  U.S.N.,  and  in  77  chief  of  the  dept  of  provisions  and  clothing. 
W.  (Pendleton  G.),  1S46,  raid,  on  the  Portsmouth,  who  served  in  the  S.  Jos6 
garrison  under  Lieut  Pinckney. 

Watson  (Andrew),  1834,  Engl.  sailor  named  in  several  Mont,  records,  age 
34;  at  S.  Jose1  '36;  on  Larkin's  books  '39-41,  and  said  by  Farnham  to  have 
been  arrested  in  '40.  iii.  412;  iv.  17.  W.  (Edward),  1828,  Engl.  carpenter 
who  joined  the  comp.  extranjera  at  Mont,  in  '32,  and  in  '33  was  baptized  as 
Jose1  Eduardo  Maria,  iii.  178,  221.  His  name  appears  in  various  records  from 
'34,  and  in  '36  he  is  named  in  the  Mont,  padron  as  31  years  old,  with  a  wife 
Maria  Guadalupe  Castillo,  age  16;  in  '37  bought  land  of  John  Rainsford;  in 
'40  was  arrested  but  not  exiled,  iv.  17,  23;  in  '41  naturalized,  being  a  trader 
and  memb.  of  the  ayunt.  After  the  discov.  of  gold  he  went  to  the  mines,  and 
died  at  Dry  Creek,  near  the  Cosumnes  in  '48.  W.  (Francis),  son  of  James, 
b.  at  Mont,  about  '30;  educated  at  Hon.  from  '40.  iii.  180;  iv.  103.  In  the 
mines  '48;  married  a  daughter  of  Santiago  Estrada;  and  in  '75  still  lived  in 
Mont.  Co.  with  8  children.  I  have  a  brief  Narrative  from  him.  W.  (Henry), 
1846,  Co.  G,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.  Jose"  Nov.  W.  (Henry  B.), 
1846,  lieut  of  marines  on  the  U.S.  Portsmouth,  in  com.  of  S.F.  garrison;  also 
with  Stockton  in  the  southern  campaign  of  '46-7.  v.  239-40,  295,  392,  436, 
659. 

Watson  (James  or  David),  1824(?),  Engl.  sailor  who  left  a  whaler  at  Sta 
B.  or  S.  F.  about  this  time  and  settled  as  a  trader  at  Mont.  His  original  name 
seems  to  have  been  David,  but  was  prob.  called  Santiago  at  baptism;  also 
called  Felipe  Santiago,  and  in  one  record  James  Peter,  ii.  495,  526.  The  1st 
original  record  is  in  '30;  in  '32  he  joined  the  comp.  extranjera.  iii.  221-2;  and 
in  '34  he  had  a  wife,  Mariana  Escamilla,  and  2  children — a  number  increased 
to  4  in  '36,  when  he  was  a  naturalized  citizen,  age  33.  A  lot  was  granted  him 
in  '35,  and  in  '36  he  bought  a  house  of  Luis  Beltran,  afterwards  sold  to  Fuller 
and  bought  back.  He  was  often  a  memb.  of  the  ayunt.  from  '36,  being  a 
respected  citizen  and  merchant  frequently  named  in  the  records  down  to  '48. 
iii.  675;  iv.  117,  136,  218,  403,  653.  Sir  Geo.  Simpson  describes  him  as  a  Lon 
doner  from  Redriff,  whose  father  had  been  'in  the  public  line,'  keeping  the 
'Noah's  Hark  between  Globe  Stairs  and  the  'Orse  Ferry;'  and  Larkin,  in  his 
Notes  of  '45,  as  an  uneducated,  unambitious,  honest  man,  who  did  not  meddle 
in  politics.  He  acquired  a  fortune,  and  is  named  by  Willey  and  others  in  '49 
as  a  very  generous  man.  About  '50  he  bought  the  S.  Benito  rancho,  for  which 
he  was  successful  claimant,  iv.  655;  but  he  was  ruined  by  the  drought  of  '63, 
and  died  the  same  year.  His  children  were  Francis  b.  abt  '30;  Catalina  in  '33; 
Tomds  in  '35  (later  sheriff  of  Mont,  where  he  still  lived  in  "75);  and  Santiago 
Jr,  born  in  '36.  W.  (J.  B.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  W.  (J.  M.),  1847, 
lieut  U.S.N.,  who  brought  despatches  to  Gen.  Kearny;  later  in  com.  of  the 
Erie;  d.  at  Vallejo  '73,  age  66.  W.  (Wm),  1836,  Engl.  lumberman  in  Mont, 
dist,  age  30.  W.  (Wm),  1847,  at  Benicia.  v.  673;  at  Napa  '48.  Watt 
(James),  1836,  juez  de  campo  at  Mont.  iii.  675;  'Santiago  Guat,'  prob.  'Wat 
son,'  q.v. ;  and  Felipe  Guati,  an  Engl.  catholic  mariner,  at  Mont,  in  '29,  age 
25,  was  also  prob.  the  same  'Watson.'  Watts  (John),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.;  a  man  of  the  same  name  at  S.  Jose'  '50.  W.  (Wm), 
1827,  doubtful  name  of  sup.  of  the  Karimoko.  iii.  147.  W.  (Wm),  1841, 
doubtful  name  at  Mont.  Toomes.  Watty,  1845,  at  Larkin's  soap-factory. 
Wayne  (W.A.),  1845,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Savannah. 

Weaitz  (John),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Mont.  Oct. 

Weaver,  1831,  a  trapper,  said  by  Nidever  to  have  been  in  Young's  party; 

called  Powell  W.  by  Dye.  iii.  388;  perhaps  Pauline  W.,  a  noted  mountain 

man  of  Ariz,  later.  He  was  also  possibly  the  man  who  served  as  guide  to  the 

HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  V.    49 


770  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Morm.  Bat.  v.  483;  and  a  Paulino  W.  is  named  at  S.  Bern,  in  '46,  age  40. 
W.  (Daniel),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  W.  (Franklin),  1847, 
Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Utah  '81;  married  Miss  R.  Reed  at  S.F.  '48. 
W.  (M.),  1846,  doubtful  name  in  a  Los  Ang.  list.  W.  (Miles),  1847,  Co.  A, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  W.  (Vance),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlist 
ing  at  Sonoma  in  Oct.;  Cal.  claim  (v.  462).  W.  (Wm  E.),  1848,  part  owner 
of  the  S.F.  Californian;  perhaps  same  as  the  following.  W.  (Wm  J.),  1847, 
Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  a  printer.  Webb  (Chas  Y.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Parowan,  Utah,  '81.  W.  ( Wm),  1832,  memb.  of  the  comp. 
extranjera.  iii.  221;  still  at  Mont.  '33-4. 

Weber  (Charles  M.),  1841,  nat.  of  Germany,  who  came  to  N.  Orleans  in 
'36,  and  in  '41  was  an  overl.  immig.  of  the  Bartleson  party  from  St  Louis. 
He  worked  through  the  winter  for  Sutter,  who  had  signed  his  bond  on  ar 
rival,  iv.  270,  275,  279;  and  in  '42  settled  at  S.  Jose"  as  trader,  miller,  baker, 
and  a  little  later  salt-producer  and  shoemaker,  also  acquiring  land  and  live 
stock,  all  in  partnership  with  Win  Gulnac.  In  '43  they  obtained,  in  G.'s 
name,  as  W.  was  not  naturalized  till  '44,  a  grant  of  the  Campo  de  los  Fran 
ceses  rancho,  G.'s  share  of  which  was  bought  by  W.  in  '45.  Weber  was  an 
active  business  man,  and  well  liked  at  this  time  by  the  Californians,  to  whom 
he  afforded  valuable  support  in  their  movement  of  '44  against  Michelto- 
rena's  cholos,  raising  a  comp.  of  foreign  volunteers,  being  imprisoned  at  Sut- 
ter's  fort  on  account  of  his  efforts  for  his  country  without  regard  to  the  Swiss 
adventurer's  personal  schemes,  being  made  capt.  of  militia  in  '45,  and  taking 
a  prominent  part  in  issuing  the  call  for  an  assembly  of  foreign  residents,  iv. 
462,  468-9,  483,  599,  604-5.  His  position  in  all  these  matters  was  consistent 
and  praiseworthy,  though  his  influence  at  this  time  and  his  prominence  in 
events  of  the  next  year  have  been  grossly  exaggerated  in  the  newspapers  and 
county  histories  of  late  years.  In  '46  Weber  was  in  sympathy  with  Larkin's 
plans  rather  than  with  those  of  the  filibusters;  but  on  hearing  of  the  Bear 
rising  he  seems  to  have  taken  some  steps  for  the  protection  of  the  settlers 
south  of  the  bay,  and  on  the  discovery  of  his  plans  was  arrested  by  Castro, 
who  carried  him  south  as  a  prisoner,  but  released  him  on  leaving  Cal.  for 
Mex.  I  am  inclined  to  think,  however,  that  Castro  did  this  at  the  request 
of  W. ,  who,  having  made  enemies  on  both  sides  of  the  pending  troubles, 
deemed  it  wise  to  absent  himself  for  a  time.  v.  16,  136-7,  245,  277.  He  re 
turned  in  Oct.  in  time  to  engage  actively,  to  the  great  displeasure  of  many 
Californians,  in  the  work  of  collecting  horses  and  supplies  for  the  Cal.  Bat., 
in  which  he  declined  to  serve  on  account  of  hostility  to  Fremont;  but  was 
made  capt.  of  volunteers  and  took  part  in  the  final  campaign  against  Sanchez, 
being  ordered  to  discharge  his  men  and  thanked  for  past  services  in  Feb.  '47. 
v.  294-5,  377-8,  380,  382,  661.  In  '47  he  settled  on  his  French  Camp  rancho, 
and  founded  a  settlement  which  he  afterwards  had  laid  out  as  a  town  and 
named  Stockton,  v.  674-5.  In  '48-9  he  added  to  his  wealth  by  successful 
gold-mining,  with  the  aid  of  Ind.,  at  Weber  Creek  and  elsewhere;  and  his 
lands  were  vastly  increased  in  value  during  the  flush  times.  He  was  claimant 
for  Campo  de  los  Franceses  and  Canada  de  S.  Felipe,  iii.  677,  711;  iv.  671. 
He  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  at  Stockton,  where  he  died  in  '81  at  the  age  of  67, 
leaving  a  widow,  the  daughter  of  Martin  Murphy,  and  3  children.  Weber 
was  an  intelligent,  energetic,  and  honorable  man  of  business;  generous  in  his 
many  gifts  to  his  town  and  to  his  friends;  but  in  his  later  life  eccentric  to  the 
verge  of  insanity,  morbidly  sensitive,  avoiding  his  fellow-men.  There  is 
nothing  apparent  in  his  record,  that  of  a  successful  man.  who  was  neither  the 
author  nor  victim  of  any  great  wrongs,  to  account  for  his  peculiarities.  Tink- 
ham's  Hist,  of  Stockton  contains  a  portrait,  and  is  the  best  source  of  informa 
tion  outside  of  original  records.  An  early  MS.  copy  oiHallecTc's  Land  Laws, 
to  which  were  appended  some  of  Weber's  correspondence  of  considerable  in 
terest,  was  for  a  short  time  in  my  possession.  W.  (John),  1847,  of  N.Y. 
Vol.(?);  at  S.F.  74.  Webster  (Charles  A.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
d.  at  Los  Ang.  '47.  W.  (Ed.  C.),  1848,  at  Mont.  W.  (John  H.)  1847,  Co. 
F,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  notary  at  Stockton,  where  he  died  in  '81,  leaving  a 
family. 


WEED— WEST.  771 

Weed  (John  W.),  1841,  Amer.  passenger  on  the  Julia  Ann,  -who  came  from 
N.Y.  for  his  health,  and  went  back  in  '42.  iv.  566.  Weeks  (Elbert),  1847, 
Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  Weeks  (James  W.),  1831,  Engl. 
sailor  who  deserted  from  the  whaler  Fanny,  at  S.F.  in  Oct.,  while  the  crew  were 
occupied  in  cutting  wood  at  Pt  Quintin.  iii.  405.  Spending  some  time  at  Read's, 
and  then  working  for  the  Castros  at  S.  Pablo,  he  lived  for  some  months  on 
the  beach  at  S.F.  trying  with  others  to  repair  an  old  boat,  tried  a  ranchero's 
life  with  Narvaez  in  Sta  Clara  Valley,  cooked  for  a  while  in  the  Pulgas 
redwoods,  joined  Ewing  Young's  trappers,  and  returned  via  Ross  to  the  red 
woods.  In  '40  he  was  arrested  but  not  exiled,  having  married  a  native  wife. 
iv.  9,  17,  23;  in  '41-5  lived  at  Sta  Cruz,  iv.  280,  356,  663,  being  named  in  the 
padron  of  '45,  age  32,  wife  Ramona  Pinto,  child.  Maria  Ana  b.  '41,  Bias 
Antonio  '43,  Teodoro  '44.  He  signed  the  S.  Jos6  call  to  foreigners,  iv.  599; 
in  '46  was  coroner  in  the  Naile  case.  v.  G41;  was  clerk  for  Alcalde  Stokes  and 
in  charge  of  the  archives,  and  later  member  of  the  council,  v.  664;  and  in  '47- 
8  alcalde  of  S.  Jose.  v.  662;  went  to  the  mines  in  '48;  was  sec.  of  the  prefec 
ture  in  '49;  and  continued  to  live  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  being  cl.  for  a  part  of  S. 
Antonio  rancho.  In  '77  he  wrote  for  me  his  Reminiscences,  a  detailed  narrative 
of  his  career  in  early  times;  and  having  fulfilled  this  part  of  his  destiny,  he 
died  in  '81,  leaving  4  sons.  He  was  an  intelligent  man  with  but  slight  educa 
tion,  of  good  character,  though  at  times  addicted  to  intemperance.  Wehler 
(Edward),  1847,  musician  of  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499). 

Weidney  (Anthony),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Weifenback 
(Philip),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto.  Weimar,  see  '  Wimmer.'  Weir  (James),  1847, 
Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  W.  (Thomas),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v. 
469);  employed  by  Sutter  as  a  tanner.  Weirick  (Wm  H.),  1847,  lieut  Co. 
F,  G,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504.  Weirgen  (Christian),  1847,  Co.  A,  ditto.  Weiss 
(Wm),  1847,  Co.  B,  ditto;  at  S.F.  '83.  Weit  (John),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S. 
artill.  v.  518. 

Welburn  (Benj.),  see  'Washbnrn,'  signer  of  the  S.  Jose  call  to  foreigners 
of  '45,  the  name  being  incorrectly  given  in  several  county  histories.  Welch, 
see  'Welsh.'  Welder  (Anthony),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Wei- 
don  (Peter),  1835,  Amer.  carpenter,  age  24,  who  came  on  the  Framen  (?);  an 
anabaptist  who  joined  Russell  in  his  exped.  from  S.  Diego  to  the  Colorado  in 
'36.  iii.  613.  Weller  (C.  M.),  1846,  Cal.  claim  $297  (v.  462);  prob.  an  error 
for  'Weber.'  W.  (Edward  H.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F. 
'71-4.  WTells,  1847,  married  by  Sutter  and  remarried  at  Sta  Clara.  Alexan 
der;  prob.  'West.'  W.,  1848,  on  the  Sagadahochom  Hon.;  perhaps  Robert. 
W.  (Benj.  F.),  1846,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Congress;  acting  lieut  in  Stockton's 
Bat.  '46-7.  v.  386.  W.  (David),  1848,  came  from  Or.  and  settled  in  S.  Joaq. 
Co.  W.  (Robert),  1847,  from  N.Y.  by  sea;  owner  of  S.F.  lot;  of  firm  W.  & 
Co.,  merchants  at  S.F.;  still  here  in  '54.  W.  (Thos  J.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N.Y. 
Vol.  (v.  499);  in  N.Y.  '71-82.  W.  ( Wm  M.),  1847,  Co.  G,  ditto.  Welsh, 
1847,  doubtful  name  or  date  of  a  justice  at  S.  Buen.  W.  (Charles),  1848, 
Amer.  sea  capt.  said  to  have  been  educated  in  Spain  and  to  have  served  in 
the  Span,  mail  service;  d.  at  S.F.  '83.  He  married  a  sister  of  Philip  A.  Roach. 
W.  (John  H.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  in  N.Y.  '71-84.  W.  (Wm), 
1821,  Scotch  sailor  on  the  Lady  Blackwood  discharged  at  Bodega,  ii.  478. 
He  was  at  Los  Ang.  '29-30.  ii.  558;  is  often  named  in  northern  records  from 
'30.  ii.  616;  lived  at  S.  Josd  from  '32,  and  in  '44  was  grantee  of  Las  Juntas, 
Contra  Costa,  iv.  671.  He  seems  to  have  been  a  brother-in-law  of  James  A. 
Forbes,  and  to  have  been  living  in  the  S.  Jos6  district  '47;  but  died  before  '52, 
when  the  rancho  was  claimed  by  the  admin,  of  his  estate.  He  left  a  wife  and 
8  children. 

Wescott  (Joseph  F.  R.),  1836,  nat.  of  Conn.,  baptized  at  S.  Rafael  in  Oct. 
iv.  118.  In  '42  Francis  Wescott  is  named  as  gunsmith  of  the  S.F.  comp,;  and 
in  '48  Con  way  &  W.  were  proprietors  of  the  Colonnade  House  at  S.F.,  W. 
leaving  his  debtors  in  the  lurch;  perhaps  not  he  of  '36.  v.  683.  Wesley, 
1847,  visitor  at  Slitter's  fort.  West  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.,  reenl. 
(v.  469).  W.  (Henry  S.),  1843,  mr  of  the  Rafale,  iv.  568.  W.  (T.),  1846, 


772  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Fauntleroyjs  dragoons  (v.  232,  247),  enlisting  at  Mont.  July.  W.  (Thomas), 
1846,  overl.  immig.  with  Bryant,  sometime  capt.  of  the  party,  accompanied 
by  his  wife  and  4  sons.  v.  528.  He  settled  at  S.  Jose",  and  ace.  to  Hittell  be 
came  wealthy  and  went  east  before  '60.  His  sons  Francis  T.  and  Thomas  M. 
kept  a  livery-stable  at  S.  Jose1  in  '47.  Another,  Wm  T. ,  served  in  Co.  B, 
artill.  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  and  the  4th  was  Geo.  R.  The  grave  of  Ann  W.  was 
passed  on  the  overl.  route  by  Bigler  in  '47.  W.  (Thos  J.),  1847,  Co.  G,  N. 
Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  before  '82.  W.  (Wm  C.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons 
(v.  336);  killed  at  S.  Pascual.  v.  346. 

West  (Win  Mark),  1832,  Engl.  carpenter,  lumberman,  and  farmer,  who 
had  lived  7  years  in  Mex.  territory  before  coming  to  Cal.  iii.  408.  In  '34  he 
obtained  naturalization,  having  been  baptized  at  Sta  Cruz,  and  owning  prop 
erty  to  the  value  of  $1,500.  From  '33  he  appears  on  Larking  books,  generally 
as  a  lumberman  working  with  Trevethan  in  the  redwoods.  In  the  Mont,  pa- 
dron  of  '36  he  is  named  as  40  years  old,  wife  Guadalupe  Vasquez,  child  Maria 
Luisa  b.  '33.  In  '40,  being  arrested  but  not  exiled,  he  was  grantee  of  the 
S.  Miguel  rancho,  Sonoma,  and  of  Llano  de  Sta  Rosa  in  '44.  iii.  713;  iv.  17, 
23,  673.  I  have  no  record  of  him  after  '48,  but  he  died  before  '52,  when  his 
widow  appears  as  cl.  for  the  rancho,  on  which  a  stream  still  bears  the  name 
of  Mark  West  Creek.  Westfall  (Jacob),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v. 
336).  Westgate  (Francis  J.),  1839,  blacksmith  and  carpenter  at  Sonoma 
and  S.F.  '39-42,  working  for  Spear  &  Hinckley  and  Salv.  Vallejo.  iv.  119; 
perhaps  the  man  named  as  having  lived  at  Pt  Reyes  in  '46.  W.  (Obadiah), 
1833,  gunsmith  at  S.F.;  perhaps  same  as  preceding.  Westlake  (Richard), 
1840,  one  of  the  exiles  to  S.  Bias  who  did  not  return,  iv.  18.  Weston,  1846, 
mr  of  the  Wm  Neilson.  v.  581.  Wetmarsh,  see  'Whitmarsh.'  Wetmore 
(C.  E.),  1848,  S.F.  merchant  of  firm  W.  &  Gilman.  v.  680;  member  of  the 
council  '49;  settled  at  Benicia  with  his  wife.  Wetowah,  see  'Watawha.' 
Wettermark  (Chas  P.),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Weyland  (John), 
1848,  at  S.F.,  advertising  tents  for  sale. 

Whalen  (John),  1847,  musician  of  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  Los  Ang.  '53. 
Whally  (Scotch),  1840  (?),  a  man  known  only  by  this  name,  who  lived  for  sev 
eral  years  in  the  redwoods  near  Mont.,  engaged  in  making  shingles,  iv.  120. 
About  '45  he  was  killed  by  the  Tulare  Ind.  Wheeler  (Alfred),  1847  (?),  nat. 
of  N.Y.,  and  memb.  of  1st  Cal.  legislature.  Anaheim  Gazette,  Oct.  16,  '75. 
W.  (Geo.),  1848,  on  roll  of  Soc.  Cal.  Pion.  W.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  W.  (John),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  W. 
(John  L.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  W.  (Merrill  W.),  1847, 
Co.  A,  ditto.  W.  (Wm),  1845,  boy  on  the  Warren,  living  at  S.  Jose"  '77, 
when  he  gave  me  a  narrative  on  the  Loss  of  the  Warren's  Launch  in  '46.  iv.  587; 
v.  384.  W.  (Wm  H.  H.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  in  L.  Cal.  '48. 
Wheelock  (Lyman),  1847,  Co.  K,  ditto. 

Whisman  (Andrew),  1847,  nat.  of  Mo.,  who  came  overl.  with  his  father, 
John  W.  (?),  and  in  '47-8  kept  an  inn  bet.  S.  Jose*  and  S.F. ;  later  a  farmer  in 
Sta  Clara  and  Alameda  counties.  He  died  at  Harrisburg  '79.  His  1st  wife  was 
Serelda  Lynn,  by  whom  he  had  1 1  children;  the  2d  Catherine  Smith  '72.  W. 
(John),  1848,  cousin  of  J.  W.  at  Sta  Clara.  W.  (John  W.),  1847,  nat.  of 
Va  and  overl.  immig.  with  wife  and  son,  settling  in  Sta  Clara.  Whistler 
(Geo.  R.),  1846 (?),  said  to  have  come  as  a  soldier;  later  in  the  mines;  mur 
dered  in  Ariz.  '74;  known  as  Geo.  Reese.  Whitaker,  1845,  doubtful  name 
of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  W.  (Amison),  1847,  Co.  F,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
at  Sac.  '82.  W.  (John  Geo.),  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah,  Columbus, 
and  Warren  '45-8.  Whitcomb  (Wm  N.),  1847  (?),  said  to  have  come  with 
Capt.  Brackett's  comp.  in  '46;  committed  suicide  at  Napain  '71.  N.  Register. 

White,  1845,  named  as  having  come  with  McDowell  and  also  with  Fre"- 
mont.  iv.  578,  583.  W.,  1847,  at  Stockton  '47-8.  W.  (Arthur  F.),  1845, 
at  Mont.  fromR.L;  bought  goods  frofti  the  wreck  of  the  Star  of  the  West. 
W.  (Charles),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  settled  with  his  wife  at  S.  Jose",  where 
he  was  councilman  in  '46  and  alcalde  in  '48-9,  becoming  the  owner  of  a  large 
estate  and  cl.  for  Arroyo  de  S  .Antonio.  He  was  killed  in  the  Jenny  Lind  ex- 


WHITE-WHITTAKER.  773 

plosion  in  '53;  his  widow  married  Gen.  C.  Allen,  and  was  the  cl.  for  several 
ranches,  iii.  678,  711-12;  iv.  655;  v.  529,  662,  664.  His  son,  Chas  E.,  was  a 
lawyer  at  S.  Jose"  '81.  W.  (Chris.  S.),  1847,  Co.  B,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  W. 
(Henry),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518);  d.  before  '82.  W.  (J.),  1846, 
Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  in  Oct.  W.  (J.),  1848,  passp. 
from  Hon.  W.  (John),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  W.  (John 
CO,  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  W.  (Joseph),  1847,  Co.  A,  ditto. 
W.  (Joseph),  1848  (?),  trapper  in  the  mines  with  Brooks  who  claimed  to  have 
come  with  Capt.  Weber  '41  (?). 

White  (Michael),  1829,  Engl.  or  Irish  sailor  who  came  from  Hon.  on  the 
Dolly  or  l)haulle.  iii.  179;  having  touched  on  the  L.  Cal.  coast  in  '17,  and 
sailed,  sometimes  as  mate  and  mr,  on  Mex.  and  Hawaiian  vessels  from  that 
date  according  to  his  own  statement.  He  settled  at  Sta  B.,  where  he  built  a 
schooner  in  '30.  ii.  573;  iii.  140.  Except  from  his  own  testimony  nothing  is 
known  of  him  till  '36,  when  his  name  appears  in  a  Los  Ang.  list  as  an  Irishman 
aged  30;  though  he  may  have  been  the  White  accused  of  smuggling  at  S.F. 
in  '33.  iii.  393.  He  says  he  made  a  trip  to  Mazatlan  in  the  schr  Guadalupe, 
•which  he  had  built  for  S.Gabriel  mission,  returning  in  '32,  marrying  Maria 
del  Rosario  Guillen,  daughter  of  the  famous  old  woman  Eulalia  Perez,  open 
ing  a  little  store  at  Los  Nietos,  and  keeping  aloof  from  politics.  In  '38  he 
signed  a  petition  against  Carrillo.  iii.  565;  and  in  '39  went  to  N.  Mex.,  but 
returned  with  the  Workman  party  in  '41.  iv.  278.  In  '43  he  was  grantee  of 
Muscupiabe  rancho  and  a  S.  Gabriel  lot.  iv.  635,  637;  served  in  the  foreign 
comp.  against  Micheltorena  '45.  iv.  495,  595;  and  was  one  of  the  Chino  pris 
oners  in  '46.  v.  314.  In  later  years  he  continued  to  live  at  S.  Gabriel;  was  the 
successful  cl.  for  his  lands,  which,  however,  in  one  way  or  another  he  finally 
lost;  and  occasionally  indulged  in  a  sea  voyage.  In  '77,  at  the  age  of  75,  some 
what  feeble  in  health  and  very  poor,  having  a  large  family  of  children  and 
grandchildren,  Miguel  Blanco  gave  me  his  interesting  reminiscences  of  Gal. 
All  the  Way  Back  to  '28.  His  memory  was  good,  and  he  seemed  to  be  a  truth 
ful  man.  He  died  in  or  before  '85.  W.  (Milton),  1840,  one  of  the  exiles  to 
S.  Bias,  arrested  in  the  south;  did  not  return,  iv.  14,  18.  W.  (Moses), 
1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  W.  (Philander),  1847,  Co.  K,  ditto.  W. 
(Sam.  S.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8;  at 
Pleasant  Grove,  Utah,  '81.  W.  (Thomas),  1840,  deserter  from  the  St  Louis, 
who  became  a  lumberman,  married,  and  in  '48  lived  on  the  Salinas.  He  died 
about  '50.  iv.  120.  W.  (Wm),  1836,  named  in  Larkin's  books.  W.  (Wm), 
1847,  shoemaker  in  Sutter's  employ.  W.  (W.),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v. 

^J^Q\     ^i-tl  i -.4-T  »t  ,-*  «•*.   Q      T,,~«    "XT. 1       At      -f  j  i     -  i  • 


U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336);  at  Los  Ang.  '79.  W.  (Joseph),  1840,  one  of  the  ex 
iles  to  S.  Bias  who  did  not  return,  iv.  18.  Whitehurst,  1846,  sergt,  killed 
atS.  Pascual  (?).  Frtmont  Court-martial,  169.  See 'Whitness.'  Whiteman 
(Wm),  1846,  overl.  immig.  who  settled  at  S.  Jos<§  with  his  family;  drowned 
in  the  S.  Joaq.  River  '48.  His  widow  lived  at  S.  Jose"  '77,  in  the  house  built 
by  W.  in  '46.  A  daughter  was  the  wife  of  Waldo  Lowe.  A  son,  John  T., 
who  came  as  a  child  in  '46,  was  a  farmer  in  Sta  Clara  Co.,  and  died  at  S.  Luis 
Ob.  in  '77,  leaving  a  widow.  Whiting  (Wm  J.),  1830,  trader  on  the  coast 
'30-1.  Whitlock  (Geo.  W.),  1847,  clerk  for  Wm  H.  Davis  '47-9.  v.  651; 
sergt  of  S.F.  guard  '48;  at  Sac.  about  74-5.  W.  (Jacob  H.),  1847,  Co.  A, 
N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.F.  '49.  W.  (Mervin  R.),  1847,  ditto;  drowned 
in  S.  Joaq.  River  '49.  Whitmarsh  (James),  1833,  Amer.  sailor  who  came 
from  Mazatlan  on  the  Sta  Bdrbara.  iii.  409.  In  '37  a  lumberman  near  S.  Ra 
fael;  passp.  in  '40.  Called  'Wetmarsh'  and  'Webmarch,'  but  I  have  his  au 
tograph.  Whitness  (Wm),  1846,  sergt  Co.  K,  1st  U.S.  dragoons,  killed  at 
S.  Pascual.  v.  346;  perhaps  his  name  was  'Whitress;'  also  called  'White- 
hurst.'  Whitney  (Francis  T.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  W. 
(Wm),  1848,  nat.  of  Engl.,  who  came  from  Or.  to  the  mines,  and  went  back; 
died  at  Butterville,  Or.,  '78.  Whittaker  (Robert),  1845,  boatswain  on  the 


774  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

U.S.  Portsmouth;  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot  '46.  v.  685.  Whittemore,  1810,  mr 
of  the  Avon  and  Charon  '10-14;  trader  and  fur-hunter,  ii.  96,  267,  282,  328. 
Whittle,  1846,  named  as  a  physician  at  the  Mont,  hospital.  W.  (W.), 
1815  (?),  said  to  be  mentioned  in  a  doc.  of  '35,  in  the  Los  Ang.  arch.,  as  a 
resid.  for  20  years,  doubtless  an  error.  My  copy  makes  the  name  'Wittle/ 
and  the  time  25  years,  perhaps  another  error.  Whittmer  (L.  C.),  1847,  at 
Sutter's  fort  from  Sonoma,  Sept.  Whitton  (1845),  one  of  Fremont's  men, 
who  perhaps  did  not  come  to  Cal.  iv.  583.  W.  (Ezekiel  or  Jerry),  1834, 
Amer..  named  on  Larkin's  books  at  Mont.  '34-6.  iii.  412.  Whitworth  (Wm), 
1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 

Widger  (Benj.),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499).  Wierzbicki  (Felix  P.), 
1847,  Co.  H,  ditto;  a  Polish  physician  and  author;  owner  of  lots  and  partici 
pant  in  a  political  meeting  at  S.F.  '47.  v.  455.  In  '48  he  sends  Gen.  Vallejo 
a  copy  of  his  work  entitled  The  Ideal  Man.  He  was  also  the  author  of  Cali 
fornia  as  It  is  o.nd  as  It  may  be,  or  A  Guide  to  the  Gold  Region,  S.F.,  1849, 
8vo,  60  pp.,  published  in  2  editions  by  Washington  Bartlett( mayor  of  S.F.  as 
I  write,  in  '85),  and  the  1st  book  ever  printed  in  this  city.  Dr  W.  died  at  S. 
F.  in  '60.  Wiggins  (Wm),  1840,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  who  crossed  the  plains  from 
Mo.  to  Or.  in  '39  and  come  to  Cal.  on  the  Lausanne,  landing  at  Bodega  and 
proceeding  to  Sutter's  fort,  and  thence  to  Marsh's  rancho.  iv.  120-1, 136,  173. 
In  '42-4  he  was  with  Graham  at  Sta  Cruz;  served  in  Gantt's  com  p.  to  support 
Micheltorena  in  '45.  iv.  486;  is  named  in  the  Branciforte  padron  of  '45  as  29 
years  old  and  single;  went  east  overland  in  '46;  returned  at  the  head  of  an 
immig.  party  in  '47,  but  taking  a  cut-off  was  obliged,  after  great  dangers,  to 
go  to  Or.  v.  556;  and  came  down  to  Cal.  on  the  Henry  in  '48.  He  was  per 
haps  the  man  who  is  named  at  Benicia  in  '48.  v.  673;  is  said  to  have  owned 
at  one  time  part  of  the  Capitancillos  rancho,  Sta  Clara  Co. ;  lived  at  S.  Juan 
B.  '53-68,  and  later  at  Mont.,  where  in  '77  he  gave  me  his  Reminiscences.  Ho 
died  at  S.  Jose*  in  '80,  at  the  age  of  63.  He  was  called  'doctor,'  had  no  family, 
and  was  a  man  of  somewhat  eccentric  ways.  Wight  (David),  1847,  carpen 
ter  and  lumberman  at  Mont.  '47-8.  W.  (Randolph  H.),  1848,  nat.  of  N.Y., 
who  came  from  Or.  on  the  Sterling,  working  in  the  mines,  and  going  east  in 
'49.  He  came  back  in  '52  to  settle  in  Contra  Costa,  where  he  lived  in  '82  with, 
wife  and  two  daughters.  Wigman  (Lewis),  1845,  blacksmith  and  trader  aib 
Mont.,  S.F.,  and  Sutter's  fort  '45-8,  serving  also  in  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  '48. 
iv.  578,  587;  (v.  232,  247). 

Wilber  (James  H.),  1847,  Methodist  preacher,  touching  at  S.F.  on  his 
way  to  Or.  on  the  Whiton,  who  organized  a  Sunday-school  at  S.  F.  v.  657. 
W.  (Jacob),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  Wilbur,  1846,  mr  of 
the  Magnet,  v.  579.  W.,  1848,  in  charge  of  Sutter's  launch.  W.  (Jere 
miah  P.),  1846  (?),  nat.  of  Conn.;  owner  of  S.  F.  lots  '48;  married  in  '48  to 
Amanda  Hoit;  died  at  S.F.  '64.  Wilcox  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat. 
(v.  469);  nat.  of  Pa  who  went  to  the  mines,  and  in  '52-81  was  a  farmer  in 
Mont.  Co.  W.  (Frank),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  S.  Juan 
Oct.  W.  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  W.  (James  Smith), 
1816,  Amer.  mr  of  the  Caminante,  or  Traveller,  '1.6-17,  who  was  suspected  of 
revolutionary  designs,  and  wished  to  marry  Concepcion  Arguello.  ii.  78,  216- 
17,  285-7,  291,  310,  362,  365,  382,  389.  W.  (Matthew),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469).  Wilder  (Peter),  1848,  voter  at  S.  Diego,  and  perhaps  the  P. 
Wilde  of  '44  at  S.D.,  hired  by  Capt.  Peterson  of  the  Admittance  to  look  for 
deserters.  Wiley  (James),  1848,  lieut  of  marines  at  Mont.;  passp.  from 
Hon.  Wilkes  (Charles),  1841,  lieut  U.S.N.  and  com.  of  the  U.S.  ex.  ex., 
and  author  of  the  Narrative  of  that  exped.,  a  work  that,  as  far  as  Cal.  is  con 
cerned,  cannot  be  very  highly  praised,  iv.  241-8;  also  iv.  2,  6,  20,  191,  208-9, 
214,  227,  434,  569,  665.  W.  (E.  P.),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  W.  (James), 

1846,  came  to  S.  Jose".  Hall;  also  J.P.  W.,  named  at  S.  Jose"  '47.       W.  (John), 

1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

Wilkin. (David),  1847,  sergt  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477;  at  Pioche,  Nev., 
'82.  Wilkins  (C.  P.),  1848,  in  Q.  M.  dept  Los  Ang.;  prob.  same  as  pre 
ceding.  W.  (Edward),  1847,  at  Sutter's  fort.  Wilkinson,  1848,  went  from 


WILKINSON— WILLIAMS.  775 

Mont,  to  the  mines  with  Colton;  said  to  be  a  son  of  a  U.S.  minister  to  Russia. 
W.  (James),  1831,  named  by  Dye  and  Nidever  as  one  of  Young's  trappers; 
perhaps  did  not  come  to  Cal.  iii.  388.  W.  (John),  1845,  act.  mr  of  the  U.S. 
Portsmouth.  Willard,  1843,  nat.  of  Mass,  and  mate  under  Capt.  Cooper, 
who  had  been  naturalized  and  got  a  land  grant  in  the  Sac.  Val.  Doubtful 
mention  by  Thomes.  W.  (Fannie),  1846  (?),  nat.  of  Ma3s.  Married  later  to 
Alfred  Baldwin  of  Sta  Cruz.  W.  (Henry  or  Isaac),  1847,  Co,  A,  N.Y.Vol. 
(v.  499);  miner  in  '48-9;  farmer  and  trader  in  Marin  Co.  to  '56;  and  later  a 
farmer  in  Mendocino,  living  at  Sanel  in  '80  with  wife  and  10  children. 
Willey  (Jeremiah),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).  Willhart  (Louis), 
1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499). 

William,  1845,  Chinook  Ind.  of  Fremont's  party;  in  Sta  B.  garrison,  v. 
316.  Williams,  1846,  with  Keamy  from  N.  Mex.  (v.  337);  perhaps  Geo.  N. 
W.,  1846,  Amer.  at  S.  Luis  Ob.  v.  639.  W.,  1848,  arrested  at  S.  Jose",  v. 
663.  W.  (Aaron  W.),  1828,  mr  of  the  Clio.  iii.  146,  165.  W.  (Albert), 
1840,  one  of  the  exiles  to  S.Blas,  who  did  not  return,  iv.  14,  18.  W.  (Alonzo), 
1846,  applicant  for  land  at  S.  Jose*.  Sta  Clara  Co.  Hist.,  331.  W.  (Alex.), 
1836,  Engl.  sailor  who  landed  at  Sta  B.  from  a  whaler.  W.  (B.),  1837,  said 
to  have  been  one  of  the  party  driving  cattle  to  Or.  iv.  85.  W.  (Baylis), 
1846,  one  of  the  Donner  party  from  111.,  who  died  in  the  Sierra.  His  half- 
sister,  Eliza,  survived,  and  in  '49  was  living  at  S.  Jose",  married,  but  I  do  not 
know  what  became  of  her.  v.  530,  533-4.  W.  (Benj.),  1847,  owner  of  a  S. 
F.  lot,  perhaps  at  Sutter's  fort  '48,  and  on  the  first  jury  at  S.  Jose"  '48.  W. 
(Charles),  1839,  at  Mont.;  one  of  the  exiles  of  '40  who  did  not  return,  v.  18. 
W.  (Edward),  1847,  lieut  of  Co.  E,  N.Y.Vol.  v.  504;  in  '82  a  resid.  of  Oak 
land.  W.  (Elonzo),  1846,  came  from  N.  Helv.  to  S.  Juan  B.  in  Jan.;  served 
in  Fauntleroy  dragoons  (v.  232,  247);  prob.  same  as  Alonzo  above.  W. 
(Geo.),  1829  (?),  Engl.  sawyer  named  in  Mont,  lists  of  '34,  who  in  '41  claimed  a 
resid.  of  12  years;  at  S.F.  '42,  age  39.  iii.  179;  possibly  same  as  the  follow 
ing.  W.  (Geo.),  1832,  nat.  of  Demerara,  naturalized  in  '41,  claiming  a  resid. 
of  9  years,  iii.  408.  W.  (Geo.),  1845,  overl.  immig.,  perhaps  of  the  Grigsby- 
Ide  party,  iv.  579;  settled  at  Sta  Cruz  and  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  '46.  (v. 
358).  W.  (Geo.  N.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st.  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  W.  (Henry 
E.),  1846,  Fauntleroy's  dragoons  (v.  232,  247). 

Williams  (Isaac),  1832,  nat.  of  N.Y.  and  one  of  Young's  trappers  from 
N.  Mex. ,  where  he  had  lived  several  years,  iii.  388,  408.  He  settled  at  Los 
Ang.  as  a  trader,  though  occupied  for  some  years  as  a  hunter;  built  a  house 
in  '34;  aided  in  '35  in  removing  the  Ind.  from  S.  Nicolas  Isl.  iii.  361,  652;  is 
named  in  lists  of  '36  as  25,  38,  and  50  years  of  age,  obtaining  that  year  a 
certificate  of  residence  from  the  ayunt.  and  joining  the  vigilance  com.  (iii. 
430).  He  was  generally  known  in  Cal.  as  Julian  W.,  often  signing  in  that 
way.  In  '39  he  was  naturalized,  and  about  this  time  married  Maria  de  Jesus, 
daughter  of  Antonio  M.  Lugo,  becoming  the  owner  of  the  Chino  rancho 
granted  to  Lugo  in  '41,  and  being  himself  the  grantee  of  an  addition  to  the 
rancho  in  '43.  iv.  634,  117.  His  house  in  town  was  sold  to  the  city  govt.  In 
'46  he  proposed  to  build  a  fort  at  the  Cajon.  v.  37;  on  the  fight  at  Chino, 
when  W.  was  taken  prisoner,  see  v.  312-14.  He  had  a  Cal.  claim  for  property 
destroyed  for  $133,000,  which  was  not  allowed  (v.  462).  In  '47  he  advertised 
in  the  Californian  for  a  large  no.  of  men  to  build  an  adobe  fence  round  his 
rancho;  and  Col.  Coutts  says  that  the  men  all  ran  away  to  the  mines  in  '48 
just  before  the  work  was  completed.  He  died  in  '56  at  the  age  of  '57,  leaving 
as  heiresses  of  his  large  estate  two  daughters,  Maria  Merced,  wife  of  John 
Rains,  and  Francisca,  wife  of  Robert  Carlisle.  His  wife  had  died  in  '42,  leav 
ing  the  2  daughters  and  apparently  a  son.  Col.  Williams  was  one  of  the  typi 
cal  rancheros  of  southern  Cal.,  enterprising,  hospitable,  and  generally  of  good 
repute.  W.  (Isaac),  1843,  overl.  imming.  of  the  Chiles- Walker  party,  iv. 
393-4,  400,  who  settled  at  Sta  Cruz  and  later  moved  to  Los  Ang. ,  where  he 
died  about  '70.  W.  (James),  1843,  brother  of  Isaac  and  memb.  of  the  same 
party,  iv.  393-4,  400.  He  also  settled  at  Sta  Cruz  as  a  lumberman  and  black 
smith,  being  naturalized  in  '45,  and  married  by  Larkin  in  Aug.  to  Mary  Pat- 


776  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

terson.  In  '46  he  killed  Henry  Naile.  v.  641 ;  and  is  often  named  in  records 
of  '47-8,  being  a  miner  in  the  latter  year.  In  '52  he  was  cl.  for  ranches  in  Sta 
Cruz  and  the  Sac.  Val.  iii.  677;  iv.  670;  and  he  died  at  Sta  Cruz  in  '58  at  the 
age  of  45.  W.  (James  V.),  1847,  Co.  E,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl. ;  in  Utah 
'82.  W.  (J.  H.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  W.  (John),  1826,  sailor  on  the 
Rover.  W.  (John),  1846,  doubtful  name  of  an  overl.  immig.  v.  529. 

Williams  (John  S.),  1843,  brother  of  Isaac  and  James,  and  overl.  immig. 
of  the  Chiles  party,  iv.  393-4,  400.  He  was  a  tanner  by  trade,  and  I  find  no 
original  record  of  his  presence  till  '45,  when  he  is  named  in  the  Branciforte 
padron  as  26  years  old  (Isabel  and  Esculla  Williams  living  with  him — prob. 
the  Cal.  rendering  of  Isaac  and  Squire !),  and  is  mentioned  at  Sutter's  fort. 
In  Feb.  '46  he  asked  for  naturalization,  continuing  to  work  for  Sutter,  but 
travelling  much  up  and  down  the  valley,  visiting  Mont,  and  Sta  Cruz,  and 
perhaps  serving  with  the  Bears,  v.  167.  In  '47,  besides  buying  lots  and  build 
ing  at  Benicia,  v.  672,  he  took  charge  of  Larkin's  rancho  in  Colusa,  and  was 
married  in  June  to  Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  Joseph  Gordon,  at  Wm  Gor 
don's  place  on  Cache  Creek,  by  Alcalde  Ide.  I  have  many  of  his  original  let 
ters.  He  went  to  the  mines  in  '48;  moved  to  Butte  Co.  in  '49;  and  died  in 
May  of  that  year.  His  widow  married  Lindsay  Carson  in  '50,  was  one  of  the 
cl.  for  the  Arroyo  Chico  rancho  '52,  and  still  lived  in  Sonoma  Co.  '80.  A  son, 
John  S. ,  Jr,  was  born  in  Cal.  '48,  and  was  also  one  of  the  claimants.  He  went 
east,  and  in  '70-80  lived  in  Texas.  W.  (N.  L. ),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  W. 
(Richard),  1846,  sergt  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336),  341.  W.  (Robert), 
1844,  doubtful  name  of  a  man  who  came  with  his  family.  Ariz.  Hist.,  268. 
W.  (Squire),  1843,  brother  of  John  S.  and  James,  v.  393-4,  400;  Co.  F,  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  died  at  the  Yuba  mines  '48;  yet  named  as  a  cl.  for  Arroyo  de 
la  Laguna  in  '52.  iii.  677.  W.  (S.  H.),  1848,  of  S.  H.  W.  &  Co.  at  S.F.  v. 
678.  W.  (Thomas),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D,  Morm.  Bat.  v.  477,  481;  perhaps  did 
not  come  to  Cal.  W.  (Wm),  1838,  Engl.  sailor  who  landed  at  S.  Diego,  iv. 
119;  in  charge  of  Capt.  Fitch's  house  '40;  sub-Ind.  agent  at  S.  Luis  Rey  '48. 
v.  621-2;  claimant  for  Valle  de  las  Viejas  '52.  v.  619.  W.  (Wm  H.),  1847, 
Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Nyack,  N.Y.,  74-84. 

Williamson  (Benj.),  1846,  Co.  B,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358),  enlisting  at  Mont. 
Nov.  W.  (Daniel  or  David),  1846,  Co.  F,  ditto,  enlisting  at  S.  Juan  Oct.; 
at  S.  Jos<§  '48;  d.  in  '49.  Swan.  W.  (James),  1826,  on  the  Rover.  W. 
(J.  C.),  1838  (?),  nat.  of  Mass.,  said  to  have  come  via  N.  Mex.  in  '38,  iv.  119, 
and,  returning,  to  have  started  in  '41  with  his  family,  killed  by  Ind.  on  the 
way.  Then  he  turned  Ind. -fighter;  was  with  Fremont  in  '46  (?);  was  a  sharp 
shooter  in  the  war  of  '61-5;  a  scout  tinder  Custer  later;  then  a  hunter  in 
Cal.  known  as  Grizzly  Dan;  at  Oroville  '80.  Sac.  Union,  July  3,  '80.  How 
much  truth  there  may  be  in  all  this  I  do  not  know.  W.  (Thomas),  1833,  at 
Mont.  '33-4.  W.  (Thomas  D.),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Sta  Rosa 
71-4;  d.  before  '80.  Willie  (Henry),  1847,  Co.  H,  ditto. 

WTillis  (Ira),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  later  in  Sutter's  service, 
and  at  the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was  found.  W.  (Otis  W.),  1847,  Co.  F, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.  Andre's  74.  W.  (Wm),  1827  (?),  Englishman, 
owning  cattle  and  applying  for  land  at  S.  Jos6  in  '28.  ii.  595,  605;  iii. 
178.  In  '30  Wm  With  got  permission  to  keep  cattle  at  Mt  Diablo,  ii.  602. 
As  Wilk  and  Villa  he  is  named  in  '3d,  age  31,  with  wife  and  3  children. 
In  '41  Guillermo  Wil  is  named  in  the  S.  Josd  padron  as  an  Amer.,  age 
46,  wife  Maria  Ant.  Galindo,  child.  Guillermo  b.  '33,  Concepcion  '28,  and 
Anastasio  '30.  There  is  also  a  Julian  Wil  named  as  a  militiaman  of  S.F.  in 
'37.  There  is  a  strange  lack  of  definite  information  about  this  Wm  Willis. 
W.  (W.  S.  S.),  1847,  known  as  Sidney  W.;  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  in 
Sutter's  employ  '47-8,  and  at  the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was  discovered. 
Wilmot  (James),  1845,  perhaps  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv. 
579;  named  at  Sutter's  fort  '46.  W.  (Lewis),  1846,  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  also 
Lewis  A.  W.,  sailor  on  the  Elizabeth  '48.  Wilmoth  (Geo.),  1845,  boatswain 
on  the  U.S.  Savannah.  Wilson,  1845,  in  Sutter's  employ;  went  east  with 
Clyman  in  '46.  v.  526.  W.,  1847,  at  S.F.  from  Hon.,  with  wife  and  2  chil- 


WILSON.  777 

dren,  on  the  Julia.  W.,  1847,  owner  of  land  at  Benicia.  W.,  1848,  at 
S.F.  from  Tahiti.  W.,  1848,  of  Hood  &  W.,  carpenters  at  S.F.  v.  684. 
W.  (A.),  1824,  sailor  on  the  Rover.  W.  (Alfred  G.),  1847,  Co.  A,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Moab,  Utah,  '81.  W.  (Amariah),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lots. 
W.  (Alvin),  1840,  nat.  of  Conn.,  who  landed  from  Capt.  Hinckley's  vessel 
and  became  a  lumberman  in  the  Sta  Cruz  district.  He  was  arrested  with  the 
other  foreigners,  but  not  exiled;  and  in  '42  signed  an  appeal  to  the  U.S.  govt. 
He  was  killed  by  Ind.  near  Gilroy  in  July '44.  W.  (B.),  1848,  at  Hon. 
from  S.F.,  on  the  Julian. 

Wilson  (Benj.  Davis),  1841,  known  in  Cal.  as  Benito,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  and 
immig.  of  the  Workman  party  from  N.  Mex.,  where  he  had  resided  for  8 
years  as  trapper  and  trader,  iv.  277-9.  In  '43  he  purchased  the  Jurupa 
rancho,  iv.  635,  and  from  this  frontier  station  in  the  following  years  engaged 
in  several  campaigns  against  hostile  Indians.  In  '45  he  was  prominent  among 
the  southern  foreigners  who  served  against  Michel torena.  iv.  495,  504,  506-7. 
In  '46  he  acted  as  juez  for  the  district  ranchos;  commanded  a  comp.  of  citizen 
riflemen  intended  to  resist  Castro;  was  in  com.  of  the  foreigners  at  the  Chino 
fight;  and  after  the  U.S.  occupation  served  as  lieut  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  v.  50-1, 
265,  312-14,  360,  625.  He  was  the  1st  county  clerk  and  1st  mayor  of  Los 
Ang.;  Ind.  agent  in  '52,  taking  pride  in  having  been  the  1st  to  urge  the  set 
tling  of  the  Ind.  on  reservations  at  the  old  missions;  cl.  for  S.  Jos6  de  Buenos 
Aires  rancho.  iv.  635;  and  was  state  senator  for  two  terms.  Don  Benito  was 
a  prosperous  ranchero  and  fruit-raiser,  an  influential  and  respected  citizen. 
In  '77  he  dictated  for  my  use  his  Observations  on  early  Cal.  events,  a  MS.  of 
considerable  value,  though  on  some  points  I  have  found  Wilson's  testimony 
less  accurate  than  I  had  deemed  it  at  first.  I  notice  that  a  copy,  left  with  the 
family  at  their  request,  has  been  consulted  by  some  of  the  county  history 
and  newspaper  men.  W.  died  at  his  rancho  of  Lake  Vineyard  in  '78,  at  the 
age  of  67,  leaving  a  widow— a  2d  wife,  the  1st  having  been  Ramona,  daugh 
ter  of  Bernardo  Yorba,  married  in  '44 — and  3  daughters.  W.  (Charles), 
1848,  carpenter  at  S.F.  W.  (Dorsey),  1847,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  W.  (Henry), 
1847,  purser  on  the  U.S.  Preble.  W.  (Henry  J.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  D,  N.Y. 
Vol.  v.  504.  W.  (James),  1824,  Engl.  trader  at  Mont.;  age  25  in  '29;  also 
at  Mont.  '30-3.  ii.  609.  W.  (James),  1844  (?),-Engl.  soldier,  veteran  of 
Waterloo,  said  to  have  come  to  Sta  Clara  and  to  have  died  in  70.  v.  453. 
W.  (James),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y. Vol.  (v.  499). 

Wilson  (John),  1826,  Scotch  shipmaster  and  trader  on  the  roll  of  the  Soc. 
Cal.  Pion.  as  having  arrived  in  April  '26,  and  who  in  '37  claimed  a  residence 
of  12  years;  the  1st  original  record  being  '28,  when  he  was  master  of  the 
Thos  Nowlan.  iii.  149.  In  '31-7  he  was  mr  of  the  Ayacucho;  of  the  Index 
'3S-9,  '41-3;  of  the  Fly  '40;  of  the  Juanita  in  '44-5.  iii.  381;  iv.  101,  104, 
566.  Before  '36  he  married  Ramona  Carrillo  de  Pacheco,  and  from  that  time 
considered  Sta  B.  his  home;  naturalized  in  '37,  and  from  '39  to  '47  a  partner 
of  James  Scott;  about  '41  engaged  in  otter-hunting.  In  '45  Capt.  W.  took 
some  part  in  the  troubles  with  Micheltorena.  iv.  498;  and  with  Scott  was  the 
purchaser  of  the  S.  Luis  Ob.  estate,  and  grantee  of  the  ranchos  Canada  del 
Chorro  and  Canada  de  los  Osos,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life.  iv.  553, 
655,  658-9;  v.  375,  558,  566.  He  died  in  '60  at  the  age  of  65,  leaving  a  widow, 
still  living  in  '85,  a  son  John  who  settled  in  England,  and  a  daughter.  There 
were  few  of  the  old  pioneers  better  known  or  more  respected  than  Capt.  John 
Wilson.  W.  (John),  1826,  Amer.  trapper,  apparently  of  Jed.  Smith's  party, 
iii.  155,  190,  176.  Ment.  in  '27-30;  on  Larkin's  books  '38-9;  in  '41  permitted 
to  marry  Maria  F.  Mendoza  of  S.  Carlos.  W.  (John),  1837,  grantee  of 
Guilicos  rancho,  Sonoma,  for  which  he  was  cl.  in  53.  iii.  712;  iv.  118;  ment. 
at  Sonoma  '43.  W.  (John),  1841,  deserter  from  the  U.S.  Ex.  Ex.  at  N. 
Helv.  July.  W.  (John),  1844,  owner  of  a  lighter  on  S.F.  bay;  perhaps  John 
of  '37,  or  the  captain.  W.  (John),  1847,  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel  fight. 
v.  395;  prob.  Joseph.  W.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  perhaps 
at  Stockton  '48-9.  W.  (J.  B.),  1847,  carpenter  at  Mont.  '47-8;  perhaps  the 
initials  were  E.  B.  or  0.  B.  W.  (John  E.),  1846,  on  roll  of  Soc.  Cal. 


778  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Pion. ;  nat.  of  Sweden;  d.  at  S.F.  77,  age  63.  W.  (John  Henry),  1826,  negro 
who  landed  from  a  whaler,  and  was  still  at  Los  Ang.  '29  and  '37.  iii.  196. 
W.  (John  K.),  1845,  mid.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah  '45-7;  lieut,  and  later  capt., 
of  the  artill.  comp.  of  the  Cal.  Bat.  v.  361,  434,  446;  in  '48  a  witness  at  Wash. 
on  the  Cal.  claims.  W.  (J.  T.),  1847,  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot. 

Wilson  (Joseph),  1845,  asst-surg.  on  the  U.S.  Savannah  '45-7.  W. 
(Joseph),  1846,  seaman  wounded  at  the  S.  Gabriel  fight  '47.  W.  (Joseph), 
1847,  purser  on  the  U.S.  Lexington.  W.  (Julian),  1828,  partner  of  Exter  in 
a  trapping  project,  iii.  172-3,  178;  named  in  the  Branciforte  padron  of  '28, 
wife  Josefa  Arbito  (?),  child  Maria,  ii.  627.  W.  (Lorenzo),  1830  (?),  brother 
of  Julian,  said  by  Vallejo  to  have  had  personal  encounters  with  Pliego  and 
Jose"  Castro.  W.  (Mariano),  1846,  had  a  Cal.  claim  (v.  462).  W.  (Oliver 
0.),  1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.S.  dragoons  (v.  336).  W.  (Robert),  1847,  Co.  G, 
N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Vallejo  '82.  W.  (Thomas),  1832,  at  Purisima,  a 
farmer.  W.  (Thomas  A.),  1848,  overl.  immig.,  son  of  Wm  D.,  settler  in  S. 
Joaquin  Co.,  where  he  still  lived  with  a  family  in  '84.  W.  (Wm),  1822, 
Amer.  carpenter  at  Mont.  '29,  aged  27,  married;  also  at  Mont.  '34.  ii.  478. 
There  way  be  some  confusion  between  him  and  Wm  'Willis,'  q.  v.  W. 
(Win),  1847,  at  S.F.  from  Tahiti.  W.  (Wm  C.),  1845  (?),  nat.  of  Tenn.  said 
to  have  come  from  Sonora  this  year;  a  well-known  horseman  who  died  at  S. 
Jose"  '82,  leaving  a  widow  and  son.  iv.  587.  W.  (Wm  D.),  1848,  nat.  of  Ky 
and  overl.  immig.  who  settled  on  the  Cosumnes,  where  he  built  a  wire  bridge. 
He  was  rich  at  one  time,  but  lost  his  fortune  by  floods  and  other  misfortunes. 
He  died  near  Gilroy  in  '75  at  the  age  of  65,  leaving  a  widow  and  son.  Wilt 
(John),  1847,  sergt  Co.  B,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  d.  before  '82. 

Wimmer  (Peter  L.)  1846,  nat.  of  Ohio  and  overl.  immig.  with  his  wife, 
Elizabeth  J.  Bays.  He  may  have  served  in  the  Cal.  Bat.  (v.  358);  and  in  '47 
was  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  685.  He  worked  for  Sutter  as  a  millwright  in 
'47-8,  and  was  one  of  the  men  employed  at  the  Coloma  mill  when  gold  was 
discovered,  being  perhaps  with  Marshall  on  the  eventful  morning  when  'they' 
picked  up  the  1st  nugget.  At  any  rate,  Mrs  W.,  ranking  as  cook  and  laun 
dress  of  the  camp,  tested  that  nugget  by  boiling  -it  in  her  soap-kettle,  and  still 
claimed  to  have  it  in  her  possession  in  '85.  After  the  discovery  the  family 
kept  a  boarding-house,  having  also  a  choice  assortment  of  pigs.  A  child  was 
born  in  Aug.  '48;  in  '49  Wr.  went  to  Calaveras;  in  '55  he  had  10  children.  In 
'78-85  be  resided  in  Southern  Cal.  W.  (John  M. ),  1847  (?),  perhaps  a  brother 
of  Peter,  teamster  at  N.  Helv.  and  Coloma  '47-8.  G.  W.  and  family  are  also 
ment.  in  the  N.  Nelv.  Diary;  prob.  error. 

Winckley  (J.  F.),  1848,  passp.  from  Hon.  Winders  (John),  1847,  nat. 
of  Va;  d.  at  Stockton  '72,  age  67.  Windmeyer  (Richard),  1847,  Co.  F, 
N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  WTing,  1847,  mr  of  the  Obe.d  Mitchell,  v.  579;  on  the 
Sagadahoc  '48.  Winkley,  1847,  at  S.F.  from  Or.  on  the  Henry;  at  Benicia. 
Winkworth  (Wm),  1836,  mr  of  the  Europa  '36-7.  iv.  103.  Winn  (Dennis), 

1847,  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  laborer  at  Mont.  '48 ;*at  Richmond,  Utah, 
'81.       Winner  (Geo.  K.),  1846,  one  of  the  Mormon  colony,  with  wife  and  6 
children,   v.   547;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '47.  v.  679.       Winnie  (James),   1847, 
sergt  Co.  H,  N.Y.  Vol.  v.  504;  sergt  of  S.  Jose"  guard  '48;  d.  before  '82. 
W.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  carpenter  and  miner  in  Calaveras 
Co.  '48-56;  at  Portland,  Or.,  to  '74,  and  at  Oakland,  Cal..  to  '85.       Winship, 

1848,  trader  in  the  mines  and  at  S.F.       W.  (Charles),  1850,  mr  of  the  Betsey. 
i.  546,  656.       W.  (Jonathan),  1806,  mr  of  the  O'Cain;  a  famous  trader  and 
smuggler  on  the  coast  1806-12.  ii.  25,  39-40,  78-9,  82,  84-5,  92-4,  267,  633. 
W.  (Nathan),  1806,  brother  of  Jonathan,  mate  of  the  O'Cain;  mr  of  the  Alba 
tross  1807-12.  ii.  39,  82,  84,  92-5,  148,  199,  267,  296.      Winslow,  1848,  from 
Hon.  on  the  Sagadahoc.       Winter  (Jacob),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469); 
reenl.       W.  (John  D.),  1848,  hotel-keeper  at  Coloma,  of  firm  W.  &  Cromwell, 
owning  an  interest  in  Sutter 's  mill;  later  a  resid.  of  S.  Joaquin.       W.  (Wm 
H.),  1843 (?),  nat.  of  Ind.  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Walker-Chiles  party,  iv. 
393-4,  400;  or  possibly  came  to  Or.  '43  and  to  Cal.  ?44.  He  is  said  to  have 
gone  east  in  '45  and  returned  in  '49,  but  is  named  in  N.  Helv.  in  '47.     He 


WINTER— WOLFSKILL,  779 

made  other  trips  east,  but  in  '53  settled  in  Cal.  with  his  family,  living  in 
Colusa  and  Lake  to  '55,  in  Napa  to  '71,  and  in  Shasta  nntil  his  death  in  '79  at 
the  age  of  60,  leaving  5  sons,  one  of  them  a  lawyer  at  Napa.  W.,  1843,  mr 
of  the  whaler  Ana  Maria.  Peterson. 

Wise  (Henry  A.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Independence,  and  author  of  Los 
Grinyos,  pub.  in  N.Y.  '49,  in  which  his  experience  is  described,  v.  100.  I 
have  also  some  MS.  Notes  on  Cal.  by  him,  but  cannot  say  how  or  when  they 
were  obtained.  W.  (Marion),  1845,  apparently  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv. 
583;  at  N.  Helv.  '46,  and  perhaps  one  of  the  Bears,  v.  110,  128,  453;  a  wit 
ness  at  Wash,  in  Feb.  '48.  He  perished  in  Fremont's  exped.  of  '48-9.  Wis- 
mon  (John),  1846,  in  Hittell's  list.  Wisner  (Geo.),  1845,  carpenter  on  the 
U.S.  Portsmouth  '45-7;  owner  of  a  S.F.  lot.  v.  683.  Wissell  (Fred.),  1847, 
Co.  H,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Wiswell  (James),  1846,  a  doctor  who  became 
rich  and  went  east.  Hittell.  Withrell  (Adolphus),  1846,  sailor  on  the  Dale. 
Wittam  (Isaac),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Wittmer  (Jacob),  1847, 
Swiss  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8,  often  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary.  On  Feb. 
14,  '48,  he  arrived  at  the  fort  with  glowing  reports  from  the  gold  mines.  Wit- 
marsh  (Benj.  H.),  1845,  Amer.  at  Mont.  Wittengstein  (David),  1847,  Co. 
F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518). 

Wodwarck,  1815,  mr  of  the  Lady.  ii.  307.  Wohler  (Herman),  1848, 
German  who  married  a  daughter  of  Capt.  Cooper,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  '55.  He  lived  on  Mark  West  Creek,  and  later  at  Sonoma,  where 
he  had  a  vineyard.  An  accomplished  musician,  famous  as  an  entertainer.  He 
died  in  77.  Vohlgemouth  (Henry  J.),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at 
S.F.  '82.  Wolcott,  1845 (?),  d.  at  Hon.  '50;  said  to  have  lived  5  years  in 
Cal.;  prob.  'Walcott.'  Wolfe  (James),  1826,  mate  of  the  Blossom  '26-7.  iii. 
121.  W.  (John),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  trader  at  Mont.,  Stock 
ton,  and  in  the  mines;  in  N.Y.  '71-82.  Wolfinger,  1846,  German  of  the 
Donner  party,  who  died  before  reaching  the  Sierra.  His  wife  survived  and  was 
married  in  '47  at  Sutter's  fort  to  Geo.  Zinns.  v.  531-2,  534. 

Wolfskill  (John  E,.),  1838,  nat.  of  Ky,  who  came  from  N.  Mex.,  after  some 
years  residence  in  Mex.  iv.  117,  119.  After  working  for  several  years  for  his 
brother  Wm  in  the  south,  he  carne  north  in  '42  and  settled  on  a  rancho  on 
Putah  Creek — granted  to  Francisco  Guerrero  and  owned  by  Wm  Wolfskill. 
Here  he  has  lived  down  to  '85,  his  name  rarely  appearing  in  any  early  records 
that  I  have  seen,  possibly  serving  with  the  Bears  and  Cal.  Bat.,  but  not 
tempted  away  from  his  rancho  and  cattle  by  the  gold  excitement  of  '48-9. 
In  the  later  years  he  has  been  one  of  the  best  known  fruit-growers  of  Yolo 
and  Solano,  a  man  of  wealth,  and  a  citizen  of  the  most  excellent  reputation, 
now  81  years  of  age.  Portrait  in  Yolo  Co.  Hist. ,  26.  By  his  first  wife,  whose  name 
I  have  not  found,  he  had  a  son,  Edward,  who  in  later  years  was  his  business 
manager.  In  '58  he  married  Susan,  daughter  of  Stephen  Cooper,  by  whom  he 
had  3  daughters  living  in  '80.  I  have  a  brief  Biog.  Sketch  of  'Uncle  John,* 
taken  by  G.  W.  Boggs  in  '83.  W.  (Sarchel),  1838 (?),  nat.  of  Mo.,  brother 
of  John  R.,  who  may  have  come  from  N.  Mex.  '38-41;  in  Solano  Co.  '80. 
W.  (Wm),  1831,  brother  of  John  R.,  nat.  of  Ky,  and  for  several  years  a  trap 
per  and  trader  in  N.  Mex.,  coming  to  Cal.  in  com.  of  a  trapping  party  by  a 
new  route,  iii.  386,  405,  630;  iv.  263-4.  He  had  been  naturalized  in  N.  Mex. 
'30;  and  in  Cal.  for  several  years  was  engaged  in  hunting  otter  on  the  coast, 
building  a  schooner  for  that  purpose,  iii.  363,  393.  In  '36  he  settled  at  Los 
Ang.  as  a  carpenter,  getting  a  lot,  being  named  as  one  of  the  vigilantes,  giv 
ing  much  attention  to  the  raising  of  vines,  and  from  '38  devoting  himself 
wholly  to  the  vineyards  which  were  to  make  him  rich  and  famous,  iv.  117. 
He  married  in  '41 ;  in  '42  became  the  owner  of  the  Putah  Creek  rancho  occupied 
from  that  time  by  his  brother,  iv.  673;  in  '44  was  regidor  at  Los  Ang.  iv. 
633;  and  is  hardly  mentioned  in  the  political  troubles  of  '45-7  or  in  public 
matters  of  later  years.  He  died  in  '66  at  the  age  of  68,  leaving  an  enviable 


780  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Jose"  Ign.  Lugo,  died  in  '62;  a  daughter  Juana,  Mrs  Henry  D.  Barrows,  died 
in  '63,  and  another  daughter  in  '55.  The  surviving  children  and  heirs  of  his 
large  estate  were  Joseph  W.  born  in  '44,  Luis,  Madelina  (wife  of  Matias 
Sabici),  and  Francisca,  apparently  Mrs  Cardwell.  Wm  had  3  brothers,  per 
haps  including  Sarchel,  who  came  after  '48.  Wolter  (Charles),  1833,  Ger 
man  mr  of  a  Mex.  vessel,  who  in  Dec.  obtained  a  certificate  of  Mex.  citizen 
ship,  having  been  for  2  years  a  citizen  of  Peru.  iii.  409.  It  is  not  unlikely  that 
he  visited  Cal.  before  '33.  He  was  mr  of  the  Leonor  '36-8,  of  the  Clara  or 
Clarita  '40-3,  of  the  Julia  '44-5,  and  of  El  Placer  '48.  iii.  383;  iv.  102,  104, 
403,  563-4;  v.  577.  Capt.  Wolter  married  an  Estrada,  settled  at  Mont.,  and 
was  cl.  for  the  Toro  rancho.  iii.  679.  He  died  in  '56  at  the  age  of  65. 

Wood,  1841,  with  Douglas,  iv.  212;  named  at  Butter's  fort.  W.  1846, 
at  Sutter's  fort  from  Or.  in  June.  v.  526.  W.,  1846,  mr  of  the  Pandora,  v. 
579.  W.,  1847,  juryman  and  constable  at  Sutter's  fort.  v.  542.  W.,  1848, 
in  the  mines;  discov.  of  Wood  Creek;  perhaps  the  man  who  came  from  Or. 
with  Capt.  Martin,  and  was  killed  by  Ind.  W.,  1848,  builder  at  Benicia. 
v.  673.  W.  (Geo.),  1831,  mr  of  the  Louisa,  iii.  383.  W.  (Geo.  T.),  1844, 
deserter  from  the  U.S.  Warren  at  S.F.,  who  lived  among  the  Ind.  of  Marin 
Co.  near  Tomales,  where  Wood  Point  bears  his  name.  iv.  453.  The  ex-sailor 
became  an  expert  horseman,  widely  known  as  Tom  Vaquero.  He  died  at  S. 
Rafael  in  '79.  W.  (Henry),  1833,  Amer.  named  in  Larkin's  books  '33-7, 
known  as  the  'deacon.'  iii.  409;  in  the  Or.  cattle  party  of  '37.  iv.  85;  served 
in  Cal.  Bat.  '46  (v.  358),  and  had  a  Cal.  claim  of  $30  (v.  462);  owner  of  S.F. 
lot  '47;  a  carpenter  at  S.F.  '51-4;  perhaps  several  different  men.  W.  (John), 

1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Hanford,  Tulare  Co.,  '82.       W.  (Joseph), 

1845,  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  who  probably  returned  east  in 
'46.  iv.  579;  but  may  have  been  one  of  the  Woods  named  at  Sutter's  fort  at 
the  beginning  of  this  paragraph.       W.  (0.  R.),  1848,  at  Hon.   from  Mont.; 
seems  to  have  married  a  daughter  of  W.  H.  Merrill  at  S.F.       W.  (Paul  D.), 

1846,  Co.  C,  1st  U.  S.  dragoons  (v.  336).       W.  (Wm),  1840,  sup.  of  the  Co 
lumbia  '40-1.  iv.  102-3,  564.       W.  (Wm),  1846,  Co.  E,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  , 
at  Sutter's  fort  Oct.  (v.  358).       W.  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  C,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469). 
W.  (Wm  A.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).       W.  (Wm  Maxwell),  1844, 
fleet-surgeon  of  the  Pacific  squadron  U.S.N.  '44-6,  who,  on  his  way  overland 
across  Mex.  in  '46,  sent  to  Com.  Sloat  at  Mazatlan  news  of  the  outbreak  of 
war.  He  published  a  narrative  of  his  adventures  under  the  title  of  Wandering 
Sketches,  iv.  452-3,  460,  479,  661. 

Woodard  (John),  1832,  witness  at  Mont.  Wooden  (John),  1843,  doubt 
ful  name  of  the  Chiles- Walker  immig.  party,  iv.  393-4.  Woodruff  ( Wilford), 

1848,  Mormon,  and  one  of  the  discov.  of  gold  at  Mormon  Isl.;  perhaps  'Wil 
ford.'      Woods  (Henry),  1838,  in  Sta  Clara;  perhaps  'Wood.'      W.  (Isaiah 
C.),  1848,  nat.  of  Me,  who  came  as  sup.  of  a  trader,  and  from  '49  was  promi 
nent  as  manager  of  Adams  &  Co.'s  express  and  banking  business.  He  went 
east  after  the  failure  of  that  eomp.  in  '55;  among  other  enterprises  established 
an  overland  mail  from  Texas  to  S.  Diego;  served  as  commissary  of  transpor 
tation  in  the  war  of  '61-5;  and  returned  to  Cal.  about  '68.  He  died  in  '80, 
leaving  a  widow  and  3  children.       W.  (John),  1848,  at  Sta  Cruz  '81.      Wood- 
side  (Preston  K.),  1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  clerk  of  the  naval  agency 
at  Mont.  '48;  later  clerk  of  supreme  court.  In  '81  at  Tucson,  Ariz.       Wood 
ward  (E.),  1840,  steward  of  the  schr  California.       W.  (Francis),  1847,  Co.  C, 
Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).       Woodworth,  1847,  a  Mormon  in  Sutter's  employ  '47-8, 
teaming  between  the  fort  and  mill.       W.  (John),  1834,  Engl.  at  Mont.  '34-5. 

Woodworth  (Selim  E.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.Y.,  and  lieut  U.S.N. ,  who  came 
overland  to  Or.  in  '46,  and  to  Cal.  in  the  winter  of  '46-7,  taking  some  part  in 
an  exped.  for  the  relief  of  the  Donner  party,  v.  539;  owning  S.F.  lots,  joining 
the  Warren,  and  in  '48  acting  as  mr  of  the  transport  Anita,  v.  576.  In  '49  he 
resigned  his  commission,  engaged  in  trade  in  comp.  with  P.  A.  Roach,  and 
was  a  member  of  the  1st  state  senate.  Later  he  became  a  business  man  at  S. 
F.,  being  prominent  in  the  vigilance  com.  of  '51.  In  the  war  of  '61-5  he  re 
joined  the  navy,  reaching  the  rank  of  commodore,  resigning  about  '67,  and 


WOODWORTH— YARD.  781 

residing  for  the  most  part  at  S.F.,  where  he  died  in  '71,  at  the  age  of  55, 
leaving  a  widow  and  5  children.  Portrait  in  Annals  of  S.F.  Woolard 
(Henry),  1847,  Co.  K,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  58  lashes  and  a  month  in  jail  at  S. 
Josd  '48  for  attempted  murder.  Wooldridge,  1846,  com.  of  the  Spy.  v.  580. 
Wooley  (Wm),  1847,  Co.  A,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Campo  Seco  '71-82. 
Wooster  (Charles  W.),  1847,  nat.  of  N.  Y.,  who  came  as  sup.  of  the  Confede 
ration,  having  been  admiral  in  the  Chilean  navy.  He  presided  at  the  1st 
thanksgiving  dinner  at  S.F.  '47,  being  owner  of  lots  here  and  at  Benicia.  v. 
646,  672,  678.  Partner  of  Ward  and  Fourgeaud  in  the  Yuba  mines;  dying  at 
Hock  farm  Aug.  '48. 

Worden  (John  L.),  1847,  lieut  on  the  Southampton.  W.  (Stephen),  1844, 
doubtful  name  of  an  Amer.  at  S.F.,  age  25.  Work  (John),  1833,  a  trapper 
applying  for  supplies,  iii.  392.  Workman  (Andrew  J.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  at  Virgin  City,  Utah,  '82.  W.,  1809,  doubtful  record  of  a 
hunter,  ii.  89.  W.  (Oliver  G.),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.;  at 
Salt  Lake  City  '82.  W.  (Wm),  1841,  nat.  of  England,  who  came  from  N. 
Mex.  in  com.  of  an  immig.  party  with  his  family,  iv.  276-9,  637.  He  had 
long  been  a  trader  at  Taos,  and  at  the  time  of  his  coming  to  Cal.  was  some 
what  compromised  in  the  eyes  of  the  Mex.  govt  by  his  supposed  connection 
with  Texan  political  or  revolutionary  schemes.  He  obtained,  with  John  Ro 
land,  the  Puente  rancho,  confirmed  in  '45.  iv.  331,  635;  was  a  leader  of  the 
foreigners  against  Michel torena  in  '45.  iv.  495,  505;  took  some  part  in  '46-7 
in  the  direction  of  preventing  warfare,  v.  50-1,  332-3,  387,  396;  and  was  the 
purchaser  of  S.  Gabriel  mission,  v.  561,  627-9.  In  '52  he  was  cl.  for  the  Cajon 
de  los  Negros  and  La  Puente  ranches.  From  about  '68  he  was  a  banker  in 
company  with  Temple  at  Los  Ang. ,  and  in  '76,  on  the  failure  of  the  bank,  he 
committed  suicide,  at  the  age  of  76.  I  know  nothing  of  his  family,  except 
that  a  brother  David  died  at  La  Puente  in  '55.  Wort  (Geo.),  1847,  Co.  G, 
N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  d.  at  S.F.  '47.  Worth  (Caroline),  1848,  nat.  of  Ind., 
resid.  of  Sonoma  Co.  '74-7. 

Wrangell  (Baron  F.  von),  1833,  gov.  of  the  Russian  colonies  in  Alaska,  at 
Ross  in  '33,  and  at  Mont  '35  on  his  way  to  Mex.  iv.  160-9.  See  also  Hist. 
Alaska.  Wright,  1845,  doubtful  member  of  the  Grigsby-Ide  party,  iv.  579. 
W.,  1847,  had  a  hospital  on  Cooper  St.,  Mont.  W.,  1848,  from  Hon.  on  the 
Sac/adahoc.  W.,  1848,  at  Sta  Cruz,  buying  C.  C.  Smith's  interest  in  a  store, 
which  was  perhaps  in  the  mines.  W.,  1848,  partner  of  Dav.  Ray  in  the 
Yuba  mines.  W.,  1848,  of  W.  &  Owen,  liquor  dealers  at  S.F.  W.  (Chas), 

1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469).       W.  (David),  1847,  carpenter  at  Mont.; 
cl.  in  '52  for  Roblar  de  la  Miseria  rancho.  iv.  673.       W.  (Harry),  1846,  Co. 
G,  Cal.  Bat.,  enlisting  at  S.  Jos<§  Nov.  (v.  358).      W.  (J.),  1840,  passenger  on 
the  Lausanne  perhaps,  who  went  to  Hon.  iv.  104,  121.       W.  (Jonathan), 
1846,  at  Mont.  74,  said  by  McPherson  to  have  come  this  year.       W.  (J.  H.), 

1848,  passp.  from  Hon.       W.  (Phineas  R.),  1847,  sergt  Co.  A,  Morm.  Bat.  v. 
477.       W.  (Stephen  A.),  1847,  prob.  overl.  immig.,  perhaps  of  '46;  at  Mont. 
'47-8,  of  W.  &  Dickenson,  lumber  dealers;  owner  of  S.F.  lot  '49.  v.  685;  and 
member  of  S.F.  council  '49;  later  a  banker  who  failed  and  went  to  Ariz,  be 
fore  '60.       W.  (Tiery),  1844  (?),  perhaps  one  of  Fremont's  men.  iv.  437. 

Wumsen  (John),  1823,  appears  as  a  witness  at  StaB.;  prob.  a  sailor,  ii. 
495.  Wunderlich  (F.  H.),  1848  (?),  biog.  in  Eureka  Humboldt  Times,  June 
25,  79.  Wybourn  (Robert),  1847,  Co.  I,  N.  Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  in  Calaveras 
71-4.  Wylie  (Jonn),  1847,  Co.  E,  ditto.  Wylis  (Richard),  1845,  doubtful 
name  of  an  overl.  immig.  iv.  578.  Wyman  (Gardner),  1847,  at  Mont.  '47-8. 
W.  (Geo.  F.),  1844(?),  sent  by  Sutter  to  raise  recruits  for  the  Micheltorena 
campaign  in  Dec.  iv.  453,  486,  501;  often  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary  '45-8; 
His  wife,  ment.  in  '47,  was  America,  daughter  of  David  Kelsey,  still  living  in 
'85.  In  78-84  W.  was  living  at  Spanishtown,  S.  Mateo  Co.,  and  in  news 
paper  sketches  and  county  histories  is  said  to  have  left  a  whaler  in  '36.  W. 
(T.W.),  1847,  capt.  on  the  U.S.  Columbus,  v.  577. 

Yame  (Bias),  1806,  sailor  on  the  Peacock,  ii.  38.  Yanonalit,  Ind.  chief 
at  Sta  B.  1782.  i.  377.  Yard  (Edward  M.),  1846,  lieut  on  the  U.S.  Dale; 


782  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  78.  Yarnall  (Mordecai),  1847,  prof,  of  mathematics  on  the 
Columbus.  Yates  (John),  1842,  Engl.  sailor  who  came  from  Mazatlan  and 
was  employed  by  Sutter  as  mr  of  his  launch,  iv.  229,  341.  In  '43  he  was  in 
some  trouble  at  Sonoma,  Sutter  furnishing  bail;  in  Nov.  '44  his  launch  was 
wrecked  at  Ross;  he  is  named  in  the  N.  Helv.  Diary  '45-7,  and  seems  to  have 
been  the  owner  of  land  in  the  Chico  region  '46-7,  having  also  a  Cal.  claim  of 
$50  (v.  462).  In  '51  he  went  to  the  Sandwich  Isl.,  where  he  was  living  in  '72, 
in  which  year  he  sent  me  his  Sketch  of  a  Journey  to  the  Sacramento  Valley  in 
'4%,  including  a  narrative  of  earlier  adventures.  It  is  a  most  interesting  and 
useful  MS.,  though  there  are  indications  that  the  valley  trip  may  have  oeen 
antedated  by  a  year  or  two.  Y.  (John  D. ),  1847,  Co.  H,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499); 
in  '82  at  Albany,  N.Y.;  a  printer.  Ybarra,  etc.,  see  'Ibarra,'  etc. 

Yeamans  (Edward),  1847,  Co.  E,  N.  Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Yellow  Serpent, 
Or.  Ind.  at  Sutter's  fort  '44-6.  v.  300-2.  Yems,  1817,  sailor  at  Sta  B.,  doubt 
ful  name.  ii.  286.  Yergeens  (Fred.),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S.  artill.  (v.  518); 
living  in  '64.  Yetch  (August),  1847,  perhaps  of  N.  Y.  Vol.  under  another 
name.  Yim  (James),  1828,  Amer.  pilot  at  Mont.  '28-9,  age  23;  name  doubt 
ful;  prob.  'Jim.'  Yndarte  (J.  D.),  1845,  mr  of  the  Farici.  iv.  565.  Ynitia 
(Camilo),  grantee  of  Olompali  '43.  Yonkins  (Win),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.  S. 
artill.  (v.  528);  in  the  S.  Jose"  hospital '64,  suffering  from  an  incurable  cancer. 

Yorba  (Antonio),  1769,  one  of  Fages'  original  Catalan  volunteers;  in  1777 
corp.  of  the  S.  F.  comp.;  in  1782  corp.  of  the  Mont,  comp.;  and  in  1789  of 
the  S.  Diego  comp.  In  1797  he  was  retired  as  invalido  sergt;  and  in  1809-10 
grantee  of  the  Santiago  de  Sta  Ana  rancho,  Los  Ang.,  which  he  or  a  son  of 
the  same  name  occupied  down  to  '30,  and  the  family  later,  i.  647,  663;  ii.  104, 
112,  172,  353,  565,  664;  iii.  634.  His  wife,  from  1782,  was  Maria  Josef  a, 
daughter  of  Alferez  Grijalva;  and  the  children  named  in  early  years  were 
Isabel  Maria,  Cecilia,  Raimunda  (who  married  J.  B.  Alvarado),  Francisca, 
and  Jose"  Domingo  who  died  in  1796.  Y.  (Bernardo),  son  of  Antonio,  age  35 
in  '39,  aux.  alcalde  or  juez  de  campo  at  St  Ana  '33,  '36,  '40,  '44.  iii.  635-7; 
iv.  633;  grantee  of  Canada  de  Sta  Ana  '34  and  of  Sierra  '46.  iii.  633;  v.  628. 
His  daughter  Ramona  married  B.  D.  Wilson.  Y.  (Isabel),  grantee  of 
Guadalasca  '46,  and  cl.  in  '52.  iii.  655.  Y.  (Jose"  Ant.),  son  of  Antonio,  age 
27  iu  '39;  aux.  alcalde  and  juez  de  campo  at  Sta  Ana  Abajo  '36,  '40.  iii.  636- 
7;  in  '41  at  S.  Juan  Cap.  iv.  626,  628;  in  '47  rcgidor  at  Los  Ang.  v.  626. 
Y.  (Jose"  Domingo),  son  of  Jose"  Ant.,  b.  at  S.  Diego  1795;  cl.  of  S.  Vicente 
Canada  '52.  v.  629.  Y.  (Ramon),  cl.  for  Las  Bolsas  '52.  iii.  633.  Y. 
(Teodosio),  son  of  Josd  Ant.,  age  22  in  '39,  aux.  alcalde  at  Sta  Ana  '36  and 
'47.  iii.  636;  v.  626;  a  prisoner  in  '38.  iii.  554-5;  grantee  of  Arroyo  Seco  '40. 


in  '39,  '40,  '43.  iii.  589,  629,  637. 

Yorgens  (Joseph),  1828,  Amer.  trapper  of  Pattie's  party,  iii.  163,  168; 
age  24  in  '29.  Either  Y.  and  Ferguson  were  the  same,  or  one  of  them  could 
not  have  belonged  to  this  party.  York,  1834,  Engl.  sailor,  age  23,  in  a 
Mont.  list.  Y.  (John),  1845,  nat.  of  Tenn.  and  overl.  immig.  of  the  Grigsby- 
Ide  party,  with  his  wife  Lucinda  Hudson  and  2  sons,  Wm  E.  and  David,  the 
latter  being  apparently  born  on  the  trip.  iv.  579,  587.  He  settled  at  the  head 
of  Napa  Valley;  was  at  Sonoma  during  the  Bear  revolt;  went  to  the  mines  in 
'48-9;  and  in  '49-82  lived  on  his  farm  in  Napa.  There  were  9  surviving 
children  in  '82,  including  those  named  above.  Portrait  in  Napa  Co.  Hist.,  62. 
Y.  (Wm),  1846,  Co.  F,  Cal.  Bat.  v.  358;  at  S.  Jose"  '48-50. 

Young,  1833,  at  S.  Diego  '33-4,  in  Ebbetts'  service,  called  capt.  Y., 
1647,  mr  of  the  Com.  Stockton,  at  S.F.  and  Bodega,  v.  577.  Y.  (Alpheus), 
1847,  Co.  D,  N.Y.Vol.  (v.  499);  at  S.F.  '82.  Y.  (Charles  B.),  1847,  lieut 
Co.  A, ditto,  v.  503.  Y.  (Chas D.),  1847,  musician,  ditto.  Y.  (Ewing),  1830, 
capt.  of  trappers,  who  came  to  Cal.  from  N.  Mex.,  and  again  in  '31-2,  going 
to  Or.  in  '34,  returning  in  '37,  to  purchase  cattle,  and  dying  in  Or.  '41.  ii. 
600;  iii.  174-5,  180,  357,  387-8,  393-4,  410,  630;  iv.  85-7,  263-4;  see  also 


YOUNG-ZAMPAY.  783 

Hist.  Or.,  i.  90  et  seq.  Y.  (Francis),  1837,  lumberman  in  the  Mont.  dist. 
'37-44.  iv.  118.  He  failed  in  business  '44;  and  nothing  more  is  known  of  him 
unless  he  was  with  Ford  at  Olompali  '46.  v.  166.  Y.  (John),  1844,  on  roll 
of  Soc.  Cal.  Pion. ;  nat.  of  Scotland,  and  nephew  of  Capt.  John  Wilson;  per 
haps  did  not  come  from  Valparaiso  till  '45.  He  was  a  trader  and  mr  of  ves 
sels  on  the  coast;  and  later  superintendent  of  the  N.  Almaden  mine.  Died  at 
S.F.  '64.  Y.  (Jonathan),  1847,  mid.  on  the  Columbus.  Y.  (J.  E.),  1848, 
miner  at  Mormon  Isl. ,  etc. ;  later  a  farmer  in  Placer  Co.  to  '68.  Y.  (Lewis 
or  Levi),  1833,  mr  of  the  Enriqueta.  iii.  382.  Y.  (Nathan),  1847,  of  Morm. 
Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.  at  Los  Ang.  Y.  (Rom°),  Mex.  citizen  at  N.  Helv.  Y. 
(Sam.  C. ),  1846,  nat.  of  Tenn.,  and  overl.  immig.  with  his  family,  v.  528-30. 
He  settled  as  a  farmer  at  Sta  Clara,  where  he  died  in  78,  leaving  3  sons— 
Leander  C.,  who  died  in  '82,  M.  D.,  at  S.  Jose"  '81,  and  R.  J.,  ditto. 

Yount  (George  C.),  1831,  nat.  of  N.C.  who  came  as  a  trapper  in  Wolf- 
skill's  party  from  N.  Mex.  iii.  386,  405,  166,  363.  For  several  years  he  hunted 
otter  chiefly  on  S.F.  bay  and  its  tributaries,  also  making  shingles  at  odd  jobs. 
His  name  appears  on  Larkin's  books  in  '33.  In  '35  he  was  baptized  at  S.  Rafael 
as  Jorge  Concepcion,  and  worked  for  Vallejo  at  Sonoma.  In  '36  he  obtained 
a  grant  of  the  Caymus  rancho  in  Napa  Valley,  where  he  built  a  cabin,  or 
block-house,  and  for  years  was  the  only  representative  of  the  gente  de  razon 
in  the  valley,  iii.  711;  iv.  117.  He  still  spent  much  of  his  time  in  hunting, 
and  had  many  encounters  with  the  Ind.,  though  by  his  long  experience  with 
the  natives,  his  fearless  character,  and  by  his  tact  in  forming  alliances  with 
the  strongest  rancherlas,  he  managed  to  keep  all  under  good  control.  In  '43 
he  was  grantee  of  the  La  Jota  rancho,  an  extension  of  Caymus,  iv.  671,  where 
he  soon  built  a  saw-mill,  having  also  a  flour-mill  on  his  place;  and  the  same 
year  he  was  joined  by  two  daughters  who  came  overland  with  Chiles,  the  lat 
ter  having  in  IMS  visit  of  '41  brought  news  from  the  family  and  been  commis 
sioned  to  bring  them.  iv.  393.  In  several  of  the  old  trapper's  experiences,  as 
related  by  hirn  and  embellished  by  others,  a  trace  of  faith  in  dreams  and 
omens  is  shown;  but  the  oft-repeated  story  that  a  dream  of  his  led  to  the  re 
lief  of  the  Donner  party  has  no  foundation  in  fact.  In  later  years  the  old 
pioneer  found  the  squatters  and  land-lawyers  somewhat  more  formidable  foes 
than  had  been  the  Ind.  and  grizzlies  of  earlier  times;  but  he  saved  a  portion 
of  his  land,  and  died  at  his  Napa  home — called  Yountville  in  his  honor — in 
'65  at  the  age  of  71.  Portraits  in  Hesperian,  ii. ;  Napa  Co.  Hist.,  54;  Mene- 
fec's  Sketch-book,  160.  Y.  (Lot  G.),  1844,  ranchero  named  in  Larkin's  papers; 
prob.  error  for  Geo.  C.  Youin  (Juan),  1846,  owner  of  S.F.  lot.  v.  684. 

Zabriskie  (Jerome),  1847,  Co.  B,  Morm.  Bat.  (v.  469);  reenl.;  in  Utah  '82. 
Zaldibar  (Pedro),  1818,  deserter  from  Bouchard's  insurgents,  ii.  241.  Zal- 
videa  (Jose*  Maria),  1805,  Span,  friar  whose  missionary  service  was  chiefly  at 
S.  Gabriel  and  S.  Juan  Cap.  He  died  at  S.  Luis  Key  in  '46.  Biog.  v.  620-1; 
ment.  ii.  48-50,  109,  114-15,  159-60,  352,  355-6,  394,  555,  567-8,  655;  iii.  91, 
96,  102,  317,  358,  625,  627;  iv.  371,  422,  622-4.  Zamora  (Ignacio),  soldier 
at  the  Colorado  pueblos  1780-1;  killed  by  Ind.  i.  359,  362.  Z.  (Juan),  capt. 
appointed  for  Cal.;  did  not  come.  iii.  54.  Z.  (Manuel),  Mex.  soldier  of  the 
Hidalgo  piquete  at  Mont.  '30,  age  26.  Z.  (Nicanor),  supl.  com.  de  polio  fa  at 
Mont.  '36.  iii.  675.  Zamorano  (Agustin  Vicente),  1825,  Mex.  alfe"rez  who 
came  with  Echeandia;  nat.  of  Florida,  of  Spanish  parentage;  capt.  of  the 
Mont.  comp.  from  '31,  and  of  the  S.  Diego  comp.  from  '35.  He  left  Cal.  in 
'38,  but  returned  in  '42  as  lieut-col,  and  died  in  that  year  at  S.  Diego.  He 
is  named  in  the  Mont,  padron  of  '36  as  36  years  old,  wife  Luisa  Arguello, 
child.  Dolores  b.  '27  (married  J.  M.  Flores),  Luis  '29,  Gonzalo  '32,  Guadalupe 
'33  (married  Henry  Dal  ton),  Josefa  '34,  and  Agustin  '36.  An  Eulalia  is  also 
named  by  Hayes  as  having  married  Vicente  Estudillo.  Of  the  sons  I  have  no 
record.  Biog.  of  the  capt.  iii.  559-61;  ment.  ii.  543-4,  549,  608,  669,  676;  iii. 
13-14,  33,  44,  47,  50,  61-2,  81,  84,  91,  99,  102,  205,  214,  220-32,  239,  243,  347, 
364,  441,  445,  463,  515-20, 533,  549,  556,  568-9,  608,  614,  669-71;  iv.  68,  290, 
408,  619;  v.  365.  Zampay,  chief  of  the  Yolo  Ind.  '36.  iv.  72. 


784  PIONEER  REGISTER  AND  INDEX. 

Zarerabo  (Dionisio),  1827,  mr  of  the  Okhotsk  '27-9.  iii.  148;  and  of  the 
Urup  '31-2.  iii.  213,  384;  again  in  Cal.'  45  as  Russian  agent,  iv.  187-8. 
Zavaleta  (Aniceto  Maria),  Mex.  artilleryman  at  S.  Diego  '21  and  earlier,  a 
somewhat  unmanageable  fellow,  though  a  good  soldier.  He  became  sergt,  and 
about  '28  was  retired  as  teuiente  de  premio;  serious  charges  against  him  in  '31 ; 
had  much  trouble  in  collecting  his  pay  in  later  years;  sec.  of  the  ayunt.  at  S. 
D.  '41.  iv.  619;  ment.  in  '45.  iv.  508.  Zavalishin  (W.),  1824,  Russ.  agent 
who  visited  Cal. ;  author  of  a  work  on  the  Russ.  colony,  Delo  o  Koloniy  Ross. 
ii.  641,  647.  Zeballos  (Areaco),  1791,  Span,  lieut  in  Malaspina's  exped.  i. 
490.  Zeilin  (Jacob),  1846,  lieut  of  marines  on  the  Congress;  acting  capt.  in 
Stockton's  Bat.  '46-7.  v.  281,  385,  391-5;  perhaps  'Zielin.'  Zenon,  Ind. 
leader  of  a  plot  at  S.  Jose"  '42.  iv.  338.  Zerman  (John  Napoleon),  1846  (?),  Fr. 
lieut  at  Waterloo;  veteran  of  many  campaigns:  in  Mex.  war;  in  Cal.  '49  et 
seq.  and  in  '74;  possibly  in  '46.  Zertaje,  1821,  mr  or  sup.  of  the  S.F.  Javier. 
ii.  440,  202.  Zetch  (August),  1847,  gen.  accredited  to  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499); 
settled  at  Petaluma;  d.  at  S.  F.  '79;  prob.  the  following.  Zetschsky 
(Charles),  1847,  Co.  C,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499);  at  Petaluma  '83.  Clark. 

Zimmerman  (Bernard),  1847,  Co.  F,  3d  U.S.  artill.  (v.  518).  Z.  (W.), 
1847,  ditto;  in  Cal.  '64.  Zindel  (Louis),  1844,  one  of  Frdmont's  party;  prob. 
did  not  come  to  Cal.  iv.  437.  Zinky  (D.),  1846,  doubtful  name  of  the  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358).  Zinns  (Geo.),  1846,  nat.  of  Lorraine,  and  overl.  immig.;  Cal. 
Bat.  (v.  358);  married  Mrs  Wolfinger  at  Sutter's  fort  '47,  and  is  said  to  have 
built  the  first  brick  house  at  Sac.  He  was  later  a  brewer  and  fruit-grower, 
but  being  ruined  by  fire  and  again  by  slickens,  he  lived  on  a  chicken  ranch 
from  '72,  and  died  at  Oakland  in  '85  at  the  age  of  '86.  Zittle  (Michael), 
1847,  Co.  I,  N.Y.  Vol.  (v.  499).  Zorrilla  (Francisco),  1842,  named  as  in 
charge  of  the  Los  Ang.  gold  mines,  iv.  630.  Ziiniga  (Jose"),  1781,  lieut  of 
the  S.  Diego  comp.,  acting  as  habilitado  and  com.  to  1793.  Later  capt.  at 
Tucson,  Sonora;  lieut-col  1810.  He  was  one  of  the  most  efficient  of  the 
old  presidio  officers.  Biog.  i.  645-6;  ment.  i.  335,  340,  343,  372,  396,  398,  400, 
441, 454,  461-3,  467,  484, 502, 522,  653;  ii.  78.  Z.  (Guillermo),  land-owner  at 
Los  Ang.  '39,  age  48.  Z.  (Nicolas),  soldier  of  the  Mont.  comp.  '36,  age 
'21.  Z.  (Pio  Quinto),  soldier  of  the  S.  Juan  Cap.  escolta  1776-9.  i.  303. 
Z.  (Ramon),  soldier  at  Mont.  '36,  age  25.  Z.  (Valentin),  at  Los  Ang.  J39, 
age  42.  Z.  (Ventura),  boy  at  Los  Ang.  1802;  soldier  in  '10.  ii.  91.  Zurri- 
llaga  1824,  mr  of  the  Conslancia.  ii.  519.  Zurita  (Jose),  murderer  at  S.  Juan 
B.  '44.  iv.  662. 

END  OF  PIONEER  REGISTER. 


II 


INDEX 


HISTORY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


(From  Vol.  XIX.  of  the  Bancroft  History.} 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Abad,  Serra's  suggestions  submitted 
to,  i.  209. 

Abbott,  0.,  member  S.  F.  stock 
board,  1861,  vii.  668. 

Aclutoy,  Ind.  tribe,  treaty  with,  1836, 
iv.  71. 

'  Activo, '  ship,  at  Mont.,  1810,  ii.  96. 

'Active,'  transport,  ii.  83. 

Adams,  F.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Adams,  J. ,  biog.,  vii.  410. 

Adams  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vii.  149-50, 
161;  failure  of,  vii.  174. 

Adamsville,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 

Agricultural  implements,  imports, 
etc.,  of,  vii.  96. 

Agriculture,  progress  in,  1773,  i.  204- 
206;  condition  1774,  i.  239;  Sta 
Clara  vail.,  i.  305;  condition,  1780, 
i.  331;  pueblos,  1783-90,  i.  388; 
1800,  i.  601;  at  missions,  1783-90, 
i.  388,  457,  459,  466,  469.  473,  477, 
478,  556;  1791-1800,  i.  577,  656-7, 
672,  676,  686,  688,  690,  713,  723; 
1801-10,  i.  132,  137-8,  148-9,  153-4; 
ii.  104-106,  108,  110,  115,  116,  121, 
122,  123;  1811-20,  ii.  346,  347,  349, 
350,  355,  358,  364,  366,  368,  374, 
375,  377,  383,  384,  385,  386,  387, 
390;  1821-30,  ii.  552,  554,  556; 
statistics  of,  1791-1800,  i.  619-20; 
1801-10,  i.  176-81;  1821-30,  ii.  567, 
578,  580-2,  595-6,  599,  601-2,  616, 
619-20,  622,  624,  635-8;  1831-40, 
iii.  357,  619,  622,  626,  643,  646, 
656,  660,  662,  664,  680-1,  684,  686, 
690-1,  693,  714,  716,  719,  724,  727; 
Sta  Cruz,  1792-1800,  i.  495-496; 
Soledad,  1972-1803,  i.  500;  drought, 
1809,  ii.  89;  yield  of  products, 
1801-10,  ii.  161;  products,  1811-20, 
ii.  395-6;  pests,  ii.  417;  efforts  to 
extend,  1831,  iv.  159-160;  develop 
ment  of,  vii.  2-4;  farms,  1880,  vii. 
5-7;  soil,  vii.  6-7,  21-23;  rainfall, 
vii.  8,  14-15,  18-20;  irrigation,  vii. 
8-11;  riparian  rights,  vii.  11-14; 


droughts,  1850-77,  vii.  15-16;  floods, 

1849-81,   vii.   16-17;  pests,  vii.  17- 

18;  climate,  vii.    18-20;  barley,  vii. 

24-5;  oats,  vii.  25;   maize,  vii.  25; 

wheat,   vii.   26-8,   739;   vegetables, 

vii.    27-30;   cotton,   vii.   30-1;  flax, 

vii.  30-1;   silk,  vii.   31-4;  tobacco, 

vii.   34-5;    hops,  vii.    35-6;    sugar, 

vii.  36-7;  fruit-growing,  vii.  38-50; 

agric.    exhibs,   vii.    63-4;   societies, 

vii.  63-4;  mining  debris,  vii.  646-8. 
Agua     Caliente,     arrival      of     Gen. 

Kearny  at,  1846,  v.  339. 
'  Aquiles,'  war  ship,  iii.  27. 
'  Alabama, '  ship,  iii.  139. 
Alaman,   sec.   of  state  in  Mex.  1823, 

ii.    485;    report   on    Cal.   miss.,    ii. 

488;  orders  jefe  politico  to  report, 

iii.  7;   approves  Echeandea's  plan, 

iii.  325. 
Alameda     county,     exploration      of, 

1772,  i.  184-7;  1794,  i.  550-2;  hist. 

of,  vi.  526-7;  creation,  etc.,  of,  1853, 

vii.  441. 
Alameda  creek,  Fages'  expedt.  camps 

at,  i.  185. 

Alameda,  town,  hist,  of,  vi.  478-9. 
Alaska,  Russia  explores   coast  of,   i. 

113;  Martinez  voy.  to,  1788,  i.  444; 

annals  of,  1741-1810,  ii.  58-66,  78- 

82. 

Alarcon,  expedt.,  1540,  i.  9. 
Albany,  recruiting  for  Stev.  regt  at, 

v.  592. 
'Albatross,'    ship,    hunting     expedt. 

1810-11,    ii.    82,    93-5;    seizure   of, 

1816,  ii.  275-8. 
Alden,    Capt.    B.    R.,    at    Ft    Jones, 

1852,  vii.  461. 
Alder  creek,  Donner  party  encamp. 

at,  v.  533. 
Alemany,  J.  S.,  Archbishop,  vii.  726, 

730. 
'Alert,'  ship,  iii.  367;  iv.  68,  95,  135, 

142,  320,  340. 

1  Aleuts,  hunting  in  S.  F.  bay,  1808,  ii. 
(761) 


762 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


81.    296;    otter   hunting,    1816,    ii. 

284;    capture  of,    1815,   ii.   308;   at 

Ross,  ii.  632. 
'Alexander,'     ship,     adventures     of, 

1803,  ii.  14-17. 

Alexander,  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  21. 
Alisal  Rancho,  ii.  615,  v.  7. 
Allison,  E.,  vii.  590. 
Allison  Ranch  Lead,  mention  of,  vii. 

638;  product  of,  vii.  642. 
Almanza,    J.    M.,    of    Cal.    junta   in 

Mex.,  1825-7,  iii.  3;  report  on  Cal. 

miss.,  iii.  109. 
Almonte,    Gen.    (Mex.    minister),    in 

Jones'  affair,  1842,  iv.  325-7;  warns 

Cal.  immigrants,  iv.  379-380. 
Aloquiomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Alpine  County,  organized,  etc.,  1864, 

vii.  442;  silver  discovs  in,  vii.  650. 
Altgeier,  N.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  16. 
Alsop  &  Co.-,  Adams  &  Co.'s  failure, 

vii.  177. 

Alturas,  co.  seat  of  Modoc,  vii.  495-6. 
Alvarado,  Gov.,  manuscript  of,  i.  55; 

rule  of,  1836-40,  iii.  478-514,  579- 

607;  1840-2,  iv.  1-41. 
Alvarado,    J.    B.,    member   of   legisl. 

council,  1847,  vi.  260. 
Alvarado,  P.  de,  expedt.,  1540,  i.  9; 

defeat  and  death,  i.  10. 
Alvarado,  co    seat  of  Alameda,  1853, 

vi.  526. 

Alviso,  mention  of,  vi.  525. 
Alvord,  W.,  biog.  of,  vii.  183. 
Amador,  J.  M.,  rancho  of,   1848,  vi. 

10. 

Amador  county,  name,  ii.  585;  min 
ing  in,  1848-56,  vi.  371-3;  creation, 

etc.,  of,  1854,  vii.  441;  disturbance 

in,  1871,  vii.  455. 
Amador  creek,  quartz  veins  found  on, 

1851,  vi.  372. 

Amador,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  512. 
Amador  valley,   Fages'  expedt.  in,  i. 

186. 
Amajabea,  Inds,  reception  of  trappers, 

iii.  154. 
Amajavas,   Ind.   tribe,    ii.    334-5,   iv. 

338. 

Amat,  T.,  Bishop,  vii.  726. 
Ambuscade  creek,  Fremont  and  Gil- 

lespie  at,  1846,  v.  24. 
American  river,  Fremont  at,  1846,  v. 

22;  name,  vi.  15;  gold  discov'd  on, 

1848,  vi.  28-34;  mining  on,  1848-9, 

vi.  73,  352-6. 
American    tunnel,    quartz   mine,   vii. 

639. 
Ames,  O.,  vii.  570. 


'Amethyst.'   ship,    hunting    expedt., 

1811,  ii.  96. 

Anaheim,  hist,  of,  vi.  522. 
Anaya,  Gen.,  pres.  of  colony  scheme, 

iii.  263. 
Anderson,  Judge  A.,  election,  etc.,  of, 

1852,  vii.  220. 

Anderson,  Col  A.  L.,  vii.  470. 
Anderson,  W.,  vi.  17,  509. 
Andison,  J.  E.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 

vi.  319. 

Angel  camp,  vi.  374. 
Angel  Island,  named,  i.  246. 
Anglo-Saxon  Mining  Co.,  operations, 

etc.,  of,  vii.  638. 
Ansactoy,   Ind.    tribe,    treaty    with, 

1836,  iv.  71. 

Ansaimes,  Ind.  tribe,  i.  558. 
Anson,  map  of,  i.  94. 
Aiiteparaluceta,  P.  A.  de,  legacy  of, 

i.  595. 

Anthony,  Rev.  E.,  vii.  727. 
Antioch,  mention  of,  vi.  527—8;  R.  R. 

projected  at,  vii.  590. 
Apodaca,    viceroy,    offl     actions    of, 

1817-20,  ii.  250,  252,  256,  257,  264, 

265,  284. 
'Apollo,'  Russ.  man-of-war,   ii.  643, 

644,  645. 

Applegate,  mines  of,  vii.  658. 
Apples,  cultivation  of,  vii.  40-41. 
Arboriculture,  vii.  50-1,  78. 
Arcata,  town  (see  also  Union),  men 
tion  of,  vi.  504. 
Arce,  manuscript,  i.  55. 
Arce,  Jose  M.,  i.  441. 
Archbald,  name  of  Cal.,  i.  67. 
Architecture,    pre-pastoral,   i.   203-4. 
Archives,  private,  i.  48-50;  public,  i. 

45-6. 

Areche,  mention  of,  i.  209,  214. 
Arevalo,  M.,  named  for  duty  in  Cal., 

1780,  i.  379. 

Argenti,  F.  and  Co.,  vii.  161. 
'Argentina,'  Bouchard's  ship,  ii.  225. 
'Argosy,'  ship,  ii.  648. 
Arguello,    Gov.,    rule    of,     1814,    ii. 

207-8. 

Arguello,  S.,  member  of  legisl.  coun 
cil,  1847,  vi.  200. 
Arieta,   J.   V.,   Habil.  Gen.  for  Cal., 

1805,  ii.  188. 

Arizona  Ledge,  assays  of,  vii.  651. 
Ariztequi,    P.    I.,    supplies   for   Cal., 

1791,  i.  630. 

Armona,  Gov.,  i.  124,  171-2. 
Arrellanes,    I.,    chaplain    to    constit. 

convention,  1849,  vi.  290. 
Arrillaga,    Gov.,    rule   of,    1792-4,  i. 


INDEX. 


763 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


501-529;    1804-14,    ii.    20-43,    194- 
20(3. 

Arricivita,  J.  D.  de,  bibliog.,  etc.,  i. 
222,  321,  355. 

Arroyo  Seco,  mining  at,  1848,  vi.  77. 

'Artemise,'Fr.  frigate,  iv.  93,  152. 

Artisans,  from  Mex.,  list,  1792-5,  i. 
615,  016. 

Ashley,  state  treasurer,  mention  of, 
vii.  297. 

'Asia,'  ship,  surrender  of,  iii.  25-26. 

Asiatico-Mexicana  Co.,  proposed  by 
junta,  iii.  5-6. 

Aspinwall,  W.  H.,  the  Pac  Mail  S.  S. 
Co.,  1847-8,  vi.  128-9;  Panama  R. 
R.,  vii.  522. 

Assembly,  first  meeting  of,  1849,  vi. 
308-9;  members,  vi.  310. 

'Astrolabe,'  ship  of  La  Perouse,  i. 
428-9. 

'Atala,'ship,  ii.  213. 

Atenomac,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Atherton,  F.  D.,  vii.  585. 

Atlantic  and  Pacific  R.  R.,  land  grants 
to,  vii.  593-5;  negotiations  of,  vii. 
608-9;  combination,  etc.,  of,  vii. 
614-16. 

Auburn,  diggings  around,  1848,  vi. 
355;  co.  seat  of  Placer,  etc.,  vi. 
483. 

Aukney,  A.  P.,  the  S.  F.  R.  R.  con 
vention,  1859,  vii.  543. 

Aurora,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  519;  a 
mining  centre,  vii.  652. 

Austin,  Major,  mention  of,  vii.  282. 

Austin,  P.  K.,  vii.  590. 

Australia,  effect  of  Cal.  gold  discov. 
in,  vi.  125;  effect  of  its  gold  discov., 
vii.  109;  trade  with,  vii.  121-3. 

Authorities  quoted,  i.  xxv.-lxxxviii. 

Authors  in  Cal.,  vii.  722-3. 

Avila,  Jose,  Cal.  supplies,  i.  630. 

Axtell,  S.  B.,  congressman,  vii.  331. 

'Ayacucho,'ship,  iii.  143,  365;  iv.  210- 

Ayala,  T.  0.  de,  report  on  Cal.,  1821, 
ii.  443-4. 

Ayres,  Irvin,  biog.  of,  vii.  758. 

Ayuntamientos,  ii.  461,  560-1,  604, 
611-12,  676;  iii.  182,  187,  226,  245- 
6,  283,  299,  307,  380,  395,  417,  481, 
484,  500,  509,  517,  519,  521,  539, 
557,  564-5,  586,  589,  613-16,  630-2, 
634-6,  672-6,  696,  703-5,  729-31; 
iv.  68,  360,  475,  493;  v.  41,  49-51, 
618,  625-31,  636,  649,  662. 

Azanza,  M.  J.  de,  sect'y  to  Galvez,  i. 
115,  129;  viceroy,  ofil  com.  to  king, 
1798-1800,  i.  544,  546;  proposed 
opening  Cal.  trade,  i.  628;  instruc 


tions    to   successor,    i.    730;    favors 

naval  force  for  Cal.,  ii.  61. 
Azcarate,  J.  F.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 

1825-7,  iii.  3. 
Aznar,  Antonio,  named  for  Cal.,  1780, 

i.  379. 


Ii 


Babuock,     E.     S.,    jr,    biog.     of,    vii. 

759. 

Babcock,  L.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Babcock,  W.  F.,  biog.  of,  vii.  186. 
Bacon,  H.  D.,  director  Col.  River  R. 

R.,  vii.  610;  gifts  of,  vii.  720. 
Bagley,  D.  F.,  lieut,  1849,  vii.  454. 
Bailey,  A.  J.,  mine  discov'd  by,  1860, 

vii.  657. 
Bailey,    J.,   sect'y   Cent.   Pac  R.  R.f 

1861,  vii.  544;  biog.,  vii.  546-7. 
Bailey,  O.,  vii.  607. 
Bain,  G.,  vii.  607. 
Baird,  J.  H.,  biog.,  vi.  656. 
Baja  California,  see  'Lower  Cal.' 
'Baikal, 'ship,  ii.  648,  649-51;  iv.  159, 

171. 
Baker,   senator,  speech  of,   1860,  vii. 

276;  death  of,  1861,  vii.  293. 
Baker,    Maj.,    of    court   at    Fremont 

trial,  v.  456. 
Baker,  E.  D.,  vi.  679. 
Baker,   E.   0.,  nominee  for  congress, 

1859,  vi.  723. 

Bakersfield,  mention  of,  vi.  518. 
Baldridge,  manuscript,  i.  56. 
Baldwin,  D.  P.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 

vi.  319. 

Baldwin,  E.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  681. 
Baldwin,  Judge  J.  C.,  election,  etc., 

of,  vii.  221-2. 
Baldwin,  Judge  J.  G.,  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  233-4. 

Baldwin,  O.  D.,  biog.,  vii.  694. 
Ballock,   Rev.,   church  organized  by, 

vii.  729. 

j  Banbury,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
I  Bancroft,    G.,    instructions    to    Com. 

Sloat,  v.  195-199. 
Bandini,    J.,    manuscript    of,    i.     £5; 

member  of  legisl.  council,  1847,  vi. 

260. 

I  Bandmann,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  187. 
j  Bank  of  Cal.,  affairs  of,  vii.  674-5. 
Bankhead,   Col,   trouble  with   N.   Y. 

vols,  v.  507. 

Banking,  hist,  of,  1849-86,  vii. 
Banning,  P.,  biog.,  vii.  753. 
Baptism,  first  in  Cal.,  i.  145,  201. 
Baptists,  mention  of,  vii.  728. 


764 


INDEX. 


For  information  conct-ning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Baranof,  chief  manager  of  Russ.  Amer. 

Co.,    1803,   ii.   25,   63;  contract  for 

Cal.    skins,    ii.    39,    64,  78-80,    93; 

instructed  to  open  Cal.  trade,  ii.  82; 

actions,   see  settlement  in  Cal.,  ii. 

293-315;  bibliog.,  ii.  641. 
Barber,  H.  P.,  code  commissioner,  vii. 

249. 

Barber,  P.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  731. 
Barbour,  G.  W.,  Ind.  agent,  1850-2, 

vii.  482-5. 
Barclay,  G.  R.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 

Bard,  T.  R.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Barger,  J..  at  Slitter's  mill,  1848,  vi. 

46-7. 

Baring,  Rev.  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  729. 
Bark,  consumption,  etc.,  of,  vii.  91. 
Barley,  yield  of,  1852-80,  vii.  24-5. 
'  Barnstable, '  ship,  iv.  340. 
Barri,  gov.  B.  Cal.  1772-4,  i.  195,  210; 

actions    to    Franciscans,    i.    235-7; 

succeeded  by  Neve,  i.  237,  238,  447; 

crosses  peninsula,  i.  457.         / 
Barroeta,  Serra's  suggestions  submit 
ted  to,  i.  209. 
Barron,  E.,  Eng.  consul  at  Tepic,  1826, 

iii.   176;    actions  in  Graham  affair, 

1840-2,  iv.  30,  32-3. 
Barron,  Forbes  &  Co.,  vii.  656. 
Bartleson,    John,    journey    of    party 

under,  iv.  267-76. 
Bartlett,  W.,  renames  S.  F.,  vi.  165; 

elected    mayor    S.    F.,     1884,    vii. 

425-6;  gov.,  1887,  vii.  433-4;  biog., 

vii.  433-4;  death  of,  vii.  434. 
Bartlett  springs,  descript.  of,  vii.  664. 
Barton,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  659. 
'  Bastany, '  ship,  ii.  283. 
Batallon    Fijo   de    Cal.,    1843-4,    iv. 

289-90;  conduct  of,  iv.  363-7;  feel 
ing  against,  iv.  457-8. 
Bates,    Treasurer    H.,    rascality    of, 

1856-7,  vi.  617-19. 
Bates,  J.  H.,  vii.  590. 
Bath,  recruiting  for  Stev.  reg't  at,  v. 

502. 
Beale,  Ind.  superintendent,  measures, 

etc.,  of,  vii.  489-90;  superseded,  vii. 

490. 

Bjale,  Lieut,  mention  of,  vi.  114. 
Beall,   Lieut-col  B.  L.,  in  command, 

I860,  vii.  472. 
Bean,  J.  H.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850,  vi. 

319. 
Bear  Flag,  making  of,  1846,  v.  146-9; 

date  of  raising,  v.  149-50. 
Bear  Flag  revolt,  taking  of  Sonoma, 

1846,  v.  1C1-21;  of  the  bay,  v.  122- 


44;    affairs   at   Sonoma,  v.    145-68; 

Fremont's  campaign,  v.  169-87;  bib. 

of,  v.  186-90. 

Bear  river,  mining  on,  vi.  355,  357. 
Beardsley,  E.  A.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Bears,  hunting  by  Portola's  exped.,  i. 

149;  Fages'  hunting  exped.,  i.  187- 

8;    in    Mont,     dist,     damages    by, 

1801-5;  ii.   142-3;  damages  by,  ii. 

418. 
Beatty,   W.   H.,    chief  justice,    1889, 

vii.  735. 

Beau  dry,  Prudent,  biog.  of,  vii.  159. 
Beavide,  M.,  named  for  duty,  i.  379. 
Becerra,  exped.,  1533,  i.  5. 
Beck,  D.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  188. 
Bedding,  manufact.  of,  vii.  90-1. 
Bee  Line  R.  R.,  vii.  596. 
Beer,  manufact.  of,  vii.  85-6. 
Beerstecher,    R.    R.    commiss.,    1880, 

vii.  409. 
Bees,  vii.  62. 
Begg  &  Co.,  trade  with  Cal.,  1822-4, 

ii.  475,  519. 
Belaunzaran,  M.,  charge  of  pious  fund 

estates,  iv.  67;   agent  in  Alex,   for 

Cal.  bishop,  iv.  335. 
Belcher,    Judge    I.     S.,     'Narrative,' 

1836-42,  iv.  143;  election  of,  vii.  236. 
Belcher  mine,  ore  body  of,  vii.  674-5. 
Belmont,  mention  of,  vi.  526. 
Belden,    Josiah,    'manuscript,'  i.   56; 

director  Col.  River  R.  R.,  vii.  610. 
Bell,   Rev.   S.  B.,  missionary  to  Cal., 

1853,  vii.  730. 

Bellows,  manufact.  of,  vii.  92-3. 
Belting,  manufact.  of,  vii.  92. 
Beltran,    prepared   V.    R.   report   on 

Cal.  pueblo,   1795,  i.  565;  plan  for 

colonizing,    i.    603;    011    separating 

two  Cals,  i.  637. 
Benham,    C.,    nominee   for   congress, 

etc.,  1854,  vi.  690. 
Benicia,  founding  of,  1848,  v.  670-4; 

seat  of  gov't  at,  1853-4,  vi.  322-3; 

dem.   convent,  at,  1851,  vi.   648-9; 

legisl.  meets  at,  1853,  vi.  675;  rivalry 

with    San    Francisco,     1848-9,    vi. 

165-6;  hist,  of,  vi.  472-5;  garrison, 

etc.,  of,  1861,  vii.  466-7;  school  at, 

1851,  vii.  718. 

|  Benitz,  W.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  20-1. 
Benjamin,    J.  P.,  the  New  Almaden 

suit,  vi.  558. 
Bennett,  C.,  reveals  gold  discov.,  1848, 

vi.  43-4. 
Bennett,  N.,  assoc.    judge,   1849,  vi. 

314;  election,  etc.,  of,  1850,  vii.  220; 

argument  of,  vii.  244. 


INDEX. 


765 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Bensley,  J.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  10. 
Benton,  Senator,  defends  Fremont,  v. 

456,  461-2;  animosity  to  Mormons, 

v.  473,  475;  efforts  in  cong.,  1850-1, 

vi.   537-9;  opposes  G win's  bill,  vi. 

634-5;  bill  of,  1849,  vii.  506;  in  the 

St  Louis   R.  R.   convention,   1849, 

vii.  509. 
Benton,  Rev.  J.  A.,  speech  of,  1863, 

vii.  550;  mention  of,  vii.  717,  728. 
Bering,  first  Russ.   discov.   of  Amer. 

coast,  1741,  ii.  59. 
Berkeley,    Fages    exped.    at,    i.    185; 

hist,  of,  vi.  479. 
Bernal,  J.  £  A.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

10. 
Bernardo,  del  Espiritu  Santo,  bishop 

of  Cal.,  death  of,  1825,  ii.  658. 
Berreyesa  bros,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 
Berreyesa  &  Haro  bros,  murder  of,  v. 

171-4. 
Berry,    Congressman,    letter    of,    vii. 

622. 
Bestard,    J.    B.,    instruction   to   Cal. 

friars,  ii.  403-4,  410. 
Bestville,  mention  of,  vi.  495. 
'Betsy,'  Amer.  ship,  i.  545,  654. 
Bibliography  of  Cal.  hist.,  i.  34-63. 
Biddle,  J.,  the  Phil.  R.  R.  convention, 

1850,  vii.  515. 
Bidwell,  J.,  'Cal.  1841 -8,' iv.  266;  'A 

Journey  to  Cal.,'  v.  346-7;  mention 

of,  vi.  16;  rancho,  etc.,  of,  1846,  vi. 

18;   reveals  gold  discov.,   1848,  vi. 

45;  mining  operations,  1848,  vi.  69; 

declines  nom.   for  gov.,  vii.  323-4; 

defeat  of,   1875,  vii.   367;  pres't  of 

R.    R.    convention,   1859,  vii.  543; 

biog.,  vii.  740. 

Bidwell  bar,  mention  of,  vi.  361,  490. 
Bigelow,  W.  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  279. 
Bigler,  Gov.  H.  W.,  at  Sutter's  mill, 

1847,  vi.  31,  46-8;  diary  of,  vi.  34; 

mention   of,  vi.    612;   gov.  of   Cal. 

1S52;   vi.  657;    character,   etc.,  vi. 

657-9;  the  water-lot  bill,  vi.  676-7, 

680-1;   reflected,    etc.,  vi.  679-80; 

adminis.,  vi.  696. 

Billiard-tables,  manufact.  of,  vii.  81. 
Billings,  F.,  vii.  322. 
Birchville,  vi.  486. 

Bischoff,  baptizes  Rivera's  son,  i.  364. 
Bishop,  app't'd  for  Cal.,  1840,  iv.  65; 

arrival  of,  1841,  iv.  332. 
Black,     Attorney-general,    rep't     on 

Cal.  land-claims,   1860,  vi.  573. 
Black,   Col   H.    M.,    mention  of,  vii. 

470. 
Black  Diamond,  see  'Pittsburgh 


'Blagonamerinie,'  ship,  ii.  293. 
Blake,  C.  M.,  mention  of,  vii.  717. 
Blake,  Geo.  M.,  gifts  to  univ.  of  Cal., 

vii.  720. 

Blake,  W.  P.,  vii.  644. 
Blan,  Rev.  A.,  vii.  729. 
Blinn  Observatory,  descript.  of,  vii. 

721. 

'Blossom,'  Beechey's  ship,  iii.  120. 
Blossom  rock,  named  by  Beechey,  ii. 

588. 

Blue  Lead,  mention  of,  vi.  356,  360. 
Bocanegra,  J.   M.  de,  com.  on  Jones 

affair,  1842,  ii.  323. 
Bodega,  attemp'd  occupation,  i.  516; 

Morages'  exped.  at,  ii.  57;  exped. 

to,   1810,   ii.  92;   Russ.    settlement 

at,  ii.  199;  Kuskof 's  visit,  1811-12, 

ii.  296-7;  map  of,  ii.  300;  affairs  of 

the   Lausanne  at,   1840,  iv.   171-4; 

S.  Smith  at,  1846-8,  vi.  20. 
Bodega   bay,    named,    i.    243;    Russ. 

exploration  of,  1809,  ii.  80-2;  map 

of,    1775,  ii.    81;   Russians  at,    vi. 

506-7. 

Bodie,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  519. 
Bodie  &  Benton  R.  R.,  descript.  of, 

vii.  590. 

Boggs,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 
Boggs,  Gov.  L.  W.,  alcalde  of  Sonoma, 

1848,  vi.  20;  r.  r.  article,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  500. 

Boilers,  manufact.  of,  vii.  95. 
'Bolina,'  ship,  iv.  33,  37. 
Bolinas,  mention  of,  vi.  512. 
'Bolival,'  ship,  iii.  365;  iv.  95,  250, 

405. 

Bolsa  Nueva  rancho,  ii.  615. 
Bolton  claim,  mention  of,  vi.  561. 
Bolts,  C.  T.,  del.  to  constit.  conven 
tion,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  287,  293,  296. 
Bonanza  Firm,  operations  of,  vii.  675- 

80;  suit  against,  vii.  680. 
Bonds,  state,   1850-75,  vi.  604-19;  of 

San  Francisco,  1850-6,  vi.  772-4. 
Bonebrake,  G.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 
Bonne ville,  map  of,  1837,  iv.  150. 
'Bonnevilles'     Trappers,    adventures 

of,  1835,  iii.  389-92. 
Bonneville,  Lieut-col,  mention  of,  vii. 

461. 
Booker,    S.    A.,    nominee    for   cong., 

1859,  vi.  723. 
Boom,  C.  de,  town  laid  out  by,  1849, 

vi.  194. 

Booth,  J.  F.,  mention  of,  vi.  608. 
Booth,  N.,  gov.,  1871,  vii.  364;  U.  S. 

senator,    1874,  vii.  367;   biog.,  vii. 

367;  speech  of,  1863,  vii.  550. 


766 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Bouts  and  shoes,  manufact.,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  92. 

Borax,  yield,  etc.,  of,  vii.  659. 

'Bordelais,'  Fr.  ship,  visits  of,  1817- 
18;  ii.  287-90,  373. 

Borica,  Gcv..  rule  of  1791-1800,  i. 
530-74,  726-32. 

Boring,  Rev.,  church  organized  by, 
vii.  729. 

Borland,  Senator,  mention  of,  vii. 
505-7. 

'Borodino,'  ship,  ii.  642. 

Boston,  C'al.  trade  with,  1822,  ii.  475; 
value  of  trade,  1843,  iv.  376;  R.  R. 
convention  at,  1849,  vii.  510-11. 

Botello,  'manuscript,'  i.  55. 

Bouchard  atfair,  1818,  ii.  220-49. 

Bourne,  W.  B.,  vii.  680. 

'Boussole,'  ship  of,  i.  428-9. 

Bouton,  E.,  biog.  of,  vii.  745. 

Bovard,  Dr  M.  M.,  biog.,  vii.  720. 

Bowen,  T.  H.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 
vi.  319. 

Bowie,  Col  G.  W.,  nominee  for  con 
gress,  1854,  vi.  690;  mention  of, 
vii.  469-70. 

Box-making,  vii.  80. 

Brackett,  Capt.,  at  Sonoma,  1848,  vi. 
20. 

Brackett,  J.  E.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 
vi.  319. 

Bradbury,  H.  K.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Braden,   W.,  mention  of,  vii.  617-18. 

Bradley,  the  gold  discov.,  1848,  vi. 
53. 

Bradley,  H.  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  492. 

Bradt,  G.  G.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Bragg,  G.  F.,  mention  of,  vii.  539. 

Branciforte,  Viceroy,  offl  acts  on 
Cal.  affairs;  1784-7,  i.  525-6,  531, 
543,  550-74. 

Branciforte,  mission,  see  also  Santa 
Cruz,  founding  of,  i.  565-70;  pro 
gress  at,  18_30,  i.  571 ;  events  at,  1801- 
10,  ii.  155-7;  character  of  set 
tlers,  ii.  155;  events  at,  1811-20,  ii. 
390-1;  events  at,  1821-30,  ii.  626- 
7;  list  of  settlers  at,  ii.  627;  trouble 
at,  iii.  588;  events  at,  1831-40,  iii. 
696-7;  annals  of,  v.  641-2. 

Brandy,  Sutter's  manufacture  of,  iv. 
135. 

Branham,  B.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Brannan,  S.,  the  gold  discov.,  1848, 
vi.  56;  pres.  Yuba  R.  R.  Co.,  1862, 
vii.  586. 

Brass  foundries,  vii.  97. 

Brazil,  Stev.  reg't  at  Rio  Janeiro,  v. 
512. 


Breckenridge  party,  attitude  of,  1861, 
vii.  290-1. 

Breen,  Patrick,  'Diary  of,'  v.  535. 

Brenham,  C.  H.,  mayor  of  San 
Francisco,  1851-2,  vi.  761-4;  biog., 
vi.  761. 

Brewster,  C.  W.,  mention  of,  vii.  655. 

Brewster,  R.  E.,  member  S.  F.  stock- 
board,  vii.  668. 

Bricks,  manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  97-8. 

Bridge,  H.  E  ,  mention  of,  vii.  607. 

Bridgeport,  mention  of,  vi.  519. 

Bridges,  building  of,  1816,  ii.  416. 

Briggs,  Rev.  M.  C.,  mention  of,  vii. 
729. 

Brodhead,  Senator,  motion  of,  vii. 
520. 

Broderick,  D.  C.,  biog.,  vi.  659-62; 
state  senator,  1852,  vi.  664-6,  677; 
quarrel  with  Estill,  vi.  669-70; 
election  bill  of,  1854,  vi.  681-6; 
further  polit.  career,  vi.  691-730; 
character,  vi.  709-10,  733-5;  chal 
lenged  by  Perley,  1859,  vi.  725; 
duel  with  Terry,  1859,  vi.  731-2; 
death  of,  vi.  732-3;  obsequies,  vL 
736-7. 

Brotnwell,  T.,  mine  discov'd  by,  1861, 
vii.  640. 

Brooke,  Brig. -gen.  G.  M.,  of  court  at 
Fremont  trial,  v.  456. 

'Brooklyn,'  ship,  iii.  73,  82,  137,  v. 
469,  545. 

Brooklyn,  town,  hist,  of,  vi.  477-8. 

Brooks,  J.  T.,  mention  of,  vi.  72; 
'Four  months  among  the  gold  find 
ers,'  vi.  97-8. 

Brown,  B.,  biog.  of,  vii.  307. 

Brown,  C.,  mentioii  of,  vi.  6. 

Brown,  E.,  mention  of,  vi.  10. 

Brown,  F.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Brown,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  607. 

Brown,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  755. 

Brown,  Col  O.  M.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469. 

Brown  valley,  mining  excitement  at, 
vii.  637. 

Brownsville,  mention  of,  vi.  487. 

Browne,  J.  R.,   bibliog.,  ii.   176;   re 
porter  to  constit.  convention,  biog., 
etc.,  1849,  vi.  286-9. 
j  Bruce,    S.   C.,   member   S.    F.   stock- 
board,  vii.   668. 

Brushes,  manufact.  of,  vii.  94. 

'Brubus, '  transport,  v.  511. 

Bryan,  Judge  C.  N.,  election  of,  1855, 
vii  220. 

Bryant,  Mayor,  courtesy  of,  vii.  592; 
biog.  of,  vii.  186. 


INDEX. 


767 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Bryant,   E,   church- warden,   vii.  729. 

Bryant,  Sturgis  &  Co.,  in  Cat  trade, 
1822,  ii.  475;  1841,  iv.  218;  ship 
consigned  to,  1825,  iii.  24. 

Bucareli,  Viceroy,  orders  to  explore  S. 
F.  co.,  1771,  i.  183,  192;  favorably 
disposed  to  Serra,  i.  207-18;  offl 
actions  in  Cal.  affairs,  1771-8, 
i.  221,  227,  231,  237,  238,  240,  244, 
248,  258,  272,  279,  280,  300-12, 
319,  355,  447,  008;  death  of,  i.  325, 
329. 

Buchanan,  sec't'y,  Larkin's  commu. 
to,  on  British  schemes,  iv.  590—591, 
596-8;  instructions  toLarkin,  1845, 
v.  195-6. 

Buchanan,  Lieut-col  R.  C.,  at  Ft 
Humboldt,  1852,  vii.  461. 

Buck,  D.  A.,  exped.,  etc.,  of,  1849, 
vi.  501-2. 

Buckeye  Mining  Co.,  capital,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  667. 

Buckhalter  observatory,  descript.  of, 
vii.  721. 

Buckingham  &  Hecht,  vii.  92. 

Buckley,  W.   A.,  mention  of,  vii.  62. 

Bucksport,  mention  of,  vi.  504. 

Buena  Vista  rancho,  ii.  615. 

Buffum,  E.  G.,  'Six  months  in  the 
gold  mines,'  vi.  98;  mention  of,  vi. 
279. 

Buffum,  J.  W.,  vice  prest  N.  C.  R.  R., 
vii.  587. 

Buldakof,  Michael,  signer  of  Russ. 
proclamation  to  Cal.,  1810,  ii.  296. 

'Buldakof,'  ship,  i.  293,  640,  642-5. 

Bum  stead  &  Sons,  ii.  475. 

Bunker,  Win  M.,  mention  of,  vii. 
674. 

Burbank,  D.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Burch,  J.  C.,  nominee  for  cong., 
1859,  vi.  723. 

Bureau  of  mining,  state,  vii.  644. 

Burgoyne  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vii.  160. 

Buri-buri  rancho,  ii.  592. 

Burke,  J.  H.,  suit  of,  vii.  680. 

Burke,  M.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Burlingame,  E.   C.,  biog.   of,  vii.  635. 

Burlingame  treaty,  passage  of  the, 
vii.  342-3;  provisions,  etc.,  of,  vii. 
343;  objections  to,  vii.  343-5. 

Burnett,  P.  H.,  mention  of,  vi.  277, 
279,  447-9;  gov.  of  Cal.,  1849,  vi. 
305-6;  message  to  legisl.,  1849,  vi. 
312;  Dolicy  of,  vi.  312-13;  charac 
ter,  etc.,  vi.  643-4;  resigns,  1851, 
vi.  644;  biog.,  vi.  644;  message  of, 
vii.  193-4;  election  of,  1857,  vii. 
220-1 ;  the  Stovall  case,  vii.  21>4. 


Burney,  on  Drake's  anchorage,  i.  69, 

90. 

Burnham,  Rev.,  vii.  728. 
Burns,  D.  M.,  sec.  of  state,  1880,  vii. 

408. 

Burris,  D.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 
Burrows,  Dr,  mention  of,  vii.  722. 
Burton,  Lieut-col  H.  S.,  at  Monterey, 

1848-9,  vii.  446,  448. 
Burwell,  Dr  L.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Busch,  A.  C.,  biog.,  vii.  681. 
Bustamante,    Gen.,    reported    exped. 

from  Mex.,  1847,  v.  449. 
Bustamante,  C.  M.,  of  Cal.  junta  in 

Mex.,  1825-7,  iii.  3;  report  on  Cal. 

miss.,  iii.  109. 
Butte  county,  mining  in,  1850-6,  vi. 

361-3;    hist,    of,    vi.    490-2;    name, 

etc.,  vii.  439. 
Bynum,    S.,    senator,    1856,   vi.   698; 

biog.,  vi.  699. 


Cabrera  Bueno,  bibliog.,  i.  86;  sail 
ing  directions,  i.  106;  description 
of  Mont,  and  S.  F.,  i.  150-59,  169, 
187. 

Cabrillo,  exped.,  i.  13. 

Cacheville,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 

Cadwallader,  N.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Cahuencra,  battle  of,  1845,  iv.  503-4; 
treaty  of,  1846,  v.  404-7;  1847,  vi. 
256. 

Cahuenga  rancho,  occupied,  1810.  ii. 
353. 

Cahuillas,  Inds,  v.  567. 

Cairiameros,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  71. 

Calderon-Miguel  Gonzalez,  sindico  at 
S.  Bias  for  Cal.  miss.,  1801-2,  ii. 
168. 

Calderon,  Tomas,  sindico  at  S.  Bias 
for  Cal.  miss.,  1802-6,  ii.  166. 

Calaveras  county,  mining  in,  1850-6, 
vi.  373-5;  hist,  of,  vi.  512-13;  name, 
etc.,  vii.  440. 

Calaveras  river,  exped.  at,  1806,  ii. 
46. 

California,  maps  of,  i.  1,  508;  vi.  5, 
597;  discovery  of,  1542-1768,  i.  64- 
109;  origin  of  name,  i.  64-8;  expeds 
by  sea  and  land,  i.  126-39,  240-97; 
reglarnento  for  gov't,  1778,  i.  317- 
19;  financial  troubles,  i.  397;  La 
Perouse's  observations  on,  i.  433-5; 
coast  defences,  i.  515-16,  533-5,  ii. 
21 1 ;  war  alarms,  vi.  542;  efforts  for 
colonization,  1795-1800,  i.  564-74; 


768 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vola.  II  to  V. 


viceroy's  report,  1693,  i.  579;  papal 
bulls  for,  i.  598;  hemp  culture,  i. 
717;  list  of  inhabitants,  1769-1800, 
i.  732-44;  separation  completed, 

1804,  ii.   20;  defenceless  condition, 

1805,  ii.  29;  plans  for  protection,  ii. 
30-1;    Arrillaga's   report,    1806,   ii. 
36-7;  limit  of  Spanish  occupation, 
ii.  43;   Rezanof's  miss,  to,   1805-6, 
ii.   64-76;    Baranof's   proclamation, 
1810,  ii.  82;  loyalty  to  Spain,  1808, 
ii.  87-8;  effects  in,  of  Mex.  revolu 
tion,  ii.   105-7;  stock-raising,  1801- 

10,  ii.  161;  1769-1888,  vii.   1-2,  52- 
62;   agriculture,  ii.    161;   vii.  2-50; 
land  grants  and  private  ranches,  ii. 
170-3;   institutions  and  industries, 
1801-10,    ii.    174-93;   Sola's  report 
on,  1817,  ii.  214-15;  Bouchard's  in 
vasion,   1818,  ii.  220-49;  Russ.  in, 
1811-20,    ii.    294-320;    as    a    Mex. 

Erovince,   1822,  ii.    460-81;    Kotze- 
ue's  report  on,  1824,  ii.  524;  Van 
couver's  observations  on,  ii.  526-9; 
first  constitution,  1824,  ii.  511;  pop., 

11.  653-4;  iii.   699;  vi.  2-4;  indebt 
edness  of,  iv.  561;  vi.  605-22;  vii. 
439-41;  conquest  by  U.  S.,  v.  191- 
254,   385^12;   ranchos   and   settle 
ments  in,  1848,  vi.  4-21;  climate  of, 
vi.  23-4;  vii.  8-20;  the  gold  discov. 
and  effect,   1848,  vi.  32-41,  52-66, 
110-25;  further  gold  discovs,  1848, 
vi.  67-80;  prospecting  in,  vi.  67-81, 
110-25,  385-6;  mining  in,  vi.  85-91, 
351-80;  vii.  636-65;  society  in,  1848 
-50,  vi.  82-5,  221-48;  mining  in,  vi. 
84-91,    351-80;   vii.    636-65;   trade 
in,  1848;  vi.  90-3;   immigration  to, 
1848-50,  vi.   121-5;  the  voyage  to, 
1848-9,    vi.    129-42;   the    overland 
journey  to,  1849,  vi.   143-60;  polit. 
hist,  of,  1846-50,  vi.  250-350;  1850- 
60,   vi.  643-739;  the  constitutional 
convention,  vi.    273-301;    constitu 
tion  of,  1849,  vi.  294-300;  1879,  vii. 
370-406;   state  seal,   vi.    307;  first 
legisl.    of,  vi.    308-36;   the   slavery 
question,  vi.  312-14,  665-6;  judicial 
districts,  1850,  vi.  316-17;  counties 
of,  vi.  317-18;  vii.  437-43;  militia, 
vi.    318-20;   land   tenure,    etc.,   vi. 
326-35,  529-81;    proceedings,   etc., 
in  congress  concerning,  vi.  336^5; 
admitted  as  a  state,  1850,  vi.  343-9; 
geol.    formations,  vi.   381-5;    camp 
life  in,  vi.  386-91;    mining  regula 
tions,    vi.    396- -402;    mining    taxes, 
vi.  404-6;  mining  methods,  vi.  40&- 


26;  miner's  law  in,  vi.  431-3;  mining 
camps,  vi.  434-5;  towns,  vi.  435- 
528;  counties,  vi.  481-528;  filibust. 
expeds  from,  1851-9,  vi.  583-603; 
loans,  1850,  vi.  604-7;  bonds,  1850- 
7,  vi.  604-19;  taxation,  1850-75,  vi. 
604-22;  revenue,  1850-75,  vi.  605- 
•22;  official  rascality  in,  1856-7,  vi. 
615-19;  repudiation  disclaimed  by, 
1857,  vi.  619-20;  enterprise  re 
stricted  in,  1849-57,  vi.  623-6;  ap 
propriations  for,  1850-4,  vi.  626-37; 
public  lands,  vi.  638-41;  mails,  vi. 
726-7;  vii.  143-8,  281;  vigilance 
committees  in,  1851-6,  vi.  742-54; 
rainfall,  vii.  8,  14-15,  18-20;  irriga 
tion,  etc.,  ii.  106;  vii.  8-14,  428-30; 
741-2;  agric.,  vii.  1-37,  739-40; 
droughts,  1850-77,  vii.  15,  16; 
floods,  1849-81,  vii.  16-17;  1889- 
90;  vii.  739-40;  fruit-growing,  vii. 
38-50,  742-6;  manufact,  1848-88, 
vii.  68-101;  commerce,  vii.  102-29, 
157-9,  170-8;  shipping,  vii.  123-9; 
vii.  121-35;  coast  surveys,  etc.,  vii. 
136-7;  custom-house,  vii.  139-40; 
roads,  vii.  142-3,  496-7;  express 
cos,  vii.  149-51;  stage  lines,  vii. 
151-2;  pack  trains,  vii.  152-4;  tel 
egraph  lines,  vii.  154-6;  insurance, 
vii.  159-60;  banking,  vii.  160-4; 
speculation  in,  vii.  168-70,  177-8; 
courts  of,  vii.  191-2,  237-40,  378- 
82;  crime  in,  vii.  192-219;  judi 
ciary  of ,  vii.  220-50,  378-82,  735-6; 
constit.  of,  amended,  1862,  vii.  233- 
4,  296,  302;  codes  of  laws,  vii. 
249-50;  legisl.  of,  vii.  251-79,  293- 
307,  319-22,  327-9,  363-71,  376- 
93,  409-36,  534-5;  proposed  divis 
ion  of,  vii.  254-5;  disloyalty  in,  vii. 
258-65,  309-10;  the  civil  war,  vii. 
276-314;  primary  elections  in,  vii. 
315-17;  party  changes  in,  1865-8, 
vii.  315-32;  the  Chinese  question, 
vii.  335-48,  390-1 ;  labor  agitations, 
vii.  348-62;  wealth  of,  1878,  vii. 
372-3;  1880-8,  vii.  438-9;  railroads, 
vii.  383,  386-9,  498-635;  corpora 
tions,  vii.  385-9,  395;  foreigners  in, 
vii.  436-7;  counties,  vii.  437-43; 
imp'ts  and  exp'ts,  1889,  vii.  442-3; 
products,  1889,  vii.  442-3;  gov't 
appropriat.,  etc.,  for,  1851-86,  vii. 
443-4;  milit.  affairs  in,  1848-88, 
yii.  445-73;  Indians,  vii.  474-94; 
literature  of,  vii.  723-6;  religion 
and  education  in,  vii.  716-31, 
738 


INDEX. 


769 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Cal.  Academy  of  Sciences,  mention  of, 
vii.  722. 

California  battalion,  organized,  1846, 
v.  184;  actions  of,  1846,  v.  357-61; 
list  of  officers,  v.  360-1;  inarch  of, 
v.  372-7. 

Cal.  Central  R.  R.,  mention  of,  vii. 
586,  616. 

California  claims,  hist,  of,  1846-8,  v. 
462-8. 

'California  Gold  Regions,'  vi.  118. 

California  mine,  estimated  value,  vii. 
675;  fluctuation  of,  vii.  677. 

California,  business  failures  in,  1855- 
6,  vii.  178-84. 

Cal.  Navigation  co.,  mention  of,  vii. 
583. 

Cal.  Northern  R.  R.,  incorporated, 
vii.  586-7. 

California  Pioneer  Soc.,  bear  flag  pre 
served  by,  v.  148;  mention  of,  vii. 
707. 

Cal.  Pacific  R.  R.,  affairs  of,  vii.  581-6. 

Cal.  Pacific  R.  R.  Extension  co.,  vii. 
582,  585. 

'California,'  ship,  iii.  531,  551,  569, 
574,  580,  590,  593;  iv.  93.  281,  285, 
312,  .'140,  558. 

Cal.  Southern  Extension  co.,  char 
tered,  vii.  616. 

Cal.  Southern  R.  R.,  affairs  of,  vii. 
599,  614. 

California  Stage  co.,  mention  of,  vii. 
151-2. 

Cal.  state  geological  society,  organ 
ized,  vii.  644. 

California  Steam  Navigation  co.,  in 
corporation,  etc..  of,  1854,  vii. 
133-4. 

'California' steamer,  voy.  of,  1848-9, 
vi.  129-30,  133-8. 

Cal.  Stock  and  Exchange  board,  or 
ganized,  vii.  669. 

Cal.  &  Nevada  Railway  co.,  mention 
of,  vii.  590. 

Cal.  &  Oregon  R.  R.  co.,  organization 
of,  vii.  586. 

Calistoga,  origin  of  name,  i.  67;  men 
tion  of,  vi.  510. 

Calistoga  hot  springs,  mention  of,  vii. 


665. 
Calkins,  J.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 


Cambre,  M.,  app't  admin,  of  customs, 

iv.  96. 
Camp,    the   Phil.   R.  R.    convention, 

1850,  vii.  516. 
Campbell,  Judge,  mention  of,  vii.  209; 

Smith  case,  vii.  212-14. 
Campbell,   F.  W.,  sup't  of  public  in 
struct.,  1880,  vii.  408. 
Campbell,   J.    C.,  congressman,  1887, 

vii.  435;  biog.,  vii.  435. 
Canada  de  los  Alisos,  Californians  en 
camped  at,  v.  395. 

Canby,  E.  R.  S.,  arrival  of,  vii.  447. 
Canoma,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Canon  creek,  diggings  at,  vi.  361. 
Canon  Perdido,  affair  of,  v.  586-7. 
Cape  Mendocino,   first  mention  of,  L 

95;  Ind.  fight  at,  1843,  iv.  362. 
Capen,  Rev.,  mention  of,  vii.  728. 
Capital,  change  of,  i.  307. 
Carcaba,  M.,  habilitado-gen.  of  Cal., 
i.  503,   630-1;  on   compensation   to 
soldiers,    i.    534;    in     Mex.,    1794, 
1801,  ii.  98,  187. 
Cardenas,  P.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 

1825-7,  iii.  3. 
Cardona,    declared    Cal.     an   island, 

1617,  i.  108. 

Carilio,   del.    to   constit.    convention, 

1848,  vi.  285;  speech  of,  vi.  285-6. 

Carleton,  Gen.,  forces,  etc.,  of,   1861, 

vii.  468. 

Carlos   III.,  death  of,  1789,  i.  446. 
Carlos     IV.,    call    for   contributions, 
1793,  1795,  i.  536-7;  abdication  of, 
1808,  ii.  87. 

Carlson,  W.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Carmelite  monastery,  proposed  estab 
lishing,  i.  580. 

Carmelite    convent,    proposal    to  es 
tablish,  1797,  i.  706. 
Carmelo   bay,  camp   at,  1770,  i.   169; 
S.  Carlos  mis.  transfer  to,  i.  177-8. 
'Caroline,'  ship,  iii.  461. 
Carpentier,   E.    R.,  mention   of,   vii. 

580. 

Carpentier,  H.  W.,  may  or  of  Oakland, 
etc.,   1854,   vi.    476-7;  mention   of, 
vii.  580. 
Carpets,  manufact.  of,  vii.  91. 

r\ .     r*      1  • ..."     <->K.A 


Carpy,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Carquin,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Call,  bill  of,  on  Cal.  claims,  v.  464-5.  |  Carquines   strait,  Fages   discovers,  i. 
Calleja,    Viceroy,    offl    acts    in    Cal.        185;  Ind.  fight,  1807,  ii.  85;  settle- 
affairs,  1814-16,  ii.  208,  311.  ment  founded  on,  1847-8,  vi.  18-19. 
Calloway,  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  608.         I  Carr,  Billy,  mention  of,  vii.  615. 
Calzada,     Juan,    guardian   in    Mex.,  i  Carr,  J.  D.,  biog.  of,  vii.  741. 

offl  acts,    1815,  1827-8,  ii.    397-8,  I  Carrey,    J.,    nominee    for    gov.,   vi 
657.  I      723. 

HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  VII.    49 


770 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Carson,    J.    H.,    mention  of,    vi.    77; 

'Early  Recollections  of  the  Mines,' 

vi.  96. 

Carson  creek,  mining  on,  1848,  vi.  77. 
Carson  hill,  mining  dist.,  vi.  374. 
Carson    valley,   miners   in,    1850,    vi. 

353. 
Carson  &  Colorado  R.  R.,  location  of, 

vii.  590. 
Carver,    H.,    R.    R.    scheme   of,    vii. 

498-9. 
Casey,    J.,    murders  James    King  of 

William,    1856,   vi.    746;  trial   and 

execution  of,  vi.  749-50. 
Casey,  Col  S.,  at    Benicia.  1849,    vii. 

448;  at  Port  Orford,  1851,  vii.  460. 
Casserly,    E.,    U.    S.   sen.,   1867,  vii. 

327-8;  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  328-9;  resig 
nation  of,  1873,  vii.  366. 
Castillero,  A.,  the  new  Almaden  suit, 

vi.  554-5;  vii.  656. 
Castillo,  F.,  slave-trading  of,  1858,  vi. 

716-17. 

Castoria,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Castro,  J.  I.,  rancho  of,   1848,  vi.  10. 
Castro,  manuscript,  i.  55. 
Castro,  F.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 
Castro,  Gh,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 
Castro,  Jose,  mention  of,  vii.  656. 
Castroville,  mention  of,  vi.  524. 
'Catalina,'  ship,    iii.    238,    240,    293, 

365,  572;  iv.  37,  95,  224. 
Cathcart,  R.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
'Catherine,'    ship,    hunting    exped., 

1811,  ii.  96. 

Gather  wood,  F.,  mention  of,  vii.  581. 
Catholics,  Roman,   progress,   etc.,  of, 

vii.  726-7. 

Catlin,  H.   P.,  mention  of,  vii.  586. 
Cattle,   at   miss.,    1884-5,    iii.   348-9; 

Spanish,  vii.  53;  industry,  1850-89, 

vii.  53-6. 
Cavallier,    J.    B.    E.,    member   stock 

board,  vii.  668. 

Cavis,  J.  M.,  defeat  of,  1875,  vii.  367. 
Caymus,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
'Cazadora,'  ship,  ii.  215,  283,  291. 
Ceballos,  J.  B.,   pres.  of  San  Fernan 
do,  1812,  ii.  396. 
Cement,   consumption,    etc.,     of,  vii. 

98,  660. 
Central  Pacific  R.  R.,  schemes  of,  vii. 

323;  land   grants  to,  vii.    329,  550, 

530-1,  573-6;  charter,  etc.,  of,  vii. 

528-31;    bonds,    vii.    531-2,    550-1; 

571-3;     organized,    etc.,    1881,  vii. 

544,    surveys,  vii.    547;    legisl.,  vii. 

518-9,      555-7,       559-60;      ground 

broken,  vii.    549-50;  grant   to  W. 


P.  R.  R,  vii.  557;  aid  to,  vii.  558, 
560;  books  of,  vii.  561;  taxes  of, 
vii.  562;  suit  San  Joaquin  co.,  vii. 
563-4;  finances  of,  vii.  565-6,  577, 
621-4,  626-7;  construction  and  cost, 
vii.  565-8,  576-7,  624;  completion, 
574-6;  debt  of,  vii.  577,  621-4, 
626-7,  631;  lease,  etc.,  of  Cal. 
Pacific  R.  R.,  vii.  582-6;  roads  con 
trolled,  vii.  583;  opposition  to,  vii. 
597;  YerbaBuena  Island,  vii.  601- 
6;  troubles  with  S.  F.,  vii.  601-8; 
earnings,  debt,  etc.,  vii.  619  et  seq. 

'Ceres,'  ship,  ii.  642. 

Cerro  Gordo  mining  district,  vii.  651 . 

Chabolla,  A.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.   12. 

Chabot,  Anthony,  gift  of  Chabot  ob 
servatory,  vii.  721. 

Chaguanosos,  Ind.  tribe,  troubles 
with,  1840,  iv.  76. 

Chambers  of  Commerce,  organized, 
etc.,  1850,  vii.  172. 

Chamberlain,  E.  K.,  presd't  pro  tern, 
of  senate,  1849,  vi.  309-10. 

Chandler,  A.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  423. 

Chandler,  Lieut,  mention  of,  vii.  466. 

Channel  establishments,  Neves'  plan 
for,  i.  310. 

Chapelle,  A.,  mention  of,  vii.  668. 

Chapin,  0.  S.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Chord,  Win  G.,  mention  of,  vii.  656. 

Charities  in  Cal.,  vii.  705-7. 

'Chatham,' Vancouver  ship,  i.  510- 
12,  518. 

'Chato,'ship,  iv.  350. 

Chauncey,  H.,  the  Panama  R.  R., 
vii.  522. 

Chemoco,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Chenery,  R.,  mention  of,  vii.  557. 

Chenery,  Burney  &  Co.,  R.  R.  con 
tractors,  vii.  587. 

Chicory,  cultivation  of,  vii.  37. 

Chichoyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Chico,  hist,  of,  vi.  491. 

Chihuahua,  annals  of,  1701-69,  i. 
28. 

Childs,  0.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  51. 

Chili,  effect  of  gold  discov.  in  Cal.,  vi. 
125. 

Chiles,  manuscript,  i.  56. 

Chiles,  J.  B.,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 

Chiles,  Jos.,  company  to  Cal.,  1843, 
iv.  392-5. 

Chiliyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  363. 

China,  plans  for  trade  with,  i.  439-41; 
effect  of  gold  discov.  in  Cal.,  1849, 
vi.  124. 

China  basin,  S.  P.  R.  R.  designs  on, 
vii.  607. 


INDEX. 


771 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Chinese,  effect  of  labor  on  industries, 
vii.  71-3,  683;  arrivals  of,  vii.  335-6; 
dislike  of,  vii.  336-40;  persecution 


of, 


337-8,     354;     legislation 


against,  1855-76,  vii.  337-44;  taxa 
tion,  etc.,  of.  vii.  337-45;  competi 
tion  of,  vii.  338-46,  351-3;  vices, 
etc.,  of,  vii.  340-1;  treaties  with, 
vii.  342-3,  347-8;  the  newconstit., 
1879,  vii.  390-1;  in  R.  R.  employ, 
1865,  vii.  567;  population  in  S.  F., 
vii.  691-2. 

Chinese  camp,  mention  of,  vi.  374. 

Chino  rancho,  fight  at,  1846,  v.  312- 
14. 

Chipman,  N.  C.,  mention  of,  vii.  607. 

Chipps  Flat,  mining  at,  vii.  638. 

'Chirikof,'  ship,  ii.  210,  216,  283, 
306. 

Chocuyem,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Chollar  Silver  Mining  Co.,  capital 
stock,  vii.  666;  stocks  of,  vii.  671; 
output,  vii.  673. 

Church,  protestant  service  in  S.  F., 
1848,  v.  657;  land  claims  of  the, 
1845-58,  vi.  563-5;  at  S.  F.,  vi. 
784,  vii.  726-30;  at  Sacramento,  vii. 
728;  at  Nevada  City,  vii.  729;  at 
Placerville,  vii.  729-30;  value  of 
property,  vii.  730-1. 

Church,  M.  J.,  biog..  vii.  10. 

Churchill,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 

Churchill,  Col  S.,  of  court  at  Fre 
mont  trial,  v.  456. 

Churchman,  J.,  nominee  for  congress, 
1854,  vi.  690. 

Churuptoy  Ind.  tribe,  treaty  with, 
iv.  71. 

Cieneguita,   oattle  at,  1829,  iii.  80-1. 

Cigars,  manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  87-8. 

Citrus  fruits,  cultivation  of,  vii.  42. 

Civil  government,  plans  for,  1846,  v. 
284-6. 

Civil  war,  attitude  of  Cal.  in  the,  vii. 
276-314. 

Claiborne,  Lt  M.  G.  L.,  in  Wilkes' 
expedt.,  iv.  241. 

'Clarion,'  brings  news  of  Bouchard 
coming,  1818,  ii.  222. 

'Clarita,'ship,  iv.  312,  340,  540. 

Clark,  F.  D.,  the  First  Regt  of  N.  Y. 
Vols,  v.  503. 

Clark,  J.  M.,  mention  of,  vii.  587. 

Clark,  L.  G.,  argument  favoring  Pac 
R.  R.,  1838,  iv.  223. 

Clarke,  Gen.  N.  S.,  in  command, 
1857,  vii.  472. 

Clayes,  O.  M.,  state  printer,  1863, 
vii.  304. 


Clark,  Wm  S. ,  com.  on  public  school, 
vii.  716-17. 

Clay,  manufact.  of,  vii.  98-9. 

Clear  lake,  massacre  at,  1843,  iv.  363. 

Clement,  L.  M.,  mention  of,  vii.  568. 
'Clementine, 'ship,  iii.  464,  491,  569; 

iv.  82,  93,  127. 
'  Cleopatra, '  ship,  ii.  263,  293. 

Clergymen,  pioneer,  vii.  726-31. 

Climate,  weather  reports,  1811-20, 
ii.  417;  1820-21,  ii.  443;  drought, 
ii.  481;  rainy  season,  1824-5,  iii. 
29-30. 

Clinton,  W.  A.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Clothing,  manufact.  of,  vii.  89-90. 

Cloverdale,  mention  of,  vi.  408. 

Clustiiiomayomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  363. 

Coal  mines,  vii.  661. 

Coast  surveys,  see  surveys,  coast. 

Coasting  trade,  suspended  and  re 
stored,  1841,  iv.  207-8. 

Cochrane,  ravages  in  Cal.,  ii.  246. 

Cochran,  T.,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 

Coffee -plant,  attempt  to  cultivate  the, 
vii.  37. 

Coffin,  G.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Coffroth,  J.  VV.,  nomin.  for  congr., 
1868,  vii.  331. 

Cogswell,  Dr  H.  D.,  gifts  of,  vii. 
720-1. 

Cogswell  polytechnic  school,  vii.  721. 

Cohen,  A.  A.,  mention  of,  vi.  478; 
sec.  Cal.  Pac  R.  R.,  vii.  586;  re 
ceiver  for  Adams  &  Co.,  etc.,  vii. 
175-8,  biog.,  vii.  178-9. 

Cohn,  B.,  biog.,  754. 

Coinage,  private,  vii.  165-6;  mint, 
vii.  167-8. 

Colbert,  Michael,  mention  of,  vii. 
638. 

Cole,  A.  W.,  vii.  719. 

Cole,  C.,  congressman,  1863,  vii.  304; 
U.  S.  sen.,  vii.  322;  biog.,  322; 
mention  of,  vii.  644. 

Cole  man,  Edward,  mention  of,  vii. 
590. 

Coleman,  John  C.,  pres.  Nevada  co. 
N.  G.  R.  R.,  vii.  590. 

Coleman,  J.  W.,  biog..  vii.  681. 

Coleman,  W.  T.,  president  of  vigi 
lance  comm.,  1856,  vi.  794;  candi 
date  for  U.  S.  sen.,  vii.  322;  the 
labor  riot,  1877,  vii.  354;  mention 
of,  vii.  610. 

College  of  Cal.,  mention  of,  vii.  720. 

Collier,  J.,  collector  of  customs,  1849, 
vii.  140. 

'Collingwood,'  Eng.  man-of-war,  v. 
207. 


772 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Coloma,  settlement  founded  at,  1847, 
vi.  28-9;  mining  near,  1848,  vi. 
67-71;  a  county  seat,  etc.,  vi.  352, 
482;  Indians  massacred  near,  1847, 
vii.  479. 

'Colonel, 'ship,  ii.  211. 

'Colonel  Young,'  ship,  ii.  475;  ii. 
478. 

Colonization  system,  i.  336-7;  agi 
tation  in  Mex.,  1796,  i.  603;  con 
vict  settlers,  i.  605-6;  foundlings 
from  Mex.,  i.  608;  plan  of  Mex. 
junta,  iii.  5;  McNamara's  scheme, 

1845,  v.  215-23. 

Colony,  proposal  of  Prez  de  Sagle,  ii. 
4;  Padres  and  Hi  jars,  organization, 
reception  in  Cal.,  iii.  259-69;  Hijar 
and  Padres,  failure,  iii.  277. 

Colorado  missions,  map  of,  i.  359. 

Colorado  river,  pueblo  mission,  1780- 
82,  i.  353-72;  Garces'  exploration 
on,  i.  274-5;  Jedediah  Smith  at, 
iii.  153-4;  forded  by  Gen.  Kearny, 

1846,  v.  339. 

Colorado  River  Railway  co.,  vii.  610. 
'  Colton,  Mrs,  suit  of,  vii.  618. 

Colton,  D.  D.,  biog.  of,  vii.  611. 

Colton,  W.,  alcalde  at  Monterey, 
1846,  vi.  258-9;  diary,  v.  289;  vi. 
98. 

'Columbia,'  ship,  i.  445;  ii.  210-11, 
213,  273,  278,  382;  iv.  126,  207,  211. 

Columbia,  camp,  mention  of,  vi.  515. 

Columbia  river,  '  Lelia  By rd  '  off,  1804, 
ii.  21;  attempt  to  found  settlement, 
1810,  ii.  93;  Capt.  Black's  visit,  ii. 
272;  Arguello's  expedt.  to,  1821,  ii. 
446-449. 

'Columbus,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  430,  520. 

Colusa  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  497-8; 
name,  etc.,  vii.  439. 

Colusa  Co.  R.  R.,  mention  of,  vii.  591. 

Colusa,  town,  hist,  of,  vi.  497. 

Commerce,  1786,  i.  438;  fur  trade, 
i.  440-1;  trade  with  transports, 
1791-1800,  i.  624-216;  commercial 
projects,  i.  627-8;  contraband 
trade,  ii.  183-6;  trade  with  Russ.,  ii. 
183;  trade  regulations,  ii.  185;  gov't 
trade,  1811-20,  ii.  419-20;  retail 
trade,  ii.  420;  duties  on  imports 
and  exports,  ii.  438-9;  removal  of 
restrictions  on  foreign  trade,  ii. 
473;  trade  with  Boston,  1822,  ii. 
475;  duties,  1823,  ii.  492-3;  1821- 
30,  ii.  670;  prices,  ii.  671;  vii. 
103-12;  revenue,  iii.  29;  revenue 
rules,  1826,  iii.  117;  financial  trou 
bles,  1827-9,  iii.  127-8;  Figueroa's 


report  on,  iii.  373-4;  1838-40, 
iv.  79-89;  value  of.  1841,  iv.  210; 
Boston  trade,  1843.  iv.  376;  retail 
trade,  1844,  iv.  428;  protection  of 
the  Boston  merchants,  iv.  428;  whal 
ers  allowed  to  trade,  iv.  429-30;  sta 
tistics,  1847-8,  v.  569-70;  effect  of 
gold  discov.,  vii.  102-7;  supply  and 
demand,  vii.  105-10;  shipments, 
vii.  105-11;  panics,  vii.  107-8,  172- 
80;  imports  and  exports,  vii.  112- 
23;  channels  of,  vii.  157-9;  meth 
ods,  etc.,  vii.  17C-1;  risks  attend 
ing,  vii.  171-2;  revival  of,  vii.  175— 
7;  effect  of  Fraser  river  excite 
ment,  vii.  181;  of  R.  R.  communi 
cation,  vii.  181. 

'Comete,'  ship,  iii.  130. 

Comisario,  appointment  of,  1825,  iii. 
59. 

Comisionados,  iii.  307,  331. 

Commissioners  of  transportation,  ap 
pointed,  vii.  630. 

Committee  of  100,  dissolved,  vii.  610. 

Compania  Extrangera,  iii.  221,  406. 

Concepcion,  founded,  i.  359;  massa 
cre  at,  i.  363;  death  of  Rivera,  i.  363. 

'Concepcion,'  as  coast  guard  ship, 
1797,  i.  542,  706. 

Cone,  J.  S.,  biog.,  vii.  37. 

Conejo  rancho,  ii.  566. 

Confidence  mine,  vii.  641. 

Confirmation  conferred  on  Inds,  i. 
321. 

Congregational  church,  first  of  S.  F., 
vii.  727. 

Congress,  dilatory  action  of,  vi.  330- 
6;  proceedings,  etc.,  in,  1849-50, 
vi.  338-45;  admission  of  Cal.,  1850, 
vi.  343-5;  Mex.  land  titles,  vi. 
537-42,  575-81;  commission  ap 
pointed  by,  1851,  vi.  540-2;  meas 
ures  of,  1850-62;  vi.  626-39;  ap- 
proprs  for  Cal.,  1850-87,  vi.  626- 
39;  vii.  443-4,  456-7;  the  Chinese 
question  in,  vii.  344-8;  the  Pac. 
railroads,  vii.  519-33.  547-52. 

'Congress,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  199-200; 
251,  253-4,  267,  283,  287,  295-6, 
322,  326-7,  356. 

Conijolmano,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Connor,  Col  P.  E.,  vote  of  thanks  to, 
vii.  298;  mention  of,  vii.  469. 

Conness,  J.,  nominee  for  lieut-gov., 
1859,  vi.  723;  senator,  1863,  vii. 
301-2;  ticket  of,  vii.  303-4;  manip 
ulations  of,  vii.  323. 

Connors,  Golden  Chariot  mine,  vii. 
641. 


INDEX. 


773 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Conrad,  Simon,  mention  of,  vii. 
583. 

Conquest  of  Cal.,  preliminaries  of, 
1840,  v.  191-223;  by  the  U.  S., 
224-54;  completed,  1847,  385-410. 

Consejo,  General,  at  Sta  Barbara, 
1846,  v.  45-7;  actions  of,  v.  65-71. 

Consolidated  Virginia,  mine,  vii. 
675-9. 

Consolidation  act,  provisions,  etc.,  of 
the,  vii.  240-2. 

'Constante,'  ship,  surrender  of,  iii. 
25-6. 

Constitution,  first  in  Cal.,  1824,  ii. 
511-12;  proposed,  1827,  iii.  35; 
adopted  in  1849,  vi.  296-306; 
amendments  to  the,  1862-3,  vii. 
233-4,  296,  302;  proposed  amend 
ments,  1869-70,  vii.  237;  defects 
in  the,  vii.  370-1,  399;  the  new, 
1879,  vii.  375-97. 

Constitutional  convention,  bill  in- 
trod  for,  1853,  vi.  675-6;  proposed, 
vii.  368—70;  incentives  for,  vii. 
370-3;  parties,  vii.  373-4;  election, 
vii.  374;  meeting,  vii.  374-5;  in 
strument  framed  by,  1878,  vii. 
376-97;  personnel,  vii.  402-6. 

Consulates,  vii.  121-2. 

Couthony,  J.  P.,  in  Wilkes'  exped., 
iv.  241. 

Contra  Costa  county,  exploration  of, 
1772,  i.  184-7;  descript.  of,  vi.  527- 
8;  name,  etc.,  vii.  438;  mines  in, 
vii.  661. 

Contra  Costa  valley,  descript.  of, 
1848,  vi.  10-11. 

Contract  and  Finance  co.  (see  also 
'Western  Development  co.'  and 
4  Pacific  Improvement  co. ');  affairs 
of,  vii.  569-70,  584;  dissolves,  vii. 
610. 

Convention,  at  Sta  Barbara,  1846,  v.  j 
45-7. 

Convention,    constitutional,    election  J 


for,  1849,  vi.  276,  284;  meeting  of, 


vi.  284;  delegates  to,  vi.  284-8;' 
officials,  vi.  289-300;  proceedings, 
vi.  286-303;  constitution  framed 
by,  vi.  296-303;  payment  of  mem 
bers,  vi.  300,  303;  vote  on,  1857, 
vi.  717. 

Convicts  sent  as  troops  to  Cal.,  1842, 
iv.  287. 

Cook,   Capt.,   orders  against,  1777,  i. 
309,  438. 

Coon,    Mayor,   H.   P.,    biog.    of,   vii. 
241;  the  city  slip  cases,  vii.  245. 

Cooper,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 


Cooper,    J.    B.    R.,  rancho,   etc.,   of, 

1848,  vi.  20. 

Cooper,  J.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Cooperage,  vii.  80. 
Cope,  W.  W. ,  nominated  supr.  judge, 

1859,  vi.   723;  election  of,  vii.  222. 
Copper  mining,  vii.  658-9. 
Copperhead   party,    mention   of,   vii. 

302-4,  308. 
Copperopolis,  mention  of,  vi.  512-13; 

vii.  588. 

Coppiuger,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 
Cora,  trial  and  execution  of,  vi.  749- 

50. 

Cordage,  manufact.  of,  vii.  91. 
Cordua,  T.,  mention  of,  vi.  16,  463. 
Cornwall,  chairman  com.  on  counties, 

1850,  vi.  317. 
Cornwall,  P.  B.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 
Coronado,    gov.    exped.,     1540-2,    i. 

7-9. 
Coronel,    A.    F.,    mining   operations, 

etc.,    1848,    vi.     78-81;    'Cosas   de 

California,' vi.  98-9. 
Corporations,     the     new    constitut., 

1879,  vii.  385-9,  395. 
'Corsair,'  ship,  iv.  210. 
Cortes,   Hernan.,  his  plans,  i.  2;  ob 
stacles,  i.  3;  in  Cal.,  i.  6. 
Cortes,    Juan,    procurador    for   Cal., 

1818-20;  ii.  398,  406,  657. 
Cortina,   F.,  of   Cal.   junta  in  Mex., 

1825-7,  iii.  3. 
Cosemenes,     Inds,     exped.     against, 

1826,  iii.  109. 
Costanso's  'Diario,'  i.  S8. 
Cosumne  river,  Ind.  fight  at,  1840,  iv. 

137;  mining  on,  1849,  vi.  353. 
Cotton   cultivation,  etc.,   of,  ii.    177; 

vii.  30-1;  manufact.  of,  vii,  88-9. 
Coulterville,  mention  of,  vi.  516. 
Council   Bluffs,    Mormon  bat.   raised 

at,  v.  474. 

Coulter's  'Adventures,'  i.  40;  iii.  411. 
Counties  establ'd,  etc.,  1850,  vi.  317- 

18;    the  new  constitut.,    1879,   vii. 

395;  names,  etc.,  of,  vii.  437-43. 
'Courier,'  ship,  iii.  128. 
Courtmartial  of  Fremont,  455-62. 
Courts,   descript.  of,  vii.   191-2,  237- 

40;   inefficiency  of,   vii.  206-8;  su 
preme,  vii.  233-40,  378-82,  430-1; 

circuit,  vii.   237;  district,  vii.  238- 

40;    consolidation    act,     1856,    vii. 

240-2;  superior,  vii.  239-4 1.  380-2. 
Covarrubias,  J.  M.,   gen.   of  militia, 

1850.  vi.  319. 
Cove,  R.  R.  commiss.,  1880,  vii.  409. 


774 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Covilland  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vi.  463. 
Cowie  &  Fowler,   murder  of,  1846,  v. 

160-2;  see  Pioneer  Register. 
'Cowlitz,'  ship,  iv.  217,  250. 
Cox,  J.  D.,  R.  R.  land  grant,  vii.  596. 
Coyayomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Coyne,  Golden  Chariot  mine,  vii.  641. 
Crabb,  A.  J.,filibust.  exped.  of,  1857, 

vi.  601-2. 
Crabb,    H.    A.,   mention  of,  vi.   669; 

whig   leader,   etc.,   vi.    686;  candi 
date  for  senate,  1856,  vi.  697. 
Craig,  Col  H.  K.,  at  Fremont  trial,  v.  | 

456;  death  of,  1853,  vii.  461. 
Crane,   A.  M.,   speech  of,    1863,  vii. 

550. 
Crane,  G.  W.,  the  S.   F.  R.  R.  con- 

vention,  1859,  vii.  543. 
Crane,  Col  J.  B.,  at  Fremont  trial,  v. 

456. 

Crawford's  'Credit  Mobilier,' vii.  570. 
Credit  Mobilier  of  America,  mention 

of,  vii.  570. 
Creighton,  James,  mention  of,   1848, 

vii.  727. 

'Creizer.'Russ.  frigate,  ii.  644-5,  648. 
Cremony,  Col  J.  C.,  mention  of,  vii. 

470. 
Crenshaw,  Senator  J.,  bill  introd.  by, 

1854,  vi.  684-5. 
Crescent  City,  settlement  of,  vi.  364; 

hist,  of,  vi.  504-5. 
Crespi,  Juan,  biog.,  ii.  771. 
Crime,    1791-1800,   i.   638-40;  preva 
lence  of,  vii.   192-219;  punishment 

of,  vii.  194-219. 
Critcher,  Henry,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 

Crittenden,  B.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Crittenden,  R.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Crocker,  C.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  533,  546; 

R.  R.  affairs,  vii.  544,  549-50,  567-8; 

speech  of,  1863,  vii.  550. 
Crocker,  C.  F.,  vice  prest  S.  P.  R.  R. 

etc.,  vii.  632-33. 
Crocker,    Judge   E.    B.,    election   of, 

1863,  vii.  234;    director  Cent.  Pac 

R.  R.,   1861,  vii.  544;  mention  of, 

vii.  561. 
Crocker  &  Co.,  R.  R.  Construction  co., 

vii.  566. 
Crockett,  Judge  J.  B.,  election,  etc., 

of,  vii.  236. 
Croix,    viceroy,    offl   actions   in   Cal. 

affairs,    1768-82,   i.    114,    167,    173, 

177,  183,  192,  207,  307-30,  333-51, 

355-71,  373-83,  426,  443. 
Cronise,  bibliog.,  ii.  298. 
Crosby,  the  land  question,  vi.  580. 


Crosby,  E.  O.,  del.  to  constit.  conven 
tion,  1849,  vi.  286;  chairman  of 
judic.  com.,  1850,  vi.  319. 

Crow,  H.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Crow,  Walter  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  617. 

Crown  Point  mine,  stocks  of,  vii. 
672-4;  dividends  of,  vii.  675. 

Cruces,  gold-seekers,  etc.,  at,  1849, 
vi.  130-1. 

Cruillas,  viceroy,  removal  of,  i.  114. 

Cruz,  Gen.  Jose  de  la,  offl  acts  in 
Cal.  affairs,  1811-19,  ii.  197,  208, 
256,  270. 

Cubas,  Ignacio,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 
1825-7,  iii.  3. 

Cuchillones,  Inds,  exped.  against, 
1797,  i.  548. 

Cueros  de  Venado,  rancho,  Ind. 
attack  on,  1836,  iv.  67. 

Cuesta,  E.  de  la,  sindico  in  Mex.  for 
Cal.  miss.,  1807-19,  ii.  166,  398. 

Cuesta  de  Santa  Ines,  crossed  by  Fre 
mont's  bat.,  v.  376;  criticism  on, 
v.  377. 

Cue%ras,  minister,  report  on  Cal.  af 
fairs,  iv.  525-6. 

Gulp,  J.  D.,  tobacco-curing  process 
of,  vii.  34-5.  , 

Gumming,  C.  H.,  mention  of,  vii. 
599. 

Cumuchi,  Ind.  chief,  executed,  1837, 
iv.  73. 

'Curacoa,'  Eng.  man-of-war,  iv.  38, 
260. 

Currey,  Judge  J.,  biog.,  election,  etc., 
of,  vii.  235;  code  commissioner,  vii. 
249;  supreme  judge,  1863,  vii.  304. 

Curtis,  Col  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  469. 

Curtner,  H.,  biog.,  vii.  67. 

Custom-house,  affairs  of  the,  1849-56, 
vii.  139-40. 

Cuyamaca  &  Eastern  R.  R.  co.,  or 
ganized,  vii.  618-19. 

Cuyler's  harbor,  probable  burying- 
place  of  Cabrillo,  i.  77. 

'Cyane,'  U.  S.  man-of-war,  iv.  302-3, 
313,  322;  v.  27,  199-200,  203,  224, 
253,  267,  284,  356,  428. 

Cyrus,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  657 


D'Arcy,  J.  F.,  mention  of,  vii.  353.  ^ 
'  Dsedalus, '  Vancouver's  store-ship,  i, 

511,  512. 

Dairy-farming,  mention  of,  vii.  55-7. 
Dale,   J.   B.,   in   Wilkes'  exped.,   iv. 

241. 


INDEX. 


775 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


'Dale,'  U.  S.  man-of-war,  iv.  302-3; 

v.  429. 
Dalrymple,   A.,   pub.    trausl.  of  Cos- 

tunso's  Diario,  i.  139. 
Dame,  T.,  vii.  557,  587. 
Dana,  Chas,  vii.  586. 
Dana's  'Two  Years  Before  the  Mast,' 

iii.  412-13;  iv.  139-40. 
'Danaule,'   Fr.   ship  of   war,   iv.  35, 

95-6,  120. 

Daniels,  John,  vii.  638. 
'Danube,'  ship,  wrecked,  ii.  564. 
Darrach,  M.  H.,  vii.  587. 
Davenport,  F.  L.,  in  Wilkes'  expedt., 

iv.  241. 

Davidson,  B.,  mention  of,  vii.  160. 
Davidson,  Geo.,  on    Drake's  anchor 
age,   i.   90;    surveys   of,    1850,   vii. 

137;  observatory  of,  vii.  721. 
Davis,  A.  C.,  1836,  iv.  141. 
Davis,  A.  E.,  vii.  591. 
Davis,   Lieut-col  B.    F.,   mention  of, 

vii.  469. 
Davis,  H.,  congress,   delegate,    1880, 

vii.  408. 

Davis,  H.  L.,  sheriff,  1864,  vii.  308. 
Davis,  J.  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  20. 
Davis,    M.    C.,   mayor  of   Santa   Fe, 

1882,  vii.  420;  manuscript  of,  i.  56. 
Dawson,  J.,  rancho  of,   1848,  vi.  20; 

mention  of,  vii.  76. 
Day,  J.  G.,  career,  etc.,  of,  vii.  354-8. 
Day,  S.,  vii.  557. 
Day  lor,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  12. 
Deal,  Dr,  clergyman,  vii.  728. 
Dean,  Hon.  P.,  biog.',  vi.  408. 
Deane,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  187. 
Debt,  state,  1850-75,  vi.  605-22;  1863, 

vii.  306;  of  San  Francisco,  1850-6, 

vi.  772-4. 
Dedmond,  J.  P.,   rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

15. 

De  Faski,  Alex.,  vii.  585. 
Degrand,   P.  P.  T.,  R.  R.  scheme  of, 

vii.  510-11. 
Del  Norte  county,  mining  in,  vi.  365; 

hist,   of,  vi.  504-5;  organized,  etc., 

1857,  vii.  442. 
Del  Valle,  consul,  trial,  etc.,  of,  vi. 

590. 

Delafield,  Maj.  R.,  of  court  at  Fre 
mont  trial,  v.  456. 
Delano,  A.,  biog.,  vi.  156;  works  of, 

vi.  156-7. 

Delano,  Columbus,  vii.  607. 
Delger,  E.  F.,  biog.  of,  vii.  738. 
Delger,  F.,  vii.  738. 
Delia  Torre,  distr.  attorney,  vi.  711. 
De  Long,  F.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 


Democrats,  first  gathering  of,  1849, 
vi.  304;  first  state  convent,  of, 
1851,  vi.  648-50;  attitude  of,  vi. 
672;  victory  of,  1852,  vi.  672-3; 
state  convention  of,  1860,  vii.  258; 
convention  of,  1868,  vii.  330;  elec 
tion  of,  1879,  vii.  408-11;  1881,  vii. 
415-16;  1882,  vii.  421-2;  1884,  vii. 
426;  1886,  vii.  433-5. 

Denman,  J.,  school  in  S.  F.,  1851, 
vii.  719. 

Dennis,  G.,  mention  of,  vii.  95. 

Denny,  A.  H. ,  biog.,  vii.  67. 

Dent,  L.,  del.  to  constit.  convention, 
1849,  vi.  285. 

Denver,  J.  W.,  mention  of,  1853,  vi. 
687;  congressman,  etc.,  1854,  vi. 
690. 

De  Po,  Charles,  vii.  587. 

De  Young,  vii.  611. 

Depew,  vii.  655. 

Derby,  Ed  M.,  vii.  587. 

Derby,  Lieut  G.  H.,  on  Riley's  staff, 
1849,  vii.  448. 

'Derby,'  ship,  hunting  expedt.,  1807, 
ii.  78;  visit  of,  ii.  84. 

Derussey,  Lt  Col  R.  E.,  of  court  at 
Fremont  trial,  v.  456. 

Deseret,   state,  1850,  vi.  325. 

Dewees,  J.,  R.  R.  project  of,  1850, 
vii.  515. 

'  Diamond, '  ship,  iv.  346. 

Diamond  springs,  mining  at,  1849, 
vi.  353;  conflagration  at,  1856,  vi. 
482. 

Diaz,  Bernal,  on  name  Cal.,  i.  65. 

Diaz,  Melchor,   expedt.  1540,  i.  9. 

Diehl,  J.,  clergyman,  vii.  730. 

Dillon,  consul  P.,  trial,  etc.,  of,  vi. 
590. 

Dimmick,  K.  H.,  del.  to  constit.  con 
vention,  1849,  vi.  286,  299. 

Diputacion,  at  Mont.,  1822,  ii.  451; 
at  Mont.,  1824,  actions  of,  ii.  510- 
511;  fears  of  Russia,  ii.  648;  at  S. 
Diego,  1828,  iii.  41;  at  Sta  Bar 
bara,  1830,  iii.  99;  1837,  iii.  506; 
session,  1834-5,  iii.  248-52,  291-2; 
1836,  iii.  469-71;  1839-40,  iii. 
584-6,  602-6;  1842,  iv.  295-6; 
1843,  iv.  360;  1844,  iv.  409-12; 
1845,  iv.  521-2,  531-4;  1846,  v.  36- 
41,  263^;  reglamento  of,  iii.  252- 
5;  report  on  colony,  1834,  iii. 
274-5;  actions  on  miss,  affairs, 
1832-4,  iii.  313-14,  340-41;  elec 
tion  of  members,  iii.  425;  iv.  360-1; 
controversy  with  Gutrerrez,  1836, 
iii.  452-7;  reorganized  by  Flores, 


776 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


1846,  v.  321;   actions  of,   1845,  iv. 

497-9;    McNamara    scheme,    1845, 

v.  218  (for  later  periods  see  'Legis 
lature  ')• 
*  Discovery,'  Vancouver's  ship,  i.  510. 

512,  517,  522,  524. 
'Discovery,' whaler,  ii.  293. 
Doak,  T.  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 
Doak,  J.  K.,  vii.  588. 
Dodge,  C.  F.,  mayor  of  Sonora,  etc., 

1849,  vi.  470. 

Dodge,  H.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  168. 
Dogtown,  mention  of,  vi.  493. 
Dolger,  F.,  biog.,  vii.  188. 
Dolores,  see  S.  F.  miss. 
Dominguez,  — ,  unsuccessful  expedt., 

1776,  i.  278. 
Dominguez,  M.,  of  Cal.  junta,  1825-7, 

iii.  3;  report  on  Cal.  miss.,  iii.  109. 
Dominicans,    cession    of    Lower   Cal. 

miss,  to,  i.  192-3. 
Donahue,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  95;  biog. 

of,  vii.  101. 
Donahue,   P.,  biog.   etc.,  of,  vii.  95, 

583,  590,  592,  610. 
Donahue,  town,  vii.  584. 
Doniphan,  Gen.,  at  Sta  Fe,  \.  482. 
Donner  party,  journey  and  sufferings, 

1846-7,  v.  527-44. 
'Don  Quixote, 'ship,  iii.  461,  569;  iv. 

25,  82,  95,  224,  512;  v.  33. 
Dorr,  H.  C.,   an    acc't    of  Capt.  E. 

Dorr  landing  convicts,  1796,  i.  539- 

540. 

Dos  Pueblos,  battle  of,  iii.  79-81. 
Douglas,  D.  F.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 

vi.  319. 

Douglas,  Rev.  J.  W.,  vii.  727. 
Douglas,  Thomas,  school  of,  vii.  717. 
Dowling,  P.  T.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.,  375. 
Downieville,  a  mining  centre,  vi.  361; 

hist,  of,  vi.  489-90. 
Downey,    J.    G.,    nominee   for  lieut- 

gov.,   1859,   vi.    723;    vetoes   bulk 
head  bill,  vii.  685;  biog.  of,  vii.  279. 
Downing,  W.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  37. 
Doyle,  J.  J.,  vii.  618. 
Doyle,  J.  T.,  character,  etc.,  of,  vii. 

177. 
Drake   bay,    probable    anchorage    of 

Drake,  i.  88. 
Drake's    anchorage,    indentity   of,    i. 

85-88. 

Drama,  vii.  712. 
Drew,  H.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Drexel,  Sather  &  Church,  mention  of, 

vii.  161. 
'Dromo,'    Amer.     ship,     contraband 

trade,  ii.  86. 


Dry  creek    (Amador  co.),  mining  on> 

vi.  371. 
'  Dry  Diggings '  (see  also  Placerville), 

discov.  of,  1848,  vi.  74-5;  yield,  vi. 

75. 
Dry-dock,  appropriations  for,  etc.,  vi. 

629-30. 

Dry  town,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Dudley,    assemblyman,    bill    of,    vii. 

300-1. 

Dudley,  W.  L.,  vii.  588. 
Dunbar,    denounces    settlers'    revolt, 

June  Romance,  v.  100. 
Dunn,  J.  P.,  state   controller,   1887, 

vii.  434. 

Dunphy,  W.,  biog.,  vii.  55. 
Dupre,  E.,  vii.  668. 
Duraut,  mention  of,  vii.  571. 
Durant,  H.,  mention  of,  vi.  476. 
Dutch    Flat,    mining    at,    vi.    355-6; 

trading  centre,  etc.,  vi.  483. 
Dwindle,    J.    W.,    works    of,    i.    42; 

views   on   Drake's  voy.,  i.  89,  90; 

pueblo  title  case,  iii.  708;  address, 

v.  60;  Broderick's  fun.  oration,  vi. 

736-7;  chairman  conven.,  vii.  316. 
Dye,  J.  F.,  mention   of,  vi.   17;  min 
ing  operations,  1848,  vi.  71. 


E 


'  Eagle, '  ship,  capture  of,  ii.  477. 

Earl,  John  0.,  vii.  610, 

Earthquake  in  L.  Angeles   region,  i. 

146;  at  San  Juan  Bautista,  1799,  i. 

559;  at  S.  Diego,  1800,  i.  654;  1803, 

ii.  106;  damages  by,  1804,  ii.  29;  S. 

Francisco,    1807-8,  ii.  87,    129;    at 

Sta    Barbara,     1806,    ii.    42,    118; 

damages  by,    1812,   ii.  200-1,  344, 

347-8,  356,  358,  363.  365,  307,  368; 

at  L.  Angeles,  1827,  ii.  563;  at  S. 

Buenaventura,  1821,  ii.  580;  1827, 

iii.  129,  130;  1836,  iii.  670;  1836, 

iv.  77-8;  1868,  vii.  601-5. 
East  Oakland,  Fages'  exped.  at,  i.  185. 
Eastern  Extension  R.  R.,  subsidy  to, 

defeated,  vii.  557. 
Eastland,  J.  G.,  biog.  of,  vii.  758. 
Eastland,    J.    H.,    gen.    of     militia, 

1850,  vi.  319. 

Easton,  Wendell,  biog.  of,  vii.  694. 
Eaton,  Ira  A.,  vii.  586. 
Eaton,  R.  S.,  iv.  671. 
Echeandia,    Gov.,    rule    of,    1826-30, 

iii.  31-55,  116-149. 
Echevesta,  J.  J.,  regulations  for  Cal., 

1773,  i.  211-15,  317,  333,  400. 


INDEX. 


777 


For  Information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Eddy,  VV.  M.,  survey  made  by,  1849, 

vi.  194;  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Edgar,  Dr  W.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  731. 
Education,  state  of,  1791-1800,  i. 
042-4;  1801-10,  ii.  192-3;  school 
at  S.  Diego,  1813,  ii.  345;  1821-30, 
ii.  548-9;  school  at  L.  Angeles, 
1817-18,  ii.  353;  at  Monterey,  ii. 
381-2,  613;  schools  founded,  1811- 
20,  ii.  425,  429;  school  at  S.  Jose, 
1821-30,  ii.  603;  1821-30,  ii.  678- 
80;  efforts  of  Micheltorena,  1844, 
iv.  402-3;  ecclesiastical  seminary 
at  Sta  Ines,  1844,  iv.  425-6;  in  S. 
F.,  1847-8,  v.  656;  1855-6,  vi.  784; 
provision  made  for,  etc.,  1849,  vi. 
298-9;  appropriations,  1853-69,  vi. 
638-41;  the  new  constit.,  1879, 
vii.  391-3;  progress  of,  1847-89, 
vii.  716-23;  of  Mexicans,  vii.  716; 
first  public  school,  716-17;  laws, 
vii.  718;  funds,  etc.,  718-19;  liter 
ature,  723-6;  text  books,  vii.  738. 

Edwards,  P.  L..  mention  of,  vi.  323, 
671. 

Eggers,  C.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

El  Dorado  (see  '  Mud  springs '). 

El  Dorado  county,  Indian  troubles  in, 
1850,  vi.  319;  mining  ditches  in, 
1855,  vi.  355;  hist,  of,  vi.  482-3; 
name,  etc.,  vii.  439. 

El  Pilar  rancho,  granted,  1797,  i.  717. 

El  Pinole  rancho,  ii.  594. 

El  Refugio  rancho,  granted,  1795,  i. 
663;  holders  of,  1809,  ii.  112. 

El  Tucho  rancho,  ii.  615. 

Elder,  the  Phil.  R.  R.  convention, 
1850,  vii.  515. 

Elder,  T.,  mention  of,  vi.  12. 

Elections,  primary,  vii.  315-17. 

'Elena, 'ship,  iv.  159,  170. 

' Eliza, '  Amer.  ship,  i.  545,  706;  iii.  118. 

'  Elizabeth,'  ship,  v.  586. 

Elizabethtown,  mention  of,  vi.  492. 

Elizondo,  Col,  to  send  troops  to  Cal., 
i.  117;  Ind.  exped.,  1767,  i.  486. 

Elk,  herds  seen  by  An/a,  i.  285. 

Ellice,  E.,  exhibits  in  Eng.  Cal.  gold 
of  1820,  ii.  417. 

Ellingwood,  N.  D.,  actions  in  N.  Y. 
against  Col  Stevenson,  v.  510. 

Elliott,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  736. 

Elliott,  S.  G.,  vii.  557. 

Emeric,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  187-8. 

Emigration,  by  sea,  1848-9,  vi.  127- 
42;  overland,  1849-50,  vi.  143-61; 
sufferings  of  emigrants,  vi.  149-55; 
routes,  vi.  155-8;  number  of  emi 
grants,  vi.  158-9. 


Eminent   domain,  right   of,  vii.  384, 

394. 
Emory,  Major  W.  H.,  mention  of,  vii. 

449. 

Empire  City,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 
Empire  guard,  mention  of,  vii.  455. 
Encarnacion  Arroyo  (see  'Penitencia 

creek  '). 

Encino  rancho,  granted,  i.  662-3. 
Encino  valley,  proposed  site  for  miss., 

i.  553. 

England,  plan  to  occupy  Nootka,  i. 
505;  war  with,  Cal.  contributions, 
i.  427,  544;  war  with,  1797,  i.  542; 
alarm  caused  by,  i.  542-4;  peace 
with,  ii.  4;  treaty  with  Mex.,  18£9, 
iii.  136;  proposed  cession  of  Cal. 
to,  1837,  iv.  110-12;  projects  for 
acquiring  Cal.,  iv.  260;  schemes 
of  1845,  iv.  591-2;  speeches  for 
annexation  to,  1846,  v.  59-63;  ex 
aggerations  in  regard  to  interfer 
ence,  v.  68-71;  commerce  with,  vii. 
122-3. 

English,  trade  with  Russians,  ii.  63; 
Belcher's  visit,    1837-9,   iv.    141-7; 
fleet  in  the  Pacific,   1841,  iv.  303; 
departure    from    Callao,     iv.    332; 
vice-consul  app't'd,    1842,  iv.    384; 
squadron  in  Pacific,    1846,  v.  199; 
schemes  of,  1846,  v.  207-15. 
'Enterprise,'  Amer.  ship,  ii.  2. 
Ercila,  A.  M.,  to  collect  miss,  debt  in 

Mex.,  iii.  682. 

'Erie,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  199,  254,  287. 
Escalante,    exped.    to   Cal.    1776,    i. 

278. 
Escalante,  E.  V.  de,  sfndico  in  Mex., 

1820-5,  ii.  406,  518,  657. 
Escarpin  rancho,  ii.  615. 
Eslenes,  natives,  i.  175. 
Espejo,  exped.,  1582-3,  i.  12. 
Esteva,  on  treatment  of  the  'Aguiles, ' 

iii.  27. 
Esteves,  Jose,  named  for  Cal.,  1780, 

i.  379. 

Estill,  Senator  J.  M.,  biog.,  etc.,  vi. 

656;  quarrel  with  Broderick,  1852, 

vi.  669-70;  project  of,  1853,  vi.  676. 

Estrada,    Serg't,   app't'd  to  Cal.,  iii. 

236. 
Estrada,    Ignacio,     aindico    for   Cal., 

1820,  ii.  398. 
Estudillo,   J.  J.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

10. 

Etchebarne,  P.,  Sutter  and  Sunol  cor 
respondence,  iv.  129. 
Eureka,  hist,   of,  etc.,  vi.   503-4;  vii. 
589. 


778 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Eureka  mine,  vii.  637. 

Eureka  and  Eel  Kiver  R.  R.,  vii. 
589. 

'Europa,'  ship,  ii.  293. 

'Europe,'  ship,  iii.  461. 

Europe,  effect  of  gold  discov.  in  Cal., 
1848-9,  vi.  124. 

Evans,  Col  G.  E.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469. 

Evans,  Rich.  S.,  i.  69  et  seq. 

Execution,  public,  first  in  Cal.,  1777, 
i.  316. 

Expeditions,  hist,  of,  1520-1769,  i.  1- 
25;  first  from  S.  Diego  to  Monterey 
&  S.  F.,  i.  140-63;  iSta  Clara,  Ala- 
meda,  and  Contra  Costa  counties, 
first  explor.  to,  i.  184-7;  Anza's 
first,  i.  220-4;  voy.  of  Perez  to  N. 
coast,  i.  227-9;  northern  explora 
tions,  1775,  i.  240-68;  Anza's,  1775- 
6,  i.  257-73;  Garces,  273-8,  of  Bo 
dega  and  Artega,  1779,  i.  329;  to 
punish  Yumas,  1781-2,  i.  367-71; 
to  open  routes,  1783-5,  i.  454-5; 
Malaspina's,  1789-91,  i.  490-1;  in 
land  explorations,  1806-10,  ii.  43- 
57;  explor.  of  S.  Joaquin  and  Sac 
ramento,  1811,  ii.  321-3;  of  Sola's, 
1815,  ii.  326;  to  the  north,  1821,  ii. 
445-9;  S.  Argiiello,  1823,  ii.  506-7, 
Capt.  Jose  Romero,  1823,  ii.  507-9; 
Wilkes'  visit,  1841,  iv.  240-8. 

Explorations.     See  expeds. 

Exports,  quicksilver,  1856,  vii.  116, 
120;  cereals,  1856-81,  vii.  116-23; 
volume,  etc.,  1849-56,  vii.  117; 
treasure,  1848-81,  vii.  118-20;  effect 
of  civil  war  on,  vii.  119;  of  railroads, 
vii.  119;  details  and  distribution  of, 
vii.  119-23;  in  1884,  vii.  442-3. 

Express  companies,  vii.  149-51. 

Eyre,  Major  E.  E.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469. 


<Facio,'ship,  iii.  365. 

Fages,  gov.,  rule  of,  1782-91,  i.  383- 
480. 

Fagoaga,  F.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 
1825-7,  iii.  3. 

Fair,  James  G.,  vii.  591,  676. 

Fair,  L.  D.,  trial  of,  1871,  vii.  216. 

Fairfax,  C.  S.,  biog.,  vi.  682. 

Fairfield,  founding,  etc.,  of,  vi.  499. 

Fall,  J.  C.,  vii.  586. 

'Fama,'  ship,  iv.  305. 

Farias,  V.  G.,  Mex.  vice-pres.,  in  col 
ony  scheme,  iii.  259,  263-4. 


Farley,  J.  T.,  senator,  1878,  vii.  431- 
2;  biog.,  vii.  431-2. 

Farmers'  Protective  Union  league, 
mention  of,  vii.  65-6. 

Farmington,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 

Farnham,  life  and  adventures,  iv. 
157. 

Farralones,  explored,  ii.  84;  sealers 
left  at,  1810,  ii.  93. 

Farrington,  Miss  R.,  school  at  Grass 
Valley,  1851,  vii.  718. 

Fauntleroy,  Col  T.  T.,  in  command, 
1857,  vii.  472. 

'  Favorita, '  explor.  ship,  i.  329,  444. 

Fay,  C.  T.,  candidate  for  gov.,  vii. 
324-5;  biog.,  vii.  324. 

Fay,  John,  vii.  638. 

Fayer weather,  A.  H.,  signed  memo 
rial  in  Honolulu,  1836,  iv.  141. 

Feather  river,  mining  on,  1848,  vi. 
69-71;  1850-6,  vi.  361-3. 

Federal  constitution,  ratification  of, 
1825,  iii.  2,  7-8. 

Felix  rancho,  ii.  353. 

Feliz,  F.,  mention  of,  vi.  509. 

Fellow  brothers,  mention  of,  vii.  654. 

Felton,  J.  B.,  vii.  317,  580,  587. 

Ferguson,  mention  of,  vii.  637-8; 
school  at  Sacramento,  vii.  717. 

Ferguson,  Col  D.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469. 

Ferguson,  W.  L,  duel  with  Johnston, 
etc.,  1858,  vi.  699,  729. 

Fernando  VII.,  received  Cal.  alle 
giance,  1809,  ii.  87-8;  return  of, 
celebrated,  1814,  ii.  203;  accepts 
liberal  constitution,  ii.  264. 

Ferrel,  congressman,  mention  of,  vii. 
622. 

Field,  J.  G.,  assist  sec.  to  constit. 
convention,  1849,  vi.  290. 

Field,  S.  J.,  supr.  judge,  1858,  vi. 
714;  election,  etc.,  of,  1857,  vii. 
221-2;  the  act  of  1851,  vii.  226-7, 
231;  chief  justice,  1859,  vii.  227; 
decisions  of,  vii.  227-30;  biog.,  vii. 
227. 

Fields,  Timothy,  vii.  638. 

Figs,  varieties,  etc.,  of,  vii.  42-3. 

Figueroa,  gov.,  rule  of,  1833-5,  iii. 
240-69. 

Figueroa,  Francisco  Garcia,  made 
copy  of  Palou's  Noticias,  1790,  i. 
419. 

Finance  (see  also  Revenue),  provin 
cial,  1791-1800,  i.  629-30;  of  Mont. 
dist.  1800,  i.  684-5;  statistics,  1801- 
10,  -ii.  186-9;  1821-30,  ii.  670-1; 
affairs,  1829-30,  iii.  86;  economic 


INDEX. 


779 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


measures  of  Micheltorsna,  iv.  358; 
troubles,  1844,  iv.  401-2;  the  Dal- 
toa  scheme,  184(5,  v.  332;  troubles, 

1847,  v.  485. 

First  California  Guard,  see  national 
guards. 

First  Congregational  church  of  S.  F., 
vii.  727. 

First  Presbyterian  church  of  S.  F., 
vii.  727. 

'First  Steamship  Pioneers,'  vi.  130. 

Fish,  Clinton  B.,  vii.  607. 

Fisheries,  vii.  81-3. 

Fitch,  H.  D.,  rancho,  etc.,  of,  vi.  21. 

Fitche,  H.  S.,  mention  of,  vi.  478. 

Flag,  change  of,  1822,  ii.  458-9. 

Fletcher,,  Geo.,  vii.  590. 

Flint,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  698-9; 
biog.,  vi.  699;  remarks  on  Broder- 
ick,  vi.  735. 

'Flora, 'ship,  ii.  202,  268. 

Flood,  James  C.,  mention  of,  vii.  591, 
676;  pres.  Nevada  bank,  vii.  679. 

Flood,  O'Brien,  Mackay,  and  Fair, 
bonanza  firm,  vii.  676-80. 

Florence,  T.  B.,  the  Phil.  R.  R.  con 
vention,  1850,  vii  516. 

Flores,  viceroy,  instructions  to  suc 
cessor,  i.  448-9. 

Flour,  export  of,  1854-81,  vii.  116-23. 

Flouring-mills,  vii.  84. 

Fluming,  vii.  77. 

'Flying  Fish,'  U.  S.  explor.  ship,  iv. 
245. 

Folsom,  Capt.  J.  L.,  the  gold  discov., 

1848,  vi.  53;  mention  of,  vi.  265-7, 
485;  at  San  Fr.  1849,  vii.  453. 

Folsom,  founded,  etc.,  1855,  vi.  485. 

Foote,  H.  S.,  candidate  for  senate, 
1856,  vi.  697. 

Forbes,  A.,  'Hist,  of  Cal.,' iv.  151-2; 
mention,  vii.  656. 

Forbes,  A.  B.,  vii.  604;  biog.  of,  vii. 
186. 

Forbestown,  mention  of,  vi.  361,  491.  i 

Forderer,  J.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  749. 

Foreign  relations,  fear  of  Russians,  i. 
112;  isolation  of  Cal.  427;  war 
contributions,  427-8;  visit  of  La 
Perouse,  428-32;  fears  of  English, 
i.  505;  English  visit,  1792-4,  i.  510- 
513,  517-29;  foreign  vessels,  i. 
515-16;  war  with  France,  1793,  i. 
537;  foreign  vessels,  i.  537-9; 
war  with  Engl.  1797,  i.  542-4; 
war  with  Russia,  i.  546;  ports 
closed  to  foreigners,  1805,  ii.  31; 
complaints  against  Americans,  ii. 
32;  Cal.  neutrality,  1812,  ii.  273; 


rumors  of  plots,  1818,  ii.  290-1; 
ports  opened,  1827,  iii.  127;  schemes 
of  encroachment,  iii.  399-401;  rev 
olution,  1836-40,  iv.  107-8;  atti 
tude  of  dif.  classes,  iv.  109;  French 
relations,  iv,  110,  261-2;  rumored 
cess,  of  Cal.  to  Eng.,  iv.  110-12; 
plans  of  foreign  nations,  iv.  250; 
foreign  opinions,  256-9;  British 
projects,  260-1;  Amer.  immigra 
tion,  1843,  iv.  379-81;  Eng.  col 
onization,  iv.  382-3,  451;  annexa 
tion  schemes,  1844,  iv.  449;  consu 
lates,  1845,  iv.  589-90;  1846-8,  v. 
614-15;  British  schemes,  591-2;  of 
the  U.  S.,  594-8;  impending  war, 
600-3;  Larkm  as  U.  S.  agent,  1846, 
v.  54—6;  fears  of  invasion  of  Eng., 
v.  57;  of  France  and  U.  S.,  v.  59- 
63;  Eng.  interference,  68—71. 

Foreman,  Col  F.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469. 

Forest  City,  mention  of,  vi.  361,  490. 

Forest  Hill,  growth  of,  vi.  483. 

Forests,  vii.  75-8. 

Forman,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Forney,  J.  W.,  remarks  on  Broderick, 
etc.,  1879,  vi.  737. 

Forster,  Juan,  manuscript  of,  i.  56. 

Fort  Bridger,  Donner  party  at,  1846, 
v.  531. 

Fort  Jones,  mention  of,  vi.  495. 

Fort  Leaven  worth,  Mormon  battle  at, 
v.  478. 

Fortifications,  appropriations  for, 
1854-6,  vi.  631. 

Foster,  S.  G.,  del.  to  constit.  conven 
tion,  1849,  vi.  286. 

Foster  bar,  mining  on,  1848,  vi.  72. 

Foundries,  vii.  94. 

Fowler,  L.  C.,  vii.  582. 

Fowler  and  Cowie,  murder  of,v.  160-2. 

France,  war  with,  1838,  iii.  572,  592; 
projects  for  acquiring  Cal.,  iv.  261; 
annexation  by,  1846,  v.  59-63. 

Franciscans,  work  of,  1590-1600,  i. 
11;  consulted  abt  Cal.  miss.,  i.  114; 
transfer  L.  Cal.  miss,  to  Domini 
cans,  i.  192-3;  first  annual  report, 
1773,  i.  198-206;  troubles  with  gov., 
i.  235-6;  service  as  chaplains,  i. 
240-1;  policy  of,  1776-7,  i.  299-300; 
administrative  machines,  ii.  105; 
guardians,  1800-10,  ii.  165-6;  poli 
tic  generosity  of,  ii.  436-8;  end  of 
regime,  1835,  iii.  689. 

'Franklin,'  ship,  iii.  132-4,  159,  165. 

Freeman,  D.,  biog.  of,  vii.  37. 

Freeport,  mention  of,  vi.  485. 


780 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Freeporfc  Railroad  company,  organ 
ized,  etc.,  1863,  vii.  539-40. 

Fremont,  J.  C.,  controversy  with 
Stockton  and  Kearny,  1847,  v. 
411-68;  first  and  second  expedt., 
1842-4,  iv.  434-44;  campaign  of, 
1846,  v.  169-86;  assumes  civil  govt, 
etc.,  1847,  vi.  259-60;  U.  S.  senator, 

1849,  vi.  311;  the  Mariposa  claim, 
vi.  561;  vii.  642-66;  bill  introd  by, 

1850,  vi.  538;  vii.  518;  map  of,  vii. 
514. 

Fremont,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 

French,  P.  H.,  mention  of,  vi.  323. 

French,  treatment  of,  iv.  110. 

French  corral,  mention  of,  vi.  486. 

French  war,  contributions  of  Cal.,  i. 
535-6. 

Fresno  City,  mention  of,  vi.  517. 

Fresno  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  516-17; 
organized,  etc.,  1856,  vii.  441. 

Friars,  at  S.  Carlos,  1770-1840,  i.  171, 
ii.  146,  616;  iii.  679;  list  of,  1771, 
i.  173-4;  1801-10,  ii.  158-60;  con 
troversies  with,  i.  401-8;  ii.  162-3; 
at  Purissfmia,  1786-9,  i.  425;  1791- 
1800,  i.  675;  1801-10,  ii.  123;  1811- 


620-3,  628-9,  633-4,  638-43, 
660,  665;  duties  of,  ii.  400-2; 
autobiography  of,  1817,  ii.  403-4; 
violence  to,  ii.  488;  at  S.  F.  Solano, 
1824-30,  ii.  505;  troubles  with, 
1824,  ii.  516-18;  liberality  of,  ii. 
552;  protest  against  laud  grant*, 
ii.  566;  list  of  deaths,  1821-30,  ii. 
655;  refuse  allegiance,  1825-30;  iii. 
16-19,  87-9;  flight  of  Ripoll  and 
Altimira,  1828,  iii.  93^;  at  Sta 
Ines,  1821-40,  ii.  581;  iii.  661. 

Friedlander,  J.,  vii.  585. 

Frisbie,  John  B.,  vii.  582,  585. 

Frohling,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  49. 

Frontier,  plots  on,  1837,  iii.  515-16. 

Fruit-growing,  development  of,  vii.  3; 
advantages  for,  etc.,  vii.  38-9;  hist, 
of,  vii.  39-41;  apples,  vii.  40-1; 
peaches,  vii.  41;  pears,  vii.  41; 
apricots,  vii.  41;  prunes,  vii.  41,  740; 
citrus  fruits,  vii.  42;  figs,  vii.  42-3; 
almonds  and  nuts,  vii.  43;  olives, 
vii.  43;  strawberries,  vii.  43;  viti 
culture,  vii.  43-50,  744;  raisins,  vii. 
745-6. 

Fruit-packing,  vii.  86,  742-6. 


20,  ii.  366,  580;  at  S.  Diego,  1784-    Fry,    J.    D.,   postal   agent,    1857,    vi. 

1840,    i.    455,    654-5;   ii.   107,    345,  |      711;  biog.  of,  vii.  681. 

551;    iii.    619;    at    S.   Juan    Cap.,  j  Fueros,  with  Fages'  expedt.,   1781,  i. 

1776-1840,  i.  458,  657;  ii.  110_,  348;  i      366. 

iii.    625;   at  S.   Gabriel,   i.   459;  ii.  \  Fulweiler,  John,  vii.  651. 

113-14,   355,   567;   iii.    641;    at    S.    Furniture,  inanufact.  of,  vii.  90. 

Buenaventura,    1771-1840,    i.    466,  j  Fur  trade,  plans  for,  i.  439^1;  skins 


674;  ii.  366,  578;  iii.  658;  in  Mont, 
dist,  1771-80,  i.  469;  1791-1800,  i. 
685-6,  688-9;  at  S.  F.,  1771-1840, 
i.  473-4,  712,  722;  ii.  131,  375,  595; 
iii.  713;  arrivals  and  departures, 
1791-1800,  i.  575-77;  charges 
against,  i.  589-94;  at  Sta  Barbara, 
1791-1840,  i.  672-3;  ii.  121,  364, 
576;  iii.  656;  troubles  of,  1802-3, 
ii.  6-7;  S.  Luis  Rey,  ii.  108,  346; 
iii.  621-2;  S.  Fernando,  ii.  115-16, 
357;  iii.  645;  at  Sta  Clara,  1801- 
40;  ii.  137,  377,  600;  iii.  726;  at 
S.  Jose',  ii.  137;  iii.  723-4;  at  S.  L. 
Obispo,  ii.  148,  384,  618;  iii.  680-1; 
at  S.  Miguel,  ii.  149,  384,  620;  iii. 
683;  at  S.  Antonio,  ii.  151,  385, 
621;  at  Soledad,  ii.  152,  385;  iii. 


collected,  441,  failure  of,  442-3; 
contraband  trade,  1803,  ii.  12-15; 
O'Cain's  expedt.,  1804,  ii.  25-6; 
Winship's  expedt.,  ii.  39-40;  Russ. 
exped't's,  1810-11,  ii.  82;  otter 
hunting,  1810-11,  ii.  93-6,  494,  648; 
catch  of,  1811,  ii.  95;  decrease  of, 
ii.  420;  of  L.  Arguello,  ii.  520-2; 
statistics,  ii.  633-5;  Arguello's  con 
tract,  ii.  645;  Cooper's  contracts, 
1824-6,  iii.  119-20;  importance  of, 
1831-5,  iii.  374;  arrangement  with 
H.  B.  Co.,  iv.  213. 


o 

'Gaceta  de  Mexico,'  i.  39. 


688;  at  S.  Juan  Bautista,  ii.  153,  386,    Gallagher,  M.,  suit  of,  vii.  242-3. 

623;  iii.  691;  at  Sta  Cruz,  1801-40,  I  Gallatin,  Albert,  vii.  187. 

ii.  154,  387,  625;  iii.  693;  remissness    Galvez,    viceroy,   offl   actions  in  Cal. 


of,  ii.   161;  orders  to,  ii.   165;  loy 
alty    of,     1816-17,    ii.    219;    at   S. 


affairs,     1781-5,    i.    399-404,    449; 
death,  448. 


Rafael,    1817-20,  ii.   330;   at  miss.,  I  Galvez,  Jose  de,  visitador-gen.,  Cal. 
1811-20,   ii.    375;    1846-8,   v.    619,  I      affairs,  1769-84,  i.  113-25,   128-36, 


INDEX. 


781 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


154,  155,  158,  167,  171,  173, 190,  192, 

225,  231,  307,    318,  330,  355,   373, 

421-2,  474,  486,  671. 
Gambling,     licensed,    1850,     vi.     607; 

prevalence  of,  vii.  711-12. 
Gansel,  A.,  vii.  585. 
Garcia,    Col    A.,    app't'd    gov.    Cal., 

1829,  iii.  54,  181,  182. 
Garcia,    Conde   D.,  of   Cal.  junta   in 

Mex.,     1825-7,     iii.    3;    in    colony 

scheme,    iii.    263;    report   on    Cal. 

affairs,  1845,  iv.  525-6. 
Garijo,  A.  P.,  guardian  in  Mex.,  offl 

acts,  1809-25,  ii.  89,  165,   197,  398, 

057. 

Garland,  W.  D.,  biog.,  vii.  185-6. 
Garratt,  W.   T.,   biog.,  etc.,  vii.   97, 

748. 

Garrison,  C.  K.,  mayor  of  S.  F.,  vi.  766. 
Garrison,  Wm  R.,  vii.  668. 
Gas,  natural,  vii.  662. 
Gasol,  Juan,  guardian,  offl  acts,  1801- 

22,  ii.  3,  41-2,  165,  657. 
Gause,  A.,  vii.  610. 
Gavilan  peak,  Fremont  at,  1846,  vii.  18. 
Geary,  J.  W.,  pres.  of  council,  etc., 

1849-50,  vi.  212-18;  biog.,  vi.  213; 

postmaster,  etc.,  at  S.  F.,  vi.  280- 

1;   chairman  first  democr.   conven 
tion,    1849,  vi.  304;   candidate   for 

gov.,   1849,   vi.   305;    candidate  for 

U.  S.  senate,  1849,  vi.  311. 
Genoa,  stage  line  to,  1857,  vii.  541. 
Geographical    table,     places    bet.    S. 

Diego  and  S.  F.,  i.  142-6. 
Geology,  vii.  636. 
George,    H.,    the   land   question,    vi. 

580;  biog.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  417. 
'George  Henry,'  ship,  iv.  395. 
Georgetown,  a  mining  centre,  1849, 

vi.  354;  mention  of,  vi.  482. 
Germain,  Eugene,  biog.  of,  vii.  188. 
Gerry,  S.,  mention  of,  vii.  454. 
Geysers,  location,  etc.,  of,  vii.  664. 
Ghirardelli,  D.,  biog.  of,  vii.  101. 
Gibson,    quartermaster  at   Ft   Point, 

1861,  vii.  464-5. 
Gila  river,  Anza's  exped.  at,  i.  221, 

260. 
Gilbert,  E.,  mention  of,  vi.  279;  del. 

to  constit.  convention,  1849,  vi.  286; 

nominee  for  congress,  1849,  vi.  304; 

represent,  in  cong.,  vi.  306. 
Gillespie,  Lt  A.  H.,  meets  Fremont, 

1846,  v.  24. 
Gilliam,  A.  M.,  consul  at  S.  F.,  1844, 

iv.  450. 

Gilroy,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 
Gilroy,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  525. 


Gird,  R.,  biog.,  vii.  23. 

Glass,  manufact.  of.  vii.  99. 

Uleeson,  W.,  'Hist.  Cath.  Church,'!. 
43-4,  255. 

Glover,  \Vm,  school  com.,  vii.  716-17. 

Gloves,  manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  92. 

Glue,  factories,  vii.  92. 
!  Goat  island,  R.  R.  terminus,  vii.  602. 

Goats,  herding,  etc.,  of,  vii.  60-1. 

Godoy,  caused  Malaspina's  imprison 
ment  in  Spain,  1795,  i.  492. 

Gold  discovered,  1820,  ii.  417;  1842, 
iv.  296-7;  1848,  vi.  32^1;  effect  of 
discov.,  1848-9,  vi.  110-25,  vii. 
102-7;  extent  of  region,  1848-9,  vi. 
351. 

Gold  Bluff,  excitement  of,  1850-1,  vi. 
364. 

Gold  Hill  Mining  Co.,  vii.  658. 

'Gold  Hind,'  Drake's  ship,  i.  81. 

'Gold  Regions  of  California,' vi.  118. 

'  Golovnin, '  ship,  ii.  642,  644,  649. 

Gomara,  'Hist.  Coronado,'i.  108. 

Gomez,  (P.),  pres.  Dom.,  1791,  i.  484. 

Gomez.,  V.,  the  Panoche  Grande 
claim,  vi.  561. 

Gonzalez,  lieut-gov.  L.  Cal.,  1769,  i. 
172. 

'Good  Hope,'  ship,  ordered  confis 
cated,  ii.  284. 

Goodall,  Capt.  C.,  bequest  of,  vii.  721. 

Gordon,  M.  W.,  member  of  legisl., 
1854,  vi.  682;  bill  introd.  by,  vi. 
684. 

Gordon,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  17. 

Gorham,  G.  C.,  candidate  for  gov., 
vii.  323;  biog.,  vii.  323. 

Gorraez,  Jose,  of  junta  in  Mex., 
Serra's  suggestions  submitted  to,  i. 
209,  211. 

Gould  &  Curry  Mining  co.,  vii.  667; 
stocks  of,  vii.  671. 

Government,  mil.  reglamento,  i.  317- 
19,  333-8;  reforms,  i.  318;  condi 
tion,  1791-1800,  i.  637-8;  right  of 
represen.  in  Spain,  ii.  190;  civil  and 
crim.  cases,  ii.  191;  authority  of 
ruler,  ii.  675. 

Gower,  I.  T.,  vii.  641. 

Goya,  R.  M.  de,  supplies  for  Cal., 
1776-85,  i.  630. 

Graham,  Maj.  J.  D.,  of  court  at  Fre 
mont  trial,  v.  456. 

Graham,  Major  L.  P.,  in  south,  dist, 
1848-9,  vii.  446,  448. 

Graham  affair,  1840-2,  iv.  1-41. 

Grain  supply,  plans  for,  i.  310-12. 

Grangers'  Bank  of  California,  organ 
ized,  1874,  vii.  66. 


782 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Grangers'  Business  Association,  or 
ganized,  1875,  vii.  65,  67;  opera 
tions,  etc.,  vii.  65. 

Grant,  Joseph,  vii.  668. 

Grapes  (see  also  Viticulture),  varie 
ties  of,  vii.  43-4;  cultivation,  etc., 
of,  vii  44-6. 

Grass  Valley,  gold  ore  found  at,  1 850, 
vi.  356;  quartz  mining  at,  vi.  356- 
7;  mining  yield,  1850-64,  vi.  357; 
hist,  of,  vi.  470-2. 

Gray,  Geo.,  vii.  588. 

Gray,  Geo.  K.  vii.  568. 

Gray,  N.,  biog.,  vii.  731. 

Gray,  Rev.  T.  F.,  vii.  729. 

Grayson,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 

Great  Salt  lake,  Jedediah  Smith's 
party  at,  iii.  157;  emigrants  on  the, 
1849,  vi.  151-2. 

Greeley,  H.,  on  the  Cal.  gold  fever, 
1848.  vi.  119;  on  mining,  vii.  639. 

Green,  Senator,  mention  of,  vi.  315. 

Green,  E.,  at  Mormon  island,  1848, 
vi.  49. 

Green,  T.  J.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850,  vi. 
319. 

Greenhow,  History  of  Oregon,  ii.  65, 
115,  135,  299,  509. 

Greenwood,  a  mining  centre,  1849,  vi. 
353-4;  mention  of,  vi.  482. 

Gregg,  J.,  exped.,  etc.,  of,  vi.  501-2. 

Gregory,  E.  J.,  biog.   of,  vii.  188. 

Grewell,  Senator,  mention  of,  vi.  686. 

Griffith,  G.,  vii.  664. 

Grigsby-Ide  co.,  journey  to  Cal.,  1845, 
iv.  578-81. 

Grimes,  E. ,  member  of  legisl.  council, 
1847,  vi.  260. 

Gross,  F.  W.,  clerk  of  supr.  court, 
1880,  vii.  408. 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  treaty  of,  v.  590- 
2;  vi.  262. 

Guapos,  Inds,  Vallejo's  fight  with,  iv. 
71;  treaty  with,  iv.  72. 

Guerra,  De  la,  del.  to  constit.  conven 
tion,  1849,  vi.  285;  chairman  of  com. 
on  counties,  1850,  vi.  317. 

Guilitoy,  Ind.  tribe,  treaty  with,  1836, 
iv.  71. 

Guilbert,  E.  D.,  theory  of  name  Cal., 
i.  66. 

Guilez,  Jose,  procurador  for  Cal. 
miss.,  1809-10,  ii.  166. 

Guilucos,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  72. 

Guio,  Jose  de,  exped.  of,  1789,  i.  490. 

Gully,  Lieut  S.  L.,  of  Mormon  bat.. 
v.  477,  483. 

Guruceta,  R.,  com.  of  Mex.  fleet, 
mutiny  against,  1824-5,  iii.  25. 


|  Gutierrez,  of  junta  in  Mex.,  i.  209. 

Guzman,  Diego  de,  exped.,  1533,  i.  6. 

Guzman,    J.    M.,    guardian    for    Cal. 
miss.,  1830,  ii.  657. 

Guzman,  Nuno  de,  in  Sinaloa,  exped., 
i.  3-5. 

Gwin,  W.  M.,  mention  of,  vi.  279;  del 
to  constit.  convention,  1849,  vi. 
286-7,  291-2,  299-300;  U.  S.  sena 
tor,  1849,  vi.  311;  character,  etc., 
311-12;  conference  with  Calhoun, 
etc.,  1850,  vi.  342-3;  efforts  in  cong., 
1850-1,  vi.  538-9;  bill  introd.  by, 
1852,  vi.  572;  chairman  of  com., 
1851-5,  vi.  629-30,  633-4;  land  bills, 
etc.,  of,  vi.  634-5,  638-9;  dem. 
leader,  1851-60,  vi.  649-739;  policy 
of,  vi.  653-5;  vii.  518-19;  the  mint 
question,  vi.  667-8;  'Memoirs,'  vi. 
667-8;  speech,  etc.,  of.  1859,  vii. 
258-60;  treachery  of,  vii.  265,  273- 
4;  R.  R.  bill  of,  1855,  vii.  524-6. 
Gypsum,  vii.  662. 


H 


Habilitado,  duties  of,  i.  335;  iii.  60; 
troubles  with,  i.  396-7;  works  of, 
1791-1800,  i.  631-2. 

Habilitacion,  general,  office  of,  1811- 
20,  ii.  421-2. 

Hager,  J.  S.,  U.  S.  senator,  vii.  366; 
biog.,  vii.  366-7;  mention  of,  vii.  609. 

Haight,  H.  H.,  gov.,  1867,  vii.  325-6; 
administ.  of,  vii.  363;  biog.,  vii.  750. 

Haile,  I.  C.,  senator,  1856,  vi.  698; 
biog.,  vi.  699. 

Haines,  J.  W.,  mention  of,  vii.  77. 

Hale,  Edward  E.,  name  of  Cal.,  i.  66; 
Early  maps  of  Amer.,  i.  88. 

Hale,  James  E.,  vii.  556. 

Hale,  J.  P.,  biog.,  vii.  741. 

Hale  &  Norcross,  vii.  671. 

Hall,  'Hist.  San  JoseV  i.  44,  312,  339, 
479. 

Hall,  attorney,  mention  of,  vi.  323. 

Hall,  A.  I.,  biog.  of,  vii.  186. 

Hall,  A.  W.,  vii.  589. 

Hall,  C.  V.,  biog.  of,  vii.  735. 

Hall,  Rev.  J.  G.,  vii.  759. 

Hail,  Nelson,  1836,  iv.  141. 

Halleck,  H.  W.,  del.  to  constit.  con 
vention,  1849,  vi.  285;  candidate  for 
the  U.  S.  sen.,  1849,  vi.  311;  rep't 
on  Mex.  grants,  1849,  vi.  536-7;  on 
Riley's  staff,  1849,  vii.  448;  gen.  of 
state  militia,  1861-5,  vii.  468,  472; 
mention  of,  vii.  656. 


INDEX. 


783 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Halley,  Cent.  Year  Book  of  Alameda 

co.,  i.  707. 

Hallidie,  A.  S.,  mention  of,  vii.  96. 
Halman,  Mrs  G.  C.,  vii.  717. 
Hamilton,  0.  S.,  biog.  of,  vii.  634. 
Hamilton,  Lieut  J.,   mention   of,  vii. 

283,  466;  instructor  militia,  vii.  468. 
Hamilton,  village,  mention  of,  vi.  490. 
Hammond,  R.  P.,  collector  of  customs, 

1853,  vi.  673-4;  mention  of,  vii.  585, 

633. 

Hamp  Williams,  The,  mine,  vii.  640. 
Hangtown.     See    Dry    Diggings    and 

'  Placerville. ' 

Hanks,  Harry  G.,  vii.  644. 
Haraszthy,    A.,    vinicult.,    vii.    44-9; 

biog.,  vii.  745. 
'Harbinger,'  ship,  ii.  93. 
Hardie,  Major,  at  Santa  Fe,  1847,  vii. 

452. 

Hardy,  T.  M.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  17. 
Harman,    J.    B.,    code   commissioner, 

vii.  249. 

Harmon,  A.  K.  P.,  vii.  720. 
Harmon,  Rev.   S.   S.,  missionary,  vii. 

7SO. 
Haro  Bros  and  Berreyesa,  murder  of, 

v.  171-4. 
Harriman,  W.  D.,  clerk  of  supr.  court, 

1863,  vii.  304. 

Harrington,  Rev.  Joseph,  vii.  729. 
Harris,  miner,  vii.  650. 
Harris,  A.,  contract  awarded  to,  1847, 

vi.  128. 

Harris,  D.  D.,  vii.  587. 
Harris,   S.  R.,   mayor  of   San   Fran 
cisco,     1852,    vi.    762;     biog.,    vi. 

762-3. 

Harrison,  E.  H.,  vii.  727. 
Hart,  Miss,  school  at  Sac.,   1850,  vii. 

717. 
Hart,  A.  L.,  attorney-gen.,  1880,  vii. 

408. 
Hart,  W.  H.  H.,  attorney-gen.,  1887, 

vii.  434;  biog.,  vii.  435. 
Harte,  Bret,  works  of,  vii.  724. 
Hartley,  H.  H..  defeat  of,   1865,  vii. 

319. 
Hartley,  Sir   Henry,  quartz   mill  of, 

vii.  638. 
Hartwell,  W.,  interpreter  to  constit. 

convention,  1849,  vi.  290. 
Hartson,  nomin.  for  congr.   1868,  vii. 

331. 
Hartson,  assemblyman,  report  of,  vii. 

301. 

Hartson,  C.,  vii.  586. 
Hartstein,    Lieut    H.    J.,    in   Wilkes' 

exped.,  iv.  241. 


Hartt,  M.  D.,  vii.  617. 

Haskin,  D.  0.,  vii.  582. 

Haakell,  D.  H.,  vii.  560. 

Hastings,  L.  W..  company  to  Cal., 
1843-5,  iv.  389-92,  585-6;  'Emi 
grant's  Guide,'  iv.  396-9;  mention 
of,  vi.  18;  del.  to  constit.  conven 
tion,  1849,  vi.  286,  292-3,  298-9. 

Hastings,  S.  C.,  election,  etc.,  of,  1850, 
vii.  220;  biog.  of,  vii.  224:  chief  jus 
tice,  1849,  vi.  314;  com.  on  R.  R., 
vii.  604;  gift  of,  vii.  720. 

Hatch,  A.  T.,  biog.,  vii.  745. 

Haun,  H.  P.,  senator,  1859,  vi.  737-8. 

Havilah,  town,  vi.  518,  640. 

Hawaiian  islands,  effect  of  the  gold 
disco  v.,  1848,  vi.  Ill;  commerce 
with,  vii.  122-3. 

Hawes,  H.,  prefect  of  council,  1849, 
vi.  213;  senator,  1856,  vi.  698; 
biog.,  vi.  699. 

Hawley,  William,  vii.  586. 

Hayes,  B.,  bibliog.  of,  i.  44;  emi 
grant  notes,  i.  656;  claimant  for 
rancho  S.  Bernardino,  iv.  635. 

Hayes,  F.  B.,  vii.  607. 

Hayes,  John,  biog.  of,  vii.  634. 

Hays,  J.  C.,  sheriff,  1850,  vi.  217; 
surveyor-gen.,  1853,  vi.  674. 

Haymaker,  E.,  vii.  617. 

Haymond,  C.,  biog.  of,  vii.  249;  men 
tion  of,  vii.  631. 

Hayomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  363. 

Hayward,  Alvinza,  vii.  673-4. 

Hayward,  William,  vii.  587. 

Hayward  mine,  vii.  641. 

Hazard,  H.  T.,  biog.  of,  vii.  759. 

'Hazard,'  Amer.  ship,  ii.  17,  21,  24-5. 

Hazelton,  W.  P.,  vii.  717. 

Healdsburg,  mention  of,  vi.  508. 

Health  of  miners,  vii.  703-4;  death 
rate,  vii.  704. 

Heard,  Judge,  decision  of,  vii.  239. 

Hearst,  G.,  senator,  1886,  vii.  431-2, 
biog.,  vii.  681. 

Heath,  bill  of,  1885,  vii.  427-8. 

Heath,  R.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Hebrew  church,  vii.  729. 

Hebrews,  societies  of,  vii.  706. 

Hecox,  A.  A.,  vi.  317. 

Heintzleman,  Mayor  S.  P.,  at  San 
Diego,  1849,  vii.  448. 

'Helena,'  ship,  ii.  648. 

Hemp,  culture  introduced,  i.  717;  cul 
ture  at  L.  Angeles,  ii.  90;  gov't  en 
couragement  to,  ii.  178;  progress 
made,  1802-4,  ii.  178:  shipments, 
1809-10,  ii.  179-80;  failure  of,  ii. 
181. 


784 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Hempstead,    C.,    superin't    of    mint, 

1875,  vi.  711. 

Hempstead,  C.  H.,  mention  of,  vi.  687. 
Henderson,  J.  W.,  vii.  617. 
Hendricks,     W.    C.,    seer,    of    state, 

1887,  vii.  434. 
Henley,  Barclay,  vi.  674. 
Henley,   T.  H.,  candidate  for  U.   S. 

senate,  1849,  vi.  311. 
Henley,  T.  J.,  postmaster-gen.,  1853, 

vi.  674;  biog.,  vi.   674;  superin't  of 

Ind.  affairs,  1857,  vi.  711;  vii.  490; 

measures,  etc.,  of,  vii.  490-2. 
Henriques,  David,  vii.  668. 
Henshaw,  H.  W.,  '  Notes  on  Cabrillos' 

voyage,'  i.  69. 
Herbert,    P.    T.,    congressman,    etc., 

1854,  vi.  690. 
'Hermosa   Mexicana,'   ship,    ii.    215, 

282. 
Hermosillo,    captured    by    Raousset, 

1852,  vi.  588. 
Herold,  A.,  biog.,  434. 
'  Her os,'  Fr.   ship,  ii.  650;  iii.  128-30. 
Heros,  biog.  of,  vii.  737. 
Herrera,    acc't   of  Cabrillos'  voy.,   i. 

69  et  seq. 
Herrera,   Pres.,  reception  of  Michel- 

torena,  iv.  513;  receives  Cal.  vote, 

1845,  iv.  535;  app'ts   Pico  gov.  of 

Cal.,  v.  40-1. 

Hester,  Judge, decision,  etc.,vi.  323-4. 
Heydenfeldt,  Judge  S.,  election,  etc., 

of,  1852,  vii.  220-1;  member  stock 

board,  vii.  668. 

Hicks,  fortune  made  by,  vi.  192. 
Hides,  trade  in,  regulations,  1821-30, 

ii.  668-9;  annual  shipment,  iii.  641; 

business  in,  vii.  91. 
Hiester,  A.  C.,  vii.  674. 
Higby,   W.,   congressman,    1863,   vii. 

304. 
Higgins,     Wm     L..    member     stock 

board,  vii.  668. 
Higuera,  N.,  vi.  19. 
Hijar  and  Padre's  colony,  hist,  of,  iii. 

259-81. 
Hijosa,  Francisco,   supplies  for  Cal., 

1795-1800,  i.  630-1. 
Hill,   Rev.,   church  at  Nevada  City, 

vii.  729. 
Hill,   D.   T.,  of  Bartleson   party,  iv. 

269. 

Hill's  ferry,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 
Hillegass,  Eugenie,  vii.  720. 
Hillegass,  Wm,  vii.  720. 
Hillyer,  Lieut-col  E.  W.,  vii.  469. 
Hinckley,  W.,  at  Yerba  Buena,  1836, 

vi.  164. 


Hinman,  L.  A.,  vii.  590. 

Hin ton,  '  Hand  book  of  Arizona, '  i. 
259. 

Hitchcock,  Dr,  mention  of,  vii.  720. 

Hitchcock,  Gen.  E.  A.,  vi.  594-5; 
commands  Pac.  division,  1851,  vii. 
458-60;  relieved,  1854,  vii.  462;  in 
command,  1851,  vii.  471—2. 

Hittell,  J.  S.,  works  of,  i.  10,  44,  90, 
158,  186,  190,  644;  views  on  the 
land  question,  vi.  579-80. 

Hobbs,  C.  S.,  biog.  of,  vii.  101. 

Hodge,  Ira,  vii.  621. 

Hoffman,  Judge,  0.,  election,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  238;  decision  of,  1859,  vii. 
242-3. 

Hoge,  J.  P.,  chairman  of  constit.  con 
vention,  1878,  vii.  375;  biog.,  vii. 
375. 

Hoitt,  I.  G.,  sup't  of  public  instruct., 
1887,  vii.  434;  biog.,  vii.  434-5. 

Holbrook,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Holden,  E.  S.,  the  S.  F.  R.  R.  con 
vention,  1859,  vii.  543;  mention  of, 
vii.  557,  588. 

Holiyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  363. 

Hollister's   'Life  of  Colfax,'vii.   570. 

Hollister,  mention  of,  vi.  524. 

Holmes,   A.,  mention  of,   vii.  719-20. 

Holmes,  E.  H.,  vii.  720. 

Holmes,  H.  T.,  biog.  of,  vii.  635,  746. 

Hondiu's,  map  of,  i.  88  et  seq. 

Honey,  product,  etc.,  vii.  62. 

Honolulu,  Sutter  at,  iv.  126;  Bran- 
nan's  colony  at,  v.  549. 

Hoodlum,  origin  of  name,  vii.  708. 

Hope,  T.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 

Hopkins,  C.  T.,  vii.  609. 

Hopkins,  E.  W.,  vii.  599. 

Hopkins,  M.,  R.  R.  affairs,  vii.  544, 
549;  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  533,  546;  men 
tion  of,  vii.  599,  612;  death  of,  vii. 
618;  residence  of,  vii.  624. 

Hopkins,  R.  C.,  the  land  question, 
vi.  580. 

Hopkins,  T.,  treas.  S.  P.  R.  R.,  etc., 
vii.  632-3. 

Hopland,  village,  mention  of,  vi.  509. 

Hoppe,  C.  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  18. 

Hops,  cultivation  of,  vii.  35-6. 

Horn,  B.  C.,  vii.  587. 

Horner,  J.  M.,  at  San  Jose,  1848, 
vi.  9. 

Horses,  Spanish,  vii.  57;  breeding, 
etc.,  of,  vii.  57-8. 

Horticulture,  vii.  47-50. 

Horton,  A.  E.,  biog.,  etc.,  vi.  480;  viL 
745-6. 

Hose,  manufact.  of,  vii.  92. 


INDEX. 


785 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Hough  ton,  J.  F.,  surveyor-gen.,  1863, 

vii.  304. 
Houston,   A.   H.,  R.   R.  contract  of, 

1859,  vii.  537. 

Houston,   J.   S.,  comptroller,  vi.  314. 
Howard,  Bryant,  biog.  of,  vii.  184. 
Howard,  Geo.  H.,  vii.  610. 
Howard,    Gen.    O.    O.,   in   command, 

1886,  vii.  472. 

Howard,  V.  E.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  374—5. 
Howard,   W.   D.   M.,  mention  of,  vi. 

279. 

Howard,  W.  O.  H.,  lieut,  vii.  454. 
Howard  M.  E.  church  at  S.  R,  vii. 

727. 

Rowland  flat,  mention  of,  vi.  490. 
'Huascar, '  ship,  iii.  128. 
Hubbs,  P.  K.,  bicg.,  vi.  656-7;  quar 
rel  of,  1852,  vi.  669;  revises  school- 
law,  vii.  718-19. 

Hudspeth,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  20. 
Hudson,     W.,    at    Mormon    island, 

1848,  vi.  48-9. 
Hudson,  W.  K.,  vii.  582. 
Hudson  Bay  Co.,  first  entry  of,  1828- 

30,    iii.     160-2;    trappers    in    Cal., 

1832-5,    iii.     392-3;    184,0,    iv.    81; 

permanent  establishment,  1841,  iii. 

190,    211-18;     suicide    of    Rae,    iv. 

593;  estab.  abandoned,  iv.  594. 
Hueneme,   port,   mention  of,  vi.  523. 
Huiluc,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Humboldt  bay,   climate  of,  vi.  23-4. 
Humboldt    bay   region,    map   of,    vi. 

501. 
Humboldt  county,  mining  in,  vi.  365- 

6,  370;  hist,  of,  vi.  503^;  creation, 

etc.,  of,  1853,  vii.  441. 
Humbug  City,  see  North  Bloomfield. 
Humphrey,     I.,     Bennett's    meeting 

with,  1848,  vi.44;  at  Coloma,  1848, 

vi.  67-9. 
Hunt,  Col  T.  F.,  at  Fremont  trial,  v. 

456. 
Hunt,  T.  D.,  chaplain  at  S.  F.,  1848, 

vii.  727. 

Hunter,  D.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Hunter,  M.   C.,  vii.  596. 
Huntington,    C.    P.,   biog.,   etc.,  vii. 

533,   545-6;    vice-pres't  Cent.   Pac. 

R.  R.  1861,  vii.  544;  R.  R.  affairs  of, 

vii.  544,  549,  565-74,  601-24,  632-3. 
Huntington,  W.  V.,  vii.  633. 
Hurd,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  741. 
Hurtado   de    Mendoza,   exped.    1532, 

i.  5. 

Huymen,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Hyde,  G.,   alcalde  of  San  Francisco, 

1848,  vi.  6. 

HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  VII.    50 


Hydraulic  mining,  vii.  645-9;  debris 

question,  vii.  646-8. 
1  Hyman,  P.  C.,  vii.  668 


Ibarra,  M.  G.  de,  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 
18-25-7;  iii.  3;  report  on  Cal.  miss., 
iii.  109. 
!  Icaza,    Isidro,    Cal.    junta    in    Mex., 

1825-7,  iii.  3. 
I  Ice,  consumption,  etc.,  of,  vii.  86. 

Ide,  W.  B.,  works  of,  i.  42;  in  Sono 
ma  revolt,  v.  115-19;  rancho  of, 
1848,  vi.  17. 

Illinoistown,  mention  of,  vi.  483. 

'Ilmen,'  ship,  ii.  210,  274,  293,  307-8, 
373. 

Immigrants  (see  also  'Pioneers');  from 
Mex.,  1775,  i.  258-60. 

Immigration,  parties  arriving,  1826- 
30,  iii.  176-80;  1831-5,  iii.  385-413; 
1836-40,  iv.  117-21;  1841,  iv.  263- 
80;  1842,  iv.  341-3;  1843,  iv.  389- 
400;  1844,  iv.  434-48;  Bartleson 
party,  1841,  iv.  267-76;  Workman's 
party,  iv.  276-8;  parties  arriving, 
1845,  iv.  571-88;  migration  after 
golddisccv.,  vii.  687, 696-7;  Chinese, 
vii.  696-7;  society  to  promote,  vii. 
697;  routes,  vii.  697;  foreign,  vii. 
699-702;  arrivals  and  departures, 
vii.  703. 

Imports,  articles  imported,  1849-56, 
vii.  112-14;  cereals,  1853-5,  vii.  113; 
meats,  vii.  113;  effect  of  civil  war 
on,  vii.  115;  of  the  railroad,  vii.  115; 
of  mining,  vii.  115;  volume,  etc., 
1857-86,  vii.  115-16;  in  1884,  vii. 
442. 

'Inca,'  ship,  iii.  118. 

Ingersoll,  bibliog.  of,  ii.  631. 

Ingersoll,  J.  R.,  the  Phil.  R.  R.  con 
vention,  1850,  vii.  513. 

Ingersoll,  T.  J.,  biog.,  vi.  658. 

Ingle,  S.  W.,  district  attorney,  1853, 
vi.  674. 

Independent  party,  policy,  etc.,  of, 
1851,  vi.  652-5;  principles,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  365;  defeat  of,  1875,  vii.  367. 

'Independence,'  ship,  v.  428. 

Indians,  reception  of  Cabrillo,  i.  70-1; 
reception  of  Drake,  i.  83;  reception 
of  exped.,  1769,  i.  127;  habits  of,  i. 
147;  cemeteries,  i.  148;  reception  of 
Fages'  exped.,  i.  185;  condition  of, 
i.  202;  iv.  52-3,  195-7;  vii.  474-5: 
Yumas  entertain  Anza,  i.  222;  re« 


786 


INDEX. 


JFor  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


ception  of  Heceta  and  Bodega,  i. 
242;  Yumas  assist  Anza's  party,  i. 
260-1;  punishment,  1776,  i.  265; 
flight  of,  at  S.  F.  1776,  i.  291;  con 
version,  i.  296;  rite  of  confirmation, 
i.  321,  328;  neophyte  population, 
1790,  i.  387;  Vancouver's  acc't  of, 
i.  527;  neophyte  desertions,  i.  584; 
alcaldes  and  regidores  for,  i.  505; 
treatment  of,  i.  590-3;  ii.  163-4, 
415-16;  vii.  476-9;  epidemic  at  Sta 
Barbara,  ii.  2;  epidemic  among, 
1801,  ii.  120;  land  concession  to 
Russ.,  ii.  297;  friars' report  on,  1815, 
ii.  327;  baptisms  and  deaths,  1811- 
20,  ii.  394-5;  Colorado  tribes,  1821, 
ii.  442;  tribes  punishing  converts, 
ii.  506;  affairs  at  S.  Diego,  1826,  ii. 
549;  partial  emancipation,  iii.  231; 
population  in  1840,  iii.  699;  policy 
of  Gen.  Vallejo,  iii.  723;  iv.  70-2; 
settlers'  relations  with,  iv.  137-8, 
228;  Walla  Wallas  at  Sutter's  fort, 
1846,  v.  300-2;  co.  of,  at  Sutter's 
fort,  1846,  v.  359;  missions,  vii. 
475-6;  agents,  vii.  482-5;  reserva 
tions,  vii.  483-4,  489-94. 
Indian  hostilities  (raids,  retaliation, 
etc.),  raids,  attack  at  S.  Diego,  1769, 
i.  138;  1775,  i.  249-55;  hostility  at 
S.  F.,  i.  295;  burn  S.  Luis  Obispo 
miss.,  i.  298-9;  attack  Olivera's 
force,  1790,  i.  465;  hostilitv  of, 
1794-9,  i.  547-9;  hostility  at  S. 
Juan  Bautista,  i.  558-9;  revolt  at 
S.  Luis  Obispo,  i.  690;  hostilities  of, 
1804-6,  ii.  34-5;  attack  at  San  Jose 
miss.,  1805,  ii.  138;  murder  Padre 
Quintana,  ii.  388;  revolt  of,  1824,  I 
ii.  527-8;  massacre  of  gentiles,  iii.  i 
323-4;  hostilities  of,  1831-5,  iii.  358-  ' 
62;  depredations  in  S.  Diego  dist, 
1836-9,  iii.  614-15;  depredations  by, 
1836-40,  iv.  67-73;  hostility,  1842, 
iv.  338;  attack  Fremont's  camp, 
1846,  v.  25;  hostilities,  1846-8,  v. 
566-9;  massacre. at  Pauma,  v.  567; 
raids,  1850-9,  vii.  482-5;  other 
troubles  with,  1777,  i.  314-16;  in 
S.  F.  dist,  i.  708-12;  1781,  i.  351;  | 
1795,  i.  652-3;  troubles  at  S.  Ga 
briel,  1811,  ii.  323-4;  1845,  iv.  543- 
5;.  horse  thieving  by,  1843-4,  iv. 
361,  409;  expeditions  against,  Fages' 
exped.,  1783,  i.  479-80;  Amador's 
exped.,  1797,  i.  710;  Moraga's  ex 
ped.,  1810  and  1819,  ii.  91,  336-7; 
exped,  1804,  ii.  132;  exped.,  1812- i 
14,  ii.  324-5;  exped.,  1819,  ii.  254; 


Sanchez'  exped.,  ii.  335;  exped., 
1826-30,  iii.  109-14;  Slitter's  exped., 
v.  104,  608;  Mormon  bat.,  exped., 
v.  489. 

Industrial  school,  state,  vii.  722. 

Industries  at  Ross,  1821-30,  ii.  639. 

Iniestra,  gen.,  raises  force  in  Mex. 
for  Cal.,  iii.  534;  proposed  exped., 

1844,  iv.  404,   528-9;   death  of,   v. 
33. 

Inquisition,  Lasuen   commissary   for, 

1,  579;  actions  in  Cal.,  1811-20,  ii. 
412. 

'  Institute  of  Mechanic  Arts,'  at  S.  F., 

vii.  721. 

Insurance,  1852-81,  vii.  159-60. 
Inyo  county,  creation,  etc.,  of,   1866, 

vii.  442;  mines  of,  vii.  651. 
Iowa  Hill,  mining  camp,  vi.  355,  483. 
Irish    colony,    McNamara's    scheme, 

1845,  v.  215-23. 

Iron,  manufact.  of,  vii.  94;  ore,  vii. 
658. 

Iron  works,  vii.  94. 

Irrigation,  works  erected  at  S.  Diego. 
1810,  ii.  106;  advantages  of,  vii, 
8-9;  progress  of,  vii.  9-11;  riparian 
rights,  vii.  11-14;  legisl.  concern 
ing,  vii.  428-30,  742. 

Irwin,  Gov.  I.,  biog.  of,  vii.  367. 

'Isaac  Todd,'  Eng.  ship,  ii.  204,  271- 

2,  382. 

'Isabella,'  ship,  ii.  93-5;  iv.  251;  v. 

511,  514. 

Isbel,  Dr  J.  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  12. 
Ischislekof,    gov.    of   Sitka,    1828,  ii. 

650-1. 
Iturbide,  actions  in  Cal.  affairs,  1821- 

3,  ii.  430,  450,  456,  483-5,  614,  642. 
Iturbide,   S.    M.,  Imestra's   proposed 

exped.,  iv.  528. 

Iturrigaray,  viceroy,  names  Sta  Ines 
miss.,  ii.  28. 


-I. 


Jackass  gulch,  mining  camp,  vi.  374. 

Jacks,  David,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  721. 

Jackson,  J.  P.,  vii.  525. 

Jackson,  John  0.,  treas.  S.  P.  &  Ne 
vada  R.  R.,  1859,  vii.  557. 

Jackson,  S.,  biog,  vii.  67. 

Jackson,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  512. 

Jacumeno,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  338. 

James,  H.  B.,  S.  F.  sup't  of  schools, 
vii.  720. 

James,  J.  C.,  biog.,  vi.  682. 

James,  J.  G.,  biog.,  vii.  67. 


INDEX. 


787 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Jamul  rancho,  lad.  outrages  at,  1837, 

iv.  (58. 

Jamestown,  mention  of,  vi.  515. 
Janssens,  A.,  'Vida  y  Aventuras,'  vi. 

99. 

Jarrett,  H.  C.,  vii.  592. 
Jesuits,    expulsion    of,    1767,    i.    32, 

113. 

Jesuit  college  of  St  Ignatius,  vii.  722. 
Jesus,  J.,   career  of,  vi.   75-6,  miners 

furnished  by,  1848,  vi.  76. 
Jewelry,  manfact.  of,  vii.  97. 
Jimenez,  exped.,  1533,  i.  5-6;  discov's 

peninsula,  i.  64. 

'John  Begg,'  ship,  ii.  475,  478,  493. 
Johns,  Lieut-col  W.  M.,  mention  of, 

vii.  409. 

Johnson,  miner,  vii.  650. 
Johnson.    J.   A.,  congressman,    1868, 

vii.  331;  biog.,  vii.  331,  367;  lieut- 

gov.,  1875,  vii.  367. 
Johnson,  J.  N.,   mention  of,  vi.  690; 

gov.,  1855,  vi.  695;  biog.,  vi.  695; 

admin.,  vi.  700,  717-18. 
Johnson,  R.,  the  New  Almaden  suit, 

vi.  558. 

Johnson,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  16. 
Johnston,    Gen.    A.    S.,    superseded, 

1861,  vii.  282;  resignation  of,  1861, 

vii.  467;  in  command,  1861,  vii.  472. 
Johnston,  G.  P.,  duel  with  Ferguson, 

1858,  vi.  699,  729. 
Jones,  E.,  assignee  for  Adams  &  Co., 

vii.  177. 

Jones,  J.  M.,  del.  to  const,  conven 
tion,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  287. 
Jones,  John  P.,  senator,  mention  of, 

vii.  619;  stock  transactions  of,  vii. 

674. 

Jones,  N.,  mention  of,  vi.  10. 
Jones,  Com.  T.  C.,  actions  in  capture 

of    Monterey,    1842,    iv.    298-329; 

mention  of,  vi.  65;  arrival  in  Cal., 

1848,  vi.  264,  266;  with  King's  ex 
ped.,  1849,  vi.  281. 
Jones,  M.  G.,  biog.  vii.  753. 
Jones,  W.,  biog.  of,  vii.  324;  mention 

of,  vii.  469. 
Jones,  W.  C.,  lawyer  in  S.   F.  land 

case,   iii.   708;    claimant  for  S.   F. 

potrero,  iv.  673;  defends  Fremont 

at  trial,  v.  456;   claimant  for  Cal. 

ranches,    v.    619;    rept    on    Mex. 

grants,   1850,    vi.    536-7;    reply   to 

Black's  rept,  1860,  vi.  572-3.'  ' 
Jordan,  A.,  colony  project,  1792-4,  i. 

503-4,  602. 
Jordan    colony,    attempt    to    found, 

1794,  i.  503. 


!  Journals,  i.  42,  59;  first  issued,  1846, 
v.  291-3;  'Mormon  Prophet,'  v. 
545,  657;  'Honolulu  Friend,'  549; 
'California  Star,'  v.  552,  658;  vi. 
54-60,  111,  261;  first  in  8.  F.,  1847, 
v.  657-9;  '  Calif ornian,'  v.  659;  vi. 
54,  60;  'Star  and  Calif  ornian, '  vi. 
269;  'Alta  Cal.,' v.  659;  vi.  277-8, 
280,  286,  682;  'Tulare  Post,'  vii. 
2S9;  'Democratic  Press,'  vii.  312; 
'Occidental,'  vii.  312;  'Monitor,' 
vii.  312;  ' Franco- Americaine,' vii. 
312;  'Echo  du  Pacifique,' vii.  312; 
'News  Letter,'  vii.  312;  'Placer 
Times,' vi.  460;  'Sacramento  Tran 
script,'  vi.  460;  'Settlers  and 
Miners'  Tribune,'  vi.  460;  'Sacra 
mento  Index, '  vi.  469;  '  Sacramento 
Union,'  vi.  460;  vii.  611;  'Sacra 
mento  Record,'  vi.  460;  'Demo 
cratic  State  Journal, 'vi.  460;  'So- 
nora  Herald,'  vi.  470;  'Union 
Democrat,' vi.  470;  'The  Journal,' 
vi.  471;  'Alameda  Post,'  vi.  479; 
'Alameda  Encinal,' vi.  479;  'S.  F. 
Chronicle.'  vii.  400,  611;,  'Vallejo 
Recorder,'  vii.  583;  'Stockton  In 
dependent,' vii.  597;  'S.  F.  Bulle 
tin, 'vii.  598,  611;  'S.  F.  Call, 'vii. 
611;  'Cal.  Mining  Journal,' vii.  644; 
'Mining  and  Scientific  Press,'  vii. 
644;  'S.  F.  Stock  Report,'  vii.  674. 

'  Joven  Guipuzcoana,'  ship,  iv.  12,  15, 
35,  37,  95,  312,  332,  340. 

Juan  de  Fuca  strait,  explored,  1792, 
i.  506. 

Juan  Rodrigues  island,  Cabrillo  dies 
at,  i.  77. 

'  Juanita '  ship,  v.  32. 

Juarez,  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 

Judah,  Col  H.  M.,  mention  of,  vii.  469. 

Judah,  T.  D.,  R.  R.  survey  by,  1855, 
vii.  538;  the  S.  F.  R.  R.  convention, 
1859,  vii.  543-4;  chief  engin.  C.  P. 
R.  R.,  1861,  vii.  544;  bill,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  548-9. 

Judiciary,  admin,  of  justice,  ii.  424- 
5,  677;  iii.  189-93;  vii.  222-33; 
crimes,  678-9;  districts  establ'd, 
etc.,  1850,  vi.  316-17;  Mex.  land 
titles,  1851,  vi.  543-76;  mission 
lands,  vi.  562-5;  pueblo  lands,  vi. 
565-70;  descript.  of,  vii.  220-50; 
the  constit.  of  1849,  vii.  222; 
amendments  to  constit.,  1862,  vii. 
233-6;  the  new  constit.,  1879,  vii. 
378-82;  proposed  changes  in,  1886, 
vii.  430-1;  members,  1889,  vii.  735- 
6. 


788 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  alsc  the  Pioneer  Register,  «ols.  II  to  V. 


'  Julia, '  ship,  v.  399. 
'Julia  Ann,'  ship,  iv.  210. 


Julian,  town,  vii.  641. 

Julian   Discovery,    quartz   mine,   vii. 

641. 

Julien,  N.,  biog.,  vii.  37. 
'  Junius,'  ship,  iii.  24. 
'Juno,'  Eng.  man-of-war,  v.  217. 
'Juno,'    Amer.    ship,    voy.    to    Cal., 

1806,  ii.  66-7. 

Junta,  in  Mex.  or  Cal.,  1825,  iii.  2-6. 
Junta   departamental.      See   Diputa- 

cion. 
Juries,    the   new  constit.,    1879,  vii. 

378. 


'  Kadiak, '  Russ.  ship,  ii.  80. 
Kalloch,    I.  S.,  mayoralty,    etc.,    of, 

vii.  412,  420,  691. 
Kane,  M.,  appraiser,  1857,  vi.  711. 
Kane,    Y.   L.,   aids  Mormons,  v.  471; 

'The  Mormons,'  v.  476. 
'Karimoko,'  ship,  smuggling  adven 
ture,  iii.   133-5. 
Kate  Hayes,  mine,  vii.  638. 
Kavanaugh,    Bishop,  arrest,  etc.,  of, 

1861,  vii.  309. 
Kearny,  Gen.,  march  from  New  Mex., 

1846,    v.    334-9;    controversy   with 

Stockton    and    Fremont,    1847,    v. 

411-68;  designs,   etc.,  of,   1847,  vi. 

259-61;   land   policy   of,    1847,    vi. 

568. 
Kearney,     D.,    career,    etc.,    of,    vii. 

354-62. 

Kearsarge,  mines,  vii.  651. 
Kelley's    'Memoir  on  Or.   and  Cal.,' 

iii.  409-11;  iv.  147. 
Kellogg,  Lieut,  at  Ft  Point,  1861,  vii. 

464. 

Kellogg,  Col  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  469. 
Kellogg,   Hewston  &   Co.,  Adams   & 

Co.'s  failure,  vii.  176. 
Kelly,  Daniel,  vii.  617. 
Kelsey,  party  to  Cal.,  1844,  iv.  344-5. 
Kelsey,  diggings  opened  by,  1848,  vi. 

74. 

Kelsey,  a  mining  centre,  1849,  vi.  353. 
Kemble,   E.   C.,  editor  of  'California 

Star,'  1848,  vi.   55;  remarks  of,  vi. 

55,  57,  59-61;  journey,  etc.,  of,  vi. 

55;  biog.,  vi.  60. 

Kendall.  Amos,  aids  Mormons,  v.  471. 
Kenfield,    D.,  state   controller,   1880, 

vii.  408. 
Kennedy,    J.    F.,   nominee  for  lieut- 

gov.,  1859,  vi.  723. 


'Kent, 'ship,  iii.  710. 

Kern  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  518;  creation, 

etc.,  of,  1806,  vii.  442;  first  quartz 

mill  in,  vii.  639. 
Kern  river,  Fremont's  party  at,  1846, 

v.  6;    mining  on,    1854-5,    vi.  377, 

392-3. 
Kessler,  J.  F.,  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vii. 

664. 
Kewen,  E.  J.  C.,  attorney -gen. ,  1849, 

vi.  314. 
Keyes,  Capt.   E.  D.,  at  S.  Fe,  1849, 

vii.  448. 

Keyser,  S.,  mention  of,  vi.  16. 
'  Kiakhhta, '  ship,  ii.  640,  648-50. 
King's  river,  named,  ii.  45;  exped.  at, 

1S06,  ii.  55;  Ind.   expcd.  to,   1839, 

iv.  75;  Fremont's  party  at,  1846,  v. 

6. 

King,  Clarence,  geologist,  vii.  644. 
King,    T.    B.,    mention   of,    vi.    279; 

tour  of,  1849,  vi.  281;  report  of,  vi. 

281-2;   biog.,   etc.,  vi.  283;   candi 
date  for  U.  S.  senate,  1849,  vi.  311- 

12. 
King,  Rev.  T.  S.,  lectures,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  287;  church  at  S.  F.,  vii.  729- 

30. 

King,  Golden  Chariot  mine,  vii.  641. 
King  of  William,  J.,  murder  of,  1856, 

vi.    746-7;   banking   operations   of, 

vii.  160-1. 
Kingsbury,   Major  J.  J.  B.,  mention 

of,  vii.  448. 

Kinkead,  John  H.,  vii.  586. 
Kino,    labors    of,    i.    21-2;    sees   Cal. 

from  Gila   junction,   1699,  i.  67-8; 

map,  222;  efforts  to  establish  miss., 

i.  353. 
Kimball,    address   at   Mormon    bat., 

remon.,  v.  475. 

Kip,  Lieut,  at  Ft  Foint,  vii.  464-5. 
Kip.  W.  I.,  mention  of,  vii.  728-30. 
Klamath  county,  mining  in,  vi.  365; 

creation  of,  1851,  vi.  503;  hist,  of, 

vi.  505. 
Klamath  lake,   Fre*mont  on,   1846,  v. 

24. 
Klamath  reservation,  mention  of,  vii. 

490. 

Klamath  river,  mining  on,  vi.  365. 
Knight's  Ferry,  trading  post  establ'd 

at,    1848,    vi.    76;   mention   of,  vi. 

514. 

Knight's  Landing,  mention  of,  vi.  499. 
Knight,    H.  L.,  career,  etc.,  of,  vii. 

356-60. 
Knight,   W.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  17; 

mention  of,  vi.  76. 


INDEX. 


789 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Knownothing  party,  organization  of, 
vi.  691;  proceedings,  etc.,  of,  1854, 
vi.  C91-701. 

Knutson,  Iver,  vii.  617. 

Kohler,  C.,  mention  of,  vii.  48-9; 
biog.  of,  vii.  101. 

Krebs,  C.  T.,  asst  seer.  S.  P.  R.  R.,  vii. 
633. 

Krerner,  Benedict,  Russ.  proclama 
tion,  1810,  ii.  296. 

Krusenstern,  voy.  of  1803-6,  ii.  64-5, 
68. 

'Kutusof,'  ship,  ii.  216,  283,  441, 
642. 


La  Brea,  controversy  over,  ii.  171. 
La  Grange,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 
La  Jaboiieria,  Stockton's  forces  at,  v. 

390. 
La  Paz,    Cal.    exped.    leaves,  i.    120; 

captured  by  Walker,  1853,  vi.  596. 
La    Puente   rancho,    protest    against 

grant,  1842,  iv.  331. 
La  Purisima,  events  at,  1791-1800,  i. 

675-6;  condition  of,   1844,  iv.  421; 

sale  of,  1845,  iv.  553. 
La  Hue,  H.  M.,  biog.  of,  vii.  741. 
La  Zanja.     See  S.  Rafael  rancho. 
Labor  question,  gentiles  or  neophytes, 

ii.  174—5. 
Labor  agitations,  1877-8,  vii.  348-62, 

687-9. 

Lacatint,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Laclcl  &  Co.,  memorial  in  Honolulu, 

1836,  iv.  141. 

'Ladoga,'  ship,  iii.  410,  644-5. 
'  Lady  Blackwood, '  ship,  ii.  478. 
'Lady    Washington,'    ship,    off    Cal. 

coast,  1788,  i.  445-6. 
Lafayette,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 
Laguna  Seca,  treaty  of,  1844,  iv.  469. 
Lake,  Judge  D.,  biog.,  vii.  239. 
Lake    county,    hist,    of,    vi.    509-10; 

creation,  etc.,  of,  1861,  vii.  442. 
Lake  Merced,  named,  i.  247. 
Lake  Tahoe  R.  R.,  vii.  591. 
Lakeman,  J.  M.,  vii.  590. 
Lakeport,  mention  of,  vi.  509. 
Lancey,  work  of,  i.  42. 
Lancha  Plana,   town,  mention  of,  vi. 

513. 
Land,    distribution,    1781,    i.    346-8; 

1801-10,  ii.   170-3;  Arguello's  sur 
vey,  347;  tenure  of,   early  hist.,  i. 

607;  grants,  1794-8,  610-13;  list  of 

grants,  1795-1800,  i.  661-3;  decree 

of    Spanish    cdrtes,    1813,    ii.    414; 


grants  by  Pico,  1846,  v.  276;  legisl. 
action,  etc.,  concerning,  1850,  vi. 
326-8;  squatter  troubles,  vi.  328- 
35;  mission,  vi.  562-5;  pueblo,  vi. 
565-70;  titles  to,  vi.  529-81,  755-60; 
vii.  227-33,  691;  private  claims,  vi. 
634-5;  G win's  bill,  vi.  634-5;  act 
of  congress,  1851,  vi.  635;  commis 
sion  appointed,  vi.  636;  appropria 
tions  for  surveys,  etc.,  of,  1851-4, 
vi.  636;  homestead  act,  1862,  vi. 
639;  preemption  rights  granted, 
1853,  vi.  639;  school  and  college 
grants,  vi.  639^41;  taxation  of,  vii. 
383-4;  disposal  of,  vii.  393-4. 

Lander,  E.,  the  S.  F.  R.  R.  conven 
tion,  1859,  vii.  543. 

Landman,  Capt.,  mention  of.  vii.  466. 

Lane,  Senator,  policy  of,  vii.  275. 

Lane,  Ft,  established,  1853,  vii.  462. 

Langlois,  Anthony,  organizes  St 
Francis  church,  vii.  726. 

Lankershim,  J.  B.,  biog.  of,  vii.  37. 

Lansing,  C.  L.,  sec.  S.  P.  R.  R.,  vii. 
632. 

Laplace,  'Campagne  de  Circumnavi 
gation,'  iv.  153. 

Laquisimes  river,  fight  with  Inds,  iii. 
112-13. 

Larkin,  H.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  375. 

Larkin,  T.  0.,  doc.  for  hist,  of  Cal, 
i.  49-50;  capture  of,  1846,  v.  364-5; 
the  gold  fever,  1848,  vi.  70;  mem 
ber  of  legisl.  council,  1847,  vi.  2GO; 
del.  to  constit.  convention,  etc., 
1849,  vi.  285-6;  biog.,  285-6. 

Larned,  Major  C.  H.,  at  Ft  Steila- 
coom,  1852,  vii.  461. 

Las  Animas  rancho,  ii.  594. 

Las  Flores,  Ind.  pueblo  established, 
iii.  339;  campaign  of  1838,  iii.  558- 
61 ;  treaty  of,  562-3. 

Las  Pozas,  proposed  site  for  miss.,  i. 
552. 

Las  Pulgas  rancho,  ii.  592. 

Las  Verjeles,  capture  of  Larkin  at, 
1846,  v.  364. 

Las  Virgenes  rancho,  ii.  Ill,  354. 

Lascano,  Estevan,  sindico  at  S.  Bias, 
1806-7,  ii.  166. 

Lassen,  P.,  mention  of,  vi.  16,  493. 

Lassen  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  493-4; 
organized,  etc.,  1864,  vii.  442. 

Latham,  M.  S.,  nominee  for  congress, 
1852,  vi.  671;  nominee  for  gov., 
1859,  vi.  723;  biog.  of,  vii.  251; 
senator,  1860,  vii.  253^;  policy, 
etc.,  of,  vii.  255,  260-1,  274;  suc 
ceeded  by  Sargent,  1863,  vii.  301-2; 


790 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


speech  of,  vii.  547;  R.  R.  affairs  of, 
vii.  583-5. 

Lathrop,  H.  B.,  vii.  587. 

Laughborough,  J.,  the  St  Louis  R.  R. 
convention,  1849,  vii.  509;  pamph 
let  of,  vii.  511-13. 

'Lausanne, 'ship,  iv.  96,  120,  136,  171. 

Law,  delegate,  mention  of,  vii.  547. 

Lawrence,  W.  H.,  biog.  of,  vii.  736. 

Lawton,  Franklin,  originator  of  stock 
exchange,  vii.  667-8. 

Lawton,  Wm  W.,  vii.  668. 

Leather,  manufact.  of,  vii.  91-2. 

Leavenworth,  alcalde,  projects  Long 
Wharf,  1849,  vi.  196. 

Lecomptonites,  party,  mention  of,  vi. 
718-27;  policy  of,  vii,  254-5. 

Lee,  Capt.  J.  F.,  judge  adv.  at  Fre 
mont  trial,  v.  456. 

Lee,  Maj.  R.  B.,  com.  for  land  claims, 
v.  465. 

Lee,  Lieut  S.  P.,  in  Wilkes'  exped., 
iv.  241. 

Lee,  T.  R.,  adjutant  of  militia,  1850, 
vi.  319. 

Leese,  J.  P.,  mention  of,  vi.  20;  at 
Yerba  Buena,  1836,  vi.  164. 

Legislative  council,  appointed  by 
Stockton,  v.  433. 

Legislature  (see  also  Diputacion),  es 
tablishment  of,  1822,  ii.  461;  elec 
tions  for,  ii.  462;  session,  1823,  ii. 
486;  1824,  ii.  512-14;  1825,  iii.  7-8; 
1849-50,  vi.  308-36;  1853-4,  vii. 
534-5;  1860-1,  vii.  251-79;  1861-2, 
vii.  293-4;  1863-4,  vii.  295-307, 
555-7;  1865-6,  vii.  319-22;  1867-8, 
vii.  327-9;  1869-76,  vii.  237,  363-9; 
1880,  vii.  409-13;  actions  of,  1826- 
30,  iii.  33-8,  42-3;  actions  in  Her- 
rera  affair,  1827,  iii.  62-3;  actions 
in  re  live  stock,  iii.  127;  Victoria  re 
fuses  to  convene,  1831,  iii.  187-9; 
at  L.  Angeles,  1832,  iii.  216-20; 
proceedings,  1849-50,  vi.  309-36; 
1851,  vi.  646-7;  1852,  vi.  659,  665- 
70;  1853,  vi.  675-6;  1854-9,  vi. 
684-727;  financial  measures  of, 
1851-7,  vi.  604-21;  extravagance  of, 
vi.  605,  614-25;  land  tenure,  1852, 

1856,  vi.  572;  members  of,  vi.  309- 
10;  1851,  vi.  644;  1852,  vi.  656-7; 
1853,   vi.    674-5;    1854,   vi.    681-2: 
1855,   vi.   692-3;    1856,    vi.    698-9; 

1857,  vi.   704-5;    1858,   vi.   714-15; 
1859,  vi.  721-2;  the  Smith  case,  etc., 
1861,  vii.  212-14;  the  constit.  con 
vent.,  1881-7,  vii.  416-36;  1878,  vii. 
368-70;    the  constit.    of   1849,   vii. 


370-1;  of  1879,  vii.  376-93;  recent 
acts  and  members,  vii.  734-5. 
Leidesdorff,  Wm  A.,   death  of,  1848, 
vi.  192;  character,  vi.  193;  mention 
of,  vii.  716. 
Leland   Stanford    jr   university,    vii. 

720-1. 

'Lelia   Byrd,'   ship,    trading   exped., 
1803,  ii.    10-14;  fight  at  S.   Diego, 
13;  on  coast,  1804,  ii.  21. 
Lent,  Senator  W.  M.,  mention  of,  vi. 

686. 

Leonard,  A.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
'Leonidas,'  ship,    iii.   435,   465,    481, 

580;  iv.  82. 
'Leonor,'  ship,   iii.   49,   142.   421;  iv. 

82. 

'Levant,'!!.  S.  ship,  v.  199,  224,  254. 
Lewis,   Col   C.    H.,    mention   of,  vii. 

470. 

Lewis,  J.  E.  N.,  biog.,  vi.  657. 
Lewis,  T.  B.,  vii.  604. 
Lewis,  W.  J.,  vii.  537,  581. 
'Lexington,'  ship,  v.  429,   449,   514, 

519,  583. 
Lick,    James,    bequests   of,   vii.    693, 

720-3,  737. 

Light,  A.  S.,  vii.  641. 
Light-houses,  1850-6,  vii.  138. 
Liguaytoy,    Ind.    tribe,    treaty  with, 

1836,  iv.  71. 
Limantour,   fraudulent   claim   of,   vi. 

561;  vii.  243-4. 
Linayto,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Lincoln,  President,  reelection  of,  310- 

11;  assassination  of,  vii.  311-13. 
Liiidley,  Hervey,  biog.  of,  vii.   759. 
Lingley,  G.  B.,  first  school  law,  vii. 

718. 

Linschoten,  'Itinerario, 'i.  95. 
Liquors,  manufact.  of,  vii.  86. 
Literature  (see  also  '  Journals '),  vii. 

723-6. 
Little,  J.  C.,  raising  Mormon  bat.,  v. 

471-3,  478. 
Little,    Wm  C.,   signed   memorial  in 

Honolulu,   1836,  iv.  141. 
Little  Fork,  mention  of,  vi.  486. 
Little  river,  first  name,  i.  242. 
Livermore,    R.,   rancho  of,    1848,  vi. 

10. 

Livermore,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 
'Llama,'  ship,  iv.  85,  90. 
Llano  de  Buenavista  rancho,  ii.  615. 
Llave,     minister,     on     opposition     of 

padres,  iii.  19. 

Loans,  military,  1851-2,  vii.  456-7. 
Loaquiomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Locke,  D.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  751. 


INDEX. 


791 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Lockeford,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Locnoma,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  500. 
Locomotives,   manufact.  of,  vii.  95. 
Loeb,  L.,  biog.,  vii.  188. 
Loeser,  Lieut,  mention  of,  vi.  115. 
Logan,   H.   C.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 

Lok,  map  of,  1582,  i.  108. 
Lombardo,     minister,     Mex.    colony 

scheme,  iii.  263. 

Lompoc  colony,  mention  of,  vi.  522. 
Long,  miner,  vii.  641. 
Long,    Lieut-col   S.    H.,   of   court   at 

Fremont  trial,  v.  456. 
Long    Bar,    mining  on,    1848,  vi.   72; 

mention  of,  vi.  359,  361. 
Long  Hairs,  party,  vii.  317-19. 
Lougenour,  J.  D.,  biog.,  vii.  747-8. 
'Loo  Choo,'  transport,  v.  511,  513. 
Lorenzana,    A.,    image   for    miss.    S. 

Carlos,  1770,   i.    170;  confirms  Cal. 

Ind.,  i.  192. 
Loreto,  Rivera's  com'd  at,  i.  115,  308- 

9;  Cal.  land  exped.  leaves,   i.    122; 

news  of  Cal.  occupation  rec'd  at,  i. 

124;  Rivera  starts  from,  i.  218. 
'Loriot,'  ship,  iii.  288,  289,  365,  367; 

iv.  85,  146. 
Los  Angeles,    founded,   i.   344-6;  list 

of  settlers,  vii.  437;  i.  345,  460;  ii. 

349;  maps  of,    1786,   i.   348-9;  map 

of  region,  1800,  i.  660;  map  of  dist, 

1800-30;    ii.    352;   events  at,   1786- 

90,  i.  460-2;  1791-1800,  i.  659-63, 

1801-10,     ii.    110-13;    1811-20,    ii. 

349-53;   1821-30,  ii.  557-64;   1831- 

40,  iii.  629-40;  water  supply  at,  ii. 

92;    increase,    1810,    ii.    168;   hemp 

culture,    ii.    179-80;  ayunt.  at,    ii. 

461-2,    676;    foreign    residents,    ii. 

558;    actions   of   ayunt.,   ii.    560-1; 

Duhant-Cilly  at,   iii.    130;  troubles 

at,    1831,    iii.    195-7;    battle  near, 

1831,  iii.    203-8;     legislature    at, 

1832,  iii.    216-20;  revolt  at,    1835, 
iii.  281-6;   1845,  iv.  540-1;  v.  307- 
11;  the  capital,    1835,  iii.  292,  416; 
1845,   iv.    519;    committee  of   vigi 
lance,  iii.  417-19;  opposition  to  Al- 
varado,    iii.    493;    Alvarado   enters 
city,  iii.  501 ;  seizure  of  by  Bandini, 
iii.     518;     Caatillero    at,    iii.    521; 
Carrillo  assumes  office  at,  iii.  534; 
Castro   takes    possession,    iii.    556; 
Carrillos    arrested    at,    iii.    565-6; 
plot    to   assassinate   Alvarado,    iii. 
568;    tumult   at,    1839,    iii.    588-9; 
smuggling  transactions  at,   iv.   95; 
gold  discovered,    1842,    iv.    296-7; 


education  at,  1844,  iv.  403;  tumults 
at,  1845,  iv.  522-3;  diputacidn  at, 
1846,  v.  36-41;  flight  of  Castro  and 
Pico,  v.  277;  Stockton  enters,  v. 
279-81;  Gillespie  in  com'd  at,  1846, 
v.  286;  actions  of  Gillespie,  v.  305- 
11;  retaken  by  Calif ornians,  v. 
314-15;  affairs  at,  1846,  v.  329-34; 
Pico's  revolt,  v.  333;  affairs  at, 
1846,  v.  355-6;  Stockton  enters,  v. 
396-7;  Mormon  battle  at,  v.  489; 
Stevenson's  regt  at,  v.  514-15;  ex 
plosion  at,  1847,  v.  585;  local  an 
nals  of,  1846-8,  v.  624-8;  hist,  of, 
vi.  521;  pueblo  lands  in,  vi.  567; 
railroads,  vii.  594,  616,  633;  first 
Eng.  school  at,  185 J,  vii.  718. 

Los  Angeles  county,  Ind.  raids  in,  vii. 
486;  hist,  of,  vi.  521-2. 

Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Monica  R.  R., 
vii.  616. 

Los  Angeles,  San  Diego  and  Yuma  R. 

R.,  vii.  633. 

j  Los  Cerritos,  rancho,  v.  320. 
.  Los  Coronados  islands,  named,  i.  99. 
j  Los  Coyotes,   Stockton's  advance  to, 

1846,  v.  388. 

I  Los  Gatos,  mention  of,  vi.  525. 
;  Los  Metos  rancho,  grant  of,   1784,  i. 
609,  662. 

Los  Ojitos,  Castro  at,  1846,  v.  262. 

Los  Tularcitos  rancho,  ii.  594. 

Los  Verdugos,  Californians  at,  v.  402; 
council  at,  v.  403. 

Lott,  C.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  736. 

Loughly,  W.  R.,  mention  of,  vi.  73. 

Lovett,  W.  E.,  defeat  of,  1875,  vii.  367. 

Low,  Col,  plan  to  build  R.  R.  to 
Pacific,  iv.  222. 

Low,  C.  A.,  stock  transactions  of,  vii. 
674. 

Low,  F.  F.,  gov.  1863,  vii.  303-4;  can 
didate  for  sen.,  1865,  vii.  317;  men 
tion  of,  vii.  562;  biog.  of,  vii.  306. 

Low,  F.  L.,  congressman,  1861,  vii. 
291. 

Lower  California,  occupation  of,  i.  24; 
natives  in  exped.,  i.  132-4;  cession 
of  miss,  to  Dominicans,  i.  192-3; 
trouble  in,  1774,  i.  235;  J.  Arguello 
appt'd  gov.,  ii.  207;  joined  to  the 
com'd  of  Sonora,  iii.  54;  Stev.  regt 
in,  v.  514;  Lt  Col  Burton  sent  to, 
v.  583;  repub.  of,  procl'd,  etc.,  1853, 
vi.  595-6. 

Luddington,  Lt  E.,  v.  477. 

Lull,  'Exposicion,'  i.  581. 

Lull,  Miguel,  guardian  of  S.  Fer 
nando,  1812,  ii.  398. 


792 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Lumber  manufactures,  vii.  76-8. 

Lux,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 

'Lydia,'  ship,  capture  of,  1816,  ii.  213 
seizure  of,  1816,  ii.  275-8;  mentior 
of,  ii.  382. 

Lyon,  C.,  assist  sec.  to  constit.  con 
vention,  1849,  vi.  290. 

Lyons,  H.  A.,  assoc.  judge,  1849,  vi. 
314;  election,  etc.,  of,  1850,  vii. 
220. 


M 


McAllister,  H.,  lieut,  1849,  vii.  454; 

the  New  Almaden  suit,  vi.  558-9; 

at  Benicia,  1861,  vii.  466-7. 
McAllister,   Judge    M.    H.,   appoint 
ment,  etc.,  of,  vii.  237. 
McCall,  Maj.  G.  A.,  v.  456. 
McCarthy,  D.  0.,  vii.  609. 
McCarver,  del.  to  constit.  convention, 

1849,   vi.   287;   measures,   etc.,  vi. 

291-2. 
McCleave,    Col  W.,  mention  of,  vii. 

469. 
McClelland,  congressman,  R.  R.  bill 

reported  by,  1848,  vii.  505. 
McCollough,    J.     G.,     attorney-gen., 

1863,  vii.  304. 

McCord,  Miss.,  school  at  Fremont, 
vii.  717. 

McCullough,  Secretary,  R.  R.  affairs 
of,  vii.  572-3. 

McDonald,  gen.  of  militia,  1850,  vi. 
319. 

McDougal,  Gov.  J.  del.  to  constit. 
convention,  1849,  vi.  286;  speeches, 
etc.,  of,  vi.  291-5;  lieut-gov.  of  Cal., 
1849,  vi.  305;  gov.  of  Cal.,  1851,  vi. 
645;  biog.,  vi.  645;  president  of  con 
vention,  1854,  vi.  688-9, 

McDougal  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vi.  448, 
450. 

McDougall,  J.  A.,  senator,  1860,  vii. 
273-4;  biog.,  vii.  273;  censure  of, 
vii.  302;  mention  of,  vii.  547; 
nominee  for  congress,  1852,  vi.  671; 
nominee  for  congress,  1854,  vi.  690. 

McDowell,    Gen.     I.,    in    command, 

1864,  vii.  471;  1864,  vii.  472;  1876, 
vii.  472. 

McDowell,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 

McFarland,  T.  B.,  supreme  court 
judge,  1887,  vii.  434. 

McGarrahan  case,  the,  vi.  561. 

McGarry,  Col  E. ,  mention  of,  vii.  469. 

McGarvey,  Robert,  vii.  589. 

McGinnis,  John,  consecrates  St  Fran 
cis  church,  vii.  726. 


McGlashan,  C.  F.,  'Hist,  of  Donner 

party, '  i.  42;  v.  536-7. 
McGlynn,  J.  A.,  vii.  315. 
McGowan,  E.,  pres.  of  convention, 

1854,  vi.  688-9 

McGregory,  Archibald,  vii.  617. 
Mclntosh,  E.  M.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

20. 

Mclntosh,  Stephen  D.,  signed  memo 
rial  in  Honolulu,  1836,  iv.  141. 
McKendry,  Col  A.,  mention  of,   vii. 

470. 
McKee,  R.,  Ind.   agent,    1850-2,  vii. 

482-5. 
McKee,  S.  B.,  supr.  court  judge,  1880, 

vii.  409. 

McKenna,     J.,    congress,     delegate, 
1880,  vii.  408;  congressman,   1887, 
vii.  435;  biog.,  vii.  435. 
McKibben,  congressman,  mention  of, 

vi   722-3. 
McKinstry,   Major,  plan  to   conquer 

Cal.,  1843,  iv.  395. 

McKinstry,  Judge  E.  W.,  election  of, 
1873,  vii.    236;    supr.   court  judge, 
1880,  vii.  409. 
McKinstry,    G.,    sheriff    of    Sutter's 

Fort,  1847,  vi.  14. 
McLaughlin,   C.,  R.  R.    contract   of, 

etc.,  1859,  vii.  537,  567. 
McLellan,  Golden  Chariot  mine,  vii. 

641. 

McMeans,  Treasurer,  S.  A.,  defalca 
tion  of,  vi.  617. 
McMahon,  Clyman,  Co.,  to  Cal.  1845, 

iv.  572-4. 
McNamara  colonization  scheme,  1845, 

v.  215-23. 

McNutt,  Dr  W.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  731. 
Machado,  mention  of,  vi.  80. 
Machin,  T.  N.,   lieut-gov.,   1863,  vii. 

303-4. 

Maclay,  C.,  biog.,  vii.  369. 
MacNeil,  H.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 
Macomber,  F.  S.,  vii.  662. 
Macomber,  H.  S.,  vii.  662. 
Vlacondray,    F.    W.,    pres.    of    State 

Agric.  Soc.,  1854,  vii.  63. 
Madden,  D.  W.,  vii.  561. 
'  Magallanes, '  Manila  ship,  i.  545,  670. 
Mailliard,  A.,  vii.  590. 
Mails,  1848-50,  vi.  128-9,  138;  legisl. 
etc.,  concerning,  1855-8,  vi.  726-7; 
contracts,   etc.,  1851-6,  vii.  143-5; 
pony  express,  vii.   146;  post  offices, 
vii.  147;  cost  of  service,  vii.  147-8; 
in  1861,  vii.  281;  1847-9,  vii.  453. 
Maitorena,    F.,    habil   gen.  for   Cal., 
1812,  ii.  421. 


INDEX. 


793 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols,  II  to  V. 


Maize,  cultivation,  etc.,  of,  vii.  25. 

Malaca,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

'Malek  Adhel,'ship,  v.  326. 

Mallou,  John,  biog.  of,  vii.  758-9. 

Mamaneli,  Nicolas,  petition  to  make 
trading  voy.  from  Cal.,  1794-5,  i. 
627. 

Mangino,  Fernando  L,  rep.  of,  i. 
214-15. 

Manila,  galleon  of,  arrives  at  Mont. 
1779,  i.  330;  effect  of  gold  disco  v. 
in  Cal.,  vi.  124-5. 

Mansfield,  J.,  lieut-gov.,  1880,  vii. 
408. 

Mansfield,  T.,  vii.  590. 

Manufactures,  at  miss.,  ii.  175;  1821- 
30,  ii.  665;  in  San  Francisco,  1856, 
vi.  782-3;  vii.  683;  drawbacks  to, 
vii.  68,  72-3;  mining,  etc.,  vii.  69- 
70;  lumber,  etc.,  vii.  70,  76-8; 
agric.  machinery,  vii.  70-1,  96; 
canneries,  vii.  71,  86;  leather,  etc., 
vii.  71,  91-3;  woollen,  vii.  71,  75, 
88;  jute,  etc.,  vii.  71;  paper,  vii. 
71,  101;  effect  of  Chinese  labor  on, 
vii.  71-3;  of  the  war,  vii.  73;  of  the 
railroad,  vii.  73;  volume,  etc., 
1860-89,  vii.  73-4;  prospects  for, 
vii.  75;  ship-building,  vii.  78-9; 
vehicles,  vii.  79-80;  cooperage,  vii. 
80;  box-making,  vii.  80;  willow- 
ware,  vii.  80-1;  billiard-tables,  vii. 
81;  pianos,  vii.  81;  flouring-mills, 
vii.  84;  beer,  vii.  85-6;  liquors,  vii. 
86;  soda-water,  vii.  86;  cotton,  vii. 
88-9;  silk,  vii.  89;  clothing,  etc., 
vii.  89-90;  furniture,  vii.  90;  bed 
ding,  vii.  80-1;  carpets,  vii.  91; 
cordage,  vii.  91 ;  soap,  vii.  93;  pig 
ments,  vii.  93;  brushes,  vii.  94;  iron, 
etc.,  vii.  94-7;  copper,  etc.,  vii.  97; 
jewelry,  vii.  97;  bricks,  vii.  98; 
marble,  vii.  98;  clay,  vii.  98-9; 
glass,  vii.  99;  powder,  vii.  99-100; 
matches,  vii.  100;  meat-packing, 
vii.  86-7;  sugar,  vii.  87;  cigar,  vii. 
87-8;  in  1889,  vii.  748. 
Manuscript  diaries,  i.  50-8. 
Maps,  California,  i.  1;  northern  New 
Spain,  i.  8;  where  did  Drake  land? 
i.  86;  from  Arcane  del  Mare,  1647, 
i.  87;  Arcano  del  More,  i.  88; 
Hondius,  i.  88;  Vizcaino's,  i.  100, 
103;  Spanish  chart,  1742,  i.  106; 
ancient,  i.  109;  movements  of  dis 
coverers,  i.  161;  Font's,  1776,  i.  263; 
peninsula  of  S.  F.,  i.  281;  Colorado 
miss.,  i.  359;  L.  Angeles,  1786,  i. 
348;  pueblo  of  L.  Angeles,  i.  349;  j 


S.  Jose,  i.  350;  Palou's,  1787,  i. 
407;  S.  Diego,  1782,  i.  456;  La 
Perouse's,  i.  434;  Sta  Barbara, 
1788,  i.  464;  La  Perouse's,  of  S.  F., 
i.  475;  Cal.  of,  1792,  i.  508;  Van 
couver's,  1794,  i.  528;  S.  Diego  dist, 
1800,  i.  650;  L.  Angeles  region, 
1800.  i.  660;  Sta  Barbara  dist,  1800, 
i.  667;  Monterey,  i.  691;  S.  F., 
1792,  i.  695;  Castillo  de  S.  Joaquin, 
i.  699;  S.  F.  dist,  i.  703;  Tulare 
valley,  ii.  49;  S.  Joaquin  val.,  ii. 
51;  Bodega  bay,  1775,  ii.  81;  S. 
Diego  dist,  1801-30,  ii.  105;  Mon 
terey  dist,  ii.  145;  Pacific  coast, 
1818,  ii.  290;  Bodega  &  Ross,  ii. 
300;  L.  Angeles  dist,  1800-30,  ii. 
352;  S.  Francisco  dist.  1800-30,  ii. 
376;  Contra  Costa,  ii.  499;  Sta 
Barbara  dist,  1830,  ii.  577;  S.  F. 
bay,  1826,  ii.  589;  S.  F.  dist, 
1830,  ii.  593;  Russian  settlements, 
ii.  629;  Mont,  dist,  1830,  ii.  617; 
Coulter's,  iii.  407;  S.  Rafael  lands, 
1834,  iii.  717;  Forbes',  1839,  iv. 
152;  Simpson's,  iv.  221;  New  Hel 
vetia,  1841,  iv.  230;  Wilkes', 
1841,  iv.  244;  Fremont's,  1844,  iv. 
442;  Mofras',  of  Cal.,  iv.  254; 
region  north  of  bay,  v.  163;  S. 
Francisco,  1848,  v.  677;  vi.  8; 
central  Cal.,  1848,  vi.  5;  scene  of 
gold  discovery,  1848,  vi.  30;  Mor 
mon  Island,  vi.  48;  Tuolumne  to 
Trinity,  vi.  68;  Isthmus  route,  vi. 
131;  Nicaragua  transit  route,  vi. 
139;  from  the  Missouri  to  Great 
Salt  Lake,  vi.  147;  across  the 
desert,  vi.  153;  burnt  district  (San 
Francisco),  May  1851,  vi.  204; 
northern  mines,  1849-50,  vi.  368; 
southern  mines,  1849-50,  vi.  369; 
Humboldt  bay  region,  vi.  501; 
Lower  California,  vi.  597;  head 
quarters  of  vigilance  committee, 
vi.  748;  San  Francisco,  1856-7,  vi. 
756;  milit.  reserv.  S.  F.,  1849,  vii. 
453. 

Marble,  vii.  662-3. 

Marcou-Jules,  essay  on  the  name  Cal., 
criticism,  i.  67. 

Marcy,  Sec.,  orders  Gen.  Kearny  to 
Cal.,  v.  197;  comm'n  on  Stevenson 
reg.,  v.  499. 

Marcy,  W.  G.,  seer,  to  constit.  con 
vention,  1849,  vi.  290. 

Mare  Island,  site  for  navy  yard,  etc., 
vi.  630-1. 

'Maria  Este,'  ship,  iii.  48. 


794 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


« Maria  Teresa,'  ship,  iv.  524,  601. 

Marin  county,  name,  etc.,  vii.  438. 

Maria,  peainsula,  name,  etc.,  vi.  21. 

Marine  list,  iii.  146-9. 

Mariposa  county,  mining  in,  1849-56, 
vi.  377-8,  415;  hist,  of,  vi.  511-12, 
515-16;  division  of,  1852,  vii.  209; 
name,  etc.,  vii.  440. 

Mariposa  mine,  vii.  666. 

Mariposa,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  516. 

Mariposa,  name  first  applied,  ii.  53. 

Maritime  affairs,  see  shipping. 

Markham,  H.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  753. 

Marquesas  islands,  effect  of  gold  dis- 
cov.  in  Cal.,  vi.  125. 

Marquez,  R.,  trading  license,  1793,  i. 
627. 

Marquina,  viceroy,  urges  division  of 
two  Cals,  1800.  ii.  20. 

Marsh,  C.,  director,  Cent.  Pac.  R.  R., 
1861,  vii.  544. 

Marsh,  Dr  J.,  letter  of,  iv.  348;  men 
tion  of,  vi.  10. 

Marshall,  E.,  at  San  Jose",  1848,  vi.  9. 

Marshall,  E.  C. ,  candidate  for  senate, 
1851),  vi.  697. 

Marshall,  J.  W.,  biog.,  vi.  27-8;  ex- 
ped.,  etc.,  of,  1847,  vi.  28-9;  char 
acter  and  career,  vi.  31-2,  97-107; 
the  gold  discov.,  1848,  vi.  32-41, 
47. 

Marston,  teacher,  school  at  S.  F., 
1847,  vii.  717. 

Martell,  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  97. 

Martiarena,  Juan,  sindico  for  Cal. 
miss.,  1819-25,  ii.  398,  418,  458, 
518,  657;  app't'd,  iii.  319;  death  of, 
iii.  351. 

Martin,  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 

Martin,  E.,  biog.,  vii.  184-5. 

Martinez,  I.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 

Martinez,  Lt-col  M.,  app't'd  to  Cal., 
1832,  iii.  236. 

Martinez,  Pedro,  procurador  for  Cal., 
1812,  ii.  398. 

Martinez,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 

Marvin,  J.  Gr.,  supt  pub.  instruction, 
vii.  718. 

'  Maryland, '  ship,  iv.  207,  224,  250. 

Marysville,  hist,  of,  vi.  463-5;  promi 
nence  of,  vi.  487. 

Marysville  &  Benicia  R.  R.,  mention 
of,  vii.  581. 

Mason,  Col  R.  B.,  rule  of,  1847-8,  v. 
582-615;  proclamation  of,  1848,  vi. 
64;  report,  etc.,  of,  1848,  vi.  115- 
16;  gov.  of  Cal.,  1847-8,  vi.  260-2; 
vii.  445;  difficulties  of  administr,, 
vi.  272-4;  death,  vi.  274. 


Masons,  society,  mention  of,  vii.  706-7. 
Massett,  S.  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  243. 
Mata,  Capt.  Juan  de,  pirate  on  Cal. 

coast,  1828-30,  iii.  53. 
'Matador,'  ship,  iv.  562. 
Matches,  manufact.  of,  vii.  100. 
Matheson,  Col  R.,  death  of,  1862,  vii. 

297. 
Maury,  Lieut  M.  F.,  mention  of,  vii. 

508. 

Maxey,  A.  E.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
May,  Julius,  vii.  585. 
Mayacma,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Mayer,  Simon,  vii.  6G8. 
Mayhew,  J.  A.,  vii.  587. 
Mayorga,   viceroy,   ofti    acts   in  Cal. 

affairs,  1779-82,  i.  325,  379,  382. 
Mazatlan,    Sloat   at,     1846,    v.    201; 

blockade  of,  1846,  v.  284. 
Meat-packing,  mention  of,  vii.  86—7. 
Mechanics'  institute,  vii.  693. 
Meiggs,    Alderman  H. ,    defalcations, 

etc.,  of,  1854,  vi.  765. 
Memphis,  R.  R.  convention  at,  1849, 

vii.  510. 
Menclocino  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  508-9; 

name,  etc.,  vii.  439;  first  R.  R.  in, 

vii.  589. 

Mendocino  R.  R.  co.,  vii.  589. 
Mendocino  reservation,  mention    of, 

vii.  490. 
Menendez,  A.,  Mex.  consul  at  Lima, 

1845,  iv.  555. 

Menlo  park,  mention  of,  vi.  526. 
Merced    county,    creation,   etc.,     of, 

1855,  vii.  441. 

Merced  river,  expedt.  at,  1806,  ii.  54. 
Merced,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  516. 
Merchant,  Col  C.  S.,  vii.  282,  465-6. 
'Mercury,'  ship,  hunting  expedt.,  ii. 

79,  93-5;    deserters  from,   ii.  87-8; 

seizure  of,  1813,  ii.  202,  268-70. 
Merrill,  J.  C.,  vii.  604. 
Merritt,  E.,  operations,  1846,  v.  109- 

10. 

Merry,  W.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Mesa,  Campo  de  la,  Castro  with  force 

at,  1846,  v.  266,  272. 
Mesa,  the,  battle  of,  v.  395-6. 
Mexican  cortes,  deputy  chosen,  1822, 

ii.  453-4. 
Mexican    land    titles,     1851-87,     vi. 

529-81. 

'Mexicana,' voy.  of,  1792,  i.  506-7. 
Mexicans,  persecution  of,  vi.  403-5; 

indolence  of,  vi.  429-30. 
Mexico,    news   of   Monterey  occupa 
tion,  i.  173;  Serra's  labors  in,  1773, 

i.  207-19;  preparations  to  colonize 


INDEX. 


795 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Cal.,  1775,  i.  258;  controversy  in, 
1781-2,  i.  379-80;  reinforcements 
from,  i.  540-1;  ii.  252-4;  appropri 
ations  for  Cal.,  1801-10,  ii.  102; 
revolution  in,  ii.  104;  effects  in 
Cal.,  ii.  105-7;  Guerra's  miss,  to, 
1819,  ii.  261-2;  independence  pro 
claimed,  1821,  ii.  430;  manifestos 
of  imperial  junta,  1822,  ii.  450-1; 
Iturbide  proclaimed  emperor,  ii. 
456;  fears  of  Cal.  in  1822,  ii.  455; 
agent  sent  from,  ii.  455-6;  actions 
of  cong.,  1824,  ii.  515-16;  con 
stitution  ratified,  ii.  563;  fears  of 
Russians,  ii.  642;  Junta  de  Cal.  in, 
1825,  iii.  2-6;  Spaniards  driven 
from,  iii.  32;  Guerra elected  to  cong., 
1827-8,  iii.  33;  Maitorena  elected 
to  cong.,  iii.  45;  aid  from,  1825-30, 
iii.  58;  treaty  with  England,  1829, 
iii.  136;  actions  of  cong.,  1831,  iii. 
214-15;  deputies  to  congress,  1834, 
iii.  258,  292;  Wrangell's  miss,  to, 
1836,  iv.  167-9;  Prudon's  miss,  to, 
1842,  iv.  281-5;  Eng.  claim  against, 
iv.  298;  Com.  Jones  affair,  iv. 
323-5;  war  prospects  with  U.  S., 
1844,  iv.  406;  Castanare's  acts  in, 
1844,  iv.  412-18;  1845,  iv.  524-6; 
Alvarado,  diputado  to  cong.,  1846, 
v.  31;  Cal.  representatives  in,  v. 
32;  preparations  for  exped.,  1846, 
v.  33;  U.  S.  war  with,  v.  191-207; 
flight  of  Pico  and  Castro  to,  v. 
277-8;  efforts  to  assist  Cal.,  1846, 
v.  409-10;  orders  suspending  sale 
of  miss.,  1845,  v.  560-1;  treaty  of 
Guad.  Hidalgo,  v.  590-2;  effect  of 
gold  discov.  in  Cal.,  1848,  vi.  113; 
Morehead's  filibust.  exped.  to,  1851, 
vi.  584;  Raousset's,  1852-4,  vi. 
585-92;  Walker's,  1853-60,  vi. 
593-600;  Crabb's,  1857,  vi.  601-2. 

Mexican  congress,  elections  for  cong., 
1839-40,  iii.  590;  1843,  iv.  361. 

Mezzara,  P.,  vii.  723. 

Micheltorena,  gov.,  rule  of,  1843,  iv. 
350  67;  1844-5,  iv.  401-20,  455-517. 

Middletown,  mention  of,  vi.  509. 

Mier,  S.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex.,  1825-  I 
7,  iii.  3. 

Miles,  N.  A.,  biog.  of,  vii.  758. 

Military,  Echeveste's  plan  for  Cal.,  i. 
211;  reinforcements  arrive,  1796,  i. 
540-1;  expenses  of  establishment, 

1799,  i.    545;    force  in  terr.,  1791- 

1800,  i.  634-7;  salaries  paid,  i.  634; 
discipline,  i.  636;  records  S.  Diego, 
1791 -1800,  i.    645-51;    1801-10,  ii. 


98-103;  1811-20,  ii.  340^;  1831-40, 
iii.  608-10;  records  Sta  Barbara, 
1791-1800,  i.  665;  1801-10,  ii.  116- 
18;  1811-20,  ii.  358-62;  1821-30,  ii. 
570-3;  1831-40,  iii.  650-3;  records 
Monterey,  1791-1800,  i.  677-82; 
1801-10,  ii.  140-2;  1811-20,  ii.  379- 
81;  1821-30,  ii.  607-11;  1831-40, 
iii.  671-2;  records,  S.  F.,  1791-1800, 
i.  692-702;  1801-10,  ii.  125-6; 
1811-20,  ii.  370-2;  1821-30,  ii. 
583-8;  1831-40,  iii.  700-3;  artillery 
co.  organized,  1805,  ii.  30;  force  in 
Cal.,  1801-10,  ii.  189-90;  arrival  of 
reinforcements,  1819,  ii.  252-4; 
character  of  troops,  ii.  254-5;  force 
on  duty,  1811-20,  ii.  422-3;  1821- 
30,  ii.  672-5;  complaint  of  troops, 
1826-8,  iii.  39-40;  hard  times  with 
troops,  1826-30,  iii.  56-9;  revolt  of 
troops,  1828-9,  iii.  66-84;  causes, 
iii.  67-71;  Vallejo's  organization 
scheme,  iii.  590-1;  condition  of  es 
tablishments,  1811,  iv.  197-8;  con 
vict  troops  from  Mex.,  iv.  287-90; 
expedition  prepared  in  Mex.,  iv. 
527-9;  reorganization  of  insurgents, 
1846,  v.  179,  184;  militia,  organi 
zation,  etc.,  vi.  318-20;  vii.  280-3, 
454-71;  rule,  etc.,  of,  1848-9,  vii. 
445-54;  disposition,  vii.  446-51, 
461;  desertions,  vii.  446-50;  loans 
and  appropr's,  vii.  456-7;  defences, 
1861,  vii.  463-7. 

Military  junta,  at  Monterey,  1846,  v. 
41-4,  59-63. 

Miller,  A.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 

Miller,  Major  A.  S.,  mention  of,  vii. 
448. 

Miller,  E.  H.,  sec.  Cent.  Pac.  R.  R., 
vii.  546-7,  599,  634. 

Miller,  H.,  biog.,  vii.  67. 

Miller,  J.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 

Miller,  J.  F.,  senator,  1881,  vii.  417- 
18;  biog.,  vii.  417;  death  of,  1886, 
vii.  431. 

Millerton,  mention  of,  vi.  517. 

Mills,  C.  T.,  Mills  college,  vii.  721-2. 

Mills,  D.  O.,  gifts  of,  vii.  720;  biog. 
of,  vii.  183. 

Mills  college,  vii.  721. 

Millville,  mention  of,  vi.  493. 

Mineralogist,  state,  office  created,  vii. 
644. 

Minerals,  miscellaneous,  vii.  662-4. 

Miners,  characteristics,  etc.,  of,  1848, 
vi.  86-96. 

'Minerva,'  ship,  ii.  642. 

Mines,  Rev.  F.  S.,  vii.  718,  728. 


796 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Mining,  soldiers  killed  while  pros 
pecting,  i.  465-6;  mines  discovered 
in  S.  F.  dist,  1795,  i.  705;  Goycoe- 
chea's  views,  ii.  33;  early  attempts, 
1802,  ii.  144;  Ortega's  discovery, 
1800,  ii.  176;  Sola's  report  on,  1818, 
ii.  417;  discoveries,  1821-30,  ii.  666- 
7;  discovery  of  the  New  Almaden, 
v.  3;  gold,  1848,  vi.  67-81;  1848-56, 
vi.  351-80;  methods  and  yield,  1848, 
vi.  85-9,  409-26;  geologic  theories, 
vi.  381-5;  regulations,  vi.  396-402; 
taxes,  vi.  404-6;  quartz,  1850-6,  vi. 
415-18;  vii.  636-45;  yield,  etc., 
1848-56,  vi.  418-26;  statutes  and 
decisions,  vii.  228-9;  tax  on,  18o4, 
vii.  300;  effect  of  speculation,  vii. 
372-3;  improvements  in,  vii.  639; 
quartz  miners'  convention,  vii.  641; 
origin  of  companies,  vii.  642:  school 
of  mining,  vii.  643;  hydraulic  min 
ing,  vii.  640,  645-8;  ditches,  vii. 
645;  debris,  vii.  646-8;  capital  in 
vested,  vii.  648;  river  bed,  vii.  649; 
silver,  vii.  649;  table  of  productions, 
vii.  652;  expense  and  profit,  vii. 
653;  gold  nuggats,  vii.  653-5;  de 
cline  of  mining,  654-5;  quicksilver, 
vii.  656-9;  iron,  vii.  658;  copper, 
vii.  658-9;  borax,  vii.  659;  salt,  vii. 
659;  sulphur,  vii.  660;  tin,  vii. 
660-1;  coal,  vii.  661;  petroleum,  vii. 
661-2;  asphaltum,  vii.  662;  mineral 
soap,  vii.  662;  limestone,  vii.  662; 
marble,  vii.  662;  gypsum,  vii.  662; 
lead,  vii.  662;  manganese,  vii.  662; 
plumbago,  vii.  662;  miscellaneous 
minerals,  vii.  663-4;  stocks,  vii. 
666-80,  687—8;  mining  companies, 
vii.  666;  Fraser  river  excitement, 
vii.  682. 

Mining  machinery,  manufact.  of,  vii. 
94-5. 

Minns,  Geo.  W.,  vii.  720. 

Mint,  bills  for  establishing,  vi.  628-9; 
establ'd,  etc.,  vi.  629;  vii.  167-8; 
appropr.  for,  1852,  vii.  167. 

Miranda,  agent  in  Spain  for  Gov. 
Borica,  1794,  i.  728. 

Miranda,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  20. 

Misroon,  Lieut,  miss,  of,  1846,  v.  156- 
9. 

Missions,  archives  of,  i.  47-8;  S. 
Diego  founded,  i.  137;  S.  Carlos 
founded,  i.  170-1;  S.  Antonio 
founded,  i.  176-7;  S.  Gabriel 
founded,  i.  179-80;  S.  Luis  Obispo 
founded,  i  188-9;  number  of  friars 
at,  1773,  i.  200;  military  force,  i.  ' 


200;  conversions  in  first  five  years, 
i.  201;  Serra's  report  on,  1773,  i. 
212-13;  want  at,  1774,  i.  220;  S. 
Diego  moved,  i.  229-30;  second  ann. 
report  on,  i.  238-9;  attempt  found 
ing  S.  Juan  Cap.,  i.  248;  destruction 
of  S.  Diego,  1775,  i.  249-55;  alarm 
at  S.  Antonio,  i.  256;  S.  F.  estab 
lished,  i.  292;  progress  at,  1776-7, 
i.  298-306;  1791-1800,  i.  575-99, 
654-9,  671-6;  Cuadra  presents 
image  to,  i.  329;  extension  plans, 
1781,  i.  338;  new  regulations  for, 
i.  374-5;  list  of  friars  at,  1783,  i. 
388;  Sola's  plan  to  secularize,  i. 
394-6;  Gov.  Fages'  report  on,  i.  408; 
successor  to  Serra,  i.  416-17;  war 
contributions  of,  i.  428;  La  Perouse 
on,  i.  435-8;  events  at,  1783-90,  i. 
455-60,  466,  468-70,  473-7;  1811- 
20,  ii.  392-412;  1791-1800,  i.  654-9, 
671-6,  685-90,  712-15,  722-5;  Sta 
Cruz  founded,  i.  493-5;  search  for 
sites,  1794-5,  i.  550-4;  S.  Jose 
founded,  i.  555;  S.  Miguel  founded, 
i.  559-60;  S.  Fernando  founded,  i. 
561-2;  S.  Luis  Key  founded,  i.  563- 
4;  industries  at,  1800,  i.  617-18; 
land  controversies,  1802,  ii.  7;  Pres. 
Tapi's  report,  1803-4,  ii.  26-9;  Sta 
Lies  founded,  ii.  28-9;  regulations 
for,  1806,  ii.  41-2;  agric.  at,  1801- 
10,  ii.  104-5;  manufactures  at,  ii. 
175;  statistics  of,  1801-10,  ii.  107, 
108,  110,  115,  116,  121,  123,  132, 
137,  138,  148,  149,  151,  153,  154; 
1811-20,  ii.  346,  347,  349,  350,  355, 
358,  364,  366,  3G8,  374,  377,  380, 
383,  384,  385,  387,  390;  1821-30,  ii. 
567,  578,  580,  581,  582,  595,  596, 
599,  601,  602;  iv.  62-4,  616,  619, 
620,  622,  624;  1831-40,  ii.  552,  554, 
556;  contributions,  1817,  ii.  217; 
Sola's  report  on,  1818,  ii.  250-2; 
supplies  from,  1818-20,  ii.  257-9; 
1822,  ii.  479-80;  1831,  iii.  310; 
presidents  of,  1811-20,  ii.  396-8; 
1821-SO,  ii.  657;  1831-3,  iii.  338; 
cession  of,  in  s.  Cal.,  1817,  ii.  407- 
11;  report  on,  1822,  ii.  460;  condi 
tion,  18-21-30,  ii.  655-7;  1836,  iv. 
42-3;  1841,  iv.  194-5;  supplies  and 
finances,  1825,  iii.  20-3;  prefect 
andpres't,  1826-30,  iii.  87;  proposed 
secularization,  1830-1,  iii.  301-10; 
secularization  of,  iii.  346,  353;  iv. 
43-4,  546-7;  destruction  of  prop 
erty,  348;  slaughter  of  cattle,  348- 
9;  acts  of  authorities,  1836-8,  iv. 


INDEX. 


797 


For  Information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


44-6;  new  miss,  proposed,  iv.  48; 
plunder  of,  iv.  49-51;  reglamentos, 
1839,  1840,  iv.  55-6,  58-60;  acts  of 
visitador  gen.,  iv.  57-8,  61-2;  man 
agement  of,  1842,  iv.  330-2;  decree 
ot  restoration,  iv.  3,'JO;  local  items, 
iv.  331;  decree  restoring  to  friars, 
1843,  iv.  369-71;  change  effected, 
iv.  370;  lands,  iv.  371;  tithes,  iv. 
372;  report  on  sou  them  miss.,  1844, 
iv.  421-2;  secularization  of  S.  L. 
Obispo,  iv.  423;  grant  of  lands  to 
the  church,  iv.  424;  sale  of  estates 
for  war  expenses,  iv.  425;  Pico's 
policy,  iv.  547;  debts,  iv.  548;  reg 
ulations  for  sale  and  renting,  iv. 
549-53;  sale  of  estates,  1846-8,  v. 
558-64;  eccl,  v.  5J5-6;  land  claims 
of,  1845-58,  vi.  562-5. 

Mission  bay  lands,  donation  of,  vii. 
579. 

Missouri,  immigrant  parties  organized 
in,  1840,  iv.  265. 

Mixton  war,  i.  10. 

Modesto,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 

Modoc  county, creation,  etc.,  of,  1874, 
vii.  443;  hist,  of,  vi.  495-6. 

Moffat  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vi.  629. 

Mofras,  'Exploration,'  i.  40;  iv.  253; 
visit  of,  1841-2,  iv.  240-55. 

Mojave  desert,  Garces  exped.,  1776, 
i.  277. 

Mojaves,  raids  of,  vii.  486. 

Mokelumne  City,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 

Mokelumne  Hill,  trading  post,  1848, 
vi.  77;  gold  deposits  of,  vi.  373; 
mention  of,  vi.  512. 

Mokelumne  river,  mining  on,  1848, 
vi.  74,  77. 

Monasterio,  minister,  instructions  on 
secularization,  iii.  325-6. 

Monk,  Hank,  vii.  723. 

Mono  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  518-19; 
creation,  etc.,  of,  1861,  vii.  442; 
mines  of,  vii.  652-3. 

Monoville,  vi.  519. 

Monroe,  designs  in  re  Cal.,  1805,  ii. 
32. 

'  Monsoon,'  ship,  iv.  93. 

Montague,  S.  8.,  vii.  568. 

Montanya,   J.    de  la,  biog.,  vii.  754. 

Monterey,  failures  to  occupy,  1607-8, 
i.  23;  'Extracto  de  Noticias,'  i.  38; 
Cabrillo's  name  for,  i.  76;  Vizcaino 
at,  i.  101-2;  named,  i.  101;  occupa 
tion  of  ordered,  i.  113,  114;  unsuc 
cessful  search  for,  i.  150-1;  causes 
of  the  error,  i.  152-5;  discovery  of, 
168-70;  want  of  supplies,  i.  187; 


buildingsat,  1773,  i.  204;  Rivera  ar 
rives  at,  i.  226;  Anza  brings  his  force 
to,  i.  268;  immigrants  left  at,  269; 
Ind.  fright  at,  1776,  i.  298;  Manila 
galleonat,  i.  330;  presidio  completed, 
i.  331;  court  scandal  at,  1/84,  i. 
391-3;  La  Perouse's  reception,  i. 
430-1;  events  at,  1783-9J,  i.  466-8: 
1791-1800,  i.  677-85;  1801-10,  ii. 
140-6;  1811-20,  ii.  379-83;  1821- 
30,  ii.  607-15;  1831-40,  iii.  667-9; 
1845,  iv.  514-16;  1846,  v.  288-93; 
council  at,  to  app't  temp,  gov.,  i. 
501;  Arrillaga's  arrival,  i.  502;  re 
ception  of  Vancouver,  i.  511,  518— 
19;  Gov.  Borica's  journey  to,  i. 
532-3;  military  force,  i.  677;  build 
ings,  i.  681;  battery,  i.  682;  maps,ii. 
145,  617,  691;  mining  excitement, 
1800,  ii.  176;  reception  to  Gov. 
Sola,  1814,  ii.  208-9;  preparations 
for  defence,  1818,  ii.  222-4;  Bou 
chard  attack,  ii.  225-34;  Padush- 
kin  at,  ii.  313;  education  at,  1811- 
20,  ii.  427-8;  vaccinating  at,  1821, 
ii.  441;  junta  at,  1822,  ii.  451;  Can- 
onigo  Fernandez  arrives,  ii.  457; 
raising  of  new  flag,  ii.  459;  execu 
tion  of  Pomponio,  ii.  537;  foreign, 
residents,  1821-30,  ii.  609;  ayunt. 
at,  ii.  676;  crime  at,  1821-30,  ii. 
678-9;  surrender  of  Mex.  warships, 

1825,  iii.    24-7;    meeting    against 
convict  settlers,    1830,  iii.  49;  free 
fight  at,  1830,  iii.  49-50;  revolt  at, 

1828,  iii.  66;  revolting  troops  take, 

1829,  iii.    69;   recaptured,    iii.    82; 
trial  of  rebels  at,  iii.  84-5;  flood  at, 
1827-8,  iii.  115;  chief  port  of  entry, 

1826,  iii.    117;  Beechey  at,  iii.  122; 
Duhaufc-Cilly   at,    iii.    129;  foreign 
trade,  1828,  iii.   131;  custom-house 
at,  1829,  iii.  136;  Jedediah  Smith's 
party  at,   iii.    158;  ayunt.  at,  1831, 
iii.    182.    187;  executions  at,   1831, 
iii.  190-1;  Zamorano's  revolt,  1832, 
iii.  220-9;  arrival  of  Figueroa,   iii. 
238;    Padres'   Hijar  colony  at,   iii. 
268;  removal  of  capital,    1835,   iii. 
293;  Figueroa's  death  at,   iii.   295; 
revenue,     1834,    iii.    366;    case    of 
Dona  Ildefonsa,     1836,    iii.    436-9; 
revolutionary  party    attack,    1836, 
iii.  459-62;  loyalty,    1836,    iii.  481; 
revolt   against   Alvarado,   iii.   523- 
26;  port  closed  by  Carrillo,    1838, 
iii.   545;  visit  of  Vallejo  and  Inds 
to,   iii.  598;    declared  the   capital, 
1840,   iii.   606;   foreign  men-of-war 


798 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


at,  iv.  35-8;  earthquake  at,  1836, 
iv.  78;  value  of  exports,  1840,  iv. 
80;  opened  to  foreign  trade,  1837, 
iv.  82;  custom-house  officers,  1835- 
40,  iv.  90;  arrival  of  Sutter  at,  iv. 
127;  Belcher's  visit  to,  1837,  iv.  145; 
trading  regulations,  1841,  iv.  206; 
Hudson  B.  co.  party  at,  1841,  iv. 
212;  occupation  by  Com.  Jones, 
1842,  iv.  298-329;  revolt  of  cholos 
at,  1844,  iv.  404-5;  reception  of 
Bishop  at,  1844,  iv.  427;  Michel- 
torena's  departure  from,  iv.  512- 
13;  capital  removed,  1845,  iv.  519; 
junta  of  officers  at,  iv.  601;  mili 
tary  junta  at,  1846,  v.  41-4,  59-63; 
revenue  disputes  at,  1846,  v.  34-6; 
U.  S.  ship  'Portsmouth'  at,  v.  200; 
U.  S.  s.  'Cyane'at,  v.  203;  Com. 
Sloat  at,  1846,  v.  224,  230-3;  Stev. 
regt  at,  v.  514-15;  duties  collected 
at,  1847-8,  v.  571;  local  annals, 
1846-8,  v.  635-8;  effect  of  gold 
discov.,  1848,  vi.  63-5;  minstrel 
performances  at,  1847,  vi.  243;  first 
jury  at,  1846,  vi.  257-9;  constit. 
convention  at,  1849,  vi.  284-303; 
pueblo  lands,  vi.  567-8;  name,  etc., 
of,  vii.  4::S;  defences,  etc.,  of,  1849, 
vii.  452-3;  Eng.  school  at,  1836, 
vii.  716. 

Monterey  county,  mention  of,  vi. 
523-4. 

Monteros,  Juan  J.  E.  de  los,  of  Cal. 
junta  in  Mex.,  1825-7,  iii.  3;  re 
port  on  Cal.  miss.  109. 

Montezuma  mine,  vii.  641. 

Moore,  B.  F.,  del.  to  constit.  conven 
tion,  1849,  vi.  287;  biog.,  vi.  287; 
mention  of,  vii.  197. 

Moore,  G.  R.,  purchases  Sutter's 
Russ.  claims,  iv.  186. 

Moore,  J.  B.,  postmaster,  vii.  147. 

Moore,  Jos.,  mention  of,  iv.  141. 

Moore,  Jos.,  biog.,  vii.  748-9. 

Moore's  flat,  mention  of,  vi.  486. 

Moquis,  Ind.,  recep.  of  Garces,  i.  278. 

Mora,  Pres.  of  Dom.,  actions  against 
Franciscans,  1773-4,  i.  235-7. 

Moraga,  J.,  vi.  10. 

Morales,  Gen.,  proposed  Cal.  exped., 
1846,  v.  33. 

Morchou,  N.,  claimant  for  rancho 
Cahuenga,  v.  627. 

Morehead,  J,  C  ,  quartermaster-gen, 
of  militia,  1850,  vi.  319;  filibust. 
exped.  of,  1851,  vi.  584. 

*Morelos,'  ship,  arrives  with  colony, 
1834,  iii.  9,  265-8,  366. 


Moreno,  gov.  interenos,  L.  Cal.,  i.  172. 
Moreysa,  R.,  Sindico  at  S.  Bias  for 

Cal.,  1806,  ii.  166. 
Morgan,  J.  S.,  biog.,  83. 
Morgan,    Maj.    E.    W  ,    of   court  at 

Fremont  trial,  v.  456. 
Mormon  battalion,  arrival  of,  v.  428; 

hist,  of,  1846-8,  v.  469-98. 
Mormon  island,  map  of,  vi.  48;  name, 

vi.  49;  mass  meeting  at,   1849,  vi. 

279-80. 
Mormons,  Ide  charged  with  belonging 

to,  v.  158;  westward  migrations  of, 

v.  469-70;  plan  to  occupy  Cal.,  v. 

470-2;    appeals    for    gov't   aid,    v. 

476;  recruiting    for   the   battle,    v. 

471;  march  of  battle,  v.  478-83;  in 

Cal.,   v.    483-98;    vi.    3;   arrival  of 

Brannan's  party,  v.  544-54;  preach 
ing   in   S.  F.,    v.   566;    at   Sutter's 

mill,   1847,  vi.  30;  1848,  vi.  47-50; 

hist,    of    in    Cal.,    vi.    49-51;     at 

Spanish  bar,  1848,  vi.  73;  mention 

of,  vii.  727. 

Moro  Cojo  rancho,  ii.  615. 
Morrison,  the  Phil.  R.  R.  convention, 

1850,  vii.  515. 

Morrison,  P.,  at  San  Jose,  1848,  vi.  9. 
Morrison,  R.,  chief  justice,   1880,  vii. 

409;  biog.,  vii.  409. 
Morrow,  W.  W.,  congressman,   1887, 

vii.  435;  biog.,  vii.  435. 
Morse,  E.  W.,  biog.  of,  vii.,  184. 
Morse,  H.  N.,  biog.  of,  vii.  188. 
Morse,  J.  F.,   director,   Cent.   Pacific 

R.    R.,    1861,  vii.   544;   speech   of, 

1863,  vii.  550. 

Mortgages,  taxation  of,  vii.  384. 
'Moscow,'  ship,  v.  177,  279,  514. 
Moss,  J.  M.,  vii.  610. 
Moti,  Ind.  chief,  iv.  72. 
Mott,  T.  D.,  biog.  of,  vii.  634. 
Mottiyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  362. 
Moulder,  A.  J.,  vii.  719-20. 
Moulter,  Jacob,  vii.  651. 
Mount  Vernon  Mining  co.,  vii.  650. 
Mount  Diablo,  ascent  by  Dr  Sandels, 

1842,  iv.  346. 

Montsomes,  Ind.  tribe,  i.  558. 
Mud   Springs  (see   also   El   Dorado), 

mining  at,  1849,  vi.  353. 
Mugginsville,  mention  of,  vi.  495. 
Muldrow,    'Wm,    purchases    Sutter's 

Russ.  claims,  iv.  186. 
Muletown,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Municipal     affairs.       See     'Ayunta- 

rniento. ' 
Municipalities,    the    new    constitut., 

vii.  395-8. 


INDEX. 


799 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Murieta,  J.,  career  of,  vii.  203-4. 
Murphy,  B.,  biog.,  vii.  740. 
Murphy,  J.  M.,  mention  of,  vi.  76. 
Murphy,  M.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  12; 

biog.,  vii.  740. 
Murphy,  T.,  at  San  Rafael  mission, 

1848,  vi.  21. 

Murray,  manuscript,  i.  56. 
Murray,   Judge  H.  C.,  alection,  etc., 

of,  1851,  vii.  220-1;  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.    224-6;    decision   of,    1854,    vi. 

324. 

Museum,  state,  vii.  644. 
Mussel  Slough  troubles,  vii.  617-18. 
Muticolmo,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Myres,  mention  of,  vii.  658. 
My  rick,    M.    H.,  supr.   court   judge, 

1880,  vii.  409. 
Myrick,  Thos  S.,  vii.  720. 


X 


Naglee,  H.  M.,  viticult.,  vii.  49;  re 
ceiver  for  Adams  £  co.,  vii.  178; 
capt.,  1849,  vii.  454;  biog.  of,  vii. 
744-5. 

Naglee  £  Sinton,  vii.  160. 

Napa,  surveyed,  1848,  v.  670;  hist, 
of,  vi.  510;  name,  etc.,  vii.  438-9. 

Napa  Consolidated  mine,  vii.  657. 

Napa  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  510-11;  aid 
to  Napa  Valley  R.  R.,  vii.  586. 

Napa  valley,  settlers  revolt  in,  1846, 
v.  77;  Merritt's  party  in,  1846,  v. 
110. 

Napa  Valley  R.  R.,  vii.  586. 

Napato,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Napoleon,  Joseph,  King  of  Spain  and 
Indies,  1808,  ii.  87- 

Napoleon  ledge,  silver  mine,  vii.  650. 

Narbona,  invites  Cal.  to  join  federa 
tion,  1823,  ii.  486. 

Narratives  of  voyages,  i.  40. 

Narvaez,  J.  M.,  habil.  gen.  in  Mex., 
1818,  ii.  252. 

'Naslednik,'  ship,  iv.  187,  562;  v. 
578. 

'Natalia,'  ship,  iii.  263,  265-8,  366. 

National  Guard,  organization,  etc., 
of,  vi.  319-20;  vii.  454;  services, 
vii.  454-5. 

Native  Sons,  society  of,  vii.  707. 

Natives,  see  Indians. 

Natividad,  Graham  arrested  at,  iv. 
12,  18-22:  tight  at,  1846,  v.  366-72. 

Natividad  rancho,  ii.  615. 

Naturalization,  regulations  on,  iii. 
177-8. 


Nauvoo,  migration,  of  Mormons  from, 

v.  469. 
Neva,  Gen.  Pedro  de,  offl  acts  in  Cal. 

affairs,    1790-5,    i.    398,    448,    485, 

491,  502-3,  573,  610. 
Navarrette,   M.  F.  de,  bibliog.,  i.  69, 

87,  98,  509. 
Navarro,  G.  G.,   dispute  with  Serra 

referred   to,    1780,   i.   323;    advises 

land  grants  in  Cal.,  i.  609. 
Navarro,  J.,  1836,  iv.  141. 
Navarro  y  Noreiga,    report   on   Cal. 

pop.,  1810,  ii.  158. 
Navy  Yard,  site  for  selected,  vi.  630; 

appropriations     for,      1851-6,     vi. 

630-1. 

Neal,  at  Long  Bar,  1848,  vi.  71. 
Negrete,  Cal.  trade  with,  1811-20,  ii. 

420. 

Neophytes,  see  Indians. 
Nesmith,  T.  L.,  biog.  of,  vii.  634. 
Nesselrode,  Count,  complains  of  Russ. 

in  Cal.  1817,  ii.  314-15. 
Nevada,  mining  regulations  in.   1852, 

vi.    399-400;  R.   R.  affairs  in,  vii. 

559-60,  568. 
Nevada  Bank,  vii.  678. 
Nevada  City,   mining  at,   1850-6,  vi. 

357;  hist,  of,  vi.  470-2;  mention  of, 

vii.  590;  churches  of,  vii,  729. 
Nevada  county,  mining  in,  1850-6, 

vi.  356-7;  hist,  of,  vi.  485-7. 
Nevada  County  Narrow  Gauge  R.  R., 

vii.  590. 

Nevada  &  Cal.  R.  R.,  vii.  590. 
Nevada  &  Oregon  R.  R.,  see  Nevada 

&  Cal.  R.  R. 
Neve,   Gov.   Felipe  de,  rule  of,  1775- 

82,  i.  306-83. 
Nevins,    Col  J.  T.,   school  in  S.  F., 

1850,  vii.  718-19. 
New  Albion,  Drake  names,  i.  84. 
New  Almaden  mine,   mention  of,  vi. 

525;  suit  for  possession  of,  vi.  554- 

61;  output  of,  etc.,  vii.  656-7. 
New  Helvetia,  see  Sutter's  fort. 
New  Hope  (see  also  '  Stanislaus '), 

Mormon     settlement,      v.     552-3; 

founding  of,  1848,  vi.  11. 
New  Idria  mines,  mention  of,  vi.  561; 

vii.  657. 
New    Mecklenburg,    mention   of,    vi. 

463. 

New  Mexico,   conquest  of,  i.   11;  re 
volt  in,  i.  18;  annals  of,  1701-19,  i. 

26-8;  plan  to  open  communication, 

i.   573;  proposed  route  to,   ii.   3-4; 

traders  in  Cal.    1831-5,  iii,  395-6; 

trade  with,   1836-40,  iv.  80;  Sutter 


800 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


in,  iv.  124-5;  overland  trade,  1841, 

iv.  207;  Kearny's  march  from,  1846, 

v.  334-9. 
New  Orleans,  R.  R.    convention   at, 

1849,  vii.  510. 
New  York,   raising  of  Stev.  reg't  at, 

v.    502-3;    departure   of    Mormons 

from,  v.   545-6. 
'  Newcastle, 'ship,  iii.  364. 
Newhall,    H.     M.,    mention    of,    vii. 

610;  biog.  of,  vii.  186. 
Newspapers,  see  Journals. 
Nicaragua,     transit   across,    1849-56, 

vi.  140;  Walker  in,   1855,  vi.  599- 

600. 

Nicasio  rancho,  iii.  717. 
Nichols,  J.  G.,  vii.  718. 
Nickerson,  Thos,  vii.  615. 
Niebaum,  G.,  biog.,  vii.  187. 
Niel,  P.,  'Apuntaciones,'  i.  87. 
'  Nieves,'  ship,  iii.  9. 
4  Nikolai, '  Russ.  ship,  iv.  159,  171. 
Niles,  Judge,   A.  C.,  election  of,  vii. 

235. 

'Niles  Register, 'i.  42;  iv.  139. 
'  Ninfa, '  ship,  iv.  249. 
Nipaguay,  S.  Diego  miss,  moved  to, 

i.  230. 

Niza,  Marcos  de,  expedt.,  i.  7. 
Nogueyra,    names     friars    for     Cal., 

1796,  i.  554. 
Nogueria,   elected    to   prelacy,    1795, 

ii.  9. 
Nome    Cult,    Ind.    reservation,     vii. 

491. 

Nome  Lacke,  Ind.  reserv,,  vii.  490. 
Nootka,     Spanish     post    established, 

1789,   i.   505;  attempt   to  settle,  i. 

506;  settlement  abandoned,  i.  524. 
Nordhoff,  mention  of,  vi.  523. 
North    Bloomfield,    mention    of,    vi. 

486. 
North  Pacific  Coast  R.   R.,  vii.  589, 

591. 

North  San  Juan,  mention  of,  vi.  486. 
North  Star  mine,  vii.  641. 
Northern  mystery,   chief  element  of, 

i.  107-8. 

Northern  Railway  co.,  vii.  590. 
Norton,  M.,  mention  of,  vi.,  279,  295; 

lieut,  1849,  vii.  454. 
Norwich,  recruiting  for  Stev.  reg't  at, 

v.  502. 

Nouveau  Monde,  mining  co.,  vii.  666. 
'Nouvelles  Anuales  des  Voyages,'  i. 

41. 

Nueva  Galicia,  conquest  of,  i.  10. 
'Nueva  Reiua  de  Los  Angeles,'  ship, 

ii.  292. 


Nueva   Vizcaya,  province  formed,  i. 

11;  miss,  dists  of,  i.  14-22. 
Nunan,  Matthew,  biog.  of,  vii.  749. 
Nunez,  Alvar.,  escape  of,  i.  6—7. 


0 


Oakdale,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 
Oakland,    hist.,    etc.,    of,    vi.    475-7, 

526;  the  labor  riot,  1877,  vii.  354, 

360;  R.  R.  terminus,  vii.  580,  686- 

7;  churches  of,  vii.  730. 
Oakland  ferry,  vii.  578-91. 
Oakland  Water  Front  co.,  vii.  579. 
Oats,  yield,  etc.,  1860-80,  vii.  25. 
O'Brien,  W.  S.,  death  of,  vii.  680. 
'O'Cain,'  Amer.    ship,  ii.  25,   39-40, 

79,  82,  84,  93-5. 
Ochejamnes,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  600. 
Odd  Fellows'  Society,  vii.  706-7. 
O'Donnell,  C.  C.,  the  labor  agitation, 

1877,  vii.  359;  coroner  of  S.  F.,  vii. 

691. 
Ogden,  Major  C.,  arrival  of,  1849,  vii. 

447. 
Ogden,  W.  B.,  pres't  of  Phil.  R.  R. 

convention,  1850,  vii.  513,  516. 
Ogden  R.  R.  junction,  vii.  572-6. 
Oil,  consumption  of,  vii.  93. 
'Okhotsk, 'ship,  ii.  649-51. 
Olampali,  battle  of,  1846,  v.  165-8. 
Old  S.   Francisco  port,  discovery  of, 

i.  156-7;  errors  concerning,  i.  157-9. 
Olema,  mention  of,  vi.  511. 
Oleomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
'Olive  Branch,'  ship,  iii.  118. 
Oliver,  D.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Olives,  cultivation,  etc.  of,  vii.  43. 
Olney,   James  N.,  mining-stock  sale, 

vii.  667. 
Olney    &    Co.'s  Washoe   Stock    Ex- 

change,  vii.  667. 
O'Meara,  J. ,  '  Broderick  and  G  win, '  vi. 

683-4;  state  printer,  1858,  vi.  714. 
Ophir,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  484. 
Ophir    Silver    Mining   co.,    vii.    666; 

stocks  of,  vii.  671. 
Oranges,  crop,  etc.,  of,  1889,  vii.  42. 
Ord,  P.,    del.  to  constit.   convention, 

etc.,  1849,  vi.  286. 
Oregon,    cattle   trade  with,   1837,  iv. 

85-7;  immigration  from,    1843,    iv. 

390;  1844,  iv.  444;  1845,  iv.  574-7; 

1847,  v.     555;    Fremont's     return 
from,    reasons    for,  v.    86-92,   101, 
parties  returning  to,  1846,  v.   525- 
6;   effect   of   gold   discov.    in  Cal., 

1848,  vi.  112. 


INDEX. 


801 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


'Oregon,'  U.  S.  explor.  ship,  iv.  245. 
'Oregon,'    steamer,   voy.  of,   1848-9, 

vi.  129,  134,  137. 
Orford,  Port,  milit.  post  at,  1851,  vii. 

460. 

'Orion,'  ship,  ii.  478. 
Orleans  Flat,  vi.  486. 
Ormgeehea,  J.  I.  de,  Habil.-gen.  for 

Cal.  in  Mex.,  1810-16.  ii.   189,  421; 

of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex.,    1825-7,  iii. 

3;  report  on  Cal.  miss.,  iii.  109. 
Oroville,  mention  of,  vi.  361;  hist,  of, 

vi.  490-1. 

Osio,  manuscript  of,  i.  55. 
Osos,  Ind.  tribe,  i.  558. 
Obis,  James,  vii.  603-4. 
'Otkruitie,'ship,  ii.  293. 
Otter,  see  '  Fur  trade. ' 
'Otter,'  Boston  ship,  i.  539-40. 
Oulton,    G.,    state    controller,     1863, 

vii.  303-4. 
Overland  route,  first  visitors  by,  iii. 

151-2. 

Overton,  W.  P.,  iv.  269. 
Ovineta,   J.    B.,    commercial   scheme 

of,  1800,  i.  628. 
Owen,  D.,  1836,  iv.  141. 
Owens,  B,ev.  Isaac,  vii.  728-9. 
Owens    River    valley,    massacre     of 

Indians  in,  1862,  vii.  486. 
Oysters,  vii.  83. 


Pacheco,  R.,  state  treasurer,  1863, 
vii.  303;  gov.  1874,  vii.  367;  de 
feat  of,  1875,  vii.  367;  congress 
man,  1880,  vii.  408;  biog.,  vii. 
408. 

Pacheco,  S.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 

Pacheco,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 

Pacific  Glass  Works,  vii.  99. 

Pacific  Improvement  co.  (see  also 
Western  Development  co.  and 
Contract  &  Finance  co.),  organized, 
etc.,  vii.  614-19. 

Pacific  Mail  Steamship  co.,  establish 
ment  of,  1847-8,  vi.  127-9;  opera 
tions,  etc.,  vi.  129-42;  bought  by 
R.  R.  co.,  vii.  633. 

Pacific  Mill  &  Mining  co.,  vii.  680. 

Pacific  Railroad  (see  also  Central  Pa 
cific  R.  R.),  bill  introd  by  Gwin, 
1852,  vi.  726;  fund,  vii.  559; 
amended,  vii.  565,  627-8. 

Pacific  Railway  Commission,  rep't  of, 
1S88,  vii.  624. 

Pacific  republic,  scheme  for,  vii.  689. 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  VII.  51 


i  Pacific  Stock    Exchange,    organized, 

vii.  669-70. 
Pacific   Wood,    Lumber,   and   Flume 

co.,  vii.  680. 

Pacific   and   Atlantic   Railroad  com 
pany,  organized,  etc.,   1851-3,  vii. 

536. 
Pack-trains,    descript.,    etc.,    of,   vii. 

152-4. 

Padres,  see  *  Friars. ' 
Page,  H.  F.,  congressman,   1880,  vii. 

408;  biog.,  vii.  408, 
Page,  Robert  C.,  vii.  668. 
Page,  Bacon  &  Co.,    mention  of,  vii. 

161;  failure,  vii.  174-9. 
Pague,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Paguenjelayomi,  Ind.    tribe,  iv.  363. 
Pajaro,  mention  of,  vi.  524. 
Pajaro  rancho,  ii.  615. 
Pale,  proposed  site  for  miss.,  i.  554. 
Palen,  Matthew,  vii.  641. 
Palmer,  C.  H.  T.,  vii.  717. 
Palmer,  Henry  D.,  vii.  592. 
Palmer,  Robert,  vii.  640. 
Palmer,  Cook  &  Co.,  breach  of  trust, 

vi.   616;  failure,   etc.,  of,   1856,  vi. 

618;  vii.  177^80. 
Palmer  mine,  vii.  651. 
Palo  Alto,  battle  of,  1846,  v.  193. 
PalosVerdes,  rancho,  v.  320. 
Palou's    'Vida  de   J.    Serra,'    i.    38; 

'Noticias.'i.  39. 

Pamo,  rancheria,  fight  at,  i.  316. 
Panama,  city,  descript.  of,  1849,  vi. 

132. 
Panama^   isthmus,    gold-seekers     at, 

1849,  vi.   130-6;  map  of  route,  vi. 

131. 
Panam£   railway,    opening,    etc.,   of, 

1855,  vi.  139;  mention  of,  vii.  522. 
'Panama,'  steamer,  voy.  of,  1848-9, 

vi.  129,  134,  137. 
Pangua,  T.,  guardian  for  Cal.  miss., 

1803-6,  ii.  27,  165. 
Panoche  Grande  claim,  vi.  561. 
'Panther,'  Amer.  ship,   ii.  457,  475, 

478. 

Paper,  manufact.  of,  vii.  101. 
!  Paredes,  Gen.,   sends  troops  to  Cal., 
!      1842,  iv.    288;   pronunciamento  in 

favor  of,  v.  41. 
|  Parker,  J.,  vi.  509. 
,  Parker,  R.  B.,  vii.  588. 
Parker,  Wm  H.,  vii.  668. 
Park,  T.  W.,  Adams  &  Co.'s  failure, 

vii.  174-5. 
Parks  bar,   mining  on,   1848,  vi.   72; 

richness  of,  vi.  359. 
Parrott,  John,  vii.  610. 


802 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Parsons,  G.  F.,  'Life  and  Adventures 

of    James   W.    Marshall,'  vi.    102; 

biog.,  vi.  102-3. 
Pascual,  Father,  labors  and  death  of 

i.  20. 
Paso  de  Bartolo,  Flores'  forces  at,  v. 

390. 

Passports,  regulations  on,  iii.  177-8. 
Patten,    Major    G.    W.,    establ's    Ft 

Lane,  1853,  vii.  462. 
Paterson,    A.    Van    R.,    supr.    court 

judge,    1887,    vii.    434;    biog..    vii. 

434. 

Patterson,  James  N.,  vii.  618. 
Paty,  Wm,  1836,  iv.  141. 
Paul,  A.  B.,  vii.  639,  666. 
Pauly,  A.,  biog.  of,  vii.  184. 
Pauma  rancho,  massacre  at,  1846,  v. 

567. 

Paxton,  John  A.,  vii.  586. 
Payne,  Col  M.  M.,  at  Fremont  trial, 

v.  456. 

'Payuches,' Ind.  tribe,  iv.  338. 
'Paz  y  Religion,'  ship,  ii.  283. 
Peabody,  I.,  1836,  iv.  141. 
'Peacock,'  ship,  visit  of,  1806,  ii.  37-9; 

iv.  82,  141;  wrecked,  iv.  245. 
Pearce,  Wm  H.,  1836,  iv.  141. 
Pearne,  T.  H.,  Or.  del.  to  S.  F.  R.  R. 

convention,  1859,  vii.  543. 
Pears,  quality  and  yield,  vii.  41. 
Pearson,  Capt.,  mention  of,  vi.  137. 
Pease,  E.  T.,  vii.  557. 
'Pedler,'ship,  capture  of,  1814,  ii.  203, 

271,  305. 

Peel,  mention  of,  vii.  567. 
Pelton,  J.  C.,  establishes  free  school, 

vii.  717;  first  school  law,  vii.  718. 
Pelton,  Mrs  J.  C.,  vii.  717. 
Penal    colony,  Cal.    as,   1825-30,   iii. 

47-50. 
Penasquitos  rancho,  Kearny  encamped 

at,  v.  352. 
Penitencia  creek,  Fages'  expedt.  camp 

at,  i.  184. 

Peralta,  A.  M.,  mention  of,  vi.  478. 
Peralta,  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  479. 
Peralta,  J.  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  476. 
Peralta,  J.   M.,  rancho   of,  1848,  vi. 

10. 

Peralta,  L.,  mention  of,  vi.  65-6. 
Peralta  estate,  litigation    concerning 

the,  vi.  561. 

Peralta  grant,  mention  of,  vii.  580. 
Perez,  B.,  gold  discovery  of,  1848,  vi. 

79. 

Perez,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  317. 
Periodicals,  see  'Journals.' 
'Perkins,/  transport,  v.  513. 


Perkins,  G.  C.,  gov.,  1880,  vii.  408, 
410-11;  biog.,  vii.  410-11. 

Perley,  I).  W.,  challenges  Broderick, 
1859,  vi.  725. 

Perrin,  E.  B.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  604,  753. 

Perris,  F.  F.,  vii.  618. 

Perry,  miner,  vii.   650. 

Perry,  H.  A.,  mention  of,  vii.  78. 

Perry,  J.,  jr,  vii.   668. 

Peru",  effect  in,  of  gold  discov.  in  Cal., 
1848,  vi.  125. 

Pestilence,  prevalence  of,  1833,  iii. 
357. 

Petaluma,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Petaluma,  town,  first  visit  to,  ii.  331; 
settlement  at,  1833,  iii.  255;  hist,  of, 
vi.  507-8;  mention  of,  vii.  583-4. 

Petaluma  creek,  first  Europeans  on,  i. 
290. 

Petaluma  and  Cloverdale  R.  R.  co., 
vii.  589. 

Petaluma  and  Healdsburg  R  R.  co., 
vii.  589. 

Petit-Thouars,  works  of,  i.  40;  iv.  148. 

Petroleum,  vii.  661. 

Pette,  Professor,  vii.  647. 

Phelan,  Jas,  biog.,  vii.  169. 

Phelps,  'Fore  and  Aft,'  iv.  156. 

Phelps,  T.  G.,  congressman,  1861,  vii. 
291;  defeat  of,  vii.  301,  367;  men 
tion  of,  vii.  547;  biog.,  vii.  735. 

Philadelphia,  R.  R.  convention  at, 
1850,  vii.  513-16. 

Phillips,  C.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 

'Phoenix,'  Eng.  ship,  i.  537,  669. 

Phoenix,  quicksilver  mine,  vii.  657. 

Pianos,  manufact.  of,  vii.  81. 

Pickett,  C.  E.,  mention  of,  vi.  270. 

Pico,  J.,  manuscript,  i.  55. 

Pico,  J.  de  J.,  mining  operations, 
1848,  vi.  77. 

Pico,  Pio,  manuscript,  i.  55;  rule  of, 
1845,  iv.  518-45;  farewell  address, 
v.  275. 

Pierce,  Andrew,  vii.  607. 

Pierce 's  'Journal,'  iv.  224-5. 

Pierpont,  James,  missionary,  vii.  730. 

Pigments,  manufact.  of,  vii.  93. 

Pilascitos  rancho,  ii.  615. 

'Pilgrim, 'ship,  iii.  142,  367. 

Pilot  Hill,  a  mining  centre,  1849,  vi. 
353. 

Pinart,  'Document'  on  Russ.  settle 
ment,  ii.  641. 

Pindray,  C.  de,  exped.  to  Sonora,  1851, 
vi.  585. 

Pine  Tree  Mine,  The,  vii,  641. 

Pinole,  Point,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 

Pinole  valley,  Fages'  exped.  in,  i.  185. 


INDEX. 


803 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Pioche  &  Co.,  vii.  660. 

Pioche,  F.  L.  A.,  vii.  720. 

Pioneer  Register,  ii.  683-795,  iii.  733- 
92;  iv.  688-786;  v.  687-784. 

Pioneers,  first  Ainer.  to  arrive,  1791,  i. 
491;  first  foreign  resident,  1814,  ii. 
272;  first  Amer.  settler,  ii.  276; 
additions  to,  in,  1821,  ii.  444;  ar 
rivals,  1822,  ii.  475-9;  1824,  ii.  525- 
7;  1825,  iii.  29;  1826-7,  iii.  176; 
1828,  iii.  178;  1829,  iii.  179;  1830, 
iii.  180;  1831-5,  iii.  385-413;  1836- 
40,  iv.  117-20;  1841,  iv.  279;  1842, 
iv.  341;  1843,  iv.  399;  1844,  iv.  453; 
1845,  iv.  507;  1847-8,  v.  554-7; 
1814-30,  ii.  681;  foreign  residents, 
1823,  ii.  495-6;  residing  at  L.  An 
geles,  1830,  ii.  558;  character  of  old 
settlers,  iv.  115. 

Pious  fund,  report  on,  1773,  i.  214; 
conditions,  etc.,  of,  1773,  i.  214; 
1840-5,  iv.  67,  335-8;  proposed 
hacienda,  i.  581;  Revilla  Gigedo, 
report  on,  i.  631-2;  revenue  from, 
iii.  350;  unsold  property  restored, 
1845,  iv.  554. 

Piru  rancho,  ii.  566. 

Pittsburg,  Cal.,  mention  of,  vi.  528. 

Pixley,  F.  M.,  pres.  of  repub.  conven 
tion,  1868,  vii.  329;  biog.,  vii.  329; 
nomin.  for  cong.,  1868,  vii.  331; 
mention  of,  vii.  668. 

'Pizarro,'  ship,  iii.  24,  118,  519. 

Placer  county,  hist,  .of,  vi.  483-4;  R. 
R.  affairs  in,  vii.  556-7,  562-3. 

Placer ville,  hist,  of,  vi.  467-9;  co. 
seat  of  El  Dorado,  vi.  482;  R.  R. 
meeting  at,  1854,  vii.  540;  stage 
line,  vii.  541;  churches  of,  vii.  729- 
30. 

Placerville  &  Sacramento  valley  rail 
road,  vii.  554-5. 

Plans.     See  'Maps.' 

Platte  river,  emigrants  on  the,  1849, 
vi.  147-50. 

Plum,  C.  M.,  biog.  of,  vii.  187. 

Plumas  county,  mining  in,  1850-6,  vi. 
361-3;  hist,  of,  vi.  492;  creation, 
etc.,  of,  1854,  vii.  441. 

Plumbago,  vii.  662. 

Plumbe,  J.,  R.  R.  scheme  of,  iv.  223; 
vii.  499-500. 

'Pocahontas,'  ship.  iii.   143,  210,  364. 

Point  Concepcion,  Portola's  exped.  at, 
i.  148. 

Point  Reyes,  'Cermenon'  wrecked  at, 
i.  96;  Portola's  exped.  at,  i.  158. 

Point  S.  Pedro,  Portola's  exped.  at,  i. 
155;  first  name,  i.  156. 


Point  Sur,  Cabrillo's  name  for,  i.  76. 

'Polifemia,'  ship,  iv.  159. 

Polk,  Pres.,  war  proclamation,  1846, 
v.  193. 

Politics,  discord  in  S.  F.,  1848-51,  vi. 
209-20,  271-3;  admission  of  state, 
vi.  251-350;  slavery  question,  vi. 
251-6,  290-6,  321,  336-46,  653-6; 
hist,  of,  1848-50,  vi.  251-350;  1850- 
9,  vi.  641-739;  1860,  vii.  251-74; 
1861-5,  vii.  275-314;  1865-8,  vii. 
315-34;  1868-78,  vii.  335-69;  1878- 
9,  vii.  370-406;  1879-89,  vii.  407-44; 
constit.  convention,  1849,  vi.  261  et 
seq. ;  1879,  vii.  370  et  seq. ;  boun 
dary  question,  vi.  291-6;  elections, 
first,  vi.  304-6,  672;  1860,  vii.  272; 

1863,  vii.  303;  1864,  vii.  307;  1867, 
vii.  323;   1868,  vii.  330;    1872,  vii. 
332;  1875,  vii.  367;  1879,  vii.  407; 
1880,  vii.  414;  1882,  vii.  421;  1884, 
vii.  425;  1886,  vii.  433;  democratic 
party,  1849,  vi.  304;  1851,  vi.  648- 
50;    attitude   of,    vi.    672;   victory, 
1852,  vi.  672-3;  state  conven.,  I860, 
vii.  258,  1868,   vii.  330;  in  election, 
1879,    vii.    408;    1881,   vii.    415-16; 
1882,  vii.  421;  1884,  vii.  426;  1886, 
vii.  432;  senatorial  elections,  first,  vi. 
311;  1851,  vi.  646;  Gwin  and  Brod- 
erick,    vi.    658   et   seq.;    1861,    vii. 
273;  1865,  vii.  317;  1867,  vii.  327; 
1886,    vii.    432;    state    capitol,    vi. 
321-5;  whigs,  vi.  650-2,  670;  inde 
pendents,    vi.    652;    knownothings, 
vi.    691-701;    campaign,    1860,    vii. 
251;   state  rights,  vii.  262  et  seq.; 
republicans,  vii.  257-8,  291,  329-32, 
364-5,  408-11,  415-17,  425,  433-5; 
union  meeting,  1861,  vii.  277;  union 
state   conv.,   vii.   307;    copperhead, 

1864,  vii.  308;  party  changes,  1365- 
8,  vii.  315  et  seq. ;  railroad  influence, 
vii.  323,  444,  629;  Chinese  question, 
vii.  334  et  seq. ;  primary  elections, 
vii.  315-17;  short  hairs  party,  vii. 
317-19;    labor  agitations,   vii.    348; 
the  sand-lot,  vii.  355;  workingmen's 
party,  vii.  355-6,  361-2,  372-4,  408- 
11;  Dolly  Varden's  party,  vii.  365; 
reform  party,  1875,  vii.  367;  water 
rights  in,  vii.  428;  American  party, 
vii.  436;  in  S.  F.,  vii.  689-90. 

Pollock,  congressman,  R.  R.  rept  of, 

1848,  vii.  505. 

Pollock,  Rev.  D.  W.,  vii.  729. 
Pollock,  Col  R.  mention  of,  vii.  469. 
Pond,  W.  C.,  missionary  to  Cal.,  vii. 

730. 


804 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Pony  express.     See  'Mails.' 

Poole,  U.  S.  marshal,  vii.  621. 

Poor  man's  creek,  mining  yield,  1850- 
6,  vi.  357. 

Pope,  Gen.  J.,  in  command,  1883,  vii. 
472. 

Pope,  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 

Population,  statistics  of,  1801-10,  ii. 
107-8,  110,  115-16,  121,  123,  132, 
137-8,  148-9,  151,  153-4;  1811-20, 
346-50,  355,  358,  364-8,  377,  380, 
383-7,  390;  1821-30,  ii.  552,  554, 
556,  567-8,  580-2,  595-6,  599,  601-2, 
609,  616,  619-20,  622,  624;  1830-48, 
v.  524,  643;  vi.  3;  at  San  Diego 
miss.,  iii.  610;  at  S.  L.  Rey,  iii.  622; 
at  S.  Juan  Cap.,  1831-4,  iii.  625; 
at  S.  Gabriel,  1831-4,  iii.  643;  at 
S.  Fernando,  1831-4,  iii.  646;  at 
Sta  Barbara,  1831-4,  iii.  656;  at 
S.  Buenaventura,  1831-4,  iii.  660; 
at  Sta  Ines,  1831-4,  iii.  660;  at  S. 
Carlos,  1831-4,  iii.  680;  at  S.  L. 
Obispo,  1831-4,  iii.  681;  at  S. 
Miguel,  1831-4,  iii.  684;  at  Soledad, 
1831-4,  iii.  690;  at  S.  J.  Bautista, 
1831-4,  iii.  691;  at  Sta  Cruz,  1831- 
2,  iii.  693;  at  Dolores  miss.,  1831- 
4,  iii.  714;  at  S.  Rafael,  1831-2,  iii. 
716;  at  Solano,  1831-4,  iii.  719;  at 
Sta  Clara,  1831-2,  iii.  727;  increase, 
1811-20,  ii.  392-3;  increase  at  pue 
blos,  1811-20,  ii.  413;  foreign 
arrivals,  1816-18,  ii.  393;  at  Ross, 
ii.  631-2;  decrease  in  S.  Diego  dist, 
1840,  iii.  611;  S.  Antonio,  1831-4, 
iii.  686;  S.  Jose  miss.,  1831-4,  iii. 
724;  character  and  composition,  vi. 
2-4;  of  San  Francisco,  1849,  vi. 
168;  early,  vii.  695-6;  number  of, 
1849-80,  vii.  698-701;  amusements 
of,  vii.  711-13;  female,  vii.  709-10, 
715-16. 

'Porpoise,'  U.  S.  explor.  ship,  iv. 
245. 

Port  Costa,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 

Port  Harford,  mention  of,  vi.  523. 

Porter,  B.  F.,  biog.,  vii.  749. 

Porter,  G.  K.,  biog.,  vii.  749. 

Portezuelo  rancho,  granted,  i.  662. 

'Portsmouth,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  63,  102, 
129,  199,  200-1,  224,  254,  295,  356. 

Portu,  Lt  Jose,  app't'd  to  Cal.,  iii. 
236. 

Postoffice,  see  'Mails.' 

Potosi  mine,  vii.  673. 

Potrero  rancho,  ii.  615. 

Potter,  mining  operations,  1848,  vi. 
71. 


Potter,  Geo.  C.,  vii.  587. 

Poultry,  raising,  etc.,  of,  vii.  62. 

Powder,  manufact.  of,  vii.  99-100. 

'Preble,'  U.  S.  sloop- of- war,  v.  511- 
13. 

Pratt,  O.  C.,  biog.,  vii.  223. 

Preciado,  name  Cal.,  1539,  i.  65. 

'Predpriatie,'  Russ.  ship,  ii.  522,  645. 

Prefects,  appointment  of,  iii.  585; 
duties,  iii.  586. 

Prefectures,  restored,  1845,  iv.  533. 

Presbyterian  church,  vii.  727. 

Presidios,  reglamento  de,  1772,  i.  206- 
7;  S.  F.  established,  i.  289;  in 
spectors  of  app't'd,  i.  334;  Sola's 
report  on,  1818,  ii.  250-2. 

Preveaux,  Rev.,  vii.  728. 

Prevost,  I.  B.,  Russ.  settlement  at 
Ross.,  1818,  ii.  317. 

Prevost,  L.,  experiments  in  sericul 
ture,  1853-4,  vii.  32-3. 

Price,  R.  M.,  del.  to  constit.  conven 
tion,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  286. 

Price,  Col  Sterling,  at  Sta  Fe,  1846, 
v.  482. 

'Princess,'  explor.  ship,  i.  329,  444, 
542,  653,  670;  ii.  83,  88,  96. 

Principio  river,  see  'Little  river.' 

Printing,  first,  1833,  iii.  241. 

'  Providence, '  Eng.  man  of  war,  visit 
of,  i.  538-9. 

Provincias  Internas,  Cal.  separated 
from,  i.  503. 

Protestants,  vii.  727-31. 

Pry  or,  W.  L.,  vii.  618. 

'Public  institute,' school  at  S.  F. 
1848,  vii.  717. 

Pueblo  lands,  title,  etc.,  vii.  565-6; 
grants  of,  vi.  566-70;  litigation 
concerning,  vi.  568-70. 

Pueblos  of  Xexu  province,  1542,  i. 
73;  beginnings,  i.  306-16;  experi 
mental,  i.  312;  regulations  for, 
1781,  i.  337;  not  prosperous,  i.  600- 
2;  population,  1800,  i.  601. 

Pulnomanoc,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Punta  de  Pinos,  named,  i.  101. 

Purcell,  J.  D.,  vii.  618. 

Purdy,  lieut-gov.,  1854,  vi.  681. 

Purisima,  founded,  i.  424-5;  revolt  of 
neophytes,  ii.  547;  events  at,  1791- 
1800,  i.  675-6;  events  at,  1801-10, 
ii.  123;  1811-20,  ii.  366-8;  1821-30, 
ii.  580;  1831-40,  iii.  664-6;  hemp 
culture  at,  ii.  179-80;  earthquake, 
1812,  ii.  201;  revolt  of  Indsat,  1824, 
ii.  529-30;  foreign  vessels  allowed 
at,  iii.  127;  secularization  of,  iii. 
346;  slaughter  of  cattle,  iii.  349; 


INDEX. 


805 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


value  of   exports,   1840,  iv.  80;   re 
stored  to  friars,  1843,  iv.  369;  con 
dition   of,    1844,    iv.    421;    sale   of 
miss,  estate,  iv.  553;  v.  558. 
Putto,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 


Quartara,  A.,  comd't  at  S.  Bias,  1819, 

ii.  253. 
Quartz  miners'  association,  organized, 

vii.  642. 

Quartz  mining,  method,  vii.  637. 
Queen,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  279. 
Quicksilver,    discov.,    1796,     i.     670; 

export  of,  1856,  vii.  116;  mining  of, 

vii.  656-9. 

Quimby  £  Co.,  vii.  638. 
Quincy,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  492. 
Quintano,    Lieut     F.,    with    exped., 

1791,  i.  490. 


R 


Rabe,  W.,  vii.  543. 

'Raccoon,' Eng.  ship,  ii.  204,  271-2, 
373. 

Railroads,  overland,  early  efforts  for, 
iv.  222-4;  the  new  constitut.  1879, 
vii.  383,  386-9;  taxation  of,  vii. 
427-8;  proposed,  vii.  498-508;  con 
ventions,  vii.  508^16;  routes,  vii. 
509-17;  surveys,  vii.  520-1,  547; 
Panama,  vii.  522;  legislation,  vii. 
519-35,  598;  Pacific  &  Atlantic,  vii. 
536;  subsidies,  vii.  598;  debt  and 
discrimination,  vii.  620—32. 

'  Rainbow, '  schooner,  see  '  Sitka. ' 

Rains,    Major  E.   J.,    at   Ft  Dalles, 

1852,  vii.  461. 

Raisins,  product,  etc. ,  of,  vii.  45, 745-6. 
Ralston,    Senator,    bill    introd     by, 

1853,  vi.  675-6. 

Ralston,  W.  C.,  career   of,  vii.   163; 

R.  R.   director,  vii.  610;    manager 

Bank   of   Cal.,  vii.  674;    death   of, 

vii.  678. 

Ramirez,  revolt  of,  1837,  iii.  523-5. 
Ramirez,  Padre,  chaplain   to  constit. 

convention,  1849,  vi.  290. 
Ramirez,  Pedro,  agent  for  Cal.  bishop, 

1840-2,  iv.  67,  335-7,  427. 
Rancherias,  of   S.  Juan  Cap.,  list,  i. 

563;    of   S.   Juan   Bautista,  list,  i. 

557. 
Rancho   del   Rey,   stock   at,   1800,  i. 

648-9;  Mont,  dist,  condition,  1800, 


i.  682-3;  S.  F.  dist  controversy 
over,  i.  707-8. 

Ranchos,  early  grants,  1795-1800,  i. 
661-3;  of  Mont,  dist,  i.  683;  ii. 
614-15;  iii.  676-9;  v.  637;  iii.  676-9; 
v.  637;  S.  F.  dist,  i.  707-8;  ii.  592-4; 
iii.  711-13;  v.  659;  of  southern 
dist,  1802-10,  ii.  111-12;  of  L. 
Angeles  dist,  ii.  565-6;  v.  627;  list 
of  grants,  1821-30,  ii.  663-4;  list 
of,  1831^0,  iii.  633-4;  Sta  Barbara 
dist,  iii.  655-6;  v.  632;  official 
plunder  of,  1846,  v.  358;  of  S. 
Diego  dist,  v.  619. 

Randol,  A.  M.,  biog.,  vii.  758. 

Randolph,  oration,  i.  157. 

Randolph,  E.,  in  JS.  F.  land  case,  iii. 
708;  the  New  Almaden  suit,  vi. 
559;  biog.,  vi.  679;  nominated  for 
attorney -gen.,  1859,  vi.  723;  men 
tion  of,  vii.  337. 

Raousset,  Count  G.  R.  de,  appear 
ance,  etc.,  of,  vi.  585-6;  filibust. 
expeds  of,  1852-4,  vi.  586-92;  exe 
cution  of,  1854,  vi.  592;  character, 
vi.  592. 

Ravenswood,  mention  of,  vi.  526. 

'Rasselas,'  ship,  iv.  142. 

Rattlesnake  ledge,  mine,  vii.  651. 

Reading,  P.  B.,  mention  of,  vi.  17; 
exped.  of,  1848,  vi.  72-3;  mining 
operations,  1848,  vi.  69-70,  364; 
rancho,  etc.,  of,  vi.  492-3. 

Real,  Padre,  of  Santa  Clara  mission, 
1848,  vi.  6. 

Ream,  Dr  D.,  biog.,  vii.  731. 

Red  Bluff,  hist,  of,  vi.  496-7. 

Redding,  B.  B.,  seer,  of  state,  1863, 
vii.  303;  mention  of,  vii.  561,  599. 

Redington,  John  H.,  vii.  588. 

Redman,  Louis,  vii.  641. 

Redwood  City,  hist,  of,  vi.  526. 

Reed,  mention  of,  vii.  638. 

Reed,  J.  F.,  at  San  Jose,  1848,  vi.  9. 

Reed,  Major  J.  S.,  mention  of,  vii. 
470. 

Reese,  Michael,  vi.  315;  vii.  584-5, 
610,  655,  720. 

Refugio  rancho,  Bouchard's  attack 
on,  ii.  236-7;  foreign  vessels  al 
lowed  at,  iii.  127. 

Reichert,  T..  surveyor-gen.,  1887, 
vii.  434;  biog.,  vii.  435. 

Reid,  Dr  R.  K.,  biog.,  vii.  705. 

Reid,  James,  W.  E.,  in  Wilkes'  ex- 
pedt.,  iv.  241. 

'Reina  de  Los  Angeles,'  ship,  ii. 
253. 

'Relief,'  U.  S.  store  ship,  iv.  314. 


806 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Religion,  observance  of  the  Sabbath, 

vii.  712;  hist,  of,  1849-89,  vii.  726- 

31. 
Rengel,  Gen.,  offl  acts,  1784-6,  i.  422, 

424,  448-9,  454. 
'  Republicano, '  ship,  iv.  340. 
Republicans,     state     convention     of, 

18(50,  vii.   257-8;  attitude  of,  1861, 

vii.  278;  victory  of,  1861,  vii.  291; 

convention    of,    1868,    vii.    329-30; 

progress    of    party,     1868-84,    vii. 

331-2;    success   of,   1871,    vii.    364; 

split  among,  vii.  365;   election  of, 

1879,  vii.  408-11;  1881,  vii.  415-17; 

1884,  vii.  425;  1886,  vii.  433-5. 
Revely,   Win,  translator  of   'Costan- 

so's  Diario,'  i.  139. 
Revenue,  i.  632-4;  officers,  1828,  iii. 

65;  1831-5,  iii.  376-8;  for  1828,  iii. 

131;    1831-40,  iii.   367,  617;  iv.  80; 

1841,  iv.    191;  1842,  iv.   340;  1843, 

iv.  377;    1844,    432;    1845,   iv.   560; 

admin,  of,  1836-40,  iv.  96-8;  state, 

1850-75,  vi.  605-22. 
Revilla-Gigedo,   viceroy,  offl  acts  in, 

1789-94,  i.  449,  481,  502-25,  5:10-1 

534,  579-81,  602,  631-2. 
Rex  Moates,  mines,  vii.  651. 
Reyes,  Ant.,  bishop  of  Cal.,  1782,  i. 

378,  420,  421. 
Rhoads,  T.,  vi.  12. 
Rhodes,  Judge  A.  L.,  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.   235;  supreme  judge,   1863,  vii. 

304. 

Rice,  cultivation  of,  vii.  25. 
Rice,  DeWitt  Clinton,  vii.  582. 
Richards,  aids  in  raising  Mormou  batl., 

v.  476. 

Richards,  C.  J.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Richardson,   at   Yerba   Buena,    1835, 

vi.  164. 

Richardson,  W.  A.,  rancho  of,  vi.  21. 
Richardson,  W.  H.,   U.    S.  marshal, 

1853,  vi.    674. 
Ricks,  C.  S.,  vii.  589. 
Ridge ville,  mention  of,  vi.  506. 
Riley,  Gen.  B.,  gov.  of  Cal.,  1849,  vi. 

275;  vii.  447;  administr.,   vi.   275- 

306. 
Ringgold,  Lieut-col,  mention  of,    vii. 

470. 
Rio  Grande,  crossed   by  Mex.   force, 

1846,  v.  193. 

Riparian  rights,  see  'irrigation.' 
Riverside,  mention  of,  vi.  421. 
Riverside,  Santa  Ana  R.  R.,  vii.  616. 
Rix,  A.,  vii.  719. 
Roach,   Senator  P.  A.,  biog.,  vi.  657; 

the  labor  agitation,  1877,  vii.  355. 


Roads,  work  on,  1811-20,  ii.  416; 
construction,  etc.,  of,  1849-56,  vii. 
142-3. 

Roberts,  E.  R.,  vii.  663. 

Roberts,  S.  W.,  the  Phil.  R.  R.  con 
vention,  1850,  vii.  515-16. 

Roberts,  Rev.  Wm,  vii.  727-8. 

Robinson,  H.  C.,  biog.,  vi.  657. 

Robinson,  J.  R.,  vii.  607. 

Robinson,  'Life  in  Cal.,'  iv.  343-4. 

Robinson,  delegate,  the  Phil.  R.  R. 
convention,  1850,  vii.  515. 

Robinson,  David,  vii.  654. 

Robinson,  E.  I.,  vii.  599. 

Robinson,  J.  C.,  biog.,  vii.  634-5. 

Robinson,  L.  L.,  vii.  539. 

Robinson,  T.,  vi.  679. 

Robles,  Leodero,  vii.  .656. 

Robles,  Secundino,  vii.  656. 

Rodewald,  Frederick,  vii.  585-6. 

Roelofson,  W.  F.,  vii.  582. 

Roether,  C.,  vi.  16.^ 

Rogers,  of  Barleson's  party,  iv.  269. 

Rogers,  Rev.  J.,  vii.  717. 

Rogers,  Major  W.,  mention  of,  vi. 
319. 

Rohrer,  J.  B.,  biog.,  vii.  741. 

Rolling  mills,  vii.  95-6. 

Roman,  R.,  treasurer,  1849,  vi.  314; 
appraiser-gen.,  1857,  vi.  711;  as 
signee  for  Adams  &  Co.,  vii.  177. 

Romen,  gov.,  rule  of,  1791-2,  i.  481- 
500. 

'Rosa, 'ship,  iii.  288,  367. 

Rose,  J.,  vi.  20. 

Rose  bar,  mention  of,  vi.  359. 

Rosecrans,  W.  S.,  congressman,  1881, 
vii.  416-17;  biog.,  vii.  416. 

Ross,  commercial  relations  with,  ii. 
202-3;  Russ.  ordered  to  leave, 
1814,  ii.  204;  founding  of,  ii.  298-9; 
map  of,  ii.  300;  Moraga  visits, 
1812-14,  ii.  300-4;  viceroy's  orders 
concerning,  ii.  304-6;  G.  Arguello 
at,  ii.  309;  proposition  to  abandon, 
ii.  319-20;  communication  with  S.  F., 
ii.  373;  windmill  at,  1816,  ii.  416; 
visit  of  Fernandez,  1822,  ii.  463-5; 
visited  by  Kotzebue,  1824,  ii.  523; 
events  at,  1821-30,  ii.  628-52; 
bibliography  of,  ii.  640-1 ;  expenses 
of  colony,  ii.  652;  Patties'  medical 
service  at,  iii.  169;  Russ.  prepara 
tions  to  abandon,  1841,  iv.  177; 
proposed  sale  to  Vallejo,  iv.  177; 
sold  to  Sutter,  iv.  178-81;  depart 
ure  of  Russians,  iv.  186. 

Ross,  C.  L.,  'Experiences  of  a  Pio 
neer,'  MS.,,  vi.  58. 


INDEX. 


807 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Ross,  E.  M.,  supr.  court  judge,  1880, 
vii.  409. 

Ross,  James,  vii.  590. 

Roop,  I.,  vi.  493. 

Roop  county,  creation,  etc.,  of,  1864, 
vi.  494. 

Rough  and  Ready,  town,  hist,  of,  vi. 
485-6. 

'Roumantzof,'  ship,  ii.  640. 

Rouset  de  Jesus,  F.,  bishop  of  Cal. 
1802-14,  ii.  166-7;  death  of,  ii. 
411. 

'Rover,'  ship,  ii.  404,  520;  iii.  24, 
119-20. 

Rowe,  E.  A.,  vi.  618. 

Rowe's  circus,  mention  of,  vi.  543-4. 

Rowland,  W.  R.,  biog.  of,  vii.  759. 

Rucker,  Major  D.  H.,  at  San  Luis 
Rey,  1849,  vii.  448. 

Ruelle,  J.  B.,  vi.  67-9. 

Rufus.  E.,  rancho,  etc.,  of,  1848,  vi. 
19-20. 

Rule,  John,  vii.  638. 

Rulofson,  W.  F.,  vii.  585. 

Rumiantzof,  fits  out  explor.  ship, 
1816,  ii.  278. 

'Rurik,'  Kotzebue's  ship,  ii.  278,  373, 
645. 

Rush  creek,  mining  yield,  1850-6,  vi. 
357. 

Rusk,  T.  J.,  letter  to  Phil.  R.  R. 
convention,  1850,  vii.  513-14. 

Russ,  A.  G.,  biog.,  vii.  694. 

Russell,  W.  H.,  sec.  of  state,  1847, 
vi.  259. 

Russian  Amer.  co.,  L.  Arguello's  con 
tract  with,  ii.  494. 

Russian  Fur  co.,  proclamation  of, 
1810,  ii.  294-6. 

Russian  river,  flood  on  the,  1863,  vii. 
16. 

Russian  settlements,  description  of, 
ii.  628-31;  map  of,  ii.  629. 

Ryder,  J.  M.,  vii.  582. 

Russians,  Spanish  fears  of,  i.  112,  227; 
ii.  483;  war  with,  news  rec'd,  i. 
546;  peace  with,  ii.  4;  contract 
with  O'Cain,  1803,  ii.  25;  fur  hunt 
ing  in  Cal.,  1805-6,  ii.  40-1;  dis 
coveries  of,  1741,  ii.  59;  other  hunt 
ing  contracts,  1810-11,  ii.  93-4; 
trade  with,  1806,  ii.  183;  1817,  ii. 
216;  form  settlement  at  Bodego,  ii. 
199;  doings  in  Cal.,  1821-30,  ii. 
628-52;  policy  of,  ii.  641-2;  Ech- 
eandia  vs.,  ii.  649;  actions  in  Cal., 
1831-41,  iv.  158-189;  departure  of 
colony,  iv.  186. 

Ryland,  C.  T.,  biog.  of,  vii.  334. 


Sacalanes,  Inds,  exped.  against,  i.  548, 
710-12. 

'Sachem,'  ship,  ii.  475,  478,  493;  iii. 
18,  24. 

Sacramento,  climate,  etc.,  of,  vi. 
23-4;  dramatic  performances  at, 
1849,  vi.  244;  mass  meeting  at, 
1849,  vi.  279;  seat  of  gov't  establ'd 
at,  vi.  322-5;  hist,  of,  vi.  447-63; 
courts  of,  vii.  239;  legisl.  removed 
from,  1862,  vii.  293-4;  co.  conven 
tion  at,  1865,  vii.  317-19;  repub. 
convention  at,  18G8,  vii.  329-30; 
railroads,  vii.  537-9;  R.  R.  meet 
ing  at,  1861,  vii.  544;  terminus, 
vii.  577-8;  early  schools  of,  vii.  717; 
churches  of,  vii.  728. 

Sacramento  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  484- 
5;  crime  in,  1850-80,  vii.  215;  name, 
etc.,  vii.  439;  aid  to  R.  R.,  1863. 
vii.  556. 

Sacramento,  Placer  and  Nev.  R.  R. 
co.,  authorized  to  sell  the,  1863,  vii. 
556. 

Sacramento  river,  exped.  on,  1811,  ii. 
322;  exploration  of,  1818,  ii.  331; 
Kotzebue  on,  1824,  ii.  523;  Sutter's 
voy.  up,  iv.  130-1;  first  passage  of 
a  ship  up,  iv.  135;  Belcher's  survey 
of,  iv.  144-5;  Fremont  on,  1846,  v. 
170. 

Sacramento  valley,  pestilence  in, 
1833,  iii.  357;  settlers  revolt  in, 
1846,  v.  77;  Ind.  outrages  in;  1847- 
8,  v.  568-9;  name,  vi.  2;  soil,  etc., 
vii.  21. 

Sacramento  Valley  Railroad  co., 
operations,  etc.,  of,  vii.  537-9. 

Sacred  Heart  college,  vii.  722. 

Sacred  Heart  Presentation  convent, 
vii.  722. 

Saddlery,  manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  92. 

St  Helena,  mention  of,  vi.  510. 

St  Louis,  R.  R.  convention  at,  1849, 
vii.  508-9;  deputation  A.  &  P.  P. 
R.  to  S.  F.,  vii.  606-7. 

'St  Louis,'  U.  S.  man  of  war,  iv.  36, 
96. 

St  Louis  &  S.  F.  R.  R.  co.,  vii.  616. 

St  Mary's  college,  vii.  722. 

Salcedo,  Col,  inspects  troops  for  Cal., 
1795,  i.  536. 

Salgado,  T.,  of  Cal.  junta  in  Mex., 
1825-7,  iii.  3;  report  on  Cal.  miss., 
iii.  109. 

Salinas,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  523-4. 

Salinas  rancho,  ii.  615. 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Salinas  river,  first  name  for,  i.  150; 
Fages'  exped.  cross,  1772,  i.  184-7; 
immigrants  at,  1776,  i.  268;  Fre 
mont  encamps  at,  v.  9. 

Salmon  fisheries,  vii.  82. 

Salmon  river,  mining  on,  vi.  365. 

Salt,  ii.  651;  vii.  659. 

Salt  Lake  City,  return  of  Mormon 
bat.  to,  v.  496;  festival  at,  1855,  v. 
497-8. 

Sampelayo,  Gerdnimo  de,  sends  sup 
plies  to  S.  Cruz,  1790,  i.  492. 

'San  Agustin,'  Camenon's  ship,  i. 
96. 

San  Andreas,  town,  mention  of,  vi. 
512. 

San  Andreas  Vallecito,  mention  of,  vi. 
374. 

San  Antonio,  mission  established,  i. 
176-7;  want  of  supplies,  i.  187; 
miss,  force  at,  1773,  i.  196;  locality 
of,  i.  200;  condition  of  Inds,  1773, 
i.  203;  buildings  at,  1773,  i.  204; 
agric.  at,  1773,  i.  205;  alarm  at, 
1775,  i.  256;  prosperity  at,  1776,  i. 
298;  alcalde  and  regidore  chosen, 
1778,  i.  331;  friars  serving,  1783-90, 
i.  469;  events  at,  1791-1800,  i.  688- 
9;  1801-10,  ii.  151-2;  1811-20,  ii. 
385;  1821-30,  ii.  621-2;  1831-40,  iii. 
686-8;  secularized,  iii.  353;  restored 
to  friars,  1843,  iv.  369;  local  annals, 
1846-8,  v.  639-40. 

'San  Antonio,' ship,  i.  116,  121,  124, 
126,  136,  166-7,  175,  189,  215,  241, 
282,  287. 

San  Antonio  rancho,  ii.  594. 

San  Benito  region  explored,  1795,  i. 
551. 

San  Benito  county,  creation  etc.,  of, 
vi.  524;  vii.  442-3. 

San  Bernardino,  Jedediah  Smith's 
party  at,  iii.  155;  Ind.  attack  at, 
iii.  359-60;  hist,  of,  vi.  520-1. 

San  Bernardino  county,  hist,  of,  vi. 
519-21;  creation,  etc.,  of,  1853,  vii. 
441;  S.  P.  R.  R.  in,  vii.  617;  min 
ing  in,  vii.  640. 

San  Bernardino  R.  R.,  vii.  619. 

San  Bernardino  valley,  Fages'  exped. 
in,  i.  184. 

San  Bernardino  Valley  R.  R.,  vii.  616. 

San  Bernardino  &  Los  Angeles  R.  R. 
Co.,  vii.  616. 

San  Bernardino  &  San  Diego  R.  R., 
vii.  616. 

San  Bernardo,  skirmish  at,  1846,  v. 
348-50;  advance  of  Stockton  from, 
1846,  v.  386. 


San  Bias,  expenses  of  establishment 
at,  i.  208;  Cal.  bound  fleet  from, 
1775,  i.  240;  explor.  fleet  fitted  out, 
i.  328;  suppl.  to  be  sent  from,  i. 
334;  trade  with,  ii.  184;  Graham 
party  at,  iv.  15;  list  of  exiles,  iv. 
17;  blockade  of,  v.  284. 

San  Buenaventura,  founding  post 
poned,  i.  181;  events  at,  1791-1800, 
i.  674-5;  1801-10,  ii.  121-2;  1811- 
20,  ii.  365-6;  1821-30,  ii.  578-80; 
1831-40,  iii.  658-61;  founded,  i. 
373-7;  friars  assigned  to,  i.  376; 
miss,  church  consecrated,  ii.  89; 
earthquake,  1812,  ii.  201;  disaster 
at,  1819,  ii.  332-4;  occupied -by 
Carrillo's  force,  iii.  549;  battle  at, 
1838,  iii.  552-4;  secularization,  iv. 
46;  restored  to  friars,  iv.  369;  con 
dition  of,  iv.  421;  Micheltorena  at, 
iv.  501;  leased,  1845,  iv.  553;  miss, 
estate  rented,  v.  558;  sale  of  miss, 
estate,  v.  561;  local  annals,  1846-8, 
v.  634-5;  mention  of,  vi.  523. 

San  Carlos,  news  of  founding  of  miss., 
i.  124;  miss,  and  presidio  founded, 
1770,  i.  170-1;  miss,  transferred  to 
Carmelo  bay,  i.  177-8;  residing 
ministers,  i.  178;  conversions  at, 
1770,  175;  Crespi  returns  to,  i.  187; 
miss,  force  at,  1773,  i.  196;  locality 
of,  i.  200;  condition  of  Inds,  1773, 
i.  203;  buildings  at,  1773,  i.  203; 
agric.  at,  1773,  i.  205;  immigrants 
arrive,  1776,  i.  268;  alcalde  and 
regidore  chosen,  1778,  i.  331;  death 
and  burial  of  Serra,  i.  409-1 1 ;  f rairs 
serving,  1783-90,  i.  469;  Gov.  Romen 
buried  at,  i.  490;  reception  of  Van 
couver,  i.  512;  events  at,  1791-1800, 
i.  685-8;  1801-10,  ii.  146-8;  1811- 
20,  ii.  383-4;  1821-30,  ii.  616; 
1831-40,  iii.  679-80;  wife  murder 
at,  i.  688;  land  troubles,  1802,  ii.  7; 

§ov.  and  offls  swear  loyalty  to 
pain,  1808,  ii.  88;  secularization 
of,  iii.  346. 

'San  Carlos,'  ship,  for.  Cal.,  i.  116, 
328;  ii.  253,  292,  473;  leaves  La 
Paz,  i.  120,  voyage  of,  i.  128-30; 
returns  to  S.  Bias,  i.  168;  arrives 
with  supplies,  i.  189;  enters  S.  F. 
bay,  1775,  i.  246,  288;  with  supplies 
at  Mont.,  i.  287;  voy.  to  Alaska, 
1788,  i.  444;  brings  news  of  Eng. 
war,  i.  542;  wreck  of,  1797,  i.  706; 
at  Mont.,  1809,  ii.  88,  212;  conveys 
Fernandez  to  Cal.,  ii.  456. 

San  Cayetano  rancho,  ii.  615. 


INDEX. 


809 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


San  Clemente  island,  named,  i.  99; 
inhabitants  of,  1803,  ii.  11. 

San  Digueto,  Ind.  pueblo,  iii.  339, 
628. 

S.  Diego,  Ferrelo  at,  1543,  i.  80;  oc 
cupation  of  ordered,  i.  113-14; 
messages  from,  at  Loreto,  i.  124; 
occupation  of,  1769,  i.  126-39;  first 
settlement  at,  1769,  i.  134;  Portola's 
inarch  to  Monterey,  i.  140;  return 
of  Portola's  exped't.,  i.  163;  affairs 
at,  1770,  i,  164;  the  'San  Antonio' 
at,  i.  167-8;  events  at,  1771,  i. 
178-9;  1772-3,  i.  189-92;  1776-7, 
i.  299-303;  1791-1800,  i.  645-54; 
1801-10,  ii.  97-107;  1811-20,  ii. 
340-6;  1821-30,  ii.  539-52;  1831- 
40,  iii.  608-21;  events  at,  1846-8, 
v.  326-9;  355-6,  616-20;  want  of 
supplies,  i.  187;  miss,  force  at, 
1773,  i.  195;  locality  of,  i.  200; 
rancherias  near,  i.  202;  buildings 
at,  1773,  i.  204;  Ortega  in  com'd  at, 
i.  216;  Serra  at,  from  Mex.,  i.  225; 
miss,  moved,  i.  229-30;  destruction 
of  miss.,  1775,  i.  249-55;  martyr 
dom  of  Padre  Jaume,  i.  250-2;  a 
night  of  terror,  i.  251;  Anza  goes 
to  relief  of,  i.  265;  alcalde  and  regi- 
dore  chosen,  1778,  i.  331;  old  pre 
sidio  church  burnt,  i.  385;  map  of, 
1782,  i.  456;  Vancouver  at,  i.  522; 
school  at,  1795,  i.  643;  military 
force,  i.  646-8;  population,  i.  648; 
buildings,  i.  651;  Vancouver's  de 
scription,  i.  650;  presidio  officers, 
i.  451-2;  presidio  force,  population, 
i.  452;  buildings,  i.  453;  garrison 
life,  i.  453;  miss,  frairs  at,  1784- 
95,  i.  455-6;  report  on,  i.  457;  con 
versions,  1790,  i.  457;  agric.,  1790, 
i.  457;  affair  of  the  'Lelia  Byrd' 
at,  1803,  ii.  11-14;  fight  at,  ii.  13; 
explor.  exped't.  from,  1806,  ii.  47; 
map  of  dist,  ii.  105;  earthquake  at, 
1803,  ii.  106;  earthquake,  1820,  ii. 
344,  cloudburst  at,  1821,  ii.  443; 
oath  to  Mex.  empire,  1822,  ii.  452; 
friars  refuse  taking  oath  to  rep., 
1825,  iii.  7;  transfer  of  office,  1825, 
iii.  10;  junta  at,  1828,  iii.  41;  con 
victs  not  allowed  to  land,  1830,  iii. 
48;  revenue,  1826,  iii.  118;  1828, 
iii.  131;  1830,  iii.  145;  1831,  iii. 
363;  Duhant-Cilly  at,  iii.  129;  cus 
tom-house  at,  1829,  iii.  136;  Amer. 
flag  raised  at,  1829,  iii.  138;  Fitch 
romance,  iii.  140-4;  Jedediah 
Smith's  party  at,  iii.  154;  Patties' 


visit,  1827,  iii.  162-8;  pronuncia- 
mento  at,  1831,  iii.  290-4;  colony 
arrives  at,  1834,  iii.  267;  emancipa 
tion  at,  iii.  351;  secularized,  iii. 
353;  troops  refuse  duty,  iii.  481; 
loyal,  1836,  iii.  483;  plan  of,  1837, 
iii.  516-18;  reception  of  Bandini, 
iii.  519;  oath  of  allegiance  taken, 
iii.  521;  Carrillo  retires  to,  iii.  556; 
arrests  at,  iii.  577-8;  Ind.  plot  at, 
1837,  iv.  69;  value  of  exports, 
1840,  iv.  80;  arrival  of  Michelto- 
rena,  iv.  290;  guns  for,  spiked  by 
Phelps,  iv.  320;  swearing  to  the 
bases  at,  1843,  iv.  359;  restored  to 
friars,  1843,  iv.  369;  condition  of 
miss.,  1844;  iv.  422;  Fremont  at, 
1846,  v.  266-7;  reoccupation  of, 
1846,  v.  325;  Kearny  reenforced 
from,  v.  351;  Mormon  battl.  arrive 
at,  v.  486;  Stev.  regt  at,  v.  514; 
sale  of  miss,  estate,  v.  561;  climate, 
etc.,  of,  vi.  24;  hist,  of,  vi.  479-80, 
519-20;  mention  of,  vi.  520;  pueblo 
lands,  vi.  567;  name,  vii.  437;  Ind. 
outbreak  at,  1851,  vii.  455;  R.  R. 
enterprise  at,  vii.  595,  633. 

'San  Diego,'  Vizcaino's  flag  ship,  i. 
98. 

S.  Diego  bay,  Cabrillo  at,  1542,  i.  70; 
Vizcaino's  exped't.  at,  i.  97-8; 
named,  i.  98;  arrival  of  the  'S. 
Carlos, 'i.  130. 

San  Diego  Central  R.  R.,  vii.  616. 

San  Diego  co.,  quartz  excitement  in, 
vii.  641. 

San  Diego,  Cuyamaca  &  Eastern  R. 
R.,  vii.  633. 

San  Diego,  Gila,  S.  P.  &  Atlantic  R. 
R.  co.,  vii.  595-6. 

San  Diego  mission,  founded,  i.  137; 
events  at,  1791-1800,  i.  654-7. 

S.  Fernando,  founding  of,  i.  561-2; 
events  at,  1797-1800,  i.  562;  1801- 
10,  ii.  115-16;  1811-20,  ii.  357-8; 
1821-30,  ii.  569-70;  1831-40,  iii. 
645-8;  1846-8,  v.  629-30;  seculari 
zation  of,  iii.  346;  fall  of,  1837,  iii. 
498-9;  retreat  of  Castro  to,  iii. 
520-1 ;  occupied  by  Portilla's  forces, 
iii.  521;  Alvarado  joins  Castro  at, 
iii.  556;  restored  to  friars,  1843,  iv. 
369;  Fremont's  march  to,  v.  399- 
402;  condition  of,  1844,  iv.  422; 
treaty  with  Micheltorena  at,  iv. 
509-10;  leased,  iv.  553;  miss,  es 
tate  rented,  v.  558;  sale  of  miss,  es 
tate,  v.  561;  gold  mining  at,  1842, 
vi.  36. 


810 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


San  Fernando  college,  priest  from  for 
Cal.  i.  118. 

San  Fernando  tunnel,  vii.  620. 

S.  Francisco,  miss,  site  selected,  i. 
233;  Heceta  and  Palou  land  trip 
to,  i.  247;  annals  of,  i.  293-7;  vis 
ited  by  gov.,  1777,  i.  296;  Serra's 
first  visit,  i.  297;  list  of  settlers  at, 
i.  297;  founding  of  miss,  and  pre 
sidio,  1776-7,  i.  279-97;  Serra's 
confirmation  tour  to,  i.  351;  Cam- 
bou's  gifts  to  miss.,  i.  378;  miss, 
church  built,  1782,  i.  385;  Serra's 
last  visit,  i.  409;  events  at,  1783-90, 
i.  470-4;  1791-1800,  i.  692-715; 
1811-20,  ii.  370-5;  1821-30,  ii. 
583-96;  1831-40,  iii.  698-715;  v. 
295-6;  slaughter  of  cattle,  i.  472; 
complaint  of  climate,  i.  472;  maps, 
La  Perouse's,  i.  475;  of  dist.,  i.  703; 
ii.  376,  593;  of  1848,  vi.  8;  1849, 
vi.  169;  of  burnt  dist,  1851,  vi. 
204;  1856-7,  vi.  756;  reception  of 
Vancouver,  i.  510,  518;  troubles 
with  Inds,  1795,  i.  547;  education 
at,  1796,  i.  643-4;  1847-89,  vii. 
716-17;  1855-6,  vi.  784;  officials,  i. 
692;  military  force,  i.  693:  finance, 
i.  694;  buildings,  i.  695-7;  bat 
teries,  i.  698-702;  plan  of,  1792,  i. 
695;  1848,  v.  676-86;  'Alexander' 
at,  ii.  16;  Rezanof  at,  1806,  ii. 
67-76;  earthquake,  1807,  ii.  87; 
1808,  ii.  129;  1868,  vii.  684-5; 
Kotzebue's  visit,  1816,  ii.  278-81; 
Roquefenil's  visit,  1817,  ii.  287-8; 
conference  with  Russ.  at,  ii.  309- 
10;  oath  to  Mex.  empire,  1822,  i. 
452;  crime  at,  1821-30,  ii.  678-9; 
1851,  vi.  652;  1849-82,  vii.  215-16; 
oath  to  rep.  taken,  1825,  iii.  7; 
severe  storm,  1825,  iii.  30;  insubor 
dination  at,  1828,  iii.  67;  captured 
by  Solis,  1829,  iii.  74-6;  revenue, 
1826,  iii.  117-18;  1828,  iii.  131; 
1831,  iii.  363;  Beechey  arrives  at, 
iii.  121;  Duhaut-Cilly  at,  iii.  129; 
Jedediah  Smith's  party  at,  iii.  159; 
Rubio  case  at,  1831,  iii.  191-3; 
destitution  of  soldiers  at,  iii.  322; 
port  closed  by  Carrillo,  1838,  iii. 
545;  first  foreign  settler,  1835,  iii. 
709;  value  of  exports,  1840,  iv.  80; 
Capt.  Belcher's  visit,  1837,  iv.  143; 
Rae  at  for  H.  B.  co.,  1841,  iv.  216; 
insurgent  parties  at,  1846,  v.  136; 
guns  of  spiked,  1846,  v.  177;  U.  S. 
ship  'Portsmouth*  at,  v.  201;  cap 
ture  of  by  U.  S.,  1846,  v.  238-41; 


Col  Mason  at,  1847,  vi.  436,  584; 
arrival  of  Stev.  reg't  at,  v.  513? 
Brannan's  colony  arrive  at,  v.  550- 
2;  Mormons  preaching,  1847,  v. 
566;  local  annals,  1846-8,  v.  644- 
59;  character  of  population,  1848, 
vi.  2;  descript.  of  miss.,  1848,  vi. 
9;  climate,  etc.,  of,  vi.  23-4;  effect 
of  gold  discov.,  1848,  vi.  53-61; 
arrival  of  the  'California,'  1849, 
vi.  136-7;  accident  of  location,  vi. 
164;  advantages  of  site,  vi.  165; 
name,  vi.  165;  growth  of,  1848-9, 
vi.  166-7,  195-7;  shipping  at,  vi. 
167-8;  vii.  123-9;  population,  vi. 
168;  aspect  of,  vi.  168-71;  streets 
and  buildings,  vi.  171-90;  business 
firms,  vi.  173-86;  hotels  and  res 
taurants,  vi.  188-91;  real  estate 
values,  vi.  191-3;  wharves,  vi.  19G- 
7;  pavements  and  grades,  vi.  197- 
200;  plan  of  city,  vi.  200-1;  con 
flagrations,  1849-51,  vi.  202-7; 
fire  department,  vi.  207-9;  muni 
cipal  affairs,  etc.,  in,  vi.  209-19; 
lawlessness  in,  vi.  211-12;  society 
in,  1849-50,  vi.  221^8;  town  coun 
cil  of,  1849,  vi.  271;  legisl.  assem 
bly  at,  1849,  vi.  271-2,  277-8; 
mass  meeting  at,  1849,  vi.  278-9; 
pueblo  lands,  vi.  568-70;  vigilance 
comm.  in,  1851-6,  vi.  742-54; 
progress,  etc.,  of,  1851-6,  vi. 
775-83;  land  titles,  1850-4,  vi. 
755-60;  new  charter  of,  1851,  vi. 
760-2;  1856,  vi.  769-71;  munic. 
affairs  in,  1856,  vi.  762-74;  debt 
and  bonds,  1850-6,  vi.  772-4;  taxa 
tion,  1850-7,  vi.  774-5;  val.  of 
property,  1850-7,  vi.  775;  expend., 
1850-7,  vi.  775;  buildings,  etc.,  of, 
1851-5,  vi.  776-81;  business  de 
pression  in,  1855-6,  vi.  781-2;  in 
dustries,  1856,  vi.  782-3;  social 
features  of,  vi.  783-5;  churches,  vi. 
784;  vii.  726-30;  a  manufact.  cen 
tre,  vii.  74;  prices,  etc.,  1848-56, 
vii.  103-12;  shipments  to,  vii.  105- 
11;  commer.  panic  in,  1851,  vii. 
107-8;  imports  and  exports,  vii. 
112-23;  distrib.  of  trade,  vii.  122- 
3;  port  of  entry,  1849,  vii.  141-2; 
mint,  vii.  167-8;  businesss  failures 
in,  1855-6,  vii.  174-84;  land  titles 
in,  vii.  229-33;  judiciary  of,  vii. 
240-1;  mass-meeting  in,  1861,  vii. 
277-8;  loyal  demonstration  in,  vii. 
279;  defences  of,  1849-61,  287-8; 
vii.  451-3,  463-6,  472-3;  Lincoln's 


INDEX. 


811 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


reelection,  vii.  310-11;  assassina 
tion,  vii.  311-13;  democr.  conven 
tion  at,  1868,  vii.  330;  the  Chinese 
question,  vii.  341-5;  labor  agita 
tions  in,  1877-8,  vii.  348-62;  the 
new  constitut.,  1879,  vii.  395-400; 
charter  of,  vii.  397;  election  of, 
1879,  vii.  411-12;  1881,  vii.  415-16; 
charter  of,  vii.  412-14;  name,  vii. 
438;  clearances  at,  vii.  443;  duties, 
etc.,  rec'd  at,  vii.  443;  gov't  ap- 

rprs  for,  1851-87,  vii.  443-4;  R. 
affairs  in,  vii.  542-4,  556-7, 
601-3,  605-8,  685  et  seq.;  stock 
exch.  board,  vii.  666-8;  mining 
excitement  at,  1858,  vii.  682-3; 
real  estate  decline,  vii.  683,  685; 
manufactures  of,  vii.  683;  street 
car  lines,  vii.  684;  bulkhead  bill, 
vii.  684-5;  trade  increase,  vii. 
687;  labor  troubles,  1877,  vii. 
687-9;  workingmen's  party,  vii. 
689;  loyalty  to  union,  vii.  689-90; 
politics,  etc.,  of,  vii.  690;  land 
titles  in,  vii.  691;  Chinatown  in, 
vii.  691-2;  future  of,  vii.  692-4; 
millionaires  in,  vii.  693;  Golden 
Gate  park,  vii.  693. 

San  Francisco  bay,  question  as  to 
Drake  anchoring  in,  i.  86-7,  90-4; 
discovery  of,  i.  159;  third  explora 
tion  of.  i.  231^t;  explored  by  Ayalo, 
i.  245-7;  Moraga  explores,  i.  290; 
Aleuts  hunting  in,  1808,  ii.  81;  map 
of,  1826,  ii.  589;  Aleuts  hunting  in, 
ii.  296;  Kotzebue's  visit,  1824,  ii. 
522;  surveyed  by  Beechey,  ii.  588; 
iii.  121;  Belcher's  survey  of,  iv. 
144. 

San  Francisco  Bible  society,  vii.  729. 

San  Francisco  Bay  R.  R.  co.,  vii.  578. 

'  San  Francisco  Javier, '  ship,  ii.  474. 

'San  Francisco  de  Paula,'  ship,  ii. 
293,  477. 

San  Francisco  peninsula,  Anza's  ex- 
plor.  of,  1776,  i.  279-880. 

S.  Francisco  rancho,  gold  discovered 
on,  1842,  iv.  297. 

San  Francisco  Solano,  see  Solano. 

S.  F.,  Oakland  and  Alameda  R.  R. 
co.,  vii.  587. 

S.  F.  &  Humboldt  Bay  R.  R.  co., 
vii.  583. 

S.  F.  &  Marysville  R.  R.,  vii.  581. 

S.  F.  &  North  Pacific  R.  R.,  vii.  583. 

San  Francisco  and  San  Jose  R.  R. 
co.,  organized,  etc.,  1859,  vii.  537, 
598. 

S.  F.  &  Washoe  R.  R.,  vii.  560. 


S.  Francisquito  creek,  Anza's  camp 
at,  i.  280. 

San  Gabriel,  established,  1871,  i.  179- 
80;  troubles  at,  i.  180-2;  want  of 
supplies,  i.  187;  events  at,  1772,  i. 
189;  1783-90,  i.  459-60;  1791-lfcOO, 
i.  663-5;  1801-10,  ii.  113-15;  1811- 
20,  ii.  355-7;  1821-30,  ii.  567-9; 
1831-40,  iii.  641-5;  miss,  force  at, 
1773,  i.  196;  locality  of,  i.  200;  con 
dition  of  natives,  1773,  i.  202; 
buildings  at,  1773,  i.  204;  agric.  at, 
1773,  i.  205;  Anza's  exped.  at,  i. 
223;  tedious  march  to,  1776,  i.  264; 
consultation  between  Rivera  and 
Anza,  i.  271-2;  Garces'  reception 
at,  i.  275-6;  friars  serving  at,  1776, 
i.  299;  alcalde  and  regidore  chosen, 
1778,  i.  331;  deserters  arrested  at, 
ii.  88;  trouble  with  Inds,  1810,  ii. 
92;  attempt  cotton  cultivation, 
1808,  ii.  177;  hemp  culture,  ii.  180; 
earthquake,  1812,  ii.  200;  Inds 
troublesome  at,  1811,  ii.  323-4; 
Colorado  Inds  at,  1822,  ii.  480;  in 
dustries  at,  ii.  665;  Duhant-Cilly 
at,  iii.  630;  trappers  at,  1826,  iii. 
154;  Padres  and  Hijars  colony  at, 
iii.  267;  secularization  of,  iii.  346; 
slaughter  of  cattle,  iii.  348;  Ind. 
depredations  at,  1834,  iii.  359;  re 
stored  to  friars,  1843,  iv.  369;  con 
dition  of,  1844,  iv.  422;  battle  at, 
1846,  v.  391-5;  sale  of  miss,  estate, 
v.  561;  local  annals,  1846-8,  v. 
628. 

San  Gabriel  river,  name,  i.  179;  ii. 
47. 

San  Gabriel  valley  R.  R.,  vii.  616. 

San  Igiiacio  rancho,  ii.  594. 

San  Isidro  rancho,  ii.  594. 

San  Jacinto  Valley  R.  R.,  vii.  616. 

San  Jose,  founded,  i.  312;  early 
annals,  1776-81,  312-14;  agric.,  i. 
331,  478;  settlers  at,  1782-3,  i. 
349-50;  map,  i.  350;  events  at, 
1783-90,  i.  477-80;  1791-1800,  i. 
715-21;  1801-10,  ii.  132-6;  1811-20, 
ii.  377-9;  1821-30,  ii.  602-6;  1831- 
40,  iii.  729-32;  1846,  v.  294-5;  first 
school  at,  i.  642;  proposed  removal, 
i.  719;  boundary  dispute,  i.  719-21; 
pueblo  regulations,  i.  721-2;  boun 
dary  dispute,  1809,  ii.  135-6;  ayunt. 
at,  ii.  461-2,  676;  visited  by  Kotze- 
bue,  1824,  ii.  523;  crime  at,  1821- 
30,  ii.  678-9;  Duhant-Cilly  at,  iii. 
129;  Jedediah  Smith's  party  at,  iii. 
158;  case  of  Alcalde  Duarte,  1831, 


812 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


iii.  194-5;  arrest  of  Weber  at, 
1846,  v.  157;  Protestant  services 
at,  1847,  vi.  566;  local  annals,  v. 
6(50-5;  condition  of,  1848,  vi.  4-5; 
settlers  of,  1848,  vi.  9;  effect  of  gold 
discov.,  1848.  vi.  62-3;  seat  of 
gov't  at,  1849-51,  vi.  308-22;  men 
tion  of,  vi.  524;  pueblo  lands,  vi. 
507;  railroad  to,  vii.  536-7. 

'  San  Jose,'  Manila  galleon,  ii.  330. 

'Sau  Jose,'  ship,  misfortunes  to,  i. 
123-4. 

San  Jose  mission,  founding  of,  i.  555; 
events  at,  1797-1800,  i.  556;  1801- 

10,  ii.   137-40;    1811-20,  ii.    375-7; 
1821-30,  ii.  598-600;    1831-40,    iii. 
723-6;    Ind.    attack,    1805,    ii.    34; 
Langsdorff's    visit,     1806,    ii.     138; 
church    consecrated,    1809,    ii.    89; 
hemp  culture  at,  ii.  179-80;  visited 
by  Beechey,  iii.  121;  secularization, 
iv.  47;  lad.  plot  at,  1842,  iv.  338; 
restored  to  friars,  iv.  369;   sale  of 
estate,  v.  561. 

San  Joaquin  city,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
San  Joaquin  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  513- 

14;  name,  etc.,  vii.  440;  railroads, 

vii.  588. 
San  Joaquin  river,  exped.  on,  i.  186; 

11.  46,  56,  322;   Garces   at,   i.  277; 
discovery   and   naming   of,    ii.    47; 
fight  with  luds,  1814,  ii.  204. 

San  Joaquin  valley,  map  of,  ii.  51; 
exped.  to,  1810,  ii.  92;  pestilence 
in,  1833,  iii.  357;  Fremont's  party 
in,  1846,  v.  6;  Mormon  colony  in,  v. 
551;  name,  vi.  2;  settlers,  etc.,  in, 
1810,  vi.  11;  irrigation  in,  vii.  9-11; 
soil,  etc.,  vii.  20-3;  Ind.  raids  in, 
vii.  480-1. 

San  Joaquin  Valley  R.  R.  Co.,  vii. 
587,  594. 

San  Joaquin  &  King  River  canal, 
construction  of,  1871-8,  vii.  9-10. 

San  Joaquin  &  Sierra  Nevada  R.  R., 
vii.  591. 

San  Joaquin  &  Tulare  R.  R.,  vii. 
589. 

S.  Juan  de  Arguello,  iv.  196. 

San  Juan  Bautista,  Ind.  attacks  at, 
1798-9,  i.  548-9;  founding  of,  i. 
557-8;  Ind.  troubles  at,  i.  558; 
earthquake,  i.  559;  events  at.  1797- 
1800,  i.  558-9;  1801-10,  ii.  153-4; 
1811-20,  ii.  386-7;  1821-30;  ii.  623- 
4;  1831-40,  iii.  691-3;  land  trou 
bles,  1802,  ii.  7;  secularized,  iii. 
353;  sale  of  miss,  estate,  v.  561; 
local  annals,  1846-8,  v.  640;  men 
tion  of,  vi.  524. 


San  Juan  Capistrano,  attempt  found 
ing,  1775,  i.  248-9;  founded,  i. 
299,  303-4;  conversions  at,  i.  304; 
affairs  at,  1787-90;  i.  458-9;  events 
at,  1791-1800,  i.  657-8;  1801-10, 
ii.  108-10;  1811-20,  ii.  347-9;  1821- 
30,  ii.  555-6;  1831-40,  iii.  625-8; 
fire  at,  1801,  ii.  3;  *  Peacock' pris 
oners  at,  ii.  37-8;  new  church, 
1801,  ii.  109;  earthquake,  1812,  ii. 
200;  Bouchard  at,  1818,  ii.  240-1, 
strife  between  padres  and  Ar 
guello,  ii.  242;  foreign  vessels  al 
lowed  at,  iii.  127;  secularization  of, 
iii.  346;  Ind.  pueblo  at,  1833,  iii. 
332-9;  restored  to  friars,  1843, 
iv.  369;  condition  of,  1844,  iv.  422; 
sale  of,  1845,  iv.  553;  sale  of  miss, 
estate,  v.  558:  local  annals  of, 
1846-8,  v.  623-4. 

San  Leaiidro,  hist,  of,  vi.  526-7. 

San  Leaiidro  creek,  Fages'  expedt. 
at,  i.  185. 

San  Lorenzo,  mention  of,  vi.  527. 

San  Lorenzo  creek,  Fages'  expedt. 
cross,  i.  185. 

San  Lucas  mine,  vii.  651. 

San  Luis  Obispo,  founding  of,  i. 
188-9;  miss,  force  at,  1773,  i.  196; 
condition  of  Inds,  1773,  i.  202; 
buildings  at,  1773,  i.  204;  agric.  at, 
1773,  i.  205;  new  church,  1774,  i. 
239;  immigrants  at,  1776,  i.  268; 
fire  at,  1776,  i.  298-9;  friars  in 
charge,  i.  299;  alcalde  and  regi- 
dore  chosen,  1778,  i.  331;  friars 
serving,  1783-90,  i.  469-70;  revolt 
of  neophytes,  i.  547;  events  at, 
1791-1800,  i.  689-90;  1801-10,  ii. 
148-9;  1811-20,  ii.  384;  reported 
gold  discovery,  1820,  ii.  417;  1821- 
30,  ii.  618-19;  1831-40,  iii.  680-3; 
Ind.  revolt,  1794,  i.  694;  hemp 
culture  at,  ii.  179;  industries  at, 
ii.  665;  foreign  vessels  allowed  at, 
iii.  127;  secularization,  iii.  307,  353; 
emancipation  at,  iii.  331;  death  of 
Ramirez  at,  iii.  587;  horse  stealing 
from,  1840,  iv.  77;  value  of  ex 
ports,  1840,  iv.  80;  lands  ordered 
distributed,  1842,  iv.  331;  condi 
tion,  1844,  iv.  421;  secularization 
of,  iv.  423;  sale  of,  1845,  iv.  553; 
headquarters  of  M.  Castro,  1846, 
v.  321,  361-2;  sale  of  miss,  estate, 
v.  558;  annals  of,  1846-8;  v. 
638-9;  mention  of,  vi.  523;  vii. 
595;  name,  etc.,  vii.  437-8. 

San  Luis  Obispo  county,  descript.  of, 
vi.  523. 


INDEX. 


813 


For  Information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


San  Luis  Obispo  R.  R.,  vii.  595. 

San  L.  Obispo  &  Santa  M.  Valley 
R.  R.,  vii.  5C5. 

San  Luis  Rey,  founding  of,  i.  562^4; 
events  at,  1798-1800,  i.  564,  657; 
1801-10;  ii.  107-8;  1811-20,  ii. 
346-7;  1821-30,  ii.  553-4;  1831-40, 
iii.  021-5;  earthquake  at,  1821,  ii. 
443;  industries  at,  ii.  665;  Padres 
and  Hijars'  colony  at,  iii.  267;  sec 
ularization  of,  iii.  346;  slaughter  of 
cattle,  iii.  348;  Hartnell's  troubles 
at,  1840,  iv.  61;  restored  to  friars, 
1843,  iv.  369;  condition  of,  1844, 
iv.  422;  Bidwell  at,  v.  286,  318; 
Mormon  battl.  at,  v.  488;  Capt. 
Hunt  at,  v.  492;  sale  of  miss,  es 
tate,  v.  561;  local  annals  of, 
1846-8,  v.  620-2;  mention  of,  vi. 
520. 

San  Mateo,  town,  mention  of,  vi. 
526. 

San  Mateo  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  526; 
creation,  etc.,  of,  1856,  vii.  442. 

San  Miguel,  founding  of,  i.  559-60; 
events  at,  1797-1800,  i.  560-1;  1801- 

10,  ii.    149-51;    1811-20,    ii.    384; 
1821-30,  ii.  620;  1831-40,  iii.  683-6; 
fire  at,   1806,  ii.  150;  secularization 
decree,  1831,  iii.  307;  secularization, 
iv.    46;    condition,     1844,    iv.    421; 
pronunciamento   at,   1844,  iv.  458 
value   of   property,   J845,    iv.    551; 
sale  of    miss,   estate,  v.   561;   loca' 
annals,  1846-8,  v.  639-40. 

San  Miguel  river,  named,  ii.  47. 
San  Nicolas  island,  natives  removec 

from,  iii.  360-1. 
San  Pablo,  Castro  at,  vi.  135;  murder 

of     Berreyesa    and    Haros    at,    v. 

171-4. 
San  Pablo  bay,  Pages'  expedt.  at,  i. 

185;  explored,  1775,  i.  246. 
San  Pablo  raucho,  ii.  594. 
San    Pascual,    pueblo,    iii.    628;    fight 

at,  1846,  v.  341-8. 
San  Pedro,  cannon  at,  left  by  Amer's, 

11.  270;  events  at,  1821-30,  ii.  564; 
1831-40,  iii.  641;  Duhant-Cilly  at, 
iii.   129;    closed  to  foreign  traders, 
1828,  iii.  131;  Padres  and  Hijaras' 
colony  at,  iii.  267;  Stearns'  opera 
tions  at,  iii.  375;  value  of  exports, 
1840,   iv.    80;    Com.    Jones   at,  iv. 
322;    defeat  of   Mervine,    1846,    v. 
219-20;    Stockton  at,    v.    267;   de 
parture  of  Stockton,  v.  430. 

San  Pedro  bay,  named,  i.  99. 
San  Pedro  rancho,  i.  662;  ii.  565. 


San  Pedro  river,  named,  ii.  47;  Mor 
mon  battl.  fight  with  wild  bulls,  v. 
485. 
San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo,  founded,  i. 

359;  massacre  at,  i.  362. 
San  Quentin,  vi.  511;  vii.  737-8. 
San  Rafael,  founding  of  miss.,  ii.  316, 
329-31;  events  at,  1821-30,  ii. 
596-8;  1831^0,  iii.  715-18;  mis 
conduct  of  Padre  Mercado,  iii. 
323-4;  secularization  of,  iii.  346; 
arrest  of  Hartnell,  1840,  iv.  61; 
value  of  miss,  prop.,  1845,  iv. 
551;  campaign  of,  1846,  v.  171; 
retreat  of  Torre,  v.  176;  sale  of 
miss,  estate,  v.  561;  local  annals, 
1846-8,  v.  669-70;  condition  of 
miss.,  1848,  vi.  21;  mention  of,  vi. 
511,  590. 
San  Rafael  rancho,  i.  609,  661-2;  ii. 

565. 
San  Ramon  valley,  Fages'  expedt.  in, 

i.  186. 

'San  Ruperto,'  ship,  ii.  251,  291. 
San  Salvador  de  Horta,  see  '  Alameda 

creek.' 
Sanborn,  F.  C.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 
Sandels,  Dr,   'Visit  to  Cal.,' 1842-3, 

iv.  345-6. 

Sanderson,  S.  W.,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  vii. 
235;  supreme  judge,  1863,  vii.  304; 
reflected,  1865,  vii.  319. 
Sandwich  islands,  trade  with,  1847-8, 

v.  570. 
Sanitary    commission,    contributions 

to,  vii.  295. 
Santa    Ana,    town,    mention    of,    vi. 

522. 

Santa  Ana  rancho,  ii.  565. 
Santa  Anna,  Pres.,  instructions  to 
Figueroa,  iii.  270;  offl  acts  in  Cal. 
affairs,  1841-3,  iv.  285,  336-7,  360, 
380;  precautions  ag'st  filibusters, 
1853,  vi.  589. 

'  Santa  Apolonia,'  ship,  iii.  93. 
Santa  Barbara,  Cabrillo  possibly  at, 
i.  72;  founding  delayed,  i.  377-8; 
gov.  inspects,  1782,  i.  378;  founded, 
i.  422-4;  conversions  at,  1790,  i. 
424;  events  at,  1783-90,  i.  462-6; 
1791-1800,  i.  665-73;  1801-10,  ii. 
116-21;  1811-20,  ii.  358-65;  1821- 
30,  ii.  570-8;  1831-40,  iii.  649-58; 
plan  of  presidio,  i.  464;  Vancouver 
at,  i.  521;  execution  at,  1794,  i. 
638-40;  school  at,  1795,  i  643; 
map  of  dist,  1800,  i.  667-  1830,  ii. 
577;  earthquake  at,  1806,  ii.  42; 


814 


INDEX, 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


1812,  ii.  201;  1821,  ii.  443;  Bou 
chard's  ship  at,  ii.  237-40;  smug 
gling  adventure  at,  ii.  440-1;  oath 
to  Mex.  empire,  1822,  ii.  452;  re 
volt  of  Inds.  at,  1824,  ii.  530-3;  in 
dustries  at,  ii.  665;  ayunt.  at,  ii. 
676;  revolt  at,  1829,  iii.  76-9;  Padre 
Martinez  arrested,  iii.  98;  revenue, 
1826,  iii.  117;  Duhaut-Cilly  at,  iii. 
129;  ship  built  at,  1829,  iii.  139;  Fig- 
ueroa's  remains  removed  to,  iii. 
295;  secularization  of,  iii.  346; 
favors  general  junta,  1836,  iii.  484, 
491;  Alvarado  rec'd  at,  iii.  492; 
election  at,  1837,  iii.  506;  plan  of, 
iii.  506-8;  Castro  retires  to,  iii. 
521;  failuteof  attack  on,  1838,  iii. 
550;  flight  of  Carrillos,  iii.  569; 
gov.  and  gen.  at,  1839,  iii.  579-84; 
Carrillo  conspiracy,  1840,  iii.  606-7; 
foreigners  arrested,  1840,  iv.  15; 
value  of  exports,  1840,  iv.  80; 
headquarters  otter-hunting,  iv. 
209;  '  Cyane  '  sent  with  despatches 
to,  iv.  311;  Com.  Jones  meets 
Micheltorena  at,  iv.  321-2;  recep 
tion  of  Bishop  Garcia  Diego  at, 
1842,  iv.  332-3;  cathedral  com 
menced  at,  1842,  iv.  335;  miss,  re 
stored  to  friars,  1843,  iv.  369;  con 
dition  of  miss.,  iv.  421;  opened  to 
coasting  trade.  1844,  iv.  431;  revolt 
at,  1845,  iv.  541-2;  value  of  miss, 
property,  1845,  iv.  550;  miss, 
leased,  1845,  iv.  553;  consejo  coun 
cil  at,  1846,  v.  65-71;  Lt  Talbot  in 
comd  of  garrison  at,  1846,  v.  287; 
Talbot  quits,  v.  316-17;  Fremont 
and  battl.  at,  v.  376;  Fremont's 
march  from,  v.  399;  Stev.  regt  at, 
v.  513;  miss,  estate  rented,  v.  558; 
sale  of  miss,  estate,  v.  561,  632, 
fears  of  revolt  at,  1847,  v.  584-6; 
local  annals,  1846-8,  v.  630-5;  min 
strel  performances  at,  1847,  vi.  243; 
mention  of,  vi.  522;  pueblo  lands, 
vi.  567;  name,  vii.  437;  R.  R.  con 
test  at,  vii.  594-5;  school  at,  1850, 
vii.  718. 

Santa  Barbara  channel,  villages  on, 
i.  47-9;  to  be  occupied,  i.  335. 

Santa  Barbara  countv,  hist,  of,  vi. 
522-3. 

Santa  Catalina  island,  named,  i.  99; 
population,  i.  100;  inhabitants  of, 
ii.  22;  proposed  miss.,  ii.  33;  otter- 
hunting  at,  1807,  ii.  84. 

Santa  Clara,  founded,  i.  305-6;  lay 
ing  corner-stone  of  church,  i.  351; 


Serra's  last  visit,  i.  409;  new  church 
erected,  474;  events  at,  1783-90,  i. 
474_7;  1791-1800,  i.  722-5;  1801- 

10,  ii.  136-7;  1811-20,  ii.  377;  1821- 
30,  ii.  600-2;    1831-40,    iii.    726-8; 
reception    of    Vancouver,    i.    511; 
Ind.  plot  at,  1805,  ii.  35;  visited  by 
Kotzebue,    1824,    ii.   523;   Duhaut- 
Cilly    at,    iii.   129;    Ind.  revolt   at, 
1835,  iii.  362;  Ramirez  arrested  at, 
iii.  525;  marriage  of  Alvarado,   iii. 
593;    secularization,     iv.    47;    Ind. 
outrage   at,    1840,   iv.   76;    restored 
to   friars,    1843,    iv.  369;   value   of 
miss,  property,  1845,  iv.  551;  Gen. 
Castro  at,   1846,  v.  105;   battle   of, 
1846,    v.    380-3;    sale   of   miss,    or 
chard,     v.     561;    local    annals    of, 
1846-8,  v.   665-7;   mention   of,  vi. 
524. 

Santa  Clara  county,  exploration  of, 
1772,  i.  184-7;  name,  etc.,  of,  vii. 
438;  hist,  of,  vi.  524-5. 

Santa  Clara  valley,  Fages'  expedt.  in, 
1772,  i.  184. 

Santa  Clara  and  Pajaro  Valley  R.  R., 
vii.  599. 

Santa  Cruz,  expedt.  lands  at,  1769,  i. 
127;  founded,  i.  493-5;  local  an 
nals,  1792-1800,  i.  495-8;  1801-10, 

11.  154-5;     1811-20,     ii.     387-90; 
1821-30,    ii.    625-6;    1831-40,    iii. 
693-6;  murder  of  Quintana,  ii.  199; 
trouble  at,   1818,  ii.   242-5;    severe 
storm,  1825,  iii.  30;  foreign  vessels 
allowed   at,  iii.    127;    Duhaut-Cilly 
at,    iii.    129;    secularization    of,   iii. 
346;   earthquake  at,   1840,    iv.    78; 
U.  S.  flag  raised  at,  1846,  v.  245-6; 
Protestant    services    at,     1847,    v. 
566;   annals   of,    1846-8,   v.   641-2; 
mention  of,  vi.  525;  name,  vii.  438. 

Santa  Cruz  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  525. 
Santa  Cruz  island,  Mex.  convicts  sent 

to,  iii.  48. 
Santa     Cruz     mountains,     Fremont's 

trip  across,  1846,  v.  7. 
Santa   Cruz   and   Felton   R.   R.,  vii. 

591. 

'Santa  Eulalia,' ship,  ii.  203. 
Santa  Fe,  founded,  i.  18;  occupied  by 

Gen.     Kearny,    v.    334;    march    of 

Mormon  battl.  to,  v.  478-82. 
'Santa     Gertrudis,'     ship,     conveys 

Gov.  Romen  to  Cal.,  i.  488. 
Santa  Gertrudis,  rancho,  ii.  565. 
Santa  Inez,  founding  of,  1804,  ii.  28- 

29;    events   at,    1804-10,    ii.    28-9; 

1811-20,     ii.    368-9;     1821-30,    ii. 


INDEX. 


815 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


581-2;  1831-40,  iii.  661-4;  hemp 
culture  at,  ii.  179-81;  earthquake, 
1812,  ii.  201;  Ind.  revolt  at,  1824, 
ii.  528;  secularization,  iv.  46;  re 
stored  to  friars,  iv.  369;  ecclesias 
tical  seminary  at,  1844,  iv.  403, 
425-6;  condition  of,  1844,  iv.  421; 
value  of  property,  1845,  iv.  550; 
leased,  1845,  iv.  553;  miss,  estate 
rented,  v.  558;  sale  of  miss,  estate, 
v.  561;  local  annals,  1846-8,  v.  635. 

Santa  Margarita,  meeting  of  Pico  and 
Castro  at,  1846,  v.  562. 

Santa  Marina,  E.  J.  de,  member 
stock  board,  vii.  668. 

Santa  Monica,  Cabrillo  anchors  in,  i. 
71;  mention  of,  vi.  521-2. 

Santa  Paula,  town,  mention  of,  vi. 
523. 

Sauta  Rosa,  settlement  at,  1833,  iii. 
255-6;  murder  of  Cowie  and 
Fowler  near,  1846,  v.  160-2;  fight 
near,  1846,  v.  164;  mention  of,  vi. 
507. 

'Santa  Rosa,'  Bouchard's  ship,  ii. 
226. 

Santa  Rosa  island,  Cabrillo  at,  i.  72; 
granted  to  Carrillo,  iii.  581;  Ban 
croft  hunting  at,  1838,  iv.  90. 

Santa  Teresa,  campaign  of,  1844,  iv. 
466-70. 

'Santiago,'  ship,  Serra  returns  on,  i. 
218-19;  built  for  Cal.  service,  i. 
224:  northern  voy.  of,  1775,  i. 
241-3;  first  voy.  direct  to  S.  F.,  i. 
296;  voyages  of,  1778-9,  i.  328. 

Santiago  de  Santa  Ana  rancho,  hold 
ers  of,  1809,  ii.  112. 

Santillian,  claims  of,  vii.  243-4. 

Santillian   claim,  mention  of,  vi.  561. 

Santo,  Bernardo  del  Espiritu,  Bishop 
of  Cal.,  1818,  ii.  411. 

'  Santo  Tomas, '  ship  in  Vizcaino's  ex- 
pedt.,  i.  98. 

Sargent,  A.  A.,  congressman,  etc., 
1861,  vii.  291-2;  defeat  of,  vii.  301; 
congressman,  1868,  vii.  331;  biog., 
vii.  331;  mention  of,  vii.  547;  bill 
of,  1861,  vii.  548;  in  R.  R.  affairs, 
vii.  561,  602,  615. 

Satayomi,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Satiyomes,  Ind.  fight  with,  iii.  257. 

Sauzal  rancho,  ii.  615. 

Sauzalito,  Russ.  warehouse  at,  1836, 
iv.  164;  '  Portsmouth '  anchored  at, 
v.  156;  name,  etc.,  vi.  511;  men 
tion  of,  vi.  21. 

Savacre,  explor.,  etc.,  of,  1852,  vii. 
209;  death  of,  vii.  210. 


Savage,  J.  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  515. 

Savage,  mine,  stocks,  vii.  671-2;  out 
put,  vii.  673. 

'Savannah,'  U.  S.  ship,  iv.  459;  v. 
199,  224,  253-4,  290,  295-6,  318, 
320,  226-7,  436. 

Savings  and  Loan  Society,  vii.  164. 

Sawyer,  Judge  L.,  election,  etc.,  of, 
vii.  235;  biog.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  235-6; 
supreme  judge,  1863,  vii.  304;  men 
tion  of,  vii.  577. 

Scala,  bibliog.,  ii.  67,  299. 

Schmiedell,  Henry,  member  stock 
board,  vii.  668. 

Schofield,  Gen.  G.  M.,  in  command, 
1870,  vii.  472. 

Schwartz,  J.,  mention  of,  vi.  17. 

Scorpion  Silver  Mining  co.,  vii.  667. 

Scott,  A.  B.,  vii.  561. 

Scott,  C.  L.,  nominee  for  cong.,  1859, 
vi.  723. 

Scott,  Dr,  excitement  against,  1861, 
vii.  286. 

Scott,  I.  M.,  biog.,  vii.  748. 

Scott,  Thomas  A.,  vii.  609-10,  613-15. 

Scott,  Win  A.,  vii.  729-30. 

Scurvy,  ravages  of,  1769,  i.  130-2;  on 
the  Juno,  1806,  ii.  67. 

Sea-otter,  see  fur  trade. 

Seal  Rocks,  first  drive  to,  i.  233-4. 

Sealing,  vii.  81. 

Seals,  see  fur  trade. 

Searles,  Niles,  vii.  590. 

Sears.  W.  H.,  speech  of,  1863,  vii. 
550. 

Seawall,  Major  W.,  in  command, 
1851,  vii.  471. 

Secpe  rancho,  friars  object  to  grant, 
1817,  ii.  354. 

Secularization,  decree  of  Spanish 
cdrtes,  1813,  ii.  399-400;  decree 
forwarded  to  Cal.,  1821,  ii.  431; 
padres  offered  to  give  up  miss.,  ii. 
431;  policy  of  friars,  ii.  431-5;  indi 
cations  of,  1823,  ii.  487;  legislature 
on,  1825,  iii.  17-18;  policy  of,  iii. 
100-2;  experimental,  iii.  102-4; 
Echeandia's  plan,  iii.  105-6,  301- 
5;  approved  by  legislature,  iii.  106— 
7;  Echeandia's  decree,  1831,  iii. 
184;  decree  of,  1831,  iii.  305-6;  at 
tempt  to  enforce,  iii.  307-8;  Duran's 
comment*,  iii.  309-10;  Figueroa's  re 
port,  iii.  329-31 ;  views  of  prefect  and 
pres  ,  iii.  333-5;  emancipation  ad 
vised,  iii.  335-6:  Figueroa's  policy, 
1834,  iii.  341;  Mex.'law,  iii.  342-4, 
Hijar  instructions,  iii.  345;  regla- 
mento  in  practice,  iii.  346-7;  local 


816 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


results,  iii.  350;  missions  secular 
ized,  iii.  346,  353;  views  of  padres, 
iii.  347;  of  San  Diego,  1835,  iii.  620; 
of  San  Luis  Hey,  1834,  iii.  623;  San 
Juan  Cap.,  1834,  iii.  627;  San 
Gabriel,  1834,  iii.  643-5;  S.  Fer 
nando,  1834,  iii.  646-8;  Sta  Bar 
bara,  1834,  iii.  656-8;  S.  Buenaven 
tura,  1834,  iii.  660;  Sta  Ines,  1836, 
iii.  663;  Purisima,  1834,  iii.  664-6; 
S.  Carlos,  1834,  iii.  680-1;  S.  Luis 
Obispo,  iii.  681-3;  S.  Miguel,  1836, 
iii.  685;  S.  Antonio,  1835,  iii.  688; 
Soledad,  1835.  iii.  691;  S.  Juan  Bau- 
tista,  1835,  iii.  692-3.  Sta  Cruz, 
1834-5,  iii.  693-6;  Dolores  miss., 
1834-5,  iii.  715;  Solano,  1834,  iii. 
720;  S.  Jose,  1836-7,  iii.  725;  Sta 
Clara,  1837,  iii.  728;  completion  of, 
1845,  iv.  536-53. 

Sedgwick,  John,  vii.  588. 

Selby,  T.  H.,  biog.  of,  vii.  186. 

iSellers,  J.  A.,  death  of,  vii.  210. 

Semple,  Dr,  mention  of,  vi.  18,  261; 
pres't  of  constit.  convention,  etc., 

1849.  vi.  289,  291,  295;  enterprises 
of,  vi.  497. 

Semple,  C.  D.,  mention  of,  vi.  497. 
Semple,  R.,  candidate  for  U.  S.  sen 
ate,   1849,  vi.  311;  gen.  of  militia, 

1850,  vi.  319. 

Senate,    state,    organized,     1849,    vi. 

309-10;  members,   1849,  vi.  309-10. 
'Senoriano,'  ship,  ii.  293. 
Septilveda,  D.,  mention  of,  1848,  vi. 

79-80. 
Sergas  of  Esplandian,  name,  Cal.,  i. 

66. 
Sericulture,  experiments  in,  vii.  31-3; 

premiums     for,    1866,     vii.     32-3; 

failure    of,    vii.    32-3;    revival    of, 

1880-8,  vii.  32-4. 
Serrano,  Leonardo,  land  grant  of,  vii. 

660. 

Sespe,  rancho,  ii.  566. 
Settlers,  arrivals  from  Mex.,  i.  343-5; 

at  Colorado  miss.,  list,  i.  359;  list 

at  L.  Angeles,  1706,  i.  460-1. 
Settlers'  revolt,  causes  of,  1846,  v.  77- 

100. 

Seymour,  S.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  755. 
Sexton,  tin  discov'd  by,  vii.  660. 
Shafter,  O.  L.,  nominated  supr.  judge, 

1859,   vi.   723;    biog.,    etc.,  of,  vii. 

235;  supreme  judge,  1863,  vii.  304. 
Shanklin,  J.  W.,  surveyor-gen.,  1880, 

vii.  408. 
Shannon,  T.  B.,  congressman,  1863, 

vii.  304. 


Shannon,  W.  E.,  del.  to  constit.  con 
vention,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  287;  speeches 
of,  vi.  292-5. 

'  Shark,'  U.  S.  ship,  v.  199,  201. 

Sharon,  Wm,  Pres.  Mining  co.,  vii. 
674;  biog.  of,  vii.  731. 

Sharpstein,  J.  R.,  supr.  court  judge, 
1880,  vii.  409;  1889,  vii.  735. 

Shasta  canal,  construction  of,  1856, 
vi.  365. 

Shasta  city,  mention  of,  vi.  364,  493. 

Shasta  county,  mining  in,  vi.  364-70; 
hist,  of,  vi.  492-4;  name,  etc.,  vii. 
440. 

Shaw,  F.,  in  Honolulu,  1836,  iv.  141. 

Sheep,  breeding,  number,  etc.,  of,  vii. 
59-60. 

Sheldon,  J.,  mention  of,  vi,  12. 

Sheldon,  N.,  biog.,  vii.  753. 

Shelton,  T.,  agric.  exhib.  of,  1851  vii. 
63. 

Shepherd,  Prof.,  vii.  717,  728. 

Sherman,  W.  T.,  arrival,  etc.,  of, 
1849,  vii.  447. 

Sherwood,  J.  E.,  works  of,  vi.  117- 
18. 

Sherwood,  R.,  vii.  680. 

Sherwood,  W.  S.,  candidate  for  gov., 
1849,  vi.  305. 

Shinn,  Lieut,  at  Ft  Point,  1861,  vii. 
464-5. 

Ship  building,  by  Cortes,  i.  2;  at 
Russ.  settlements,  1821-30,  ii.  639- 
40;  1848-89,  vii.  78-9,  749-50. 

Shipley,  A.  J.,  vii.  668. 

Shipments,  foreign  and  eastern,  vii. 
105-9. 

Shipping,  to  be  admitted  to  port,  i. 
217;  arrival  of  transport  vessels,  i. 
287;  movement  of,  1777,  i.  310; 
1781,  i.  351-2;  transport  vessels, 
1778,  i.  328;  movement  of  trans 
ports,  1783-90,  i.  444-5;  arrivals, 
1796,  i.  544;  1801,  ii.  2;  1803,  ii. 
10-17;  1807-10,  ii.  83-4,  86, 88,  93-6; 
1827,  iii.  125;  1828,  iii.  131;  1829, 
iii.  135;  1831,  iii.  363;  1832,  iii.  364; 
1833,  iii.  365;  1834-5,  iii.  366;  1836, 
iv.  84;  1837,  iv.  88;  1838,  iv.  89; 
1840,  iv.  95;  1841,  iv.  209;  1842,  iv. 
339;  1843,  iv.  377;  1845,  iv.  561; 
1846-8,  v.  569-70;  arrivals  at  S. 
Diego,  1793-1800,  i.  653-4;  foreign 
vessels  on  coast,  1804-6,  ii.  20-5, 
37-40;  maritime  affairs  and  contra 
band  trade,  1811-20;  ii.  267-93; 
visits  to  Mont.,  1811-20,  ii.  382-3; 
vessels  on  coast,  1822,  ii.  473-78; 
list  of  vessels,  1824,  ii.  518-20;  on 


INDEX. 


817 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


the  coast,  1825,  iii.  23-8;  1826,  iii. 

116;  marine  list,  1826-30;  iii.  145-9; 

1831-5,  iii.  381-4;  1841-5,  iv.  562- 

70;  1836-40,  iv.  93,  100-6;  1846-8, 

v.  576-81;  at  S.  F.,  1849,  vi.  167-8. 
Shipping,   statistics,  etc.,   vii.  121-9; 

coast  and  bay,  vii.  130-5. 
Shirlancl,  E.  D.,  biog.  of,  vii.  758. 
Short,  J.,  vii.  590. 
Short  Hairs,  party,  vii.  317-19. 
Shotwell,  J.  M.,  vii.  586. 
Showalter,    D.,    arrest,    etc.,  of,  vii. 

289-90. 

Shuck,  bibliog.,  ii.  141. 
Sicard    flat,    gravel    mining    at,    vi. 

359. 

Sicomyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  363. 
Sigourney,  J.  W.,  vii.  590. 
Sierra  Butte  mine,  vi.  361;  vii.  642. 
Sierra  City,  mention  of,  vi.  490. 
Sierra  county,  mining  in,  1851-6,  vi. 

361;    creation,    etc.,   of,    1852,  vii. 

440;  hist,  of,  vi.  489-90;  gold  mines 

of,  vii.  638. 
Sierra  Nevada,  first  crossed,  1827,  iii. 

157;    Donner  party  in,    1846-7,  v. 

533-44;  config.  of,  vii.  20-1. 
Sierra  Nevada  Silver  Mining  co.,  vii. 

666. 

Sierra  Santa  Lucia,  named,  i.  101. 
Sierra  Valley  and  Mohawk  R.  R.,  vii. 

591. 

Silk,  manufact.  of,  vii.  89. 
Silliman,  Prof.,  report  of,  vii.  661. 
Silver  mining,  vii.  649  et  seq. 
Simi  rancho,  hist,  of,  grants,  i.  663;  ii. 

Ill,  354,  565. 

Simpson's  Narrative,  iv.  220-2. 
Simpson,  A.  M.,  biog.,  vii.  187. 
Simpson,  H.  L,  'The  Emigrant's 

Guide  to  the  Gold  Mines,'  vi.  97. 
Sims,  Col  C.,  mention  of,  vii.  469. 
Sinaloa,   Jesuits  in,   i.  19-20;  annals 

of,  1701-69;  i.  29-30;  recruits  from 

forCal.,  i.  218;  enlistment  in,  1781, 

i.  341-2. 
Sinclair,  J.,  alcalde  of  Sutter's  fort, 

1847,  vi.  14;  rancho  of,  vi.  15;  mining 

operations,  1848,  vi.  73;  mention  of, 

vi.  270. 
Sinton,  R.  H.,  mention  of,  vii.  454, 

668. 
Siskiyou  county,  name,  etc.,  vii.  441; 

hist,  of,  vi.  494-5. 
Sitka,  Sutter  at,  iv.  127. 
'Sitka,'  first  steamer  in  Cal.,  iv.  159; 

v.  576. 

Skaggs  Hot  springs,  vii.  664. 
Slate  creek,  diggings  at,  vi.  361. 
HIST.  CAL.,  VOL.  VIL    52 


Sloat,  Com.  J.  D.,  actions  in  conquest 
of  Cal.,  v.  199-251;  proclamation 
of,  1846,  vi.  256-8. 

Small-pox,  1828-9,  iii.  167-9;  among 
Inds,  1837-8,  iv.  73-4,  165. 

Smedes,  H.  M.,  vii.  587. 

Smith,  Col  C.,  com.  for  land  claims, 
v.  465. 

Smith,  Capt.  A.  J.,  at  San.  Fe,  1848, 
vii.  446. 

Smith,  C.  K.,  vii.  668. 

Smith,  Joseph,  Mormon  colony  for 
Cal.,  1843,  iv.  342,  395. 

Smith,  N.  T.,  asst  treas.,  etc.,  S.  P. 
R.  R.,  vii.  632-3. 

Smith,  P.,  contract  of,  1849,  vi.  215; 
mention  of,  vi.  676;  claim  against 
S.  F.,  1851,  vi.  773. 

Smith,  Gen.  P.  F.,  gov.  of  Cal.,  1849, 
vi.  272;  administr.,  vi.  272-3;  with 
King's  exped.,  1849,  vi.  281. 

Smith,  Gen.  P.  F.,  arrival  of,  1849, 
vii.  447;  at  Sonoma,  vii.  451;  in 
command,  1849,  vii.  471. 

Smith,  S.,  at  Bodega,  1846-8,  vi.  20. 

Smith,  S.  V.,  vii.  590. 

Smith's  landing,  see  'Antioch.' 

Smuggling,  attempt  to  break  up,  ii. 
36-7;  accusation  against  Bandini, 
iii.  371-3;  1836-40,  iv.  81;  843,  iv. 
375. 

Sneath,  Richard  G.,  vii.  609. 

Snelling,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  516. 

Snyder,  J.  R,.,  del.  to  constit.  con- 
ven.,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  286;  quarrel 
with  Hubbs,  1852,  vi.  669. 

Soap,  manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  93;  vii. 
662. 

Society,  in  1748,  vi.  82-5;  component 
elements  of,  1849-50,  vi.  221-3; 
1850-80,  vii.  699-702;  dress  and 
appearance,  vi.  224-5;  vii.  710, 
715;  traits,  vi.  225-8;  vii.  714-15; 
moral  character  of,  vi.  228-30; 
diseases,  etc.,  vi.  231-2;  women, 
vi.  232-5;  vii.  709-10,  715;  mail-day, 
vi.  235-6;  housekeeping,  vi.  236; 
drinking  and  gambling,  vi.  237- 
41;  vii.  711-12;  bull  and  cock- 
fighting,  vi.  242;  the  drama,  etc., 
vi.  243-5;  vii.  712;  the  Sabbath, 
vi.  246;  amusements,  vii.  711-13; 
sports,  vii.  713;  education,  vii. 
716-23;  charity,  705-7;  fraternal 
societies,  706-7;  houses,  vii.  710. 

Sola,  Gov.,  rule  of,  1814-21,  ii.  208- 
430. 

Solano,  founding,  ii.  496-506;  events 
at,  1824-30,  ii.  505-6;  1831-40,  iii. 


B18 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


719-23;  Hi  jar  and  Padres'  colony, 
iii.  269,  278-9;  secularized,  iii.  353; 
value  of  miss,   property,   1845,  iv. 
551. 
Solano   county,  hist,    of,  vi.  497-500; 

name,  etc.,  vii.  438. 
Soledad,  founding  of,  i.  498;  annals, 
1791-1800,  498-500;  1801-10,  ii. 
152-3;  1811-20,  ii.  385-6;  1821-30, 
ii.  622;  1831-40,  iii.  688-91;  death 
of  Arrillaga,  1814,  ii.  204-5;  sale  of 
miss,  estate,  v.  558;  local  annals, 
1846-8,  v.  641. 

'Soledad,'  ship,  iv.  534. 

Soldiers  de  cuedra,  meaning  of,  i.  132. 

Soldiers'  relief  fund,  founding  of  the, 
vii.  297. 

Solomon,  P.  L.,  U.  S.  marshal,  1857, 
vi.  711. 

Soneto,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Sonoma,  first  visit  to,  ii.  331 ;  severe 
storm,  1825,  iii.  30;  Ramirez  and 
prisoners  sent  to,  iii.  525;  pueblo 
laid  out,  1835,  iii.  294;  pueblo 
founded,  iii.  721;  iv.  164;  swearing 
to  the  bases  at,  1843,  iv.  359;  taken 
by  bear  flag  party,  1846,  v.  101-21; 
affairs  at,  June- July,  v.  145-68; 
Merritt's  party  at,  1846,  v.  110; 
arrest  of  Vallejo,  v.  171-13;  Fre 
mont's  march  to,  1846,  v.  171; 
Fourth  of  July  at,  1846,  v.  178-9; 
U.  S.  flag  raised,  1846,  v.  242-3; 
events  at,  1846,  v.  296-8;  Stev. 
reg't  at,  v.  514;  case  of  Alcalde 
Nash,  v.  608-10;  murder  at,  1847, 
v.  610;  local  annals,  1846-8,  v.  667- 
9;  condition  of,  1848,  vi.  20;  first 
dramatic  performances  at,  1847,  vi 
243;  mention  of,  vi.  507;  pub.  school 
at,  1851,  vii.  718. 

Sonoma  county,  hist,  of,  vi.  506-8; 
R.  R.  building  in,  1865,  vii.  589. 

Sonoma  valley,  descript.  of,  1848,  vi. 
20. 

Sonora,  town  and  state,  mission  work 
in,  i.  20-2;  annals  of,  1701-69,  i. 
29-30;  overland  route  from,  i.  221- 
3;  enlistment  in,  i.  341;  flight  of 
Flores  to,  v.  407;  name,  vi.  77;  dry 
diggings  of,  vi.  373;  a  mining  cen 
tre,  vi.  374;  hist,  of,  vi.  469-70; 
filibustering  in,  1851-7,  vi.  584-602. 

'Sonora,'  ship,  northern  voy.,  1775,  i. 
241-4. 

Sons  of  Temperance,  vii.  706. 

Sosa,  Castano  de,  exped.,  1590-1,  i. 
12. 

Soto,  F.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 


Soto,  L.,  mention  of,  vi.  80. 
Soto,  R.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 
Sotoyomes,  Inds,  exped.  against, 

1839-40,  iv.  74. 
Soule,  bishop,  vii.  730. 
Soule,   F.,   annals  of  S.  F.,  i.  44;  on 

Drake's  anchorage,    i.  90;  mention 

of,    vi.    659;    vii.    313;    first   school 

law,  vii.  718. 

South  America,  revolution  in,  ii.  221. 
Southern  Cal.  R.  R.,  vii.  633. 
South  Pacific  Coast  R.  R.,  vii.  591. 
Southern  Pacific  R.  R.,  incorporation 

of,  vii.  593;  aid  to,  vii.  594;  route, 

vii.   595-6;  land  grant,  vii.    596-7; 

purchase  of  S.  F,  &  S.  J.  R.  R.,  vii. 

598;  aid   asked,   vii.   598;  contract 

and  finance  co.,  vii.  599;  change  of 

route,  vii.  600;  proposals  to  S.  F., 

vii.  607-8;  T.  &  P.  R.  R.  co.,  vii. 

612-13;  affairs  of,  vii.  619-20;  Cal. 

Southern,  vii.  614;  Mussel   Slough 

troubles,  vii.  617-18;  system,  oper 
ations,  etc.,  vii.  617  et  seq. 
Southern  Pacific  Branch   R.   R.  co., 

vii.  599,  615. 

S.  P.  &  N.  R.  R.,  aid  to,  vii.  557. 
Sequel,  mention  of,  vi.  525. 
Spain,  need  of  northern  port,  i.  112; 

policy   respecting   north,   i.   505-6; 

startling  events  in,  1808,  ii.  87;  Sp. 

constitution,  rec'd  in  Cal.,  1812,  ii. 

264-6. 
Spaniards,   expulsion  of,    1827-9,   iii. 

51-3,  95-8,  401. 

Spanish  bar,  yield,  etc.,  of,  vi.  73. 
Spanish  dry  diggings,  mention  of,  vi. 

354. 
Spear,  Mrs,  school  at  Sac.,  1851,  vii. 

717. 

Spear,  N.,  vi.  164. 
Specific  contract  act,  passage,  etc.,  of, 

vii.   299-300;  attempted  repeal  of, 

1865,  vii.  317-18,  321. 
Speculation,  prevalence  of,  vii.  168-70. 
Spence,  D.,  member  of  legisl.  council, 

1847,  vi.  260. 

Spence,  E.  F.,  biog.  of,  vii.  184. 
Spencer,   J.  D.,  clerk  of  supr.  court, 

1887,  vii.  434. 
Sperry,  Willard,  vii.  588. 
Sprague,    Senator,    mention    of,    vi. 

686. 
Sprague,    R.    T.,    nominated     supr. 

judge,  1859,  vi.  723;  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  236. 

Spreckels,  Glaus,  biog.  of,  vii.  101. 
Spring,  T.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  188. 
Springs,  mineral  and  hot,  vii.  664-5. 


INDEX. 


819 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Spring   Valley   Water   co.,    vii.    684, 

736. 

Spurgeon,  W.  H.,  biog.  of,  vii.  184. 
'Spy,'  ship,  iii.  24. 
Squatters,    effect   on   land   titles,   vi. 

535-6,  571-2. 
Stage  lines,  vii.  151-2. 
Standard  mine,  vii.  653. 
Stanford,  L.,  nominee  for  gov.,  1859, 
vi.   723;    vineyard,   vii.    48;    stock- 
farm,  vii.   58;  gov.    1861,   vii.   291 ; 
senator,  1886,  vii.  431;  biog.,  etc., 
vii.  532,    545;  pres't  Cent.  Pac  R. 
R.,    1861,   vii.   544;   acts   approved 
by,    1863,  vi.  555-6;   R.   R.    affairs 
of,  vii.  544,  549,  555,  559,  561.  565, 
567,  580,  599,  603,  612,  632-3;  univ. 
vii.  720. 

Stangroom,  M.  M.,  vii.  557. 
Stanislaus  City,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Stanislaus  county,   hist,   of,  vi.   514- 
15;  creation,  etc.,  of,  1854,  vii.  441. 
Stanislauc  river,  mining  on  the,  1848, 
vi.  75-80;  gold  deposits  on,  vi.  373. 
Stanislaus  and  Mariposa  R.   R.  co., 

vii.  589. 

Stanton,  James,  vii.  638. 
Staples,  I).  J.,  biog.,  etc.,  vi.  739;  vii. 

717. 

'Star  of  the  West,'  ship,  iv.  555,  562. 
'Starling,'  Eng.  man-of-war,  iv.  142, 

145. 

Starr,  A.  D.,  vii.  582. 
State  Agricultural  society,  hist.,  etc. 

of,  vii.  63^t. 

State  normal  school,  vii.  720. 
Stannard,  E.  O.,  vii.  607. 
Steam  engine,  first  in  Cal.,  1843,  iv. 

395. 

Steamer,  first  in  Cal.,  v.  575-81. 
Stearns,  Abel,  vii.  660. 
Stebbins,  Rev.  H.,  vii.  313,  730. 
Steele,  Frank,  vii.  596. 
Stephens,  J.  D.,  biog.,  vii.  185. 
Stephens,  L.,  the  Panama  R.  R.,  vii 

522. 

'Sterling,'  ship,  v.  296,  357,  432. 
Steuart,  W.  M.,  mention  of,  vi.  278 

candidate  for  gov.,  1849,  vi.  305. 
Stevens,    delegate,   the   Phil.    R.    R 

convention,  1850,  vii.  514. 
Stevens,  Charles,  vii.  590. 
Stevens,    Elisha,    party   of,    to   Cal. 

1844,  iv.  345-8. 
Stevens,  H.  P.,  in  Honolulu,  1836,  iv 

141. 

Stevenson,  A.  M.,  vii.  590. 
Stevenson,  Col  J.   D.,  raises  N.  Y 
vols,  v.  499. 


tevenson  regiment,  raising  of,  and 
hist,  in  Cal.,  1846-8,  v.  499-518; 
list  of  officers,  v.  503^. 

Stewart,  Capt.,  mention  of,  vii.  282; 
at  Ft  Alcatraz,  1861,  vii.  463-4. 

Stillman,  on  Drake's  voy.,  i.  90. 

Stock-raising,  statistics,  1773,  i. 
205-6;  1774,  i.  239;  1790,  i.  388; 
statistics,  1791-1800,  i.  577,  621-3, 
656,  657,  672,  676,  686,  688,  690, 
713,  723;  1801-10,  ii.  104-6,  108, 

110,  115,  116,  121-3,  132,  137,  138, 
148,    149,     153,    154,     161,     181-3; 
1811-20,  ii.  346,  347,  349,  350,  355, 
358,   364,   366,  368,  374,  375,  377, 
384-7,   390,    395;    1821-30,   ii.   552, 
554,    556,   567,   578,   580-2,   595-6, 
599,  601-2,  616,  619,  620,  622,  624; 
1831-40,  iii.  619,  643;  statistics  at 
S.  L.  Rey,   1831-40,  iii.  622;  at  S. 
Juan.  Cap.,  1831-4,  iii.  626;     S.  J. 
Bautista,    1831-4.   iii.  691;  S.   Fer 
nando,    1831^,    iii.  646;   Sta   Bar 
bara,  1831-4,  iii.  656;  S.  Buenaven 
tura,    1831-4,    iii.    660;    Sta    Inez, 
1831-4,  iii.  662;  Purisima,   1831-4, 

111.  664;  S.  Carlos,  1831-4,  iii.  680; 
S.   L.   Obispo,    1831-4,   iii.   681;  S. 
Miguel,    1831-40,   iii.   684;    S.   An 
tonio,    1831-40,   iii.    686;    Soledad, 
1831-4,  iii.   690;  Sta  Cruz,  1831-2, 
iii.  693;  S.  Rafael,  1831-2,  iii.  716; 
Solano,    1831-4,    iii.   719;    S.    Jose 
miss.,  1831-2.   iii.    724;  Sta  Clara, 
1831-2,  iii.  727;  slaughter  of  cattle, 
1784,    i.    472;   of   pueblos,    1800,   i. 
601;    at  rancho  del   Rey,    1800,   i. 
682-3;    slaughter  of   horses,    1805, 
ii.  182;  superiority  of  Cal.,  ii.  418; 
in  Los  Angeles  dist,  ii.  558;  at  Rus 
sian  settlement,   1821-30,  ii.  638-9; 
1821-30,   ii.  668-9;    stat.   of  cattle 
at  miss.,   1831-5,  iii.  356;    Dolores 
miss.,    1831^i,   iii.  714;  at  Sutter's 
fort,   1841-2,  iv.  228;  under  Span 
ish   regime,   vii.    1-2,   53;    pasture, 
vii.  52;  after  the  gold  discov.,  vii. 
53-61;    droughts,    1862-^,   vii.    53; 
cattle,  vii.  53-6;  hist,  of,  vii.  54-6; 
horses,  vii.   57-8;  mules,  vii.   58-9; 
sheep,  vii.  59-61;  goats,  vii.  60-1; 
swine,    vii.   61-2;    in   1889-90,   vii. 
746-7. 

Stocks,  mining,  gambling  in,  vii.  666- 
81;  exchanges  organized,  vii. 
667-9. 

Stockton,  Commodore,  arrival  of, 
1846,  v.  251;  rule  of,  1846,  v.  255- 
87;  controversy  with  Kearny  and 


820 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Fremont,    1847,  v.  411-32;  policy, 

etc.,  of,  1847,  vi.  259-61. 
Stockton,  founding  of,   1848,  v.   674; 

vi.   11;   hist,   of,    vi.   465-7;    C.    P. 

R.   R.,   vii.   597;  early  schools  of, 

vii.  717. 

Stockton  Mining  company,  vi.  74. 
Stockton  and  Copperopolis  R.  R.,  vii. 

588. 
Stockton   and  lone  R.    R.    co.,    vii. 

588-9. 

Stockton  and  Visalia  R.  R.,  vii.  588. 
Stockwell,  E.  R.,  vii.  588. 
Stone,  Rev.  A.  L.,  vii.  730. 
Stoneman,  Gen.  G.,  with  King's  ex- 

ped.,  1849,  vi.  281;  R.  R.  commis., 

1880,  vii.  409;  gov.,   1883,  vii.  421; 
'   biog.,  vii.  421,  432. 
Stonewall  mine,  vii.  641. 
'Stonington,'  whaler,  v.  318,  324,  327. 
Stoughton,   Juan,   Spanish  consul  at 

Boston,  ii.  15. 

Strentzel,  J.  T.,  biog.,  vii.  741. 
Strode,  C.  B.,  mention  of,  vi.  477. 
Strong,  D.  W.,  director,   Cent.    Pac 

R.  R.,  1861,  vii.  544. 
Story,  W.  W.,  723. 
Stoves,  manufact.  of,  vii.  96. 
Stubbs,  J.  C.,  vice-prest  S.  P.  R.  R., 

vii.  632. 
Sturgis,  Bryant  &  Co.,  trade  with  Cal., 

1822,  ii.  475. 
Suarez,  C.,  sec.  of  Cal.  junta,  1825-7, 

iii.  3. 
Suarez,    Padre   J.    M.,    mention    of, 

1848,  vi.  78. 
Sublette,    party  to    Cal.,    1845,    iv. 

577-8. 
Sugar,  production,  etc.,  of,  vii.  36-7; 

manufact.,  etc.,  of,  vii.  87. 
Suisun,  fight  with  Inds  at,   1810,   ii. 

91;  mention  of,  vi.  499. 
Suisun,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Sullivan,  E.  L.,  vii.  585. 
'Sulphur,'  ship,  iv.  93,  142,  145. 
Sulphur  in  Cal.,  vii.  660. 
Sulphur  bank  mine,  vii.  667. 
'Sultana,'  ship,  ii.  213. 
Sulzbach,  Rudolph,  vii.  585. 
Summit  mine,  vii.  657. 
Sumner,  Gen.,  supersedes  Johnston, 

1861,  vii.  282;  gen.  order  of,  1861, 

vii.  290;    in  command,    1861,    vii. 

467,  471-2. 

Sunderhaus,  G.  H.  O.,  biog.,  vii.  681. 
Sunol   valley,    Fages'   expedt.    in,    i. 

186. 
Superior  court,   officers  and  actions 

of,  1842-3,  iv.  296. 


Supply  system,  i.  334. 

Supreme  court,  established,  iii.  605; 
reorganized,  1845,  iv.  531. 

Supuyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  363. 

Surveys,  coast,  progress  of  the, 
1849-59,  vi.  633-4;  appropriations 
for,  vi.  633^;  1841-50,  vii.  136-7. 

Sutherland,  J.  B.,  the  Phil.  R.  R. 
convention,  1850,  vii.  515. 

Sutherland,  T.  J.,  departure  of  Col 
Stevenson,  v.  508-10. 

Sutro,  A.,  biog.,  vii.  750-1. 

Sutter,  J.  A.,  settlements  founded  by, 
etc.,  1839-46,  vi.  12-15;  ranch o  of, 
vi.  15;  influence  of,  vi.  26;  mill, 
etc.,  erected  by,  1847,  vi.  28-30; 
the  gold  discov.,  1848,  vi.  32-41; 
weakness  of,  vi.  42-3;  attempt  to 
secure  title,  vi.  43-4;  mining  op 
erations,  1848,  vi.  77;  career  and 
character,  vi.  97-107;  candidate 
for  gov.,  1849,  vi.  305;  del.  to  con- 
stit.  convention,  1849,  vi.  285,  295; 
failure,  etc.,  of,  vi.  447;  industries 
promoted  by,  1839-48,  vi.  484; 
title  to  New  Helvetia,  vi.  562;  jr, 
mention  of,  vi.  447,  450. 

'Sutil,'  voy.  of,  1792,  i.  506-7. 

Sutter  county,  name,  etc.,  vii.  439; 
hist,  of,  vi.  488-9. 

Sutter  Creek,  town,  mention  of,  vi. 
512. 

Sutter 's  fort,  Ind.  hostility  at,  1840, 
iv.  74;  settlement  of,  1839,  iv.  131; 
description  of,  iv.  132;  vi.  13,  94; 
naming  of,  iv.  133;  annals  of, 
1839-40,  iv.  134-9;  progress  at, 
1841-2,  iv.  226-40;  description  of 
fort,  iv.  227;  affairs  at,  1843,  iv. 
387-9;  co.  for  Micheltorena,  1844, 
iv.  479;  affairs  at,  1845,  iv.  608-16; 
efforts  to  sell,  iv.  613;  Fremont  at, 
1846,  v.  3,  129,  185;  treatment  of 
Vallejos  at,  1846,  v.  124-6;  Gilles- 
pie  at,  v.  127;  U.  S.  flag  raised  at, 
1846,  v.  244-5;  events  at,  1846-8, 
v.  298-302,  675;  recruiting  at, 
1846,  v.  359;  Mormons  at,  1847,  v. 
493-5;  relief  to  Donner  party,  v. 
538-9;  arrival  of  party  at,  v.  54. 

Sutter 's  mill,  gold-hunting  near, 
1848,  vi.  46-8. 

Sutterville,  founding,  etc.,  of,  1846, 
vi.  15;  descript.  of,  vi.  447. 

'Susan  Drew,'  transport,  v.  511,  513. 

Susanville,  mention  of,  vi.  494. 

'Suvarof,'  ship,  ii.  210,  274,  306, 
373. 

Swasey,  W.  F.,  mention  of,  vii.   727. 


INDEX. 


821 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Swasey-Todd   Co.,    journey   to   Cal., 

1845,  iv.  576-7. 
'  Sweden,'  transport,  v.  511. 
Sweet,    W.   B.,  Cal.   trade,   1822,  ii. 

475. 

Sweetland,  mention  of,  vi.  486. 
Swett,  John,  vii.  720. 
Swine,  raising,  etc.,  of,  vii.  61-2. 


Table  mountain,  mining  at,  1855,  vi. 
373-4. 

Tagle,  Lt  L.  P.  de,  scheme  for  colo 
nizing,  1801,  ii.  4. 

'Tagle,'  ship,  ii.  202-3,  268;  cap 
tures  the  Pedler,  1814,  ii.  271,  305. 

Tait,  Geo.,  vii.  720. 

Talbert,  T.  A.,  vii.  668. 

Tallant,  D.  J.,  mention  of,  vii.  161. 

Tallow,  trade  in,  1817,  ii.  283;  1821- 
30,  ii.  669;  annual  shipment,  iii.  641. 

Tamal,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

'Tamana,'  ship,  visit  of,  1805  6,  ii. 
24. 

Tamariz,  F.  de  P.,  of  Cal.  junta, 
1825-7,  iii.  3;  author  of  politico- 
mercantile  plan,  iii.  6;  report  on 
Cal.  miss.,  iii.  109. 

Tanneries,  vii.  91-2. 

Tarahumares,  war  with,  i.  16-17. 

'Tartar,'  ship,  iii.  28. 

'Tasso,'  ship,  iv.  207,  210,  319,  340, 
558,  562. 

Taxation,  1831-5,  iii.  379-80;  state, 
1850-75,  vi.  604-22;  in  S.  F.,  1850- 
7,  vi.  774-5;  exemptions  from, 
1856,  vii.  333;  of  Chinamen,  vii 
337-45;  of  land,  vii.  383-4;  of  in 
comes,  vii.  384-5;  poll-tax,  vii. 
385;  of  railroads,  vii.  427-8;  co. 
and  state,  vii.  440-1. 

Tay,  G.  H.  &  Co.,  vii.  97. 

Taylor,  Dr,  vii.  720. 

Taylor,  C.  I.,  harbor  commiss.,  1863, 
vii.  304. 

Taylor,  Lt-col  J.  P.,  at  Fremont 
trial,  v.  456. 

Taylor,  Rev.  Wm,  vii.  729. 

Taylorsville,  mention  of,  vi.  511. 

Teacle,  D.  W.,  member  stock  board, 
vii.  668. 

Tea  plant,  attempt  to  cultivate  the, 
1855-70,  vii.  36-7. 

Tecate  rancho,  plundered,  1837,  iv.  68. 

Tehama  county,  mining  in,  vi.  364; 
hist,  of,  vi.  496-7;  organized,  etc., 
1856,  vii.  441-2. 


|  Tehama,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  496. 

Telegraph  lines,  hist,  of,  vii.  154-6. 

Tern  ecu  la  rancho,  protest  against 
grant,  iii.  361. 

Te  mescal  mine,  vii.  660-1. 

Temple,  J.,  supr.  court  judge,  1887, 
vii.  434. 

Tepehuane,  mission,  revolt  at,  1616, 
i.  15. 

Tepehuanes,  conquest  of,  i.  15. 

Tepic,  Graham  prisoners  at,  iv.  29-30. 

Territorial  Pioneer  society,  vii.  707. 

Terrv,  D.  S.,  speech  in  convention, 
etc.,  1859,  vi.  724-5,  735;  duel  with 
Broderick,  1859,  vi.  731-2;  trial  of, 
1856,  vi.  750-1;  vii.  225-6;  ac 
quittal  of,  vii.  211-12;  election  of, 
1855,  vii.  220;  the  Hill-Sharon 
case,  etc.,  vii.  430-1. 

Tevis,  Lloyd,  vii.  580. 

Texas,  independence,  v.  192. 

Texas  Pacific  R.  R..  subsidy  asked, 
vii.  595;  aid  from  S.  Diego,  vii. 
596;  affairs  of,  vii.  609-10,  612-13. 

Texas  &  Cal.  Construction  co.,  vii. 
613. 

Thomas,     Admiral,    comd.    of    Eng. 

fleet,  1842,  iv.  302-3. 
|  Thomas,  Capt.,  vii.  727. 

Thomas,  Lt-col  C.,  com.  for  land 
claims,  v.  463. 

Thomas,  Gen.  G.  H.,  in  command, 
1869,  vii.  472. 

Thomas,  I.  R.,  in  Honolulu,  1836,  iv. 
141. 

Thomas,  O.  H.,  the  S.  F.  R.  R.  con 
vention,  1859,  vii.  543. 

'Thomas  H.  Perkins,'  transport,  v. 
511. 

'Thomas  Nowland,'  ship,  iii.  99,  118. 

Thompson,  Major  DeWitt  C.,  men 
tion  of,  vii.  471. 

Thompson,  Waddy,  on  Jones  affair, 
1842,  iv.  311,  323-4;  actions  re 
immigration  to  Cal.,  iv.  380-1. 

Thornton,  J.  D.,  supr.  court  judge, 
1880,  vii.  409;  1889,  vii.  735. 

Tikhrnenef,  bibliog.,  ii.  314,  315,  640. 

Til  ford,  F.,  biog.,  etc.,  of,  vi.  707. 

Timiuous  diggings,  vii.  654. 

Tin,  vii.  660-1. 

Tingley,  Senator  G.  B.,  bill  iiitrod 
by,  1852,  vi.  665-6. 

Tinnin.  Senator,  vii.  622. 

Tinnin,  W.  J  ,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  375. 

Tirador,  adventures  of,  1848,  vi.  80- 
1. 

Titcomb,  C.,  in  Honolulu,  1836,  iv. 
141. 


822 


INDEX, 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Tithes,  refusal  to  pay,   1843,  iv.  373- 

4. 

Tlayacma,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Tobacco,   cultivation,  etc.,  of,  1854- 

79,  vii.  34-5. 

Toberman,  J.  R.,  biog.  of,  vii.  184. 
Tobias,  Iiid.  chief,  iv.  72. 
Todd,  Dr,  mention  of,  vi.  73. 
Todd  valley,  mining  camp,  1849,  vi. 

355. 
Todos  Santos  bay,  Walker  at,  1853, 

vi.  596-8. 
Toland,  Dr  H.    H.,  biog.,  etc.,    vii. 

720-1. 

Toledo,  Gov.  B.,  Cal.,  i.  172. 
Tolen,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Tomales,  mention  of,  vi.  511. 
Tomales  bay,  Bodega's  expedt.  at,  i. 

243. 
Toomes,   A.  G.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi. 

16-17. 

Tompkins,  E.,  vii.  720. 
Topayto,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Toral,    Serra's  suggestions  submitted 

to,  i.  209. 

Torquemada,  bibliog.,  i.  96,  98,  152. 
Toro,   Serra's   suggestions   submitted 

to,  i.  209. 
Torre,  M.  O.  de  la,  rep.  in  congress, 

1824,  iii.  2. 

Towle,  Allan,  biog.  of,  vii.  634. 
Town  councils,  see  ayuntamientos. 
Towne,   A.   K,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  597, 

632,  634. 
Townsend,    J.,    town    laid    out    by, 

1849,  vi.  194. 
Tozer,  C.  W.,  vii.  560. 
Tracy,  J.,  vii.  719. 
Trahern,  G.  W.,  biog.,  vii.  747. 
Trappers,   early  expeds,   iii.    151-75. 
Trask,  Dr  John  B.,  vii.  636. 
'Traveller,'  ship,  ii.  216,  285-7,  389. 
Treadwell,  J.  P.,  biog.,  vii.  250. 
Treasure,   export,    etc.,   of,    1848-81, 

vii.  118-20. 
Treaties,     Cahuenga,     1847,    vi.   256; 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,   1848,  vi.  262. 
Tres  Pinos,  mention  of,  vi.  524. 
'Tres  Reyes, 'ship,  i.  98. 
'Trinidad,'  ship,  iv.  312,  318,  340. 
Trinidad  city,  hist,  of,  vi.  503. 
Trinidad  bay,  '  Lelia  Byrd  '  in,  ii.  22. 
Trinidad  port,  named,  i.  242. 
Trinity  county,  drawbacks  to  mining 

in,    vi.  363-4;   mining  in,  vi.  365, 

370;  hist,  of,  vi.  500-6;  name,  etc., 

vii.  440. 
Trinity  river,  explor.,  etc.,  of,  1848, 

vi.   364;   name,    etc.,  vi.    500;    ex 


ploration    of,    1849-50,    vi.    500-2; 

mining  on  the,  vi.  502-3. 
Trot,  Cal.  trade,  1822,  ii.  475. 
Truckee,  founding,  etc.,   of,  1863-4, 

vi.  486. 

Tubbs,  A.  L.,  biog.,  vii.  754. 
Tucson,  Mormon  battle  at,  v.  485. 
Tulare,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  518. 
Tulare  county,  hist,    of,  vi.    517-18; 

creation  of,  1852,  vii.  209,  441. 
Tulare  valley,  discovery  of,    i.    197; 

exploration  of,  1776,  i.  276-7;  map 

of,  ii.  49;  refuge  for  neophytes,  ii. 

204;  visit  of  friars,  1816,  ii.  327-8; 

rancherias  in,  1817,  ii.  331-2;  exped. 

against  Inds  in,  ii.  335-6. 
Tulares,  Cabot  explors,  1814,  ii.  325; 

Ind  rebels  defeated,  1824,  ii.  533-5; 

explorers  in,  1846,  v.  2-3. 
Tuleburg,  see  Stockton. 
Tuliyomi,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  363. 
Tully,  P.  B.,  biog.,  etc.,  vii.  375. 
Tully,  R.  W.,  vii.  590. 
Tuolumne  city,  mention  of,  vi.  514. 
Tuolumne   county,  mining   in,  1848- 

56,    vi.    373-6;    hist,    of,    vi.    515; 

name,  etc.,  vii.  440. 
Tuolumne  co.,  mention  of,  vii.  587. 
Tuolumne  river,  mining  on,  1848,  vi. 

77-8. 

Turner,  E.  D.,  vii.  729. 
Turton  &  Knox,  contractors,  vii.  590. 
Tustin,  W.  I.,  mention  of,  vii.  96. 
Tu thill,  'Hist,  of  Cal.,'  i.  43-4,   90, 

92,  157;  ii.  176;  vi.  717. 
Tyler,    Pres.,   on   cession   of   Cal.  to 

Eng.,  1843,  iv.  382. 
Tyler,  mention  of;  vii.  717. 
Tylers,  D.,  hist,  of  Mormon  battle,  v. 

477-80. 
Tyson,  Dr,  with  King's  exped.,  1849, 

vi.  281. 


U 


Ugalde,  Comd't  Gen.  of  E.  provinces, 

i.  448. 
Ugarte,    Gen.,    offl    actions    in   Cal. 

affairs,    1785-7,   i.  401,  443,  448-9, 

451,  460,  479,  487,  609. 
Ukiah,  mention  of,  vi.  508-9. 
Ulloa,  exped.  of,  1539,  i.  7. 
Ululato,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 
Umpqua  river,  J.  Smith's  trappers  at, 

iii.  160. 
Union,    town    (see     also    '  Arcata '), 

mention  of,  vi.  504. 
Union  Consolidated  Mining  co.,  vii. 

651. 


INDEX. 


823 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Union  mine,  vii.  639,  659. 

Union  Mill  Mining  co.,  vii.  674. 

Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  name,  vii.  528; 
charter,  etc.,  of,  vii.  528-33;  stock, 
vii.  528;  land-grant,  vii.  529;  char 
ter,  vii.  531;  legisl.,  1864,  vii.  550- 
2;  land-grant,  vii.  550;  bonds,  vii. 
550-1;  construction,  vii.  569;  join 
ing  with  0.  P.,  1869,  vii.  573;  con 
solidations,  etc.,  of,  vii.  632. 

Union  party,  mention  of,  vii.  291-2, 
295-6,  301;  mention  of,  vii.  307-8; 
measures  passed  by,  vii.  319-20; 
decadence  of,  vii.  327. 

Unitarians,  vii.  729. 

United  States,  '  Explor.  exped.,' 
1838-42,  iv.  242;  projects  for  annexa 
tion,  iv.  257-8;  offer  to  purchase 
Cal,  iv.  299;  war  imminent,  1842, 
iv.  300,  600-3;  U.  S.  man-of-war, 
iv.  302-3,  313,  322;  actions  re 
specting  Com.  Jones'  affair,  iv. 
325-8;  report  of  war  with,  1845,  iv. 
524;  schemes  of,  1845,  iv.  594-8; 
U.  S.  artillery  service,  1847,  v. 
518-20;  congress,  actions  on  Cal. 
affairs,  v.  592-601;  U.  S.  dragoons 
service,  1848-9,  v.  522-3;  effect  of 
gold  discov.  in  Cal.,  1848,  vi.  114- 
21;  attitude  of,  etc.,  1846-7,  vi. 
252-5;  the  conquest  of  Cal.,  vi. 
255-7;  effect  of  the  admission  of 
Cal.,  vi.  344-5;  filibust.  expeds 
from,  1851-60,  vi.  582-603;  Ind. 
policy  of,  vii.  477-8;  railroads,  vii. 
498,  635. 

University  of  California,  the  new 
constit.,  1879,  vii.  392-3;  hist,  of 
the,  vii.  392,  644,  720. 

University  of  Southern  Cal.,  vii.  720. 

University  of  the  Pacific,  vii.  721. 

University  college  of  S.  F.,  vii.  722. 

Urizar,  J.  A.  de,  address,  1787,  i. 
401-2. 

'Urup,'  ship,  iii.  213;  iv.  159. 

Utah  lake,  crossed  by  Jedediah  Smith, 
iii.  152. 

Utinomanoc,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 


Vaca,  Cabeza  de,   reputation  among 

natives,  i.  7. 
Vaca  Valley  &  Clear  Lake  R.  R.,  vii. 

589-90. 

Vacaville,  name,  etc.,  vi.  500. 
Vaccination,   Patties'  tour,  1829,  iii. 

168-9. 


Valdes,  Serra's  suggestions  submitted 

to,  i.  209. 

Valencia,  C.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 
Valencia,    Gen.   G.,  admin,  of   pious 

fund,  1842,  iv.  336. 
Vallejo,  A.,  dficial  of  pious  fund,  1809, 

ii.  166. 

Vallejo,  J.  J.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  10. 
Vallejo,   M.    G.,   private   archives,  i. 

49;  'Hist,  de  Cal.,'  i.  55;  influence 

of,  1848,  vi.  20;  member  of  legisl. 

council,   1847,  vi.  260;  del.  to  con 
stit.  convention,  1849,  vi.  285;  Sos- 

col  claim,  vi.  562. 

Vallejo,  Major  S.,  mention  of,  vii.  470. 
Vallejo,  seat  of  gov't  at,    1851-2,  vi. 

322;    1852,   vi.   656;  1853,   vi.    674; 

rival  of  S.  F.,  vii.  685-6. 
Vallejo  &  Sonoma  Valley  R.  R.,  vii. 

589. 

Van  Lokeren,  A.,  vii.  668. 
Van  Ness,    J.,    ordinance,    1851,   vi. 

759;  vii.  229-30,  245;  mayor  of  San 

Francisco,  1855-6,  vi.  767. 
Van  Nuys,  I.  N.,  biog.  of,  vii.  759. 
VanOrden,  S.,  vii.  587. 
'  Vancouver, '  ship,  iv.  594. 
'Vandalia,'  ship,  iv.  433;  v.  319,  357. 
Vanderbilt,  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  140. 
Vargas,  gov.,  reconquers  N.  Mex.,  i. 

19. 
Vassault,    F.,    claimant    for    rancho 

Camaritas,  iii.  711. 
Vea,    A.    M.  de,  Cal.   representative, 

1823,  ii.  484. 
Vega  de  Pajaro  rancho,  granted,  1820, 

ii.  383. 
Vegetables,  cultivation,  etc.,  of,  1851- 

89,  vii.  27-30,  86. 
Vehicles,   manufact.   of,    1856-81,  vL 

79-80. 
Ventura  county,   created,  etc.,  1872, 

vi.  523;  creation,  etc.,  of,  1872,  vii. 

442;  petroleum  wells  of,  vii.  662. 
'Venus,'  ship,  iv.  147. 
Ver  Mehr,  missionary,  vii.  729. 
Verdugo,    J.    G.,    licensed   to   trade, 

1820,  ii.  293. 
Verger,    Rafael,    guardian,    offl   acts, 

1772-82,  i.  192-4,  325,  378. 
Vermeule,  T.  L.,  mention  of,  vi.  323. 
Vernon,   founding,   etc.,   of,  1849,  vi. 

488. 

Victor's  'Atchison  System,' vii.  620. 
Victor,  J.  N.,  vii.  618. 
Victoria,  pres.,  orders  arrest  of  Sarria, 

iii.  19. 
Victoria,  gov.,  rule  of,  1831,  iii  181- 

215. 


824 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


*  Victoria,'  ship,  iv.  224. 
Vigilantes,  first  committee,  1835,  iii. 

417-19;     proceedings    against,    iii. 

431-2;  proceedings  of,    1851-6,   vi. 

742-54;    plan   of    h'dq'rs,    vi.    748; 

medal  of,  vi.  753. 

Vincennes,  U.  S.  explor.  ship,  iv.  243. 
Vineyards,  at  S.  Jose  miss.,  1806,  ii. 

139;   at  S.   Diego,    product.,    1839, 

iii.  619;  at  S.  Miguel,  1836,  iii.  685; 

at  miss.,  1844,  iv.  421-2. 
Visalia,  mention  of,  vi.  518. 
Visitador,   Hartnell   app't'd,  iii.  600; 

actions  of,  1836-40,  iv.  57-8,  61-2. 
Viticulture,  hist,  of,  vii.  46-50,  744. 
Vizcaino,  exped.,  1597,  i.  13-14. 
Vizcaino,   Sebastian,  voy.  of,  explor., 

1602,  i.  22-3. 
Volcano,  discovered  near  Sta  Barbara, 

i.  465. 

4  Volga,  *  ship,  ii.  640,  643-4. 
'  Volunteer/  ship,  iii.  85,  365. 
Voorhees,    W.    Van,   mention   of,  vi. 

687;  vii.  146. 
Voorman,  H.,  biog.,  vii.  86. 

*  Vulture,'  ship,  iii.  141. 


W 


Wages,  miners',  vii.  639. 

Wakelee,  C.  H.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 
Wakelee,  H.  P.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 

Waldenar,  Peter,  vii.  641. 
Waldo,  W.,  whig  nominee  for  gov., 

1853,  vii.  679. 

Walkinshaw,  Robert,  vii.  656. 
Walker,  James  D.,  vii.  590. 
Walker,   J.  P.,  del.   to  constit.   con 
vention,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  287. 
Walker,    W.,    mention   of,    vi.    589, 

character,  vi.  593,  600;  filibust.  ex- 

peds  of,  1853-60,  vi.  593-600. 
Walkup,  J.,  lieut-gov.,  1858,  vi.  714. 
Walla   Wallas,  Inds,    troubles   with, 

1845,  iv.   544-5;  fears  of,   1846,  v. 

567. 
Wallace,    Attorney-gen.  T.,   mention 

of,  vi.  617. 
Wallace,  Judge  W.  T.,  biog.,  etc.,  of, 

vii.  235. 

Walworth,  E.  B.,  missionary,  vii.  730. 
Warner,  bibliog.,  i.  44. 
Warner,    Capt.,  death   of,  1849,   vii. 

449-50. 

Warner,  W.  H.,  mention  of,  vi.  447. 
Warren,  G.  R.,  defalcation  of,  vii.  307. 


Warren,  Rev.  J.  H.,  vii.  729. 
'Warren,'  U.   S.    ship,    v.    254,    284, 

287,  384. 
Warren  &  Son,  agric.  exhibs  of,  1852- 

3,  vii.  63. 
Warwick,  J.  H.,  speech  of,  1863,  vii. 

550. 
Washington,    pres.,    passport    from, 

for  Capt.  E.  Dorr,  i.  539. 
Washington,  B.   F.,  collector  of  cus 
toms,  1857,  vi.  711. 
'Washington,'  ship,  iii.  139. 
Washington,  Fremont  court-martial, 

at,  v.  456-62. 
Washington  guard,   mention  of,  vii. 

455. 

Washington,  mine,  vii.  657. 
Washoe  district,  mining  cos  in,  1860, 

vii.  666-7. 
Wa«hoe  Gold    &  S.  Mining  co.,  vii. 

666. 

Wasson,  Joseph,  vii.  644. 
Water,  rights  to,  etc.,  vii.  394,428-30. 
Waterman,  R.  H.,  mention  of,  vi.  499. 
Waterman,  R.  W.,  lieut-gov.,  1887, 

vii.  434;  gov.,  vii.  434,  737. 
Watkins,  H.  P.,  mention  of,  vi.  598. 
Watson,  N.  A.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 

Watson,  N.  S.,  vii.  587. 
Watsonville,  mention  of,  vi.  525. 
Watt,  William,  vii.  590. 
Watts,  S.  T.,  vii.  586. 
'Waverly,'  ship,  iii.   118,   130,    317, 

364. 

Waymire,  Jas  A.,  biog.,  vii.  735-6. 
Weaverville,  hist,  of,  vi.  506. 
Webb,  S.  P.,  mayor  of  San  Francisco, 

1854,  vi.  766. 
Webb  &  Co.,  vii.  638. 
Weber,    master    'Trade   Wind,'    vii. 

730. 

Weber,  C.,  mention  of,  vi.  74. 
Weber,     C.     M.,     founds     Tuleburg 

(Stockton),  etc.,  1848,  vL  11,  465. 
Weber  creek,  mining  on,  1848-9,  vi. 

74,  352-3. 

Weberville,  founding  of,  1848,  vi.  74. 
Webster,  sec.,  on  conquest  of   Cal., 

1842,    iv.    300;   instructions    in    re 

Jones  affair,  iv.  325-6. 
Weeks,    J.   W.,  alcalde  of  San  Jose, 

1848,  vi.  4. 
Weil,    J.,    state  treasurer,  1880,  vii. 

408. 
Weller,  C.  L.,  arrest,   etc.,  of,   1864, 

vii.  308-9. 
Weller,  J.  B.,  U.  S.  senator,  1852,  vi. 

659,  662-3;  gov.,  1858,  vi.  713-14; 


INDEX. 


825 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


bill  introd   by,  1855,  vi.   726;   bill 

reported  by,  1855,  vii.  526. 
Wellock,    W.,    career,    etc.,    of,    vii. 

359-60. 
Wells,  Judge    A.,   election,  etc.,    of, 

1852,  vii.  220-1. 

Wells,  H.  S.,  the  S.  F.  R.  R.  conven 
tion,  1859,  vii.  543. 
Wells,  T.  G.,  mention  of,  vii.  160. 
Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  transactions  with 

the  state  treasurer,  1856-7,  vi.  618; 

express  business  of,  vii.  150-1. 
West,  M.,  ranchoof,  1848,  vi.  20. 
West,  S.  N.,  vii.  654. 
Westcott,    Capt.    G.    C.,    on   Riley's 

staff,  1849,  vii.  448. 
Western,  J.,  vii.  719. 
Western  Development  co.  (see  also 

Contract  aud  Finance  co.,  and  Pa 
cific  Improvement  co.),   organized, 

vii.  610-11. 
Western   Pacific   Railroad  company, 

organized,   etc.,   1862,  vii.  557;  aid 

to,  vii.  558;  Oakland  terminus,  vii. 

579-81. 

Whaling,  i.  185;  vii.  82-3. 
Wheat,  yield,   etc.,  of,   1850-88,  vii. 

26-8;  export  of,  vii.  116-23,  412. 
Wheatland,  mention  of,  vi.  487. 
Wheaton,  mention  of,  vii.  717. 
Wheeler,  Rev.  A.  C.,  vii.  727-8. 
Wheelock,  A.  A.,  vii.  717. 
Whigs,  convention  of,  1851,  vi.  650- 

2;  1852,  vi.  670-1;  defeat  of,  1852, 

vi.  671-2. 
Whipple,  Lieut-col  S.  G.,  mention  of, 

vii.  470. 

Whisman,  J.  W.,  mention  of,  vi.  6. 
White,  T.  J.,  speaker  of  assembly, 

1849..  vi.  310. 

White  Sulphur  springs,  vii.  664. 
Whiting,  C.  A.,  surveyor-gen.,  1849, 

vi.  314. 
Whitney,  A.,  railroad  scheme  of,  vii. 

501-7;    R.  R.  scheme  of,  vii.  517- 

18;  mention  of,  vii.  570. 
Whitney,  J.  D.,  geologist,  vii.  636. 
Wicks,  Rev.,  mention  of,  vii.  718. 
Wicks,   M.   L.,    biog.,   etc.,  vii.  8-9, 

707. 

Widney,  J.  P.,  biog.  of,  vii.  250. 
Widney,  R.  M.,  biog.  of,  vii.  250. 
Wieland,  John,  biog.  of,  vii.  101. 
Wilkes,  works  of,  i.  40. 
Wilkes'  expedition  in  Cal.,  1841,  iv. 

240-2. 
Wilkes,    Capt.    C.,    mention   of,  vii. 

508. 
Wilkes,  G.,  advice  to  Broderick,  1850, 


vi.  662;   project  of,  1853,  vi.  676; 

R.  R.  scheme  of,  vii.  502. 
Willamette    Cattle    co.,   actions    of, 

1837,  iv.  85-7. 
Willcutt,  J.  L.,  vii.  633. 
Willey,    S.    H.,  chaplain   to   constit. 

convention,  1849,  vi.  290;  school  at 

Monterey,   1849,  vii.  717;  mention 

of,  vii.  727. 

Williams,  T.    H.,  nominee  for  attor 
ney-gen.,   1859,  vi.  723;   biog.,  vi. 

723;    suggestions  of,   1859-60,   vii. 

248-9. 

Williams,  Virgil,  vii.  722. 
Williams,  bibliog.,  i.  571. 
Williams,  A.  P.,  senator,  1886,  vii. 

432;  biog.,  vii.  432. 
Williams,  Rev.  Albert,  vii.  717,  727. 
Williams,  D.  C.,  member  stock  board, 

vii.  668. 

Williams,  H.,  vii.  640. 
Williams,  H.  B.,  vii.  586. 
Williams,  J.  S.,  mention  of,  1848,  vi. 

17. 

'  Wm  Thompson,'  ship,  iii.  364. 
Willis,  Rev.  E.  J.,  vii.  730. 
Willis,  L,  at  Mormon  island,  1848,  vi. 

49. 
Willis,  S.,  at  Mormon  island,  1848,  vi. 

48-9. 

Willow- ware,  manufact.  of,  vii.  80-1. 
Wilmington,  mention  of,  vi.  521-2. 
Wilson,  H.  C.,  biog.,  vii.  741. 
Wilson,  Judge,  assault  on,  1852,  vii. 

210-11. 

Wilson,  J.  D.,  vii.  668. 
Wilson,  James,  vii.  654. 
Wimmer,  P.  L.,  mention  of,  i.  30-1. 
Windmill,  at  Roso,  1816,  ii.  416. 
Winder,  Capt.,  vii.  640. 
Wine,   product,    quality,   etc.,   1850- 

89,  vii.  44-9,  743-5. 
Winlack,  Miss  J.  B.,  vii.  718. 
Winn,  W.  M.,  gen.  of  militia,  1850, 

vi.  319. 

Wisconsin  Hill,  mining  camp,  vi.  355. 
Wise,  J.  H.,  biog.,  vii.  187. 
Wise,  minister,  indiscreet  speech  of, 

1846,  v.  512. 

Witherby,  O.  S.,  biog.  of,  vii.  183. 
Wolfskin,  J.   R.,  rancho  of,    1842-8, 

vi.  17. 
Wood,  L.   K.,  exped.,  etc.,  of,  1849, 

vi.  501-2. 

Wood,  W.  G.,  report,  etc.,  of,  vii.  177. 
Wood,  W.  W.,  « Wandering  Sketches,' 

iv.  452-3. 
Wood  creek,  mining  on,  1848,  vi.  76-7; 

gold 'deposits  on,  vi.  373. 


826 


INDEX. 


For  information  concerning  pioneers,  see  also  the  Pioneer  Register,  vols.  II  to  V. 


Woodbridge,  Rev.  S.,  vii.  727. 

Woodbridge,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 

Woodland,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  499. 

Woods,  I.  C.,  Adams  &  Co.'s  failure, 
vii.  174-5. 

Woods,  Mrs,  school,  1850,  vii.  717. 

Woodside  mine,  vii.  640. 

Woodville,  mention  of,  vi.  518. 

Woodward's  gardens,  vii.  693. 

Woodworth,  Senator  S.  E.,  mention 
of,  vii.  200. 

Wool,  Gen.  J.  E.,  supersedes  Hitch 
cock,  1853,  vi.  595;  in  command, 
1854,  vii.  462,  472. 

Wool,  growth  of  industry,  etc., 
1855-80,  vii.  59-61;  manufact.  of, 
vii.  88. 

Wool-pulling,  vii.  92. 

Workinginen's  party,  organized, 
1877,  vii.  355;  principles  of,  vii. 
355-6;  progress  of,  vii.  361-2;  the 
new  constit.,  187S-9,  vii.  372-4; 
election  of,  1879,  vii.  408-11. 

Workinginen's  trade  and  labor  union, 
organized,  1877,  vii.  354;  resolu 
tions  of,  vii.  355. 

Workman,  Win,  journey  of  party  un 
der,  1841,  iv.  276-8. 

Works,  J.  D.,  supr.  court  judge, 
1889,  vii.  735;  biog.,  vii.  735. 

Wozencraft,  O.  M.,  del.  to  constit. 
convention,  etc.,  1849,  vi.  287; 
Ind.  agent,  1850-2,  vii.  482-5. 

Wright,  Gen.  T.  F.,  mention  of,  vii. 
469;  in  command,  1861,  vii.  471. 

Wright,  Gen.  G.,  supersedes  Sumner, 
1861,  vii.  284-5;  measures  of,  vii. 
289-90;  measures  of,  vii.  301;  at 
Ft  Reading,  1852,  vii.  461;  in  com 
mand,  1861,  vii.  472. 

Wright,  G.  W.,  represent,  in  con 
gress,  1849,  vi.  306. 

Wright  &  Co.,  mention  of,  vii.  160. 

Wyatt,  Blackburn,  vii.  640. 

Wyatt,  Rev.  C.  B.,  vii.  728. 

Wyllie,  R.  C.,  colony  scheme,  1843, 
iv.  382-4. 


Xucu,  native  town,  i.  72. 


Yalesumnes,  Ind.  tribe,  iv.  138. 
Yamajabs,  Ind.  tribe,  i.  274. 
Yanez,  Gen.,  defeats  Raousset,  etc., 
1854,  vi.  591. 


Yankee  Hill,  mining  camp,  vi.  374. 
Yankee   Jim's,    name,     etc.,    vi.    73, 

483-4;  mining  camp,  1849,  vi.  355. 
Yankee  Silver  Mining  co.,  vii.  667. 
Yanofski,  actions  in  re  loss,   colony, 

1820,  ii.  318-20. 
Yanonalit,  Ind.  chief,  i.  377. 
Yellow  Jacket,  mine,  vii.  673. 
Yeomet,  town,  mention  of,  vi.  513. 
Yerba  Buena,   name  first  applied,  ii. 

590;    settlement  at,   1840,   iii.  708- 

10;     survey     of,     iii.     711;     name 

changed  to  San  Francisco,  vi.   165. 
Yerba   Buena   island,   R.   R.    designs 

on,  vii.  581,  601-2. 
Ygnacio,  mine,  vii.  651. 
Yolo  city,  mention  of,  vi.  498. 
Yolo    county,    hist,     of,     vi.     497-9; 

name,    etc.,   vii.   439;   R.    R.    land 

grants  in,  vii.  582. 
Yolos,  Inds,  Vallejo's  expedt.  against, 

1835,  iii.  360. 

Yoloytoy,    Ind.    tribe,    treaty    with, 

1836,  iv.  71. 
Yorba  rancho,  ii.  353. 
'Yorktown,'  ship,  iv.  38,  313. 
Yorva,  T.,  rancho  of,  1848,  vi.  12. 
You  Bet,  camp,  mention  of,  vi.  486. 
Young,  Brigham,  plan  to  occupy  Cal., 

1846,  v.  470-1 ;  raises  Mormon 
battl.  for  Cal.,  v.  474,  476,  478,  481, 
497-8. 

Yount,  G.,  mention  of,  vi.  19. 

Yountsville,  mention  of,  vi.  510. 

Yreka,  hist,  of,  vi.  494-5. 

Yuba  city,  hist,  of,  vi.  488-9. 

Yuba  county,  mining  in,  1850-6,  vi. 
358-60;  hist,  of,  vi.  487-8,  name, 
etc.,  vii.  439;  R.  R.  aid,  vii.  581. 

Yuba  R.  R.  co.,  vii.  586. 

Yuba  river,  mining  on,  1848,  vi.  72; 
1850-6,  vi.  357,  359. 

Yumas,  clamorous  for  missionaries,  i. 
353;  disgust  of,  i.  357;  massacre 
by,  i.  362-4;  efforts  to  punish,  i. 
365-71;  captives  ransomed,  i.  367; 
remain  independent,  i.  370;  raids 
of  the,  1849-50,  vii.  481-2,  486. 


Zacatecanos,  arrival  of,  1833,  iii.  318- 
20;  troubles  with,  iii.  321;  support 
Carrillo,  1837-8,  iv.  47;  reputation 
of,  iv.  195. 

Zacatecas,  arrival  of  friars  from,  iv.  371. 

Zaclom,  Ind.  tribe,  ii.  506. 

Zampay,  Ind.  chief,  iv.  72. 


III. 


SUMMAET 


OF 


GEOGRAPHICAL    KNOWLEDGE    AND 
DISCOVERY 

1540. 


(From  Chap.  I.,  Vol.  I.  of  the  Bancroft  History.} 


.    /K      ' 


SUMMARY   OP   GEOGRAPHICAL   KNOWLEDGE   AND   DISCOVERY    FROM    THB 
EARLIEST  RECORDS  TO  THE  YEAR  1540. 

Before  entering  upon  the  narration  of  events  composing  this  history,  it 
seems  to  me  important,  in  order  as  well  properly  to  appreciate  the  foregoing 
Introduction  as  to  gain  from  succeeding  chapters  something  more  than 
gratified  curiosity,  that  an  exposition  of  Early  Voyages  should  be  given, — 
acting  powerfully  as  they  did  on  evolving  thought  and  material  develop 
ment,  giving  breadth  and  vigor  to  intellect,  enthusiasm  to  enterprise,  and  in 
elevating  and  stimulating  that  commercial  spirit  which  was  eventually  to 
depose  kings,  exalt  the  people,  strip  from  science  its  superstitions,  from  re 
ligion  its  cabalistic  forms,  and  by  its  associations,  its  negotiations,  its  adven 
turous  daring,  its  wars,  its  alliances,  and  its  humanizing  polities,  to  break 
the  barriers  of  ancient  enmity  and  bring  together  in  common  brotherhood 
all  the  nations  of  the  earth. 

Therefore,  I  now  propose  to  give  a  chronological  statement  of  every  au 
thentic  voyage  of  discovery  made  beyond  the  Mediterranean  prior  to  1540, 
while  doubtful  and  disputed  voyages  will  be  discussed  according  to  their 
relative  importance.  I  shall  notice,  moreover,  such  books  and  charts  re 
lating  to  America  as  were  produced  during  this  period,  with  fac-similes  of  the 
more  important  maps,  to  illustrate,  at  different  dates,  the  progress  of  discovery. 
It  is  my  purpose,  so  far  as  possible,  in  the  very  limited  space  allowed,  to  state 
fairly  the  conclusions  of  the  best  writers  on  every  important  point. 

One  word  as  to  the  authorities  consulted  in  the  preparation  of  this  Sum 
mary.  Of  books  relating  to  America,  published  prior  to  1540,  there  are 
in  all  about  sixty-five;  only  twenty-five,  however,  contain  original  informa 
tion;  twenty-three  are  general  cosmographical  works  with  brief  sections  on 
America  compiled  from  the  original  twenty-five;  while  seventeen  merely 
mention  the  New  World  or  its  discoveries,  and  are  therefore  of  no  value  in 
this  connection.  Of  the  forty-eight  containing  matter  more  or  less  impor 
tant,  there  are  over  two  hundred  editions,  the  earliest  of  which  only,  in  most 
instances,  will  be  mentioned,  and  that  without  extensive  bibliographical 
notes.  These  books  and  charts  I  notice  in  chronological  order  under  dates 
of  their  successive  appearance. 

The  subject  of  Early  Voyages  has  been  so  frequently  and  so  thoroughly 
discussed  by  able  modern  writers  that  it  is  unnecessary,  and  indeed  im- 


68  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

practicable  in  so  condensed  an  essay,  to  refer  to  ancient  authorities  alone, 
and  prove  everything  from  the  beginning.  I  shall  therefore,  besides  the 
Spanish  historians  Peter  Martyr,  Oviedo,  Las  Casas,  Gomara,  Herrera,  and 
the  standard  collections  of  Ramnsio,  Grynseus,  Purchas,  and  Hakluyt,  freely 
use  the  works  of  later  writers  according  to  their  relative  worth.  And  of 
these  last  mentioned  I  epitomize  the  following.  Historia  del  Nuevo-lMwtdo, 
escribiafa  D.  Juan  Baut.  Munoz,  torn.  i. — all  ever  published — En  Madrid, 
1703,  contains  a  clear  well-written  proloyo,  or  essay,  on  the  first  three  voyages 
of  Columbus  with  minor  mention  of  contemporary  discoveries.  An  account 
is  also  given  of  the  author's  labors  in  beginning  the  large  and  invaluable 
collection  of  documents  completed  and  published  by  Martin  Fernandez  de 
Navarrete,  Coleccion  de  los  Viages  y  Descubrimiento*  que  hicieron  por  mar  los 
Expaiioles  desde  fines  del  siylo  XV.,  5  vols.  4to,  Madrid,  1825-37.  This 
collection  of  Navarrete's  is  without  doubt  the  most  valuable  work  on 
the  subject  of  early  American  voyages,  and  the  foundation  of  all  that 
followed;  containing  as  it  does  the  original  Spanish,  Latin,  and  Portuguese 
texts  of  the  more  important  Spanish  and  Portuguese  expeditions  from 
1393  to  1540  — the  Latin  and  Portuguese  done  into  Spanish — together  with 
over  five  hundred  original  documents  from  the  Spanish  archives,  with  ex 
tensive  and  generally  impartial  notes  by  the  editor.  For  a  biographical 
sketch  of  this  author  see  chapter  iii.  of  this  volume.  Washington  Irving's 
Life  and  Voyatjes  of  Christopher  Columbus  and  Ins  Companions,  published  in 
London,  1828-31  (edition  used,  that  of  New  York,  1869,  3  vols.),  is  an  able 
and  elegant  abridged  translation  of  Kavarrete,  and  of  La  Historia  de  el 
A  1  mil-ante  D.  Christoval  Colon,  by  his  son  Fernando  Colon,  in  Barcla,  Histori- 
adores  Primitivos,  torn,  i.,  Madrid,  1749.  Alexander  von  Hmnboldt's  Ex- 
emeu  critique  de  Vhistoire  de  la  Geoyraphie.  du  nouveau  continent,  ft  des  progres 
de  Vastronomie  nautique  aitx  loeme  ct  IGcme  Siecles,  5  vols.  Svo,  Paris,  1836-9, 
is  a  most  exhaustive  digest  of  materials  furnished  by  Navarrete  and  the  elder 
historians,  illustrated  with  the  results  of  the  author's  personal  investigations. 
The  work  embraces  two  treatises ;  first,  the  causes  which  led  to  the  discov 
ery  of  America ;  second,  facts  relating  to  Columbus  and  Vespucci,  with  the 
dates  of  geographic  discoveries.  Huniboldt's  Abhandluny  uler  die  ciltesten 
Kartcn,  printed  as  an  introduction  to  Ghillany,  Getchichtc  des  Seefahrers  Ritter 
Martin  Behaim,  Nuremberg,  185.3,  of  which  I  have  only  a  manuscript  English 
translation,  is  an  essay  as  well  on  the  naming  of  America  as  on  early  maps. 
Another  important  treatise  is  that  of  J.  G.  Kohl,  Die  beiden  dltesten  General- 
Karten  von  America,  Weimar,  18GO,  of  nearly  two  hundred  large  folio  pages 
on  the  earliest  manuscript  and  printed  maps,  two  of  the  former,  dated  1527- 
and  1529,  accompanying  the  work,  reproduced  in  chromo-lithographic  fac 
simile.  The  same  author  has  produced  other  works  on  the  subject,  the  most 
important  being  A  History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  East  Coast  of  North  Amer 
ica,  published  in  Collections  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  2d  series,  vol.  i., 
Portland,  1869.  This  contains  reduced  copies  of  twenty- three  early  maps, 
and  is  perhaps  the  most  complete  work  existing,  so  far  as  the  northern  coasts 
are  concerned,  giving  comparatively  little  attention  to  more  southern  voy 
ages.  Kunstmann,  Die  Entdcckuny  Amerikas,  Munich,  1859,  is  a  careful 
compilation  of  ninety-six  imperial  quarto  pages,  with  copious  notes  and  refer- 


ADVENTURES  OF  THE  ANCIENTS.  69 

ences,  written  to  accompany  a  collection  of  thirteen  large  chromo-litliographic 
reproductions  of  manuscript  maps  preserved  in  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Munich,  and  generally  known  as  the  Munich  Atlas.  Herr  Kunstmann  treats 
chiefly  of  the  Atlantic  islands,  with  special  reference  to  the  connection  be 
tween  the  discoveries  of  Spaniards  and  Northmen.  Major's  Life  of  Prince 
Henry  of  Portugal,  London,  1868,  is  the  best  authority  for  Portuguese  voy 
ages  as  well  as  for  the  revival  of  maritime  enterprise  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
Stevens' Historical  and  Geographical  Notes  on  the  Earliest  Discoveries  in  Amer 
ica,  14-53-lo30,  New  Haven,  1869,  was  written  originally  as  an  introduction 
to  a  book  by  the  author's  brother  on  his  proposed  interoceanic  communication 
via  Tehuantej<ec.  It  is  a  concise  statement  of  the  whole  matter,  presenting 
some  of  its  phases  in  a  practically  new  light.  Varnhagen,  Le  Premier 
Voyage  de  Amerigo  Vespucci,  Vienna,  1869,  must  not  be  omitted  as  the  chief 
support  of  a  theory  on  Vespucci's  voyages  which  nearly  concerns  the  first 
discovery  of  our  Pacific  States  territory  proper.  Itafn,  Antiquitates  Ameri 
canos,  Hafnise,  1837,  is  the  source  of  nearly  all  our  knowledge  of  the  discov 
eries  of  the  Northmen  in  America  in  the  tenth  and  following  centuries ;  and 
De  Costa,  The  Pre-Columbian  Discovery  of  America,  Albany,  1868,  presents 
an  English  translation  of  the  same  Icelandic  sagas  in  which  the  enterprises 
of  the  Northmen  are  recorded.  The  Cartoyrafia  Mexicana  of  Orozco  y  Berra, 
published  by  the  Mexican  Geographical  Society,  contains,  as  its  title  indi 
cates,  a  mention  of  early  maps  in  chronologic  order;  and  the  Mapoteca  Colum- 
biana  of  Urricoechea,  London,  1860,  is  another  important  contribution  of 
similar  nature.  There  should  be  mentioned  the  excellent  review  given  iii 
the  first  volume  of  Bryant's  History  of  the  United  States,  which  has  appeared 
since  this  Summary  was  written ;  and  I  might  present  quite  a  list  of  papers 
read  before  the  various  learned  societies  of  Europe  and  America  on  different 
topics  connected  with  this  subject  in  late  years,  none  of  them  I  believe 
materially  affecting  my  conclusions. 

The  above  form  but  a  small  portion  of  the  works  devoted  wholly  or  in  part 
to  the  subject,  but  they  are  believed  to  contain  all  the  material  necessary  for 
even  a  more  detailed  statement  than  my  purpose  demands. 

Of  the  voyages  of  the  ancients,  properly  so  called,  that  is,  of  such  as  pre 
ceded  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  century,  I  shall 
here  say  little.  These  maritime  expeditions,  confined  for  the  most  part  to 
the  Mediterranean,  though  extending  for  some  distance  along  the  coasts  of  the 
Indian  and  Atlantic  oceans,  with  occasional  voyages  designedly  or  accident 
ally  prolonged  to  more  distant  islands,  and  it  may  be  continents,  come  down 
to  ois  through  antique  histories,  cosmographies,  and  poems,  so  mixed  with 
vague  hypothetical  and  mythological  conceptions,  that  the  most  searching  in 
vestigation  is  often  unable  to  separate  fact  from  fable.  There  are. multitudes 
of  classic  and  mediaeval  legends  adopted  by  Tasso,  Pulci,  and  other  Italian 
poets,  such,  for  example,  as  that  which  makes  the  Greek  wanderer  Ulysses 
the  pioneer  of  western  adventure,  which  in  a  sober  treatise  are  scarcely 
worthy  of  mention.  Turning  to  the  dawn  his  vessel's  poop,  this  son  of 
Laertes,  it  is  said,  passed  Gibraltar,  the  bound  ordained  by  Hercules  not  to 
be  overstepped  by  man,  and,  as  Dante  tells  us,  sailed  for  the  Happy  Isles  of 


70  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

the  unknown  Atlantic,  unrestrained  by  son,  or  father,  or  even  Penelope's 
ever- weaving  web  of  love. 

A  little  journey  was  a  wonderful  exploit  before  the  time  of  Christ — in 
stance  the  immortal  fame  achieved  by  Hanno,  the  Carthaginian,  in  visiting 
the  west  coast  of  Africa,  B.  c.  570;  by  Herodotus,  in  making  the  excursion 
of  Egypt  and  India,  B.  c.  464-456;  by  Pytheas,  in  his  voyage  to  the  British 
Isles,  B.  c.  340;  byNearchus,  in  descending  the  Indus,  B.  c.  326;  by  Eudoxus, 
in  his  attempt  to  sail  round  Africa,  B.  c.  130;  by  Caesar,  in  undertaking  the 
conquest  of  Gaul,  B.  c.  58;  by  Strabo,  in  penetrating  Asia  some  thirty  or  forty 
years  later.  After  the  Christian  era  Pausanias,  a  Roman,  in  175  wrote  a 
guide-book  of  Greece;  Fa  Hian,  a  Chinese  monk,  went  westward  into  India 
in  the  year  400  or  thereabout;  Cosmas  Indicopleustes  travelled  in  India  a 
century  and  a  half  later  and  wrote  a  book  to  prove  the  world  square,  and 
the  universe  an  oblong  coffer;  Arculphe  wrote  of  the  Holy  Land  about  650; 
an  Englishman,  Willibald,  made  the  tour  of  southern  Europe  and  Palestine, 
setting  out  from  Southampton  in  721;  in  851  went  Soliman  from  Persia  to 
the  China  sea.  So  it  has  been  said. 

Indeed,  the  writings  of  Herodotus  indicate  that,  over  two  thousand  years 
before  Bias  and  Vasco  da  Gama,  Africa  was  circumnavigated  Jt>y  a  fleet  of 
Phoenician  ships  sent  by  Pharaoh  Necho  down  the  Red  Sea  with  orders  to 
return  to  Egypt  by  way  of  the  Pillars  of  Hercules.  A  Persian,  Sataspes, 
endeavored  to  accomplish  the  voyage  from  the  other  direction,  but  failed. 
Plato's  island  of  Atlantis,  founded  by  the  god  Neptune,  was  of  great  size, 
"larger  than  Asia  and  Libya  together,  and  was  situated  over  against  the 
straits  now  called  the  Pillars  of  Hercules."  The  climate  and  soil  were  so 
good  that  fruits  ripened  twice  every  year.  There  were  metals,  with  elephants 
and  other  animals  in  abundance.  Upon  a  mountain  was  a  beautiful  city 
with  gold  and  ivory  palaces,  having  gardens  and  statues.  Unfortunately  in 
time  the  sea  swallowed  up  this  island,  so  that.it  could  scarcely  have  been 
America. 

So  far  as  these  voyages  and  strange  tales  concern  the  possible  knowledge  of 
America  by  the  ancients,  I  have  already  discussed  them  in  my  Native  llaces 
of  the  Pacific  States.  Therein  is  mentioned  a  theory  which  has  found  many 
advocates,  and  to  which  I  will  again  briefly  allude  in  this  place.  It  is  that 
at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era  America  was  visited  by  the  Apostle 
St  Thomas.  He  was  accompanied  by  a  number  of  fellow-laborers  in  the 
ministry,  who  preached  the  gospel  and  planted  the  Christian  religion  in 
America.  The  theory  is  ably  advocated  in  the  excellent  work  of  Rev.  \V. 
Gleeson,  The  History  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  California.  The  principal 
arguments  advanced  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows :  First,  that  the  whole 
tenor  of  Scripture  teaching  is  in  favor  of  the  supposition  that  the  gospel  was 
preached  to  all  the  world  from  the  beginning,  rather  than  after  the  lapse  of 
several  centuries.  Second,  that  at  a  date  fixed  by  Mexican  hieroglyphics 
as  a  little  before  the  middle  of  the  first  century  after  Christ,  a  celebrated 
personage,  certainly  the  most  remarkable  in  Mexican  mythology,  came  from 
the  north.  He  is  represented  as  a  white  man,  with  flowing  beard,  clad  in  a 
long  white  robe,  adorned  with  red  crosses,  head  uncovered,  and  a  staff  in  his 


THE  PROPHECY  OF  QUETZALCOATL.  71 

hand.  This  was  the  Quetzalcoatl,  whom  the  Mexicans  afterward  worshipped, 
and  whose  return  was  so  anxiously  looked  for  by  them.  See  Torquemada, 
Monarq.  Ltd.  Third,  that  to  him  popular  tradition  ascribes  the  worship  paid 
to  the  cross,  the  practice  of  confession,  and  in  a  word  all  the  customs  found 
011  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards  to  be  nearly  identical  with  those  of  the  Chris 
tian  religion.  Veytia,  Hist.  Ant.  de  Mexico.  Fourth,  that  the  name  Quetzal 
coatl  is  synonymous  with  that  of  St  Thomas.  See  Native  Races,  v.  20.  Fifth, 
that  Quetzalcoatl  promised  on  his  departure  to  return  at  some  future  day 
with  his  posterity  and  resume  the  possession  of  the  empire,  and:  that  day  was 
looked  forward  to  with  general  confidence,  Prescottfs  Conq.  Hex.,  and  that  a 
general  feeling  prevailed  at  the  time  of  Montezuma  that  the  period  of  his 
return  had  arrived.  Veytia,  Hist.  Ant.  Mex.  Sixth,  that  there  were  at  the 
convent  of  Nijapa,  in  the  province  of  Oajaca,  hieroglyphs  containing  all  the 
principal  doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion,  and  the  coming  of  the  Apostle 
to  the  country.  Id. 

Sahagun,  who  wrote  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  speaks  of  the  general 
belief  in  this  prophecy,  and  assures  us  that  on'  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards 
they  repeatedly  offered  them  divine  honors,  believing  that  their  god  Quetzal 
coatl  had  returned.  Conq.  Mex.,  i.  chap.  iii. 

"It  is  then  undeniably  true,"  says  Gleeson,  Catholic  Church  in  CaL,  185, 
"that  a  popular  tradition  existed  in  the  country  respecting  a  prophecy  made 
by  Quetzalcohuatl,  in  which  was  foretold  the  future  arrival  of  whites  on  the 
coast ;  and  this,  while  it  proves  the  reality  of  the  man,  and  his  character  as 
a  teacher  of  religion,  also  proves  the  still  more  important  and  appreciable 
fact  of  his  being  a  Christian,  and  of  western  origin ;  for,  it  was  clearly  set 
forth  in  the  prophecy,  that  the  persons  who  should  come  would  be  whites, 
and  of  the  same  religion  as  he.  The  time  also  seems  to  have  been  specified 
by  the  Apostle,  if  we  are  to  judge  by  the  expression  that  they  were  expecting 
him  every  day.  And,  indeed,  Boturini  assures  us  that  the  time  mentioned  in 
the  Mexican  hieroglyphics  was  that  in  which  the  Christians  arrived.  The 
year  ce  aca.il  was  that  foretold  by  Quetzalcohuatl,  and  in  that  year  the  Span 
iards  landed  in  the  Country."  On  ancient  voyages  and  cosmography  see  also 
Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  125-206. 

It  is  the  results  of  ancient  voyages,  the  point  of  geographical  knowledge 
attained  by  ancient  civilization  in  its  most  advanced  stage  and  by  it  be 
queathed  to  the  Dark  Age,  and  not  the  voyages  themselves,  with  which  we 
have  to  do  at  present.  This  knowledge  is  found  for  the  most  part  embodied 
in  the  system  of  Ptolemy,  the  Alexandrian  geographer  of  the  second  century, 
whose  works  became  the  standard  text-books,  and  holding  their  prominence 
for  fourteen  hundred  years  were  not  superseded  as  late  as  the  sixteenth 
century,  but  were  republished  from  tune  to  time,  with  additions,  setting  forth 
the  results  of  new  discoveries.  In  this  manner  twenty-one  editions  appeared 
during  the  first  half  of  that  century.  Nor  was  even  Ptolemy  the  originator 
of  this  prolonged  system.  One  hundred  and  fifty  years  before  him  was  the 
Greek  geographer  Strabo,  who  gave  descriptions  of  countries  and  peoples, 
fixing  his  localities  usually  by  itinerary  distances;  and  to  this  work  of 
Strabo 's,  Ptolemy  added  a  century  and  a  half  of  progress,  and  determined 


72  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

his  localities  by  astronomical  observation.  The  work  of  Pomponius  Mela, 
the  Roman  geographer  who  wrote  probably  somewhat  later  than  Strabo,  is 
regarded  as  no  improvement  on  that  of  his  predecessor. 

Ptolemy's  World  was  nearly  all  in  the  north  temperate  zone,  embracing 
about  fifty  degrees  of  latitude  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  of  longitude. 
The  Fortunate  Isles,  now  called  the  Canaries,  were  known  to  Ptolemy,  and 
by  him  used  as  a  western  limit  or  first  meridian.  This,  and  as  a  nucleus  of 
poetic  myths,  seem  to  have  been  their  only  use;  as  Muiioz  says,  Hist,  del 
Nuevo  Mundo,  p.  30:  "Fuera  de  este  uso  apenas  aprovecharon  sino  para 
intretenir  ociosas  imaginaciones  con  fabulas  de  poetas."  The  eastern  limit 
was  vaguely  located  in  the  region  beyond  the  Ganges ;  actually  in  about  100° 
east  longitude.  On  the  south  were  included  the  African  coasts  of  the  Medi 
terranean  and  Red  Sea,  with  the  southern  coasts  of  Arabia  and  India 
proper — the  term  India  being  then  applied  indefinitely  to  all  eastern  lands, 
including  even  parts  of  Africa  — thus  fixing  the  southern  bound  at  about  30° 
north  latitude  in  the  west,  and  10°  in  the  east.  Northward  the  limit  may  be 
placed  a  little  above  60°,  within  which  falls  the  southern  part  of  the  Scandi 
navian  peninsula,  then  supposed  to  be  an  island,  and  also  the  island  of  Thule, 
the  location  of  which  is  disputed,  some  claiming  it  to  have  been  Iceland, 
others  the  Faroe  Islands,  and  others  the  Shetland  Islands.  But  Ptolemy's 
latitudes  were  all  some  ten  degrees  too  far  north,  while  in  his  longitudes  he 
went  still  further  astray;  since,  reckoning  from  the  Canaries  as  his  first 
meridian,  he  made  his  last  meridian  180°,  when  it  should  have  been  120°,  and 
thus  by  narrowing  half  the  circumference  of  the  globe  some  sixty  degrees  he 
made  -the  world  nearly  one  third  less  than  it  really  is.  Authorities  differ, 
however,  as  to  what  were  Ptolemy's  ideas.  But  more  of  this  hereafter.  On 
the  opposite  page  is  a  map  in  which  the  world  as  known  in  these  times  is  left 
white,  the  shaded  portions  being  the  result  of  subsequent  discoveries  down 
to  the  last  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  A  map  of  Ptolemy's  World,  re 
duced  to  its  true  proportions,  may  be  seen  in  Goselin,  Jlecherches  sur  la 
geographic  systematique  ct  positive  des  andens,  torn,  iv.,  Paris,  1813. 

Within  these  limits,  then,  geographical  knowledge  was  confined  at  the 
end  of  the  fourth  century;  limits  not  sharply  defined,  but  indefinite  and 
wavering  according  to  ages,  to  the  directions  of  conquest,  and  to  distances 
from  Mediterranean  centres.  Beyond  these  limits  was  a  realm  of  darkness 
peopled  by  strange  beings,  creatures  of  poetic  fancy  or  crude  conjecture.  Just 
as  the  wonder-land  of  Homer  to  contemporaneous  eastern  Greeks,  was  Italy, 
with  its  strange  waters  inhabited  by  very  strange  beasts,  and  Sicily,  and 
neighboring  isles,  where  were  the  Satyrs,  and  the  gigantic  one-eyed  Cyclops 
eating  milk  and  mutton  and  men,  so  to  later  teachers  were  the  strange  seas 
beyond.  On  the  north  was  an  impenetrable  region  of  eternal  ice ;  on  the 
south,  an  equatorial  zone  of  burning  heat ;  a  barrier  of  frost  on  the  one  side 
and  of  fire  on  the  other,  both  equally  uninhabitable  to  the  European  man, 
and  cutting  off  all  communication  with  possible  habitable  lands  elsewhere. 
The  burning  zone,  however,  seems  to  have  been  a  popular  idea,  rather  than  a 
part  of  the  system  taught  by  Ptolemy,  who,  indeed,  held  that  Africa  ex 
tended  south-east  and  north-east  toward  the  eastern  parts  of  Asia,  making  of 
the  Indian  Ocean  an  immense  gulf  not  connected  with  the  Atlantic  on  the 


74  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

west.  Strabo  and  other  geographers  who  preceded  Ptolemy  gave  Africa 
approximately  its  correct  shape ;  traditions  of  its  circumnavigation  even  were 
kept  alive,  in  spite  of  Ptolemy's  theory,  influencing  geographic  thought  not 
a  little  during  the  fifteenth  century.  Irving  is  of  opinion,  Columbus,  vol. 
iii.  p.  440,  that  modern  authors  consider  the  knowledge  of  the  ancients  con 
cerning  Africa  much  less  extensive  than  has  been  generally  supposed;  but 
Major,  Prince  Henry,  p.  89  et  seq.,  accepts  a  circumnavigation  of  Africa  in 
the  seventh  century  B.  c.,  and  also  Hanno's  voyage  far  down  the  African 
coast,  placing  the  date  of  the  latter  570  B.  c.  Among  the  philosophers  of 
western  Europe  no  definite  hypotheses  appear  to  have  been  advanced  as  to 
the  extent  of  land  beyond  the  known  region ;  as  to  the  ideas  of  the  Arabs 
and  Buddhist  priests  concerning  the  matter  it  is  difficult  to  determine.  See 
KohVs  Hist.  Discov.,  p.  149;  Draper's  Intellectual  Development,  p.  451,  New 
York,  1872.  Beyond  the  Fortunate  Isles  to  the  west  stretched  a  Mare 
Tenebrosum,  or  Sea  of  Darkness,  as  early  writers  express  it,  separating  the 
known  western  coast  from  the  far  unknown  east.  In  this  dark  sea  tradition 
planted  islands  at  various  points,  reiterating  the  fact  of  their  existence  so 
often  that  names  and  locations  were  finally  given  them  on  maps,  though  the 
islands  themselves  have  never  yet  been  found.  Except  these  fabulous 
islands,  there  was  little  thought  of  land  between  the  coasts  of  Europe  and 
Asia.  Compare  maps  in  this  volume;  also  George  Bancroft's  History  of  the 
United  States,  vol.  i.  p.  6,  Boston,  1870;  D'Aversac,  in  Nouvelles  Annales  des 
Voyages,  1845,  torn.  cv.  p.  293;  torn.  cvi.  p.  47. 

To  sum  up  the  geographical  knowledge  of  the  ancients,  we  have  first,  the 
sphericity  of  the  earth  surmised,  although  its  size  was  vaguely  conceived  and 
underrated;  secondly,  the  positive  knowledge  of  Europeans  limited  to  the 
unshaded  portion  of  the  map  on  page  73;  thirdly,  divers  theories  respecting 
the  conformation  of  southern  Africa;  fourthly,  a  mare  oceanum  stretching 
westward  to  the  unknown  Asiatic  shore,  with  hypothetical  islands  interven 
ing,  and  expressed  opinions  that  this  sea  was  navigable,  and  that  possibly 
India  might  be  reached  by  sailing  westward.  These  ideas,  vague  as  they 
seem,  were  held  only  by  the  learned  few;  the  world  of  the  ignorant  reached 
scarcely  beyond  the  horizon  of  their  actual  experience.  Not  until  long  after 
its  actual  circumnavigation,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  was  the  popular  mind 
able  to  grasp  the  idea  of  the  earth's  sphericity. 

We  come  now  to  mediaeval  times,  when  from  the  fifth  to  the  fifteenth  cen 
tury  the  cosmographical  as  well  as  all  other  knowledge  of  the  ancients  lay 
well-nigh  dormant;  to  the  people  a  land  of  darkness  as  well  as  a  sea,  though 
in  some  few  colleges  and  convents  these  things  were  thought  of.  "Ces  tene- 
bres,"  says  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i.  p.  59,  "  s'etendaient  sans  doute 
sur  les  masses;  mais,  dans  les  couvens  et  les  colleges  quelques  individus  con- 
servaient  les  traditions  de  Fantiquite."  Upon  this  world  of  darkness  light 
first  broke  from  the  far  north,  the  voyages  of  the  Scandinavians  from  the 
ninth  to  the  twelfth  centuries  being  the  aurora  borealis  of  maritime  discov 
ery.  These  Northmen,  as  in  their  expeditions  Danes,  Norwegians,  and 
Swedes  were  indiscriminately  called,  by  their  warlike  propensities  made 
themselves  known  and  feared  along  the  shores  of  Europe  at  an  early  date; 


THE  NORTHMEN  AND  THEIR  SAGAS.  75 

but  their  western  discoveries  were  known  only  to  themselves;  at  all  events,  no 
trace  of  distant  voyages  to  the  west  are  found  in  the  records  of  their  neigh 
bors.  It  is  only  quite  recently  that  the  sagas  of  the  Northmen  were  brought 
to  the  attention  of  European  scholars;  and  when  the  Danish  bishop, 
M  tiller,  published  his  bibliography  of  the  sagas,  3  vols.,  Copenhagen,  1817- 
1820,  these  narratives  were  held  to  be  more  fiction  than  fact.  Even  so  late  a 
writer  as  George  Bancroft,  History  of  the  United  States,  vol.  i.  pp.  5,  6,  says 
that  the  story  of  colonization  by  the  Northmen  "rests  on  narratives,  mytho 
logical  in  form,  and  obscure  in  meaning;  ancient,  yet  not  contemporary,"  and 
that  "no  clear  historic  evidence  establishes  the  natural  probability  that  they 
accomplished  the  passage."  Irving,  Columbus,  vol.  iii.  pp.  432-5,  considers 
the  matter  "still  to  be  wrapped  in  much  doubt  and  obscurity."  Both  of  these 
authors,  however,  seem  to  have  considered  only  the  evidence  presented  by 
Malte-Brun  and  Forster.  Since  their  time  proofs  beyond  question  have 
established  the  authenticity  of  these  voyages  of  the  Northmen.  The  sagas 
on  American  discoveries  are  preserved  in  the  archives  at  Copenhagen,  with  a 
collection  of  other  historical  data,  reaching  down  to  the  fourteenth  century, 
the  date  of  their  completion.  It  is  true  that  they  deal  somewhat  in  the 
marvellous — they  would  not  be  authentic  else,  written  at  that  time — but 
they  contain  tales  no  more  wonderful  or  monstrous  than  the  writings  of  more 
southern  nations.  See  an  account  of  the  Copenhagen  documents  and  the 
examination  of  their  authenticity  in  De  Costa? s  Pre-Columbian  Discov.  Am., 
pp.  i-lx.  Two  nearly  contemporary  ecclesiastical  histories — that  of  Adam  of 
Bremen,  1073,  and  Ordericus  Vitalis,  about  1100 — describe  briefly  the  western 
lands  of  the  Northmen.  Further  reference,  Kumtmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p. 
32;  Jiafn,  Antiquitates  Am.,  p.  337;  KoliVs  Hist.  Discov.,  p.  76. 

Vague  notions  were  not  wanting  of  communication  with  America  before 
the  time  of  the  Northmen,  but  these,  whatever  they  were,  are  now  to  us  pure 
speculation  and  may  be  omitted  here.  Passing  over  a  general  movement  by 
which  before  the  middle  of  the  ninth  century  the  Northmen  appear  to  have 
broken  through  their  former  bounds,  and  to  have  extended  their  plundering 
raids  in  all  directions,  taking  possession  of  the  Shetland  and  Faroe  islands 
and  even  of  the  north  of  Britain,  we  come  to  the  first  definite  adventure 
westward. 

[A.  D.  860-4.]  Two  bold  men,  Naddod  and  Gardar,  in  one  of  their  coast- 
island  cruises,  were  driven  from  their  course  to  the  north-west  and  discovered 
Iceland,  called  by  one  Snowland,  and  by  the  other  Gardar  Island.  Kohl, 
Hist.  Discov.,  p.  61,  dates  both  voyages  860;  Forster  gives  861  to  Naddod's; 
other  authors  place  the  former  in  the  year  860,  and  the  latter  in  864. 

[874.]  Ingolf  made  a  settlement  in  Iceland  at  a  point  still  called  by  his 
name.  Other  immigrants  followed,  and  a  flourishing  colony  was  founded. 
The  Northmen  found  on  the  island  Irish  priests,  who  had  come  there  at  a 
time  not  definitely  known,  but  who  immediately  abandoned  the  country  to 
the  new  settlers.  Within  twenty  years  thereafter  Iceland  was  fairly  well 
inhabited.  De  Costa,  Pre-Columbian  Discov.  Am.,  pp.  xxii-iv.,  makes  the 
date  A.  D.  875. 

[876.]    One  Gunnbjorn,  an  Icelandic  colonist,  is  reported  to  have  seen  ac- 


76  EAKLY  VOYAGES. 

cidentally,  from  a  distance,  the  coast  of  Greenland.     Kohl  dates  this  voyage 
877. 

[982-6.]  Eric  the  Red,  banished  from  Iceland  for  murder  in  982,  sailed 
west,  found  land,  remained  there  three  years,  and  returned,  naming  the 
country  Greenland  to  attract  settlers.  In  985,  or  986,  he  sailed  again  with  a 
larger  force,  this  time  founding  a  settlement  to  which  other  adventurers  re 
sorted.  Of  the  first  voyage  Kohl  makes  no  mention. 

[983.]  One  of  the  sagas  contains  a  report  by  an  Irish  merchant  that  one 
Are  Marson  was  carried  in  a  storm  to  Whiteman's  Land  "in  the  Western 
Ocean,  opposite  Vinland,  six  days'  sail  west  of  Ireland. "  Rafri  thinks  this 
may  have  been  that  part  of  America  in  the  vicinity  of  Florida;  others  make 
it  the  Azores.  There  are  also  vague  reports  of  later  voyages  to  the  same 
land  by  Bjb'rn  Asbrandson  in  999,  and  by  Gudleif  in  1027.  In  the  present 
stage  of  investigation  the  proof  is  insufficient  to  establish  an  Irish  pre- 
Scandinavian  discovery  of  America. 

[990.]  In  this  year,  or,  as  De  Costa  makes  it,  in  986,  Biarne,  sailing  from 
Iceland  in  search  of  his  father,  who  had  previously  gone  to  Greenland,  was 
carried  far  to  the  south-west,  to  within  sight  of  land,  undoubtedly  America, 
which  he  coasted  north-east  for  several  days  and  returned  to  Greenland. 
Three  points  particularly  noticed  on  the  new  coast  are  conjectured  by  Kohl 
to  have  been  Cape  Cod,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland. 

[1000.]  Leif,  son  of  Eric  the  Red,  sailed  from  Greenland  south-west  in 
search  of  the  lands  seen  by  Biarne,  reached  the  same  in  reverse  order,  land 
ing  probably  at  Newfoundland,  which  he  named  Helluland  (Stony  Land); 
Nova  Scotia,  he  called  Markland  (Woodland);  and  passing  round  Cape  Cod, 
made  a  settlement,  named  after  himself,  Leifsbudir,  at  some  point  on  Narra- 
gansett  Bay.  He  called  this  country  Vinland  from  the  fact  that  vines  were 
found  there,  and  the  name  was  afterwards  applied  to  the  whole  region  ex 
tending  northward  to  Markland.  In  the  spring  of  1001  Leif  returned  to 
Greenland  with  a  cargo  of  grapes  and  wood. 

[1002-5.]  Thorwald,  another  of  Eric's  sons,  sailed  with  one  vessel  to  Vin 
land,  where  Leif  had  landed,  and  lived  there  through  the  winter  by  fishing. 
Early  in  1003  he  explored  the  country  westward  in  boats,  and  in  the  spring 
of  1004  doubled  Cape  Cod,  naming  it  Kialarnes  (Ship's  Nose),  and  perished 
in  a  battle  with  the  Skraellings,  or  Indians,  at  some  point  on  the  shore  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  His  companions  spent  the  winter  at  Leifsbudir  and  re 
turned  to  Greenland  in  1005. 

[1008.]  In  the  spring  of  1008  Thorfinn  Karlsefne  sailed  from  Greenland 
with  three  vessels  to  Helluland — which  name  was  applied  not  only  to  New 
foundland  but  to  the  region  north  of  that  point — and  thence  along  the  coast 
to  Nova  Scotia,  and  to  Cape  Cod.  Here  the  party  divided,  Thorhall,  the 
hunter,  in  attempting  to  explore  northward,  being  driven  by  a  storm  to 
Ireland,  while  Thorfinn  spent  the  winter  farther  south  near  Leifsbudir,  where 
a  son  was  born  to  him.  After  an  unsuccessful  search  for  Thorhall  by  one 
vessel,  a  third  winter  was  spent  in  Vinland,  and  in  1011  Thorfinn  returned 
to  Greenland,  leaving  perhaps  a  small  colony.  De  Costa,  Pre-Columbian 
Discov.  Am.,  pp.  48-76,  makes  the  date  of  this  voyage  1007-10. 

[1012.]    Helge,  Finboge,  and  Eric's  daughter  Freydisa,  who  had  before 


DECLINE  OF  SCANDINAVIAN  DISCOVERY.  77 

visited  America  with  her  husband,  sailed  to  Vinland,  and  such  as  were  not 
killed  in  the  internal  dissensions  of  the  party  returned  to  Greenland  in  1013. 
The  records  of  this  expedition  are  very  slight.  De  Costa's  date  is  1011-12. 

[1035.]  Adam  of  Bremen  speaks  of  Frisian  or  German  navigators  who 
about  the  year  1035  landed  on  an  island  beyond  Iceland,  where  the  inhab 
itants  were  of  great  size,  and  were  accompanied  by  fierce  dogs — perhaps  the 
Eskimos. 

[1121.]  After  the  expeditions  that  have  been  mentioned,  concerning  each 
of  which  the  sagas  contain  one  or  more  accounts,  no  farther  regular  reports 
have  been  preserved;  but  various  voyages  are  briefly  alluded  to  in  different 
records,  as  though  trips  to  the  new  regions  of  Vinland  were  no  longer  of 
sufficient  rarity  to  be  specially  noticed.  Such  allusions  refer  to  voyages 
made  in  1121,  1285,  1288,  1289,  1290,  and  1357.  After  1357  no  more  is  heard 
of  the  western  lands.  The  settlements  were  gradually  abandoned  both  in 
Vinland  and  Greenland,  as  the  power  of  the  Northmen  declined,  and  so  far 
as  can  be  known,  even  their  memory  was  buried  in  the  unread  records  of 
former  greatness.  On  Scandinavian  discoveries,  besides  Rafn  and  De  Costa, 
see  Kiimtmann,  Entdeclamy  Am.,  p.  32;  Kohl's  Hist.  Dlscov.,  pp.  61-85  and 
4~8;  Ilumboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  88-128;  Abstract  of  Rafn,  in  Journal 
Land.  Geoy.  Soc.,  1838,  vol.  viii.  pp.  114-29. 

Thus  after  this  play  of  northern  lights  upon  the  western  horizon  for  four  or 
five  centuries,  enterprise  in  that  direction  languished,  and  finally  the  Sea 
of  Darkness  lapsed  into  its  primeval  obscurity.  Nevertheless  the  deeds  of  the 
Scandinavians  must  have  become  more  or  less  known  to  other  parts  of  Europe, 
for  the  spirit  of  uneasiness  which  sent  these  Northmen  across  their  western 
waters  sent  them  also  —  particularly  the  Danes  —  eastward  in  the  Holy 
Crusades.  It  would  be  well  for  the  student  to  examine  the  works  of  Adam 
of  Bremen,  and  Odericus  Vitalis,  who  beside  these  pre-Columbian  voyages 
describe  also  the  Crusades.  Moreover,  Iceland  had  Catholic  bishops  and  was 
therefore  in  communication  with  Rome,  where  the  discoveries  of  the  North 
men  must  have  been  known.  Rafn,  Antlquitates  Am.,  pp.  283,  292,  and 
De  Costa,  Pre-Columbian  Discov.  Am.,  pp.  106-109,  give  translations  from 
Scandinavian  archives  of  contemporaneous  descriptions  of  the  earth  in 
which  these  New  World  discoveries  of  the  Northmen  are  included.  Sailing 
charts  and  maps  of  the  new  discoveries  must  have  been  drawn  by  the  North 
men,  for  although  none  of  them  were  preserved,  yet  in  Torfceus,  Groenlandia 
a.'iliqua,  Hauuios,  1706,  made  by  Icelandic  draughtsmen  in  the  sixteenth  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  and  in  Ptolemy's  Geography,  edition  of  1482,  is  infor 
mation  of  certain  things  contained  in  no  other  charts  of  the  period  extant, 
which  must  therefore  have  been  partially  compiled  from  Scandinavian  sources. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  Northmen  imagined  that  they  had  found 
a  new  continent;  very  naturally  to  them  Greenland,  Helluland,  Markland, 
and  Vinland  were  but  the  western  continuation  of  Europe.  It  is  to  this 
belief,  as  well  as  to  the  prevailing  apathy  and  skepticism  of  the  age  concern 
ing  matters  beyond  the  reach  of  positive  knowledge,  that  the  strange  fact  of 
the  loss  of  all  trace  of  these  discoveries  is  due. 

The  exact  results  of  these  ancient  expeditions,  and  their  influence  on  the 
subsequent  revival  of  maritime  enterprise,  form  a  difficult  and  as  yet  unde- 


78  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

cided  point  in  the  discussion  of  this  subject.  Kunstmann  gives  particular 
attention  to  this  matter,  and  attaches  more  importance  to  northern  voyages 
and  their  connection  with  later  expeditions  than  most  other  authors;  still  it 
has  not  yet  been  proved  that  Prince  Henry,  Toscanelli,  or  Columbus  in  the 
fifteenth  century  had  any  knowledge  of  north-western  discoveries. 

[1096-1271.]  The  Crusades— as  expeditions,  but  chiefly  for  their  results- 
deserve  a  brief  mention  in  this  connection.  "When  in  the  seventh  century 
Palestine  passed  from  Christian  to  Mahometan  hands,  in  which  possession  it 
has  remained  with  but  temporary  interruptions  to  the  present  time,  Christian 
pilgrimages  to  the  Holy  City  for  a  few  centuries  were  allowed,  and  to  some 
extent  protected.  By  successive  changes  of  dynasty,  however,  power  was 
transferred  from  the  Arab  to  the  Turkish  branch  of  the  Mahometans,  so 
that  in  the  eleventh  century  Christian  pilgrims  were  cruelly  oppressed, 
and  hindered  from  their  pious  visits  to  the  tomb  of  Christ.  Roused  at  first 
by  the  exhortations  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  Italy,  France,  England,  and 
Germany  sent  armies  of  the  undisciplined  and  fanatical  rabble  to  avenge 
the  insults  to  their  faith,  and  wrest  the  Holy  City  from  the  power  of  barba 
rian  heretics.  From  the  eleventh  to  the  thirteenth  century  nine  expedi 
tions  were  undertaken  eastward  in  the  prosecution  of  this  work.  Jerusalem 
was  several  times  taken  and  retaken,  but  finally  the  Crescent  was  successful 
in  resisting  the  encroachments  of  the  Cross,  and  the  Crusades  failed  in  their 
visionary  purpose.  Still  the  continued  migration  of  vast  multitudes,  from 
different  nations  through  strange  and  distant  lands,  contributed  much  to  in 
crease  popular  knowledge  of  the  world,  to  arouse  fresh  interest  in  regions 
hitherto  little  known,  and  to  excite  curiosity  respecting  the  countries  still 
further  to  the  east.  Meanwhile,  commerce  received  an  impetus  from  the 
work  of  furnishing  supplies  to  the  crusaders;  so  that  these  expeditions  are 
included  by  modern  writers  as  prominent  among  the  causes  which  led  to 
the  coming  revival  of  civilization. 

[1147.]  During  the  twelfth  century  few  maritime  expeditions  are  reported 
deserving  of  notice.  At  some  not  very  clearly  defined  date  before  1147,  eight 
Arabs,  the  Almagrurins,  are  said  to  have  sailed  thirty-five  days  south-west 
from  Lisbon  with  the  intention  of  exploring  the  Sea  of  Darkness.  At  the 
end  of  the  thirty-five  days  they  found  and  named  an  Isle  of  Sheep,  and 
twelve  4ays  farther  south  reached  another  island  peopled  by  red  men.  They 
are  said  to  have  found  there  a  man  who  spoke  Arabic.  Upon  the  whole  the 
claim  to,q  ;liscovery  of  any  part  of  America  in  this  voyage  should  be  slight. 
If  the  voyage  be  authentic,  the  land  reached  was  perhaps  the  Canary  Islands; 
some  say  those  of  Cape  Verde. 

[1160-73.]  Benjamin  de  Tudela,  a  Spanish  Jew,  travelled  for  thirteen 
years  in  India,  bringing  back  considerable  information  respecting  Chinese 
Tartary  and  the  islands  of  the  Indian  Ocean.  D.  Benjamini  Tudelensis,  Itin- 
erarium  ex  versione  Montani,  Antwerp,  1575;  Itinerarium  D.  Benjaminis, 
Leyden,  1633;  Travels  of  Benjamin,  Son  of  Jonas,  London,  1783. 

[1170.]  In  this  year  is  placed  the  reported  voyage  of  Madoc,  a  Welsh 
prince,  who,  sailing  to  the  west  and  north  from  Ireland,  landed  on  an  un 
known  shore.  He  afterward  returned  to  this  new  country  with  ten  ships 


VENETIAN  AND  GENOESE  EXPEDITIONS.  79 

with  the  intention  of  colonizing,  but  was  never  again  heard  of.  This  voyage 
rests  on  veiy  slight  authority,  but  has  claimed  importance  by  reason  of  re 
ports,  long  believed,  of  the  existence  in  various  parts  of  America  of  Welsh- 
speaking  Indian  tribes.  These  reports,  like  scores  of  others  referring  the 
Americans  to  European  relationships,  proved  groundless.  To  say  the  least, 
the  voyage  of  Madoc  must  be  considered  doubtful.  The  most  ancient  Dlscouery 
of  the  West  Indies  by  Madoc  the  sonne  of  Owen  Guyneth,  Prince  of  North- 
wales,  in  the  yeere  1170;  taken  out  of  the  history  of  Wales,  in  Hakluyt,  vol. 
iii.  p.  1.  » 

[1246  et  seq.]  In  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  the  desire  to  extend 
Christianity  was  encouraged  by  rumored  conversions  already  made  in  the  do 
minions  of  the  Mogul,  and  especially  by  the  report  of  a  powerful  Christian 
monarch,  Prester  John,  who  had  reigned  somewhere  in  the  interior  of  Asia. 
This  report  led  to  the  sending  of  several  priests  as  missionaries  to  the  far  East. 
Carpini  in  1246,  and  Ascelino  in  1254,  Italian  Franciscans,  penetrated  to 
the  region  now  known  as  Chinese  Turkestan.  About  the  same  time,  1253 
according  to  Hakluyt,  Rubruquis,  also  a  Franciscan,  from  Brabant,  traversed 
the  central  Asiatic  deserts.  He  was  the  first  to  present  a  definite  idea  of  the 
position  of  Tartary  and  Cathay.  A  notice  of  his  travels  was  given  in  the 
writings  of  Roger  Bacon  in  1267.  Toward  the  end  of  this  century  Odorico, 
of  the  same  order,  visited  Persia,  India,  and  finally  China,  remaining  three 
years  in  Peking.  Viaggio  del  Beato  Frate  Odorico  di  Porto  Magglore  del 
Frlvll  fatto  neW  Anno  MCCCXVlII  (half  a  century  later  than  above),  in 
Ramusio,  torn,  ii.,  fol.  254.  See  also  Halduyt's  Voy.,  vol.  i.  pp.  21-117;  vol. 
ii.  pp.  39,  53;  Navarrete,  Col.  Viages,  torn.  i.  pp.  ix.  x. 

[1250-95.]  Nicolo  and  Maffio  Polo,  Venetian  brothers,  left  Venice  in  1250 
on  a  trading  trip  north-eastward.  Passing  north  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  they 
spent  three  years  at  Bokhara,  and  afterward  in  1265,  proceeded  to  the  court 
of  Kublai  Khan  at  Kemenfu  in  Chinese  Tartary,  whence  they  returned  in 
1269,  intrusted  with  a  mission  to  the  Pope.  In  1271  they  again  set  out, 
taking  with  them  Marco,  son  of  Nicolo.  They  revisited  the  Tartar  court, 
where  they  spent  seventeen  years,  and  returned  by  sea  down  the  Chinese  and 
Indian  coasts  to  Ormuz  in  Persia  and  thence  overland  to  Constantinople, 
reaching  Venice  in  1295.  Marco  seems  to  have  been  a  great  favorite  at  the 
eastern  court,  where  he  was  intrusted  with  missions  in  all  directions.  By 
means  of  his  own  travels  and  by  reports  of  the  natives  from  all  sections 
whom  he  met,  he  gained  an  extensive  knowledge  of  China  and  adjoining 
countries,  including  the  numerous  islands  of  the  coast,  chief  among  which 
was  Zipangu,  or  Japan.  From  his  memoranda,  he  afterwards  wrote  in 
prison,  a  full  account  of  his  eastern  travels,  which  was  copied  and  widely 
circulated  in  manuscript.  See  Hakluyt  Society,  Divers  Voyages,  Introd.,  p. 
Iii.,  London,  1850,  for  an  account  of  printed  editions  of  Polo's  work.  Its  au 
thenticity  and  general  reliability  are  now  admitted,  though  doubtless  errors 
have  been  multiplied  by  copyists.  This  journey  of  Marco  Polo  was  by  far 
the  most  important,  for  revising  geography,  of  any  undertaken  during  the 
middle  ages.  From  this  time  the  coasts  of  Asia  were  laid  down  on  maps 
and  described  with  tolerable  accuracy  by  cosmograt>hers.  De  i-  Viaggi  di 
Messer  Marco  Polo,  Gentil  'hvomo  Venetiano,  in  Ram^-sio,  torn.  ii.  fol.  2-GO; 


80  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Marco  Polo  de  Veniesiadc  le  meravegliose  cose  del  mondo,  Venice,  1406;  Marci 
JPaali  veneti  de  reyionibus  orientalibus  libri  tres,  Cologne,  1671. 

The  Venetians  were  the  most  enterprising  navigators  of  the  thirteenth  and 
fourteenth  centuries.  They  reached  England  at  an  early  date, — Estance'in, 
Itecherches,  pp.  114-16,  Paris,  1832  — and  not  improbably  extended  their  com 
mercial  operations  still  farther  north,  Iceland  being  at  the  time  a  flourishing 
republic  with  Catholic  bishops.  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  92-4.  No  details 
however  are  preserved  of  any  particular  one  of  these  voyages,  nor  of  such  as 
may  have  been  directed  toward  Cape  Non,  the  southern  limit  of  oceanic  nav 
igation.  Some  time  during  this  century  a  Moor,  Ibn  Fatimah,  was  driven  by 
storms  from  Cape  Non  down  past  Cape  Blanco,  and  his  adventure  was  re 
corded  in  an  Arabian  geography. 

[1291.]  Doria  and  Vivaldi,  Genoese,  undertook  a  voyage  down  the  African 
coast  with  a  view  of  reaching  India,  and  were  last  heard  of  at  a  place  called 
Gozora.  On  this  voyage,  which  rests  on  several  authorities,  has  been  founded 
a  claim  that  the  Italians  preceded  the  Portuguese  in  passing  Cape  Bojador. 
Major,  Prince  Henry,  pp.  99-110,  concludes  from  an  examination  of  all  the 
documents  that  there  are  no  grounds  for  this  claim,  although  admitting  the 
voyage  and  its  purpose,  in  fact  everything  but  its  success.  Gozora  was 
"  probably  Cape  Non.  Kohl  regards  this  expedition  as  uncertain.  One  of  the 
documents  gives  the  date  as  1281;  from  which  circumstance  Kohl  and  Hum- 
boldt  erroneously  make  of  it  two  voyages.  D'Avesac,  in  Nouvelles  Annales 
des  Voyages,  1845,  torn,  cviii.  p.  45,  has  the  date  1285.  Munoz,  Ilixt.  Nuevo 
Mundo,  pp.  30-1,  speaks  of  Genoese  expeditions  and  the  rediscovery  of  the 
Canaries  during  this  century. 

[1306.]  On  a  map  made  by  the  Venetian  Sanuto  in  1306,  Africa  is  repre 
sented  as  surrounded  by  the  sea,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  the  geography 
of  that  region  is  derived  from  any  actual  observations.  The  map  simply 
shows  one  of  the  two  theories  then  held  respecting  the  shape  of  southern 
Africa. 

[1332  et  seq.]  Sir  John  Mandeville,  an  English  physician,  between  1332 
and  1366,  travelled  in  eastern  parts,  including  the  Holy  Land,  India,  and 
China.  On  his  return  he  wrote  in  three  languages  an  account  of  his  adven 
tures,  with  descriptions  of  the  countries  visited.  See  HaJduyt  Soc.,  Divers 
Voy.,  Introd.  p.  xliii.  His  work  corroborates  that  of  Marco  Polo,  and 
although  full  of  exaggerations,  and  probably  tampered  with  by  copyists  in 
respect  to  adventures  and  anecdotes,  "yet, "says  Irving,  "his  accounts  of 
the  countries  which  he  visited  have  been  found  far  more  veracious  than  had 
been  imagined."  Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  iii.  pp.  128-38;  Travels  of  Sir 
John  Mandeville,  London,  1725. 

[1341  et  seq.]  As  we  have  seen,  the  Canaries  were  known  to  the  ancients, 
and  made  by  Ptolemy  the  western  limit  of  the  world;  but  subsequently  they 
were  nearly  forgotten  until  rediscovered  and  visited,  perhaps  several  times, 
•toward  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  by  the  Portuguese.  There 
is  a  definite  account  of  one  of  these  voyages.  T\yo  vessels  were  sent  there 
by  the  King  of  Portugal  in  1341,  and  nearly  all 'the  islands  of  the  group 
visited,  but  no  settlement  was  made.  Before  this,  Luis  de  la  Cerda  repre 
sented  to  the  Pope  the  existence  of  such  islands,  and  received  by  a  bull  of 


THE  ZEXI.  81 

134-4  the  lordship  of  them,  with  the  title  of  Prince  of  Fortune.  The  king  of 
Portugal  claimed  in  1345  to  have  sent  out  previous  expeditions  to  the  islands. 
The  project  of  Cerda  proved  a  failure  and  no  colony  was  founded.  Voyages 
to  the  Canaries  became  quite  frequent  before  the  end  of  the  century.  Gal- 
vano,  Discoveries,  London,  1862;  and  in  Collection  of  Curious  Voyages,  London, 
1812,  p.  10;  Muiioz,  Hist.  Nuevo  Mundo,  pp.  30-1;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung 
Am.,  pp.  1-4.  Major,  Prince  Henry,  pp.  139-45,  dates  the  bull  1334. 

[134G.]  In  August,  1346,  Jaime  Ferrer,  a  Catalan  navigator,  sailed  from 
Majorca  in  the  Mediterranean  to  search  down  the  African  coast  for  the  Rti- 
jaura,  or  River  of  Gold,  and  never  was  heard  from.  This  is  proved  by  a  doc 
ument  in  the  Genoese  archives,  and  by  an  inscription  on  a  Catalan  map 
of  1375.  Major  shows  this  to  have  been  an  expedition  in  search  of  an  un 
known  or  imaginary  river  of  gold,  whose  supposed  existence  rested  on  ancient 
traditions  that  a  branch  of  the  Nile  flowed  into  the  Atlantic,  and  which 
belief  was  strengthened  by  the  gold  brought  from  Guinea  by  the  Arabs. 
Humboldt  understands  this  Rujaura  to  have  been  the  Rio  d'Ouro  below  Cape 
Bojador,  an  inlet  named  later  by  the  Portuguese;  and  he  also  states  that 
Ferrer  actually  reached  that  point;  but  of  this  there  seems  to  be  no  evidence. 

[1351  et  seq.]  The  Azores  appear  to  have  been  discovered  by  the  Portu 
guese  early  in  this  half  century,  appearing  on  a  map  of  1351.  There  is 
however  no  account  of  the  voyage  by  which  this  discovery  was  made,  al 
though  there  is  a  tradition  of  a  Greek  who  was  there  cast  away  in  1370.  On 
a  Genoese  map  of  the  same  date  the  Madeira  group  is  shown,  having  probably 
been  discovered  by  Portuguese  ships  under  Genoese  captains  early  in  the 
fourteenth  century. 

[1364.]  By  Villault  de  Bellefond,  Relation  des  cosies  d'Afrique,  Paris,  1669, 
it  is  stated  that  the  Dieppese  in  1364  made  a  voyage  round  Cape  Verde,  and 
far  beyond,  establishing  trading-posts,  which  were  repeatedly  visited  in  the 

following  years.  On  this  account,  repeated  by  many  writers Estancelin, 

JRecherches,  p.  72;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i.  p.  285 — is  founded  the 
French  claim  of  having  preceded  the  Portuguese  in  passing  Cape  Bojador  and 
occupying  the  gold  coast.  Major,  Prince  Henry,  pp.  117-33,  maintains  by 
strong  proofs  that  this  voyage  rests  on  no  good  authority,  and  that  the  French 
occupation  of  that  coast  is  of  much  later  date. 

[1380.]  Nicolo  Zeno,  a  Venetian,  sailing  northward  for  England,  was 
driven  in  a  storm  still  farther  north,  and  landed  on  some  islands  in  possession 
of  the  Northmen,  which  he  named  Friesland,  but  which  are  supposed  to  have 
been  the  Faroe  group.  Kindly  received  by  the  people,  he  sent  to  Venice  for 
his  brother,  and  both  spent  there  the  rest  of  their  lives,  making  frequent  ex 
cursions  to  neighboring  islands,  and  gaining  a  knowledge  of  other  more 
distant  lands  known  to  the  Northmen,  including  two  countries  called  Drogeo 
and  Estotiland,  lying  to  the  southward  of  Greenland,  which  countries  the 
Frieslanders  claimed  once  to  have  visited.  Nicolo  died  in  1395,  and  Antonio 
in  1404,  after  writing  an  account  of  their  adventures,  which,  with  a  chart,  he 
sent  to  a  third  brother,  Cario.  The  manuscript  was  preserved  by  the  family 
and  first  published  under  the  title  Dei  Commentarii  del  viaggio  in  Persia,  etc., 
Venezia,  1558.  After  passing  the  ordeal  of  criticism  the  work  is  generally 
accepted  as  a  faithful  report  of  actual  occurrences,  though  embellished,  like 
HIST.  CEN.  AM.,  VOL.  I.  6 


82 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


all  writings  of  the  time,  with  fable.  Dello  Rcopr'tmento  dell'  Isola  Frislanda. 
Eslanda,  en  Grovelanda,  et  Icaria,  in  Ramusio,  torn.  ii.  fol.  230-4;  Hukluyt's 
Voy.y  vol.  iii.  pp.  .121-8;  Bos,  Leben  der  See-Helden,  pp.  523-7;  Cancellieri, 
Notiziedl  Colombo,  pp.  48-9;  Lelewel,  Geog.  dumoyen  age,  torn.  iii.  pp.  74  et  seq. 
Irving,  however,  Columbus,  vol.  iii.  pp.  435-40,  sees  in  this  voyage  only  an 
other  of  "the  fables  circulated  shortly  after  the  discovery  of  Columbus,  to 
arrogate  to  other  nations  and  individuals  the  credit  of  the  achievement," 
while  Zahrtmann,  Remarks'  on  the  Voy,  to  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  ascribed 
to  the  Zeni  of  Venice,  in  Journal  of  the  Geog.  Soc.,  vol.  v.  pp.  102-28,  London, 
1835,  claims  that  the  whole  account  is  a  fable. 

The  chart  by  the  brothers  Zeni,  published  with  the  manuscript,  is  of 
great  importance  as  the  first  known  map  which  shows  any  part  of  America. 
It  contains  internal  evidences  of  its  own  authenticity,  one  of  which  is  that 
Greenland  is  much  better  drawn  than  could  have  been  done  from  other  or  ex 
traneous  sources  even  in  1558.  I  give  from  Kohl's  fac-simile  a  copy  of  the 
map,  omitting  a  few  of  the  names. 


ZEND'S  CHART,  DRAWN  ABOUT  1390. 

There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  countries  marked  Estotiland,  Drogeo, 
and  Icaria — possibly  Nova  Scotia,  New  England,  and  Newfoundland — owe 
their  position  on  this  chart  to  the  actual  knowledge  of  America,  obtained 
either  by  a  fishing- vessel  wrecked  there,  as  stated  "by  the  Zeni,  or  from  a 
tradition  preserved  since  the  time  of  the  Northlhen.  The  lines  of  latitude 
and  longitude  were  not  on  the  original  manuscript  chart,  but  were  added  by 
the  editors  in  1558.  Lelewel,  Geog.  du  moyen  dge,  torn.  iii.  pp.  79-101, 
Bruxelles,  1852;  KohVs  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  97-106. 


PRINCE  HENRY  OF  PORTUGAL.  83 

At  an  unknown  date,  probably  near  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
Robert  Machin,  an  Englishman,  eloped  with  a  lady  in  his  own  vessel  from 
Bristol.  He  steered  for  France,  but  was  driven  by  a  tempest  to  the  island  of 
Madeira,  where  both  died.  Some  of  the  crew  escaped  to  the  African  coast, 
where  they  were  taken  prisoners,  but  afterward  were  redeemed  by  the  Span 
iards,  to  whom  one  of  them  related  the  discovery  of  Madeira,  his  account 
leading  to  its  rediscovery.  Major  concludes,  "that  henceforth  the  story  of 
this  accidental  discovery  of  Madeira  by  Machin  must  be  accepted  as  a  real 
ity,"  but  the  date  cannot  be  fixed.  That  of  1344  often  assigned  to  the  voy 
age  results  from  a  misreading  of  Galvano.  Beside  Galvano,  Discov.,  pp.  58- 
9,  see  Purchas,  ;Iis  Pilgrimes,  vol.  ii.  p.  1672;  The  Voyage  of  Macham,  an 
English  man,  wherein  he  first  of  any  man  discovered  the  Hand  of  Madera,  in 
Halduyt,  vol.  ii.  pt.  ii.  p.  1;  Curious  and  Ent.  Voy.,  p.  13;  Major's  Prince 
Henry,  p.  67;  Kunstmann,  Entdeclcuny  Am.,  p.  4. 

[1402.]  At  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century,  Jean  de  Betancourt 
with  a  company  of  Norman  adventurers  conquered  Lanzarote,  one  of  the 
Canary  Islands.  He  afterward  became  tributary  to  the  crown  of  Castile, 
and  by  the  aid  of  the  Spanish  government  obtained  possession  of  other  islands 
of  the  group,  establishing  there  a  permanent  colony.  Munoz,  Hist,  del 
Nuevo  Mundo,  pp.  30-33;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  i.,  gives  the  date 
1405;  Galvano,  Discov.,  p.  60;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  6;  Pinker' 
ton's  Col.  Voy.,  vol.  xvi.  pp.  808-15. 

"We  enter  now  a  new  epoch  in  maritime  discovery.  Hitherto,  if  we  ex 
clude  the  voyages  of  the  Northmen,  there  had  been  no  attempt  worthy  the  name 
of  systematic  ocean  exploration.  In  the  words  of  Major,  ' '  the  pathways  of  the 
human  race  had  been  the  mountain,  the  river,  and  the  plain,  the  strait,  the 
lake,  the  inland  sea,"  but  now  a  road  is  open  through  the  trackless  ocean,  "a 
road  replete  with  danger,  but  abundant  in  promise."  Portugal,  guided  by  the 
genius  of  Prince  Henry  the  Navigator,  was  the  first  to  shake  off  the  lethargy 
which  had  so  long  rested  on  Europe.  For  some  time  past  the  Portuguese 
had  been  gradually  eclipsing  the  Italians  in  maritime  enterprise ;  but  not 
until  a  prince  leaves  the  pleasures  of  youth  for  the  perils  of  the  sea,  throwing 
his  life  into  the  cause  with  all  the  ardor  of  a  devotee,  does  ocean  navigation 
become  anything  more  than  private  commercial  speculation,  with  now  and  then 
some  slight  aid  from  governments.  True,  others  had  undertaken  the  voyage 
round  Africa,  but  Portugal  was  perhaps  the  first  to  make  it.  As  D'Avesac 
remarks,  Nouvelles  Annales  des  Voy.,  1846,  torn.  ex.  p.  161:  "Les  Portugais 
ne  s'y  engagerent  point  les  premiers ;  mais  seuls  ils  y  persevererent,  et  les 
premiers  ils  atteignirent  le  but."  Born  in  the  year  1394,  at  a  time  when 
under  his  father,  John,  Portugal  was  already  casting  wistful  glances  over  the 
Sea  of  Darkness,  Prince  Henry  devoted  his  early  life  to  geographical  studies 
and  his  later  life  to  discovery.  Leaving  the  pomp  and  luxury  of  his  father's 
court,  he  removed  to  the^oast  of  Algarve,  and  from  the  dreary  headland  of 
Sagres  let  fly  his  imagination  along  the  unknown  shores  of  Africa.  Drawing 
to  him  such  young  noblemen  as  were  willing  to  share  his  labors,  he  estab 
lished  a  school  of  navigation,  giving  special  care  to  the  study  of  cartography 
and  mathematics.  The  geographical  position  of  his  native  land  was  to  the 


84  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Portuguese,  in  regard  to  oceanic  adventure,  not  unlike  that  of  the  Italians  in 
regard  to  Mediterranean  navigation.  Several  causes  united  to  inspire  this 
prince  with  so  noble  an  ambition.  He  desired  to  promote  geographical 
science ;  to  test  the  theories  and  traditions  of  the  day ;  to  know  the  truth 
concerning  the  disputed  question  of  the  f orin  and  extent  of  southern  Africa ; 
to  turn  the  flow  of  riches,  the  gold  and  spices  and  slaves  of  India,  from  Italy 
into  his  own  country.  Nor  was  this  last  stimulant  lessened  by  the  fact  that 
of  late,  by  reason  of  Mahometan  encroachments  on  Christian  dominions,  the 
old  avenues  of  eastern  traffic  via  the  Caspian  Sea  and  Persian  Gulf,  or  by  the 
Red  Sea  and  caravans  across  the  deserts,  were  yearly  becoming  more  insecure, 
and  this  too  at  a  time  when  the  taste  for  eastern  luxuries  was  constantly  in 
creasing.  Yet  other  incentives  were  Christian  rivalry  and  Christian  zeal. 
Spain  had  carried  the  cross  to  the  Canaries ;  rumors  kept  coming  in  of  Prester 
John  and  his  Christian  kingdom,  now  supposed  to  be  in  Africa  instead  of  in 
Asia.  Prince  Henry  moreover  was  grand  master  of  the  Order  of  Christ,  and 
it  behooved  him  to  be  stirring.  Navarrete,  Col  de  Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  xxvi.; 
Munoz,  Hist.  Nuevo  Mundo,  pp.  33-4. 

[1415.]  Prince  Henry  began  his  voyages  along  the  coast  of  Africa  about  the 
year  1415,  at  which  time  Joao  de  Trasto  was  sent  with  vessels  to  the  Can 
aries.  It  was  Henry's  custom  to  despatch  an  expedition  almost  every  year, 
endeavoring  each  tune  to  advance  upon  the  last,  and  so  finally  attain  the  end 
of  the  mystery — whereat  the  nobles  grumbled  not  a  little  about  useless 
expense.  Obviously  progress  southward  at  this  rate  was  very  slow,  and 
many  years  elapsed  before  Cape  Bojador  was  passed  and  unknown  seas  were 
entered.  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  64-65. 

[1416-28.]  Meanwhile  Pedro,  Henry's  brother,  travelled  extensively,  jour 
neying  through  the  Holy  Land,  visiting  Rome,  Babylon,  and  even  England. 
Fortunately  he  found  at  Venice  a  copy  of  Marco  Polo's  work,  and  brought 
it  home  to  Prince  Henry.  Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  66-7;  Kunstmann,  Ent- 
deckttng  Am.,  pp.  11,  12. 

[1418.]  Gonzalez  and  Vaz,  who  were  sent  this  year  by  Prince  Henry  on 
the  regular  annual  expedition,  were  driven  from  their  course  and  rediscovered 
Porto  Santo.  Galvano,  Discov.,  pp.  62-4;  Kunstmann,  EntdecJcung  Am., 
pp.  11,  12;  Curious  and  Ent.  Voy.,  pp.  14,  15. 

[1419.]  Nicole  di  Conti,  Venetian,  sgent  twenty-five  years  in  India, 
Mangi,  and  Java,  returning  in  1444,  and  confirming  many  of  Polo's  state 
ments.  Discorso  sopra  il  Viaggio  di  Nicolo  di  Conti  Venetiano,  in  Ramusio, 
torn.  i.  fol.  373.  Twice  in  1419,  if  we  may  credit  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages, 
torn.  i.  p.  xxvi.,  did  Prince  Henry's  ships  pass  seventy  leagues  beyond  Cape 
Non. 

[1420.]  Gonzalez  again  embarks  from  Portugal  intending  to  plant  a  colony, 
and  guided  by  one  Morales,  a  survivor  of  Machin's  voyage,  rediscovered 
Madeira.  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  i.  pp.  xxvi-vii.;  Major's  Prince 
Henry,  pp.  73-7;  Kunstmann,  EntdecJcung  Am.,  p.  13;  Galcano's Discov.,  pp.  63- 
4;  Aa,  Naaukeurige  Versameling,  torn.  i.  pt.  ii.  p.  16.  On  a  certain  map  dated 
1459  is  a  cape  supposed  to  be  Good  Hope,  with  the  statement  that  in  1420  an 
Indian  junk  had  passed  that  point  from  the  east;  but  for  this  no  authority  is 
given. 


THE  SLAVE-TRADE.  85 

1431.]  The  Formigas  and  Santa  Maria  islands  of  the  Azore  group  were 
tnis  year  discovered  by  Cabral.  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  15,  makes 
the  date  August  15,  1432.  For  details  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  all 
the  eastern  Atlantic  islands,  see  idem,  pp.  1-25. 

[1434-G.]  Gil  Eannes,  after  an  unsuccessful  attempt  in  the  preceding 
year,  succeeded  in  1434  in  doubling  Cape  Bojador  for  the  first  time.  Muuoz, 
Hi«t.  Nuevo  Mundo,  p.  34,  makes  the  date  1433,  and  Navarrete,  Col.  de 
Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  xxvii.,  1423.  In  1435  Eannes  with  Baldaya  passed  fifty 
leagues  beyond  the  cape,  and  in  1436  Baldaya  advanced  to  a  point  fifty 
leagues  beyond  the  inlet  since  known  as  Rio  d'Ouro. . 

[1441-8.]  For  several  years  after  the  successful  doubling  of  Cape  Bojador, 
no  new  attempt  of  importance  is  recorded,  but  in  1441  the  voyages  were 
renewed,  and  in  the  next  eight  years  the  exploration  was  pushed  one  hundred 
leagues  below  Cape  Verde.  Prior  to  1446  fifty-one  vessels  had  traded  on  the 
African  coast,  nearly  one  thousand  slaves  had  been  taken  to  Portugal,  and 
the  discoveries  in  the  Azores  had  been  greatly  extended.  By  these  explora 
tions  Prince  Henry  had  exploded  the  theory  of  a  burning  zone  impassable  to 
man,  and  of  stormy  seas  impeding  all  navigation;  his  belief  that  Africa 
might  be  circumnavigated  was  confirmed;  and  he  had  obtained  from  the 
pope  a  grant  to  the  crown  of  Portugal  of  lands  he  might  discover  beyond 
Cape  Bojador  to  the  Indies  inclusive. 

[1455-6.]  According  to  Ramusio,  Viaggi,  torn.  i.  p.  105,  Alvise  Cada- 
mosto,  a  Venetian,  the  first  of  his  countrymen  as  he  claims  to  sail  down 
the  new  coast,  made  a  voyage  for  Prince  Henry  to  the  Gambia  River  below 
Cape  Verde.  This  expedition  derives  its  importance  not  from  the  limit  reached, 
where  others  had  preceded  him,  but  from  his  numerous  landing  points,  careful 
observations,  and  the  detailed  account  published  by  the  voyager  himself  in 
La  Prima  Naviyazione,  etc.,  Vicenza,  1507;  also  in  Ramusio,  Viayyi,  torn.  i. 
pp.  104-15.  This  explorer  touched  at  Porto  Santo,  Madeira,  the  Canaries, 
Cape  Blanco,  Senegal,  Budomel,  Cape  Verde,  and  the  Gambia  River. 

[1457.]  Cadamosto  claims,  La  seconda  navigazione,  in  Ramusio,  Viagyi, 
torn.  i.  pp.  116-20,  to  have  made  a  second  voyage,  during  which  he  discov 
ered  the  Cape  Verde  Islands;  but  Major,  Prince  Henry,  pp.  278-88,  shows 
that  such  a  voyage  was  not  made  in  that  year,  if  at  all. 

[1460.]  Diogo  Gomez  discovered  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  and  their  colo 
nization  was  effected  during  'the  following  years.  Major,  Prince  Henry,  pp. 
288-99,  publishes  the  original  account  for  the  first  time  in  English.  Prince 
Henry  died  in  November  of  this  year.  Major's  Prince.  Henry,  p.  303;  Knnst- 
mn.nn,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  19.  Irving,  Columbus,  vol.  i.  p.  30,  fixes  this 
date  1473;  and  Galvano,  Discov.,  p.  14,  says  1463. 

[1461.]  The  spirit  of  discovery  and  the  thirst  for  African  gold  and  slaves 
had  become  too  strong  to  receive  more  than  a  temporary  check  in  the  death 
of  its  chief  promoter.  In  the  year*following  Prince  Henry's  death  a  fort  was 
built  on  the  African  coast  to  protect  the  already  extensive  trade,  and  in  1461 
or  1462  Pedro  de  Cintra  reached  a  point  in  nearly  5°  north,  being  over  six 
hundred  miles  below  the  limit  of  Cadamosto's  voyage.  La  Navigation  del 
Capita  n  Pletro  di  Sintra  Portoyhese,  scrltta  per  Meser  Aluise  da  ca  da  Alosto, 
in  Ramusio,  torn.  i.  fol.  119. 


86  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

[1469-89.]  In  1469  Fernam  Gomez  rented  the  African  trade  from  the  king 
of  Portugal  for  a  term  of  five  years,  and  during  that  time  pushed  his  ex 
plorations  under  Santarem  and  Escobar  to  Cape  St  Catherine  in  2°  south, 
first  crossing  the  equator  in  1471.  Under  Joao  II.,  who  succeeded  Alfonso  V. 
in  1481,  the  traffic  continued,  and  in  1489  Diogo  Cam  reached  a  point  in  22°, 
over  two  hundred  leagues  below  the  Congo  River,  planting  there  a  cross 
which  is  said  to  be  yet  standing.  Martin  Behaim,  the  mathematician  and 
cosmographer,  accompanied  Cam  on  this  voyage,  and  an  error  or  interpola 
tion  in  Schedel,  Regiatrum,  etc.,  Nuremberg,  1493,  gave  rise  to  the  unfounded 
report  that  they  sailed  west  and  discovered  America.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit., 
torn.  i.  pp.  257,  283,  292,  309;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  325-38;  Navarrete, 
Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  xl.;  Ilarrisse,  Bibliotkeca  Americana  Vetustissima, 
p.  40;  Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  74-6;  Otto,  in  Am.  Phil  Soc.,  vol.  ii.,  1786. 

We  enter  now  the  Columbian  epoch  proper,  to  which,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
enterprises  of  Prince  Henry  and  the  Portuguese  were  precursory.  About 
1484,  Christopher  Columbus  having  proposed  a  new  scheme  of  reaching  India 
by  sailing  west,  the  king  of  Portugal  surreptitiously  sent  a  vessel  to  test  his 
theory,  which,  after  searching  unsuccessfully  for  land  westward,  returned  to 
the  Cape  Verde  Islands.  Munoz,  Hist.  Nuevo  Mundo,  pp.  53-4  et  al.  Co 
lumbus  had  resided  in  Portugal  since  1470,  and  had  made  several  trips  in 
Portuguese  ships  down  the  African  coast,  in  the  course  of  which  he  is  sup 
posed  to  have  first  conceived  his  new  project.  Indignant  at  the  conduct  of 
the  Portuguese  king,  Columbus  left  for  Spain.  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almirante,  in 
Barcia,  Hist.  Prim.,  torn.  i.  pp.  9-10;  translation  inPinJcerton's  Col.  Voy.,  vol. 
xii.  pp.  1-16;  and  in  Kerr's  Col.  Voy.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  1-242. 

In  1486  Bartolomeu  Bias  sailed  round  Cape  Good  Hope  and  continued  his 
voyage  to  Great  Fish  Pviver  on  the  south-east  coast,  from  which  point  he  was 
compelled  to  return  on  account  of  the  murmurs  of  his  men.  The  cape,  now 
for  the  first  time  doubled  by  Europeans,  was  seen  and  named  by  him  on  his 
return.  In  1487  King  Joao  sent  two  priests,  Covilham  and  Payva,  to  travel 
in  the  East,  in  the  hope  of  gathering  more  definite  information  respecting 
Prester  John  and  his  famous  Christian  kingdom.  Prester  John  they  did  not 
find,  but  Covilham  in  his  wanderings  reached  Sofala  on  the  east  coast  of 
Africa  in  about  20°  south  latitude,  being  the  first  of  his  countrymen  to  sail  on 
tho  Indian  Ocean.  At  Sofala  he  learned  the  practicability  of  the  voyage 
which  Dias  had  actually  accomplished  a  little  before,  and  a  message  to  that 
effect  was  immediately  sent  to  the  king.  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  339-42; 
Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  xl-i;  Ilumboldt*  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i. 
pp.  230  et  seq.;  Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  77-8. 

From  this  tune  to  the  great  discovery  of  1492,  few  expeditions  remain 
to  be  mentioned.  It  must  not  be  forgotten,  however,  that  by  this  time 
trading  voyages  were  of  ordinary  occurrence  all  along  the  eastern  Atlantic 
coast  and  its  adjoining  islands  from  Scandinavia  to  Guinea.  A  lively  com 
merce  was  carried  on  throughout  this  century  between  Bristol  and  Ice 
land,  and  in  the  words  of  Kunstmann,  substantiated  by  older  authorities, 
"a  bull  of  Nicolas  IV.  to  the  bishops  of  Iceland,  proves  that  the  pope  in 
1448  was  intimately  acquainted  with  matters  in  Greenland."  It  seems  in- 


THE  COLUMBIAN  EPOCH.  87 

credible  that  during  all  this  intercourse  with  northern  lands,  no  knowledge 
of  America  was  gained  by  southern  maritime  nations,  yet  so  far  as  we  know 
there  exists  no  proof  of  such  knowledge. 

[147G.]  John  of  Kolno,  or  Szkolny,  is  reported  to  have  made  a  voyage  in 
the  service  of  the  king  of  Denmark  in  1470,  and  to  have  touched  on  the  coast 
cf  Labrador.  The  report  rests  on  the  authority  of  Wytfliet,  Descriptionis 
PtoiemaiccB  aucjmentum,  Lavauii,  1598,  fol.  188,  supported  by  a  single  sen 
tence,  "Tambien  han  ydo  alia  hoinbres  de  Noruega  con  el  Piloto  Juan 
Scolno,"  in  Gomara,  Hist.  Gen.  de  las  Indias,  Anvers,  1554,  cap.  xxxvii.  fol. 
31;  by  a  similar  sentence  in  Ilerrera,  Hiit.  Gen.,  Madrid,  1601,  dec.  i. 
lib.  vi.-  cap.  xvi.,  in  which  the  name  is  changed  to  Juan  Seduco;  and  by  the 
inscription,  Jac  Scolvus  Groetland,  on  a  country  west  of  Greenland  on  a  map 
made  by  Michael  Lok  in  1582,  fac-simile  inllakluyt  Soc.,  Divers  Voy.,  p.  55. 
According  to  Kohl,  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  114-15,  this  voyage  13  considered  apoc 
ryphal  by  Danish  and  Norwegian  writers.  Lelewel,  Geoy.  du  moyen  age,  p. 
103,  regards  the  voyage  as  authentic,  and  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp. 
45-8,  attaches  to  it  great  importance  as  the  source  of  all  the  voyages  to  the 
north  which  followed.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  152-4,  gives 
but  little  attention  to  the  voyage,  and  confesses  his  inability  to  decide  on 
its  merits:  "Je  ne  puis  hasarder  aucun  jugement  sur  cette  assertion  de 
Wytfliet." 

[1477.]  In  this  year  Columbus,  whom  we  first  find  with  the  Portuguese 
traders  on  the  African  coast,  sailed  northward,  probably  with  an  English 
merchantman  from  Bristol,  to  a  point  one  hundred  leagues  beyond  Thule,  in 
73°  north.  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almirante  in  Barcia,  torn.  i.  p.  4;  Mufwz,  Hist, 
^uevo  Nundo,  pp.  43-7;  Ilwmboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  p.  272.  He  probably 
visited  Iceland,  although  he  gives  the  latitude  incorrectly,  taking  it  very  likely 
from  ancient  geography  rather  than  his  own  observations. 

[1482.]  According  to  Kunstmann,  the  edition  of  Ptolemy  this  year,  Pto- 
lomcei  CosmoyrapMa,  Ulmce,  1482,  lib.  viii.,  contains  a  map  that  includes 
Greenland,  and  must  have  been  compiled  from  northern  sources. 

[1488.]  Desmarquets,  Memoires  CJironologiques,  etc.,  Dieppe,  1785,  torn.  i. 
pp.  92-8,  states  that  one  Cousin  sailed  from  Dieppe  early  in  1438,  stood  off 
further  from  land  than  other  voyagers  had  done,  and  after  two  months 
reached  an  unknown  land  and  a  great  river,  which  he  named  the  Maragnon. 
Was  this  the  Maranon  in  South  America  ?  He  then  sailed  south-eastward 
and  discovered  the  southern  point  of  Africa,  returning  to  Dieppe  in  1489. 
The  discovery  was  kept  secret,  but  Cousin  made  a  second  voyage  round  the 
cape  and  succeeded  in  reaching  India.  Major,  besides  pointing  out  some  in 
consistencies  in  this  account,  shows  that  M.  Desmarquets  "could  commit 
himself  to  assertions  of  great  moment  which  are  demonstrably  false. "  He  is 
not  good  authority  for  so  remarkable  a  discovery  not  elsewhere  recorded. 

Before  striking  out  with  Columbus  in  his  bold  venture  to  the  west,  let  us 
sum  up  what  we  have  learned  thus  far  and  see  where  we  stand.  First,  the 
geographical  knowledge  of  the  ancients  was  restricted  to  a  parallelogram  ex 
tending  north-west  and  south-cast  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Indian  ocean, 
comprising  one  hundred  and  twenty  degrees  east  and  west  by  fifty  degrees 


83  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

north  and  south;  circumscribe  this  knowledge  with  legendary  stories  and 
hypothetical  and  traditional  beliefs  concerning  the  regions  beyond ;  then  add 
a  true  theory  of  the  earth's  sphericity,  though  mistaken  as  to  its  size.  This 
is  all  they  knew,  and  this  knowledge  they  committed  to  the  Dark  Age,  dur 
ing  which  time  it  was  preserved,  and,  indeed,  little  by  little  enlarged,  as  we 
have  seen.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century,  particularly,  a 
powerful  impulse  had  been  given  to  discovery,  especially  toward  the  south ; 
so  that  now  the  limits  of  the  ancients  were  moved  eastward  at  least  forty 
degrees,  to  the  eastern  coasts  and  islands  of  Asia,  chieily  by  the  travels  of  Marco 
Polo  and  Sir  John  Mandeville.  Toward  the  south,  the  true  form  of  Africa 
had  been  ascertained,  and  its  coasts  had  been  explored  by  the  Portuguese, 
except  a  space  of  about  fifteen  degrees  on  the  south-west.  Northward  the  old 
limit  had  been  advanced  but  slightly,  but  within  this  limit  much  information 
had  been  gained  by  actual  navigation  about  regions  only  vaguely  described 
by  Ptolemy.  Westward,  in  what  was  still  a  Sea  of  Darkness,  great  discov 
eries  had  been  made  by  the  Northmen,  but  their  results  were  now  practically 
lost;  while  toward  the  south,  several  important  groups  of  islands  had  been 
added  to  the  known  world.  See  map  on  page  73,  where  the  regions  added 
during  this  period  are  lightly  shaded.  And  now,  within  the  old  bound  the 
world  is  much  better  known  than  at  the  beginning  of  the  period,  and  many 
minor  geographical  errors  of  the  ancients  have  been  corrected  by  the  Crusad 
ers,  and  others  who  attempted  on  a  smaller  scale  to  extend  the  Catholic  faith, 
as  well  as  by  commercial  travellers  in  distant  lands.  Again,  by  the  in 
flux  of  Mahometans  into  Europe  during  five  or  six  centuries,  eastern  luxuries 
had  been  introduced  to  an  extent  hitherto  unknown,  and  had  in  fcict  become 
necessities  in  Christian  courts,  thus  making  the  India  trade  the  great  field  of 
commercial  enterprise  even  by  the  tedious  and  uncertain  overland  routes 
where  middle-men  absorbed  the  profits,  and  rendering  the  opening  of  other 
and  easier  routes  an  object  of  primary  importance.  The  almost  exclusive 
possession  of  trade  via  the  old  routes  by  the  Italians,  furnished  an  additional 
motive  to  other  European  nations  for  explorations  by  sea.  The  art  of  print 
ing,  recently  invented,  facilitated  the  diffusion  of  learning,  so  that  it  was  im 
possible  for  the  world  ever  again  to  lapse  into  the  old  intellectual  darkness. 
The  astrolabe,  the  foundation  of  the  modern  quadrant,  had  been  adapted  by 
a  meeting  of  cosmographers  in  Portugal  to  the  observation  of  latitudes  by 
the  sun's  altitude,  and  thus  the  chief  obstacle  to  long  sea- voyages  was  re 
moved.  The  polarity  of  the  magnet  had  long  been  known,  but  the  practical 
adaptation  of  the  magnetic  needle  to  purposes  of  navigation  occurred  about 
the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  mariner's  compass,  however, 
only  attained  its  highest  purpose  toward  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
when  the  Sea  of  Darkness  was  traversed.  But  before  this,  the  greatest  im 
pediments  to  ocean  navigation  had  been  overcome  by  voyages  actually  made 
through  the  aid  of  the  new  inventions.  Beside  the  coasts  brought  to  light 
by  these  voyages,  they  had  done  much  to  dispel  the  old  superstitions  of  burn 
ing  zones,  impassable  capes,  and  unnavigable  seas. 

We  have  seen  that,  as  a  result  either  of  the  poetic  fancy  or  of  the  actual 
discovery  of  the  ancients,  various  islands  were  traditionally  located  in  the 
Atlantic.  Most  of  them  undoubtedly  owed  their  existence  to  the  natural 


HEAL  AND  IMAGINARY  ISLANDS.  89 

tendency  of  man  to  people  unknown  seas  with  fabulous  lands  and  beings. 
"  II  est  si  naturel  a  Miomme  de  rever  quelque  chose  au-dela  de  1'horizon  visi 
ble,"  observes  Humboldt.  For  a  full  account  of  the  history  and  location  of 
these  islands,  "  dont  la  position  est  encore  plus  variable  que  le  nom,"  and  the 
important  part  played  by  them  in  ancient  and  middle-age  geography,  see 
Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  156-245,  and  Kunstmann,  Entdeckuny 
Am.,  pp.  6  et  seq.,  and  35-37.  In  the  fifteenth  century,  with  the  revival  of 
maritime  enterprise,  came  a  renewal  and  multiplication  of  the  old  fables. 
Monastic  scholars,  by  their  continued  study  of  the  old  writers,  by  their  at 
tempts  to  reconcile  ancient  geography  with  fabulous  events  in  the  lives  of  the 
saints,  and  by  their  inevitable  tendency  to  exaggeration,  had  contributed 
largely  to  their  preservation.  Still,  throughout  the  preceding  period,  the  be 
lief  in  the  existence  of  such  islands  had  been  vague  and  hypothetical ;  but 
when  the  actual  existence  of  numerous  islands  in  the  western  ocean  was  proved, 
and  the  Canary,  Madeira,  Azore,  and  Cape  Verde  groups  were  discovered 
and  explored,  the  old  ideas  were  naturally  revived  and  confirmed,  and  with 
them  rose  a  desire  to  rediscover  all  that  had  been  known  to  the  ancient  voy 
agers.  The  reported  wonders  of  the  fabulous  isles,  having  on  them  great  and 
rich  cities,  wTere  confidently  sought  in  each  newly  found  land,  and  not  ap 
pearing  in  any  of  them,  the  islands  themselves  were  successively  located  far 
ther  arfd  farther  to  the  west,  out  in  the  mysterious  sea,  to  be  surely  brought 
to  light  by  future  explorations. 

And  of  a  truth,  this  wondrous  western  empire  was  subsequently  brought  to 
light;  peoples  and  cities  were  found,  but  beyond  the  limits  within  which  the 
wildest  dreams  of  their  discoverers  had  ever  placed  them.  On  this  founda 
tion  not  a  few  speculators  build  a  theory  that  America  was  known  to  the 
ancients.  The  chief  of  the  hypothetical  isles  were  San  Brandan,  Antilia, 
and  the  Island  of  the  Seven  Cities;  their  existence  was  firmly  believed  in,  and 
they  were  definitely  located  on  maps  of  the  period.  San  Brandan  is  said  to 
have  been  visited  by  the  saint  whose  name  it  bears  in  the  sixth  century. 
It  was  at  first  located  far  north  and  west  of  Ireland,  but  gradually  moved 
southward  until  at  the  tune  of  Columbus'  first  voyage  it  is  found  nearly  in 
the  latitude  of  Cape  Verde.  To  the  inflamed  imagination  mirage  is  solid 
earth,  or  sea,  or  a  beautiful  city;  an  island  which  was  long  supposed  to 
be  visible  from  Madeira  and  the  Canaries  had  something  to  do  with  the  loca 
tion  of  this  island  of  the  saint,  and  of  the  others. 

Antilia,  and  the  Island  of  Seven  Cities,  according  to  Behaim's  map,  are 
identical.  See  page  93  this  volume;  also  a  reputed  letter  of  Toscanelli,  about 
the  existence  of  which  Humboldt  thinks  there  may  be  some  doubt.  The 
only  tangible  point  in  the  traditionary  history  is  the  migration  of  seven 
bishops,  driven  from  the  Peninsula  by  the  Moorish  invasion  in  the  eighth 
century,  who  took  refuge  there  and  built  the  Seven  Cities.  The  history  and 
location  of  this  Island  of  the  Seven  Cities  in  the  fifteenth  century  are  similar 
to  those  of  San  Brandan  Island.  Galvano  says  a  Portuguese  ship  was  there 
in  1447.  Brazil,  Bracie,  or  Berzil,  was  another  of  these  wandering  islea, 
whose  name  has  been  preserved  and  applied  to  a  rock  west  of  Ireland,  to  one 
of  the  Azore  islands,  and  to  a  country  in  South  America.  This  name  has 
been  the  theme  of  much  discussion,  which,  so  far  as  I  know,  leads  to  no 


90  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

result  beyond  the  fact  that  the  name  of  a  valuable  dye -wood  known  to 
the  ancients  was  afterward  applied  to  lands  known  or  conjectured  to  pro 
duce  such  woods.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,tom.  ii.  pp.  214-45;  Kunstmann, 
Eutdeckuny  Am.,  pp.  7-10,  and  35  et  seq.  Kunstmann  attaches  greater  geo 
graphical  importance  to  the  fabulous  isles  than  Humboldt,  connecting  them 
in  a  manner  apparently  not  quite  clear  to  himself  with  the  previous  discov 
eries  of  the  Northmen.  Thus  stood  facts  and  fancies  concerning  the  geog 
raphy  of  the  world,  when  the  greatest  of  discoverers  arose  and  achieved  the 
greatest  of  discoveries. 

Although  in  the  chapters  following  I  speak  more  at  length  of  the  deeds 
of  the  Genoese  and  his  companions,  yet  in  order  to  complete  this  Summary 
it  is  necessary  to  mention  them  here.  I  shall  attempt  no  discussion  concern 
ing  the  country,  family,  date  of  birth,  or  early  life  of  Christopher  Columbus. 
For  the  differences  of  opinion  on  these  points,  with  numerous  references,  see 
Ilarrisse,  Bibliotlieca  Americana  Vetustissima,  New  York,  1866,  p.  2  et  seq. 
Born  somewhere  in  Italy,  probably  Genoa,  about  1435,  he  received  something 
more  than  a  rudimentary  education,  went  to  sea  at  the  early  age  of  fourteen, 
and  in  1470,  which  is  about  the  date  of  his  coming  to  Portugal,  had  already, 
an  extensive  experience  in  the  navigation  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  was 
skilled  in  the  theory  as  well  as  the  practice  of  his  profession.  We  have  al 
ready  seen  him  with  the  Portuguese  on  the  African  coast,  and  with  the  Eng 
lish  in  Iceland.  In  fact,  before  his  first  voyage  westward  in  1492,  he  was 
practically  acquainted  with  all  waters  then  navigated  by  Europeans. 

The  promptings  which  urged  forward  this  navigator  to  the  execution  of  his 
great  enterprise  may  be' stated  as  follows:  The  success  of  the  Portuguese  in 
long  voyages  down  the  African  coast  suggested  to  his  mind,  soon  after  1470, 
that  if  they  could  sail  so  far  south,  another  might  sail  west  with  the  same 
facility  and  perhaps  profit.  Says  his  son:  "Estando  en  Portugal,  empeco  a 
congeturar,  que  del  mismo  modo  que  los  Portugueses  navegaron  tan  lejos  al 
Mediodia,  podria  navegarse  la  buelta  de  Occidente,  i  hallar  tierra  en  aquel 
viage."  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almirante,  in  Barcia,  torn.  i.  p.  4;  edition  of  Veretia, 
1709,  pp.  22-3;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  p.  12;  Navarrete,  GJ,.  de, 
Viayes,  torn.  i.  p.  Ixxix;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  i.  lib.  i.  cap.  1-7.  His 
ardent  imagination  once  seized  with  this  idea,  every  nook  and  corner  of 
geographical  knowledge  was  searched  for  evidence  to  support  his  theory. 
By  intercourse  with  other  navigators  he  learned  that  at  different  times  and 
places  along  the  western  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa,  objects  appar 
ently  from  unknown  western  lands  had  been  washed  ashore,  supposi- 
tionally  by  the  wind,  really  by  the  Gulf  Stream  or  other  oceanic  currents. 
Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  ii.  p.  249.  Though  well  aware  of  existing 
rumors  of  islands  seen  at  different  times  in  the  western  ocean,  it  was 
not  upon  these,  if  any  such  there  were,  that  he  built  his  greatest 
anticipations  of  success.  In  the  writings  of  the  ancients  he  found 
another  stimulant.  Filled  with  fervent  piety  and  superstitious  credulity, 
he  pored  over  every  cosmographical  work  upon  which  he  could  lay 
his  hands,  as  well  the  compilations  of  antiquated  notions,  such  as  the  Imago 
Mundl  of  Pierre  D'Ailly,  or  the  more  modern  travels  of  Marco  Polo  and 


EVOLUTION  OF  THE  GRAND  CONCEPTION.       91 

Sir  John  Mandeville.  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almirante,  inBarcia,  torn.  i.  p.  4  et  seq.; 
Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  349,  332;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  46, 
60;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp.  74-6. 

The  result  of  these  studies  was  a  complete  acquaintance  with  the  geo 
graphical  knowledge  of  the  day,  with  the  greater  part  of  what  I  have  thus 
far  epitomized,  the  doings  of  the  Northmen  excepted.  From  all  this  he 
knew  of  the  earth's  sphericity;  he  believed  that  the  larger  part  of  the  world's 
surface  was  dry  land;  that  the  land  known  to  Ptolemy  extended  over  at  least 
180  degrees,  or  half  the  circumference  of  the  globe,  that  is,  from  the  Canaries 
to  the  Ganges;  he  knew  that  by  later  travels  the  eastern  limit  of  geographical 
knowledge  had  been  moved  much  farther  east,  even  to  Cathay;  he  believed 
that  far  out  in  the  ocean  lay  the  island  of  Zipangu;  he  knew  that  some  eight 
or  ten  degrees  had  been  added  on  the  west  by  the  discovery  of  the  Azores; 
he  believed  that  at  most  only  one  third  of  the  circumference  remained  to  be 
navigated;  that  this  space  might  naturally  contain  some  islands  available 
as  way  stations  in  the  voyage;  that  the  explorations  in  the  East  were  very 
indefinite,  and  consequently  Asia  might,  and  probably  did,  extend  farther  east 
than  was  supposed;  that  Ptolemy's  figures  were  not  undisputed — Marino 
making  the  distance  from  the  Canaries  to  the  Ganges  225  degrees  instead  of 
ISO,  while  another  geographer,  Alfragano,  by  actual  measurement,  made  each 
degree  about  one  sixth  smaller  than  Ptolemy,  thus  reducing  the  size  of  the 
earth,  and  with  it  the  remaining  distance  to  India;  that  several  ancient 
writers — see  quotations  from  Aristotle,  Strabo,  Seneca,  et  al.,  in  Humboldt, 
Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  38,  61,  98  et  seq. — had  pronounced  the  distance  to 
India  very  short,  and  had  affirmed  that  it  might  be  navigated  in  a  few  days; 
and  finally  that  other  scholars,  as  Toscanelli,  had  arrived  at  the  same  con 
clusions  as  himself,  possibly  before  himself.  Cartels  de  Pablo  ToscaneUi,  Fisico 
Florentint  d  Cristobal  Colon  y  al  Cantiniyo  Portuyues  Fernando  Martinez,  sobre 
el  descubrimiento  de  las  Lidias,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  ii.  pp.  1-4;  Muiioz,  Hist. 
Nuevo  Mundo,  pp.  48-9.  See  also,  on  Columbus'  motives,  Irving'*  Colum 
bus,  vol.  i.  pp.  42-51,  and  vol.  ii.  p.  148;  Munoz,  Hist.  Nuevo  Mundo,  pp.  45-7; 
Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  324-9;  Stevens'  Notes,  p.  28;  Major's 
Prince  Henry,  pp.  347-52;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  74.  Many  of 
these  conclusions  were  erroneous,  being  founded  on  an  incorrect  idea  of  longi 
tude;  but  this  reduction  of  the  earth's  size  was  an  error  most  fortunate  for 
discovery,  inasmuch  as  with  a  correct  idea  of  the  distance  to  be  traversed, 
and  with  no  suspicion  of  an  intervening  continent,  such  an  expedition  as  that 
of  the  Genoese  would  not  have  been  undertaken  at  the  time. 

Such  were  the  ideas  and  aspirations  of  Columbus  before  his  undertakings; 
later  in  life  a  theologic  mysticism  took  possession  of  his  mind,  and  his  suc 
cess  was  simply  a  fulfillment  of  divine  prophecy  in  which  cosmographical 
realities  went  for  nothing.  See  Carlos  de  Don  Cristobal  Colon,  in  Navarrete, 
torn.  i.  p.  330. 

All  attempts  to  diminish  the  glory  of  Columbus'  achievement  by  proving  a 
previous  discovery  whose  results  were  known  to  him  have  signally  failed. 
The  reports  of  mysterious  maps  which  have  been  claimed  to  have  prompted 
his  enterprise  evidently  amount  to  nothing  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Columbus 
never  suspected  the  existence  of  any  ne>v  countries,  yet  that  he  saw  maps 


92  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

of  the  world,  including  the  Asiatic  coasts,  can  not  be  doubted.  The  case  of 
the  pilot  Sanchez,  said  to  have  died  in  the  house  of  Columbus,  and  to  have 
told  him  of  lands  he  had  seen  toward  the  west,  if  true,  is  likewise  of  little 
moment  as  touching  the  honor  due  to  Columbus,  for  many  men  were  confi 
dent  of  having  seen  such  lands  from  the  Canaries  and  other  islands,  and  sev 
eral  voyages  had  been  made  in  search  of  them,  all  of  which  was  certainly 
known  to  Columbus.  The  story  of  Sanchez  was  started  by  Oviedo,  who 
gives  no  authority  or  date  for  the  event;  it  was  repeated  generally  with  dis 
approval  by  other  historians,  until  revived  by  Garcillasso  de  la  Vega  with  date 
and  details;  but  his  date,  1484,  is  ten  years  after  Columbus  is  known  to  have 
proposed  his  scheme  to  the  Portuguese  government.  Columbus  originated 
no  new  theory  respecting  the  earth's  form  or  size,  though  a  popular  idea  has 
always  prevailed,  notwithstanding  the  statements  of  the  best  writers  to  the 
contrary,  that  he  is  entitled  to  the  glory  of  the  theory  as  well  as  to  that  of 
the  execution  of  the  project.  He  was  not  in  advance  of  his  age,  entertained 
no  new  theories,  believed  no  more  than  did  Prince  Henry,  his  predecessor,  or 
Toscanelli,  his  contemporary;  nor  was  he  the  first  to  conceive  the  possi 
bility  of  reaching  the  east  by  sailing  west.  He  was  however  the  first  to  act 
in  accordance  with  existing  beliefs.  The  Northmen  in  their  voyages  had  en 
tertained  no  ideas  of  a  New  World,  or  of  an  Asia  to  the  west.  To  knowledge 
of  theoretical  geography,  Columbus  added  the  skill  of  a  practical  navigator, 
and  the  iron  will  to  overcome  obstacles.  He  sailed  west,  reached  Asia  as 
he  believed,  and  proved  old  theories  correct. 

There  seem  to  be  two  undecided  points  in  that  matter,  neither  of  which 
can  ever  be  settled.  First,  did  his  experience  in  the  Portuguese  voyages,  the 
perusal  of  some  old  author,  or  a  hint  from  one  of  the  few  men  acquainted 
with  old  traditions,  first  suggest  to  Columbus  his  project  ?  In  the  absence 
of  sustaining  proof,  the  statement  of  the  son  Fernando  that  the  father  should 
be  credited  with  the  reconception  of  the  great  idea,  goes  for  little.  Second, 
to  what  extent  did  his  voyage  to  the  north  influence  his  plan  ?  There  is  no 
evidence,  but  a  strong  probability,  that  he  heard  in  that  voyage  of  the 
existence  of  land  in  the  west.  It  is  hardly  possible  that  no  tradition  of 
Markland  and  Vinland  remained  in  Iceland,  when  but  little  more  th-ui  a 
hundred  years  had  passed  since  the  last  ship  had  returned  from  those 
countries,  and  when  many  persons  must  have  been  living  who  had  been  in 
Greenland.  If  such  traditions  did  exist,  Columbus  certainly  must  have 
made  himself  acquainted  with  them.  Still  his  visit  to  the  north  was  in  1477, 
several  years  after  the  first  formation  of  his  plan,  and  any  information  gained 
at  the  time  could  only  have  been  confirmatory  rather  than  suggestive.  Both 
Humboldt  and  Kunstmann  think  that  even  if  he  ever  heard  of  the  discoveries 
of  the  Northmen — which  is  thought  probable  by  the  latter — this  knowl 
edge  would  not  have  agreed  with,  nor  encouraged,  his  plans.  Kohl,  Hist. 
Divc.ov.,  pp.  115-20,  believes  that  such  a  knowledge  would  have  been  the 
strongest  possible  confirmation  of  his  idea  of  the  nearness  of  Asia  and  Europe, 
in  which  opinion  I  concur.  The  idea  of  Draper,  Hist,  Int.  Develop. ,  p.  443, 
that  had  Columbus  known  of  the  northern  discoveries  he  would  have  steered 
farther  to  the  north,  seems  of  no  weight,  since  he  sought  not  the  northern  but 
the  southern  parts  of  India. 


FIRST  VOYAGE  OF  COLUMBUS. 


93 


What  Columbus  had  to  contend  with  at  this  juncture  was  not,  as  I  have 
said,  old  doctrines  oppugnant  to  any  new  conception,  but  the  ignorance 
of  the  masses,  who  held  no  doctrine  beyond  that  of  proximate  sense,  which 
spread  out  the  earth's  surface,  so  far  as  their  dull  conceptions  could  reach, 
in  one  universal  flatness;  and  the  knowledge  of  courts,  whence  alone  the 
great  discoverer  could  hope  for  support,  was  but  little  in  advance  of  that 
of  the  people.  Then  the  Church,  with  its  usual  firmness  and  conserv 
atism ,  was  against  him.  The  monks,  who  were  then  the  guardians  of 
learning,  knew,  or  might  have  known,  all  that  Prince  Henry,  Columbus, 
and  other  earnest  searchers  had  ascertained  regarding  the  geography  of 
the  earth;  but  what  were  science  and  facts  to  them  if  they  in  any  wise  con 
flicted  with  the  preconceived  notions  of  the  Fathers,  or  with  Church  dogmas? 
"  II  est  vrai,"  says  Humboldt,  "que  les  scrupules  thcologiques  de  Lactance, 
de  St.  Chrysostome  et  de  quelques  autres  Peres  de  FEglise,  contribuerent  a 


MARTIX  BEHAIM'S  GLOBE,  1492. 

pousser  1'esprit  humain  dans  un  mouvement  retrograde."  And  again,  the 
African  expeditions  of  the  Portuguese  had  not  on  the  whole  been  profitable 
or  encouraging  to  other  similar  undertakings,  and  the  financial  condition  of 
most  European  courts  was  not  such  as  to  warrant  new  expenses.  Portugal, 
more  advanced  and  in  better  condition  to  embark  in  new  enterprises  than 
any  other  nation,  now  regarded  the  opening  of  her  rbute  to  India  via  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  an  accomplished  fact,  and  therefore  looked  coldly  on  any  new 
venture.  Nor  were  the  extravagant  demands  of  Columbus  with  respect  to 
titles  and  authority  over  the  new  regions  of  Asia  which  he  hoped  to  find, 
likely  to  inspire  monarchs,  jealous  of  their  dignities,  with  favor  toward  a 
penniless,  untitled  adventurer.  Passing  as  well  the  successive  disappoint 
ments  of  Columbus  in  his  weary  efforts  to  obtain  the  assistance  necessary  to 
the  accomplishment  of  his  project,  as  his  final  success  with  Queen  Isabella  of 
Castile,  let  us  resume  our  chronological  summary. 


94  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

[1492.]  Shortly  before  the  sailing  of  Columbus,  the  learned  astronomer 
Martin  Behaim,  of  Nuremberg,  constructed  a  globe  showing  the  whole  surface 
of  the  earth  as  understood  by  the  best  geographers  of  the  time.  This  globe 
has  been  preserved,  and  I  present  a  fac-simile  of  the  American  hemisphere 
published  in  Ghillany,  Geschkhte  des  Seefahrers  Ititter  Martin  Behaim,  Niirn- 
berg,  1§53.  The  entire  globe  may  be  seen  in  Jomard,  Les  Monuments  de  la 
Geographic,  no.  xv.,  Paris,  1854.  A  section  of  the  globe  is  given  by  Irving, 
Columbus,  vol.  i.  p.  53  (see  also  Id.,  p.  135),  by  London  Geog.  Soc.  Journal, 
1848,  vol.  xviii.  p.  76;  and  a  copy  from  Ghillany,  with  some  of  the  names 
omitted,  may  be  found  in  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  p.  147,  map  no.  iv. 

The  chart  by  which  the  voyage  of  Columbus  was  made  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  copy  of  Behaim 's  Globe,  which  indeed  may  be  regarded  as  the  ex 
ponent  of  geographical  conceptions,  those  of  Columbus  as  well  as  those  of  the 
learned  men  and  practical  navigators  of  the  day.  By  an  inscription  on  the 
original,  the  Asiatic  coast  is  known  to  have  been  laid  down  from  Marco  Polo, 
and  to  the  islands  of  Antilia  and  San  Brandan  are  joined  other  inscriptions 
giving  their  history  as  I  have  before  indicated.  Sailing  from  Palos  on  the 
3d  of  August,  1492,  with  one  hundred  and  twenty  men  in  three  vessels 
commanded  by  himself  and  the  two  brothers  Pinzon,  Columbus  was  at  last 
fairly  launched  on  the  Sea  of  Darkness.  After  a  detention  of  three  weeks  at 
the  Canaries,  he  sailed  thence  the  Cth  of  September;  marked,  not  without 
alarm,  the  variation  of  the  needle  on  the  30th  of  September;  and  on  the  12th 
of  October  discovered  San  Salvador,  or  Cat  Island. 

So  far  all  was  well;  all  was  as  the  bold  navigator  had  anticipated;  all  ac 
corded  with  current  opinions,  his  own  among  the  number ;  he  had  sailed  cer 
tain  days,  had  accomplished  a  certain  distance,  and  had  reached  triumphantly 
one  of  the  numerous  islands  mentioned  by  Marco  Polo,  and,  God  willing, 
would  soon  find  the  larger  island  of  Zipangu.  Alas  for  mathematical  cal 
culations,  for  that  other  third  of  the  earth's  circumference ;  alas  for  the  inter 
vening  continent  and  broad  Pacific  sea,  which  baffled  the  great  discoverer  to 
the  day  of  his  death  ! 

Passing  over  the  cruise  through  the  Bahamas,  or  Marco  Polo's  archipelago 
of  seven  thousand  islands,  in  which  the  discoverers  touched  successively  at 
Concepcion,  Exuma  (Fernandina),  and  Isla  Larga  (Isabela),  we  find  Columbus 
sailing  from  the  last-mentioned  island  on  the  24th  of  October  for  Zipangu, 
with  the  intention  of  proceeding  thence  to  the  main-land,  and  presenting  his 
credentials  to  the  great  Khan. 

Touching  at  the  Mucaras  group,  Columbus  arrived  at  Zipangu,  which 
was  none  other  than  the  island  of  Cuba,  on  the  28th  of  October,  and  gave 
to  the  island,  in  place  of  its  barbarous  appellation,  the  more  Christian 
name  of  Juana.  Cruising  along  the  northern  shore  of  Cuba,  in  frequent 
converse  with  the  natives,  he  soon  learned  that  this  was  not  Zipangu,  was 
not  even  an  island,  but  was  the  veritable  Asiatic  continent  itself,  for  so 
his  fervid  mind  interpreted  the  strange  language  of  this  people.  Unfor 
tunately  he  could  not  find  the  Khan;  after  diligent  search  he  could  find 
no  great  city,  nor  any  imperial  court,  nor  other  display  of  oriental  opulence 
such  as  were  described  by  Marco  Polo  and  Sir  John  Mandeville  —only  naked 
barbarians  and  thatched  huts;  so  after  advancing  west  beyond  Savana  la 


PAPAL  BULL  OF  PARTITION.  95 

Mar,  the  discoverers  returned  to  the  eastern  end  of  Cuba,  visiting  on  the  way 
the  group  El  Jardin  del  Rey.  Postponing  the  exploration  of  the  coast  toward 
the  south-west,  Columbus  returned  eastward  and  followed  the  northern  coast 
of  Espaiiola,  turning  off  on  his  way  to  discover  the  Tortugas,  and  arriving  at 
La  Xavidad,  where  he  built  a  fort  and  left  a  colony  of  thirty-nine  men.  Now, 
Espauola,  and  not  Cuba  as  he  had  at  first  supposed,  was  the  true  Zipangu ; 
for  the  main-land  of  China  could  not  by  any  possibility  be  the  island  of 
Japan;  and  in  this  belief  Columbus  sailed  for  Spain  on  the  16th  of  Jan 
uary,  reaching  the  Azores  on  the  18th  of  February,  and  arriving  at  Palos  the 
loth  of  March,  1493.  Primer  mage  de  Colon,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  i.  pp.  1-197; 
Purchas,  His  Piljrimes,  vol.  i.  booke  ii.  pp.  10-13;  Sammlung  aller  Reisebe- 
schreibungen,  torn.  xiii.  p.  10;  Napione  and  De  Conti,  Biografia  Colombo,  pp. 
303-36;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  i.;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  i.  pp.  21-31, 
46-55;  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almirante,  in  Barcia,  torn.  i.  pp.  13-38;  Irvintfs  Co 
lumbus,  vol.  i.  pp.  124-289;  vol.  iii.  pp.  447-68;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp. 
356-7;  West-IndischeSpieghel,  p.  10;  Cancellieri,  Notiziedi  Colombo,  pp.  66-76. 

[1493.]  Just  before  reaching  the  Azores,  Columbus  wrote  on  shipboard 
two  letters  describing  his  voyage,  o,ne  under  date  of  the  15th  of  Febru 
ary,  and  the  other  of  the  14th  of  March.  The  manuscript  of  one,  with 
copies  printed  in  Spain  probably  during  this  same  year,  are  yet  preserved. 
Of  the  other,  both  the  original  manuscript  and  Spanish  copies,  if  any 
were  printed,  are  lost;  but  of  a  Latin  translation,  six  editions  are  extant, 
supposed  to  have  been  printed  in  '1493,  in  France  and  in  Italy,  under  the 
title  Epistola  Chritstofori  Colom,  or  De  Insulis  Inventis,  etc.  A  poetical  para 
phrase  of  the  same  letter  appeared  the  same  year  as  Dali  Questa  e  la  Ilystoria, 
etc.,  Florence,  1493,  and  four  other  works  of  this  year  contain  slight  allusions 
to  Columbus.  Seven  or  eight  editions  of  Columbus'  letters  appeared  in  dif 
ferent  forms  during  the  next  forty  years.  Both  letters  may  be  found  with 
Spanish  translations  in  the  first  volume  of  Navarrete's  collection.  For  the 
bibliographical  notices  of  this  sketch  I  have  depended  chiefly  on  Harrisse, 
Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  as  the  latest  and  most  complete  essay  on  early  American 
books,  notwithstanding  the  few  blunders  that  have  subjected  it  to  so  much 
ridicule.  I  shall  not  consider  it  necessary  to  repeat  the  reference  with  each 
notice,  as  Harrisse's  work  is  arranged  chronologically. 

As  soon  as  Columbus  had  explained  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  the  nature 
of  his  important  discovery,  the  Spanish  sovereigns  applied  to  the  Pope  for 
the  same  grants  and  privileges  respecting  lands  discovered,  and  to  be  discov 
ered,  in  the  west,  that  had  before  been  granted  the  Portuguese  in  the  south 
and  east.  His  Holiness,  accepting  the  Spanish  statements  that  the  conces 
sions  demanded  did  not  in  any  way  conflict  with  previous  grants  to  the  Por 
tuguese,  by  bull  of  May  2,  1493,  ceded  to  Spain  all  lands  which  might  be 
discovered  by  her  west  of  a  line  drawn  from  pole  to  pole,  one  hundred  leagues 
west  of  the  Azores;  the  Portuguese  to  have  all  new  lands  east  of  the  same 
line.  It  is  obvious  that  his  Holiness  fixed  this  line  arbitrarily,  without  a 
thought  of  the  position  or  importance  of  the  corresponding  meridian  at  the 
antipodes.  This  opposite  meridian,  according  to  the  idea  of  longitude  enter 
tained  at  the  time,  would  fall  in  the  vicinity  of  India  proper;  and  the  Portu 
guese,  besides  their  natural  jealousy  of  this  new  success  of  Spain,  feared  that 


96  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

• 

the  western  hemisphere  thus  given  to  her  rival  might  include  portions  of 
their  Indian  grants.  Hence  arose  much  trouble  in  the  few  following  years 
between  the  two  courts.  See  infra. 

Amidst  the  enthusiasm  following  his  success  Columbus  had  no  difficiilty 
in  fitting  out  another  expedition.  Embarking  from  Cadiz  September  25, 
1493,  with  seventeen  vessels  and  over  1,200  men,  among  whom  were  Alonso 
de  Ojeda  and  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  el  almirante,  or  the  admiral,  as  Columbus  was 
now  called,  touched  at  the  Canaries,  discovered  Dominica  the  3d  of  Novem 
ber,  and  Guadalupe  a  few  days  later;  thence  sailing  north-west  through  the 
Caribbean  Archipelago,  he  occasionally  landed  and  gave  names  to  islands. 
Resting  two  days  at  Puerto  Rico,  he  reached  the  coast  of  Espaiiola  on  the  22d 
of  November,  and  on  the  27th  anchored  off  the  port  of  Navidad.  The  set 
tlement  established  at  this  place  in  the  previous  voyage  had  totally  disap 
peared;  the  colonists  as  is  supposed  falling  victims  to  internal  dissensions 
and  general  excesses.  A  new  city  called  Isabela  was  then  founded  at  an 
other  port  of  this  island,  and  Ojeda  was  sent  inland  to  explore  the  country. 
After  a  short  absence  he  returned,  reporting  th?.  country  rich  in  gold.  On 
the  second  of  February,  1494,  twelve  vessels,  with  specimens  of  the  people 
and  products  of  the  country,  were  despatched  for  Spain  under  Antonio  de 
Torres.  By  this  departure  was  also  sent  a  request  for  immediate  supplies. 
Recovering  from  a  serious  illness,  Columbus  checked  a  revolt  among  his  peo 
ple  on  the  24th  of  April,  built  a  fort  in  the  interior,  and  then  sailed  to  explore 
tlie  main  coast  of  Asia — as  he  supposed,  but  in  truth  Cuba — south-westward 
from  the  point  where  he  left  it  on  his  first  voyage.  Following  the  south 
coast  of  Cuba  the  admiral  at  length  reached  the  vicinity  of  Philipina,  or 
Cortes  Bay,  where  the  shore  bends  to  the  southward.  This  to  him  seemed 
conclusive  proof  that  it  was  indeed  the  main-land  of  Asia  which  he  was 
coasting.  The  statements  of  the  natives  who  said  that  Cuba  was  in  fact  an 
island,  but  that  it  was  so  large  that  no  one  had  ever  reached  its  western  ex 
tremity,  confirmed  him  in  his  belief — since  one  might  question  the  knowl 
edge  of  a  boundary  which  no  one  had  ever  reached  and  from  which  no  one 
had  ever  come.  The  theory  of  the  age  was  thus  made  good,  and  that 
was  sufficient;  so  Columbus  brought  all  his  crew,  officers  and  men,  before  the 
notary,  and  made  them  swear  that  the  island  of  Cuba  was  the  continent  of 
Asia — an  act  significant  of  methods  of  conversion  in  those  days.  He  even 
proposed  to  continue  £he  voyage  along  the  coast  to  the  Red  Sea,  and  thence 
home  by  way  of  the  Mediterranean,  or,  better  still,  round  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  to  meet  and  surprise  the  Portuguese;  but  his  companions  thought  the 
supplies  insufficient  for  so  long  a  voyage,  and  the  admiral  was  persuaded 
to  postpone  the  attempt. 

Returning  therefore  to  Espafiola,  on  the  way  back  Columbus  discovered 
and  partially  explored  Jamaica,  Isla  de  Pinos,  and  the  small  islands  scattered 
to  the  southward  of  Cuba,  arriving  at  Isabela  on  the  4th  of  September. 
There  he  found  matters  in  a  bad  way.  The  colony,  comprising  a  motley  crew 
of  lawless  adventurers,  ever  ready  to  attribute  success  to  themselves  and  ill- 
fortune  to  their  governor,  trumped  up  numerous  complaints  which  caused  the 
admiral  no  little  trouble.  Margarite,  to  whom  had  been  given  a  command 
for  an  expedition  inland,  had  revolted  and  sailed  with  several  ships  for  Spain. 


REPARTITION  OF  THE  WORLD.  97 

Open  war  had  been  declared  with  the  natives,  and  the  colonists  were  hard 
pressed;  but  the  admiral's  presence  and  Ojeda's  impetuous  bravery  soon 
secured  order.  Meanwhile  two  arrivals  inspired  the  colonists  with  fresh 
courage;  that  of  Bartolome  Colon,  brother  of  the  admiral,  with  three  ships, 
and  that  of  Torres,  with  four  vessels  laden  with  supplies.  With  the  gold 
that  had  been  accumulated,  and  specimens  of  fruits  and  plants,  and  five 
hundred  natives  as  slaves,  Torres  was  sent  back  to  Spain,  accompanied  by 
Diego  Colon,  whose  mission  was  to  defend  his  brother's  interests  at  court. 
The  pacification  of  the  natives  was  then  completed,  and  heavy  taxes  were  im 
posed  upon  them.  In  October,  1495,  arrived  Juan  de  Aguado,  sent  by  the 
king  to  ascertain  the  facts  concerning  charges  against  the  admiral.  This  man, 
in  place  of  executing  his  commission  fairly,  only  stirred  up  the  accusers  of 
Columbus  to  greater  enmity — which  quality  of  justice  well  accorded  with 
the  temper  of  his  master  Ferdinand.  On  account  of  these  troubles,  as  well 
as  from  the  discovery  of  a.  new  gold  mine,  which  proved  beyond  question 
that  Espanola  was  the  ancient  Ophir  of  King  Solomon,  Columbus  decided  to 
return  to  Spain.  So  leaving  his  brother,  Bartolome,  in  command  as  adelan- 
t^do,  or  lieutenant-governor,  he  sailed  with  Aguado,  on  the  10th  of  March,  in 
two  caravels,  carrying  225  Spaniards  and  thirty  natives.  Touching  at  Mari- 
galante,  and  Guadalupe,  he  arrived  at  Cadiz  June  11,  1496.  Segundo  Viayede 
Cristobal  Colon,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  i.  pp.  198-241;  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almirante, 
in  Barcla,  torn.  i.  pp.  42-73;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  2-4;  Oviedo,  Hint. 
Gen.,  torn.  i.  pp.  31-5;  Napione  and  DeConti,  Biograjia  Colombo,  pp.  331-50; 
Irvincfs  Columbus,  vol.  i.  pp.  338-497;  vol.  ii.  pp.  1-87;  Major's  Prince 
Jlenry,  p.  358;  Humboldt's  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  217;  Cancdlieri,  Notizle 
dl  Colombo,  pp.  93-9.  The  letters  which  Columbus  sent  to  Spain  by  Torres 
in  February,  1494,  if  ever  printed,  are  lost;  but  in  Syllar.io,  ad  Sapietlssimii 
....de  insults,  etc.,  Pavia,  1494  or  1495,  appeared  certain  letters  from  Spain 
to  the  author  of  this  work,  describing  the  second  voyage  of  Columbus. 

[1494.]  Thus  during  the  absence  of  Columbus  on  his  second  voyage  we 
have  seen  the  ocean  route  between  Spain  and  Espanola  six  times  navigated; 
first,  by  the  fleet  of  twelve  vessels  sent  back  to  Spain  by  the  admiral  under 
Antonio  de  Torres;  second,  by  Bartolome  Colon,  who  followed  his  brother  to 
Espanola  with  three  ships;  third,  by  Margarite,  who  revolted  and  left  Espaiiola 
during  the  absence  of  Columbus  in  Cuba;  fourth,  by  Torres  in  command  of 
four  vessels  from  Spain  with  supplies  for  the  colony;  fifth,  by  the  return  of 
the  same  four  ships  to  Spain  with  gold  and  slaves;  and  sixth,  by  Juan  de 
Aguado  with  four  ships  from  Spain  in  August,  1495. 

With  the  division  of  the  world  by  Pope  Alexander  VI.,  Portugal  was  not 
satisfied.  The  world  was  thought  to  be  not  so  large  then  as  now,  and  one  half 
of  it  was  not  enough  for  so  small  a  kingdom  which  had  boasted  so  great  a  navi 
gator  as  Prince  Henry.  It  was  not  their  own  side,  but  the  other  side,  that 
troubled  the  Portuguese,  fearing  as  they  did  that  the  opposite  meridian  threw 
into  Spain's  half  a  part  or  the  whole  of  India.  So  Spain  and  Portugal  fell  to 
quarrelling  over  this  partition  by  his  Holiness;  and  the  matter  was  referred 
to  a  commission,  and  finally  settled  by  the  treaty  of  Tordesillas  in  June, 
1494,  which  moved  the  line  270  leagues  farther  west.  About  the  location  of 
HIBX.  CEN.  AM.,  VOL.  I.  7 


98  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

this  line  of  demarcation,  and  its  effect  on  Brazil,  and  the  Moluccas,  much 
has  been  written,  though  little  has  been  said  as  to  the  motive  that  prompted 
Portugal  in  making  this  change.  The  fact  is,  that  at  a  time  when  the  Spice 
Islands  were  but  vaguely  known,  and  the  existence  of  Brazil  not  even  sus 
pected,  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  why  Portugal  desired  to  change  the  par 
tition  line  from  100  leagues  to  370  leagues  west  of  the  Azores;  for  the  change 
could  only  diminish  the  possessions  of  Portugal  in  India  by  270  leagues,  as 
in  truth  it  did,  including  the  Moluccas  in  the  loss,  and  gaining  in  return  270 
leagues  of  open  Atlantic  sea!  True,  there  proved  to  be  an  accidental  gain  of 
a  part  of  Brazil,  but  there  could  have  been  no  idea  at  the  time  that  this  par 
tition  line  cut  through  any  eastern  portion  of  lands  discovered  by  Columbus 
to  the  west.  In  whatever  light  we  imagine  them  to  have  regarded  it,  there  is 
still  an  unexplained  mystery.  The  Pacific  ocean  was  unknown;  between  the 
discoveries  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  so  far  as  known,  all  was  land — India.  By 
carrying  the  partition  line  westward,  Portugal  may  have  thought  to  find  some 
western  land;  at  all  events,  it  is  generally  believed  that  the  effect  of  the  par 
tition  in  the  antipodes  was  not  well  considered;  that  the  only  point  in  question 
was  the  right  of  making  discoveries  in  the  western  ocean,  and  that  the  treaty 
of  Tordesillas  was  decided  in  favor  of  Spain — Portugal  being  forced  to  yield 
the  main  point,  but  insisting  on  the  change  of  partition  in  order  to  give  her 
more  sea-room.  On  the  other  hand  it  may  be  claimed  that  the  antipodes,  of 
which  they  knew  so  little,  were  the  avowed  object  of  all  the  expeditions  sent 
out  by  both  parties.  See  the  original  bull  and  treaty  in  Navarrete,  Col.  de 
Viages,  torn.  ii.  pp.  28,  130;  also  Prescotfs  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  vol.  ii.  pp. 
173-83;  Calvo,  Recueil  Complet  des  Traites,  Paris,  1862,  torn.  i.  pp.  1-3G; 
Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  i.  booke  ii.  pp.  13-15;  Curious  and  Ent.  Voy.,  p. 
20;  Cancellieri,  Notizie  di  Colombo,  p.  183. 

Italy,  and  especially  Venice,  as  we  have  seen,  was  the  first  of  the  European 
states  to  display  in  any  marked  degree  in  mediaeval  times  that  commercial 
spirit  so  early  and  so  well  developed  in  the  Phoenicians.  Portugal  caught 
the  flame  under  John  the  Great,  1385-1433,  and  led  the  van  of  a  more  daring 
discovery  and  exploration  by  conquests  011  the  north-west  coast  of  Africa. 
Simultaneously  Prince  Henry  was  sending  expeditions  farther  down  the  west 
ern  coast  of  Africa,  and  among  the  islands  of  the  Atlantic.  His  country 
reaped  the  reward  in  1486,  when  the  discovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
opened  her  a  way  by  sea  to  Hindostan,  and  to  the  commerce  of  the  Orient, 
and  gave  at  the  same  time  the  death-blow  to  Venetian  ascendancy  in  that 
market. 

But  Spain,  as  chance  would  have  it,  did  not  lag  far  behind  her  sister  king 
dom.  The  fact  of  the  great  navigators,  Columbus  and  Vespucci,  being 
Italians,  and  yet  having  to  seek  assistance  of  Spain,  sufficiently  indicates  in 
what  direction  the  swing  of  maritime  power  was  tending.  The  astronomical 
schools  of  Cordova,  Seville,  and  Granada  had  well  prepared  Spain  for  the 
application  of  astronomy  to  navigation,  and  the  long  internal  wars  had  bred 
those  bold  and  enduring  spirits  who  alone  are  fitted  to  conduct  with  success 
great  enterprises  of  certain  danger  and  uncertain  result. 

It  is  claimed  by  some  that  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot  made  their  first  voy- 


AMERIGO  VESPUCCI.  90 

age  and  discovered  Newfoundland  in  1494.  The  claim  rests  on  a  statement 
of  the  Spanish  ambassador  to  England  in  a  letter  dated  July  25,  1498,  to 
the  effect  that  during  the  past  seven  years  several  vessels  had  been  sent  each 
year  from  Bristol  in  search  of  Brasil  and  the  Islands  of  the  Seven  Cities, 
and  on  an  inscription  on  Sebastian  Cabot's  map  of  1544,  which  states  that 
land  was  first  discovered  by  the  Cabots  on  June  24,  1494.  D'Avesac,  Letter 
on  the  rot/ages  of  John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,  in  Kohl,  pp.  506-7.  But  other 
authors  consider  the  map— even  if  made  by  Cabot,  which  is  extremely 
doubtful — insufficient  authority  to  prove  such  a  voyage. 

[1495.]  At  the  solicitation  of  the  brothers  Pinzon  and  other  navigators,  a 
license  was  granted  April  10,  1495,  permitting  any  native-born  Spaniard  to 
make  private  voyages  for  trade  and  discovery  from  Cadiz  to  the  Western 
India;  such  expeditions  to  be  under  the  inspection  of  government,  one  of  whose 
officials  was  to  accompany  each  vessel  to  ensure  the  payment  to  the  crown  of 
one  tenth  of  the  profit  of  the  voyage.  For  this  document  in  full,  see  Navar- 
retey  Col.  de  Viayes,  torn.  ii.  p.  165.  See  also  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn. 
i.  pp.  356  et  seq.  Whether  any  one  actually  took  advantage  of  this  license 
before  its  repeal — which  was  on  June  2,  1497,  at  the  instigation  of  Colum 
bus — is  a  disputed  point  of  some  importance  in  connection  with  certain  doubt 
ful  expeditions  to  be  considered  hereafter. 

[1496.]  Pedro  Alonso  Nino  sailed  from  Cadiz  June  17,  1496,  just  after  the 
return  of  Columbus,  in  command  of  three  vessels  laden  with  supplies  for  the 
colony  at  Espaiiola. 

[1497.]  Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Florentine  navigator,  claims  to  have  set  sail 
from  Cadiz  with  four  vessels  in  the  service  of  the  king  of  Spain  on  the  tenth, 
or  twentieth,  of  May,  1497.  In  what  capacity  he  accompanied  the  expedi 
tion,  or  who  was  its  commander,  he  does  not  state,  but  says  that  he  was 
chosen  by  the  king  to  go  with  the  expedition.  "Me  ad  talia  investiganda 
in  ipsam  societatem  elegit."  Sailing  south-south-west  to  the  Canaries, 
280  leagues  from  Lisbon,  he  remained  there  eight  days,  and  then  sailed 
west-one-quarter-south-west  1,000  leagues  in  twenty-seven,  or  thirty-seven, 
days,  to  a  point  on  the  main-land  in  16°  north  and  75°  west  of  the  Ca 
naries — that  is  to  say,  on  the  coast  of  Central  America  near  Cape  Gracias 
a  Dios.  This  must  have  been  about  the  1st  of  July,  some  days  perhaps 
after  Cabot's  landing  farther  north,  which  was  the  24th  of  June.  The 
Spaniards  went  ashore  in  boats,  but  the  natives  were  too  timid  to  trade; 
so  that  continuing  their  voyage  for  two  days  north-wrest  in  sight  of  the  flat 
coast,  they  reached  a  more  secure  anchorage,  established  friendly  relations 
with  the  people,  and  found  some  traces  of  gold.  The  ships  then  followed  the 
coast  for  several  days,  to  a  port  where  was  found  a  village  built  over  the 
water  like  Venice,  and  there  fought  with  the  natives  (of  Tabasco?);  sailed 
eighty  leagues  along  the  coast  to  a  region  of  many  rivers  (Panuco?),  where 
they  were  kindly  received  by  people  of  a  different  language,  and  made  a  jour 
ney  of  eighteen  leagues  inland,  visiting  many  towns.  This  province  was 
called  by  the  inhabitants  Lariab,  and  is  situated  in  the  torrid  zone,  near  the 
tropic  of  Cancer,  in  23°  north.  Again  they  started,  pursued  a  north-west 
course  and  frequently  anchored,  sailing  thus  870  leagues,  until  after  thirteen 


100  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

months,  that  is  to  say  in  June,  1498,  they  reached  "the  best  harbor  in  the 
world"  (port  of  Cape  Canaveral?),  in  28°  30',  where  they  resolved  to  repair 
their  ships  for  the  return  voyage.  There  they  remained  thirty-seven  days,  and 
when  about  to  depart,  the  natives  complained  of  certain  cannibals  who  came 
each  year  from  an  island  100  leagues  distant  to  attack  them.  The  Spaniards, 
in  return  for  their  kindness,  promised  to  avenge  their  wrongs.  Accordingly 
they  sailed  north-east  and  east  to  a  group  of  islands,  some  of  which  were 
inhabited  (Bermudas?);  landing  at  one  of  them  called  Ity,  they  defeated  the 
cannibals,  and  made  250  prisoners,  with  a  loss  of  one  man  killed  and  twenty- 
two  wounded.  Returning,  they  arrived  at  Cadiz  October  15,  1499,  with 
222  prisoners,  who  were  sold  as  slaves.  The  above  is  the  account  given 
by  Vespucci  in  a  letter  written  in  1504,  according  to  the  edition  adopted 
as  authentic  and  original  by  Varnhagen,  Le  premier  Voyage  de  Ameri>/o 
Vespucci,  who  believes  that  Vicente  Yanez  Pinzon  and  Juan  Diaz  de 
Solis  were  the  commanders.  This  voyage  is  not  generally  regarded  as  au 
thentic;  and  a  long  and  complicated  discussion  has  arisen  on  the  question 
whether  the  account  given  is  to  be  regarded  as  true,  as  wholly  a  fabrication, 
or  as  belonging  to  a  subsequent  voyage  and  accidentally  or  intentionally 
dated  back  two  years.  As  this  voyage,  if  actually  made  as  claimed  by  M. 
Varnhagen,  would  be  the  first  to  touch  the  territory  which  I  denominate  the 
Pacific  States,  I  find  it  necessary  to  give  in  this  place  the  leading  points  in 
the  discussion.  In  what  may  be  called  the  standard  authorities  on  American 
discovery,  such  as  Navarrete,  Humboldt,  and  others,  is  found  fully  presented 
the  question  of  the  authenticity  of  Vespucci's  voyage,  always,  however,  under 
the  supposition  that  the  land  claimed  to  have  been  visited  was  the  coast  of 
Paria.  The  theory  of  M.  Varnhagen,  that  that  region  must  be  sought  in 
North  America,  reopens  the  question  and  introduces  some  new  features  which 
cannot  be  passed  by  unnoticed  in  this  connection.  Without  entering  upon 
the  somewhat  complicated  bibliography  of  Vespucci's  narrations,  or  taking 
up  the  question  of  his  claims  in  the  matter  of  naming  America,  I  shall  at 
tempt  to  state  briefly,  and  as  clearly  as  I  am  able,  the  arguments  for  and 
against  the  authenticity  of  a  voyage,  in  which  perhaps  is  involved  the 
question  of  the  first  post-Scandinavian  discovery  of  the  North  American 
continent. 

Besides  Vespucci's  own  statement,  in  a  letter  written  in  1504,  no  contem 
porary  document  has  been  found  which  mentions  such  an  expedition,  though 
most  diligent  search  for  such  documents  has  been  made  in  the  Spanish  ar 
chives  by  partisans  and  opponents  of  the  Florentine's  claim.  This  absence  of 
confirmatory  documents  is  the  more  noticeable  as  the  expedition  was  made 
under  royal  patronage.  In  another  and  previously  written  letter  describ 
ing  his  second  voyage  in  1499,  Vespucci  not  only  makes  no  mention  of  this 
voyage,  but  even  excuses  his  long  silence  by  saying  that  nothing  had  occurred 
worth  relating.  True,  a  short  letter  of  one  Vianello,  dated  1506,  published 
by  Humboldt,  mentions  a  voyage  to  which  no  date  is  given,  made  by  Ves 
pucci  in  company  with  Juan  de  la  Cosa.  M.  Varnhagen  supposes  this  to  have 
been  the  voyage  in  question,  and  a  large  river  discovered  at  the  time  to  have 
been  the  Mississippi;  but,  beside  the  fact  that  there  is  no  reason  for  attribut 
ing  the  elate  of  1497  rather  than  any  other  to  this  voyage,  Vianello's  letter, 


THE  DISPUTED  VOYAGE  0$  VESPUCCI.  101 

•with  two  others,  published  by  Harrisse,  indicates  a  much  later  date  for  the 
expedition  with  Juan  de  la  Cosa. 

Moreover,  not  only  is  there  a  want  of  original  records,  but  contemporary 
historians  are  silent  respecting  this  expedition ;  the  first  mention  by  later 
writers  being  a  denial  of  its  authenticity  when  it  was  thought  to  conflict  with 
the  admiral's  claims  as  discoverer  of  the  continent.  Yet,  on  the  supposition 
cf  a  voyage  to  the  Xorth  American  coast,  there  are  some  passages  in  the  his 
torians  Peter  Martyr,  Oviedo,  Gomara,  and  Herrera,  which  point  more  or  less 
definitely  to  an  exploration  of  the  gulf  of  Honduras  before  1502.  Peter 
Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap,  vi.,  writing  before  1508,  says  that  many  claim  to  have 
sailed  round  Cuba;  and  later,  dec.  i.  cap,  x.,  he  mentions  a  report  that 
Pinzon  and  Solis  had  explored  the  coast  of  Honduras,  giving,  however,  no 
dates.  Oviedo,  Illst.  Gen.,  torn.  ii.  p.  140,  says  positively  that  the  gulf  of 
Honduras  Mras  discovered  not  by  Columbus,  but  by  Pinzon  and  Solis,  and 
that  before  the  former  discovered  the  Amazon,  or  the  latter  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  that  is  to  say  before  1499.  Gomara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  fol.  C3,  states 
that  Pinzon  and  Solis  are  said  by  some  to  have  explored  the  coast  of  Hondu 
ras  three  years  before  Columbus,  which  would  make  it  in  1499.  Herrera, 
Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  iv.  lib.  viii.  cap.  iii.,  says  that  the  gulf  of  Honduras  was 
named  Hibueras  from  the  gourds  found  floating  in  its  Waters  by  the  first 
Spaniards  who  sailed  along  the  coast.  To  M.Varnhagen,  this  it  may  be  ran 
dom  remark  of  Herrera  is  proof  positive  that  as  Columbus  did  not  enter  or 
name  the  giilf,  he  was  not  the  first  Spaniard  who  sailed  along  the  coast. 
Whatever  weight  may  be  attached  to  these  passages  from  the  historians,  in 
proving  a  voyage  to  North  America  previous  to  that  of  the  admiral,  such  evi 
dence  is  manifestly  increased  by  the  fact  that  the  date  of  the  voyage  attrib 
uted  to  Pinzon  and  Solis  seems  to  rest  entirely  on  the  statement  of  Herrera, 
Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  i.  lib.  vi.  cap.  xvi.,  who  describes  the  expedition  with  other 
events  under  the  date  of  1506.  Yet  in  the  testimony  in  the  lawsuit  herein 
after  to  be  mentioned,  it  is  implied,  though  not  expressly  stated,  that  the 
voyage  was  after  that  of  Columbus,  since  special  pains  was  taken  by  the  king 
to  prove  the  coast  explored  by  Pinzon  to  be  distinct  from  that  discovered  by 
the  admiral.  Another  point  is  that  in  this  same  testimony  the  name  'Caria* 
is  given  to  a  place  visited  during  Pinzon's  voyage,  and  for  this  name  Ves 
pucci's  '  Lariab'  may  possibly  be  a  misprint. 

Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  pp.  59,  207,  272-4,  repeatedly  states  it 
as  an  undeniable  fact  that  Vespucci  was  employed  in  Spain  in  fitting  out  the 
vessels  for  the  third  voyage  of  Columbus,  up  to  the  date  of  the  sailing  of  the 
expedition,  May  30,  1498,  and  consequently  could  not  himself  have  sailed  in 
May  or  any  other  month  of  1497.  He  makes  this  statement  on  the  authority 
of  documents  collected  by  Muiioz.  Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  p.  57,  states, 
also  on  the  authority  of  Mufioz,  that  from  April,  1497,  to  May  30,  1498,  Ves 
pucci  was  "constantly  travelling  from  Seville  to  San  Lucar."  Vespucci  is 
known  to  have  succeeded  Juanoto  Berardi,  who  died  in  December,  1495,  in  a 
contract  to  fit  out  vessels  for  the  Spanish  government,  and  to  have  received 
money  on  account  of  that  contract  on  the  12th  of  January,  1496.  Irving, 
with  access  to  the  documents  of  Munoz,  says  that  four  caravels  fitted  out  by 
Vespucci  sailed  February  3>  1496,  but  were  driven  back;  and  he  speaks  of 


102  EAELY  VOYAGES. 

no  evidence  of  his  presence  in  Spain  in  1497  or  1498.  Navarrete,  relying  on 
the  same  Mufioz  documents  — which  consist  of  extracts  from  the  books  of  ex 
penses  of  Indian  armadas  in  the  Casa  de  Contratacion  in  Seville  — gives  no 
date  to  the  sailing  and  wreck  of  the  four  vessels  mentioned  by  Irving,  but 
1  implies  that  the  event  took  place  before  Berardi's  death.  After  speaking  of 
the  receipt  of  money  on  the  12th  of  January,  1496,  he  states  that  Ves 
pucci  "went  on  attending  to  everything  until  the  armada  was  despatched 
from  San  Lucar."  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  p.  317.  He  does  not  state  that 
the  fleet  thus  fitted  out  was  that  in  which  Columbus  sailed  in  1498.  Mufioz 
in  the  printed  portion  of  his  work  is  silent  on  the  subject.  Varnhagen,  Ves- 
puce  et  son  Premier  Voy.,  p.  18,  argues  that  Humboldt  had  no  authority 
whatever  for  applying  Navarrete's  statement  respecting  the  armada  de 
spatched  from  San  Lucar  to  the  admiral's  fleet,  that  statement  having  proba 
bly  been  his  authority,  and  not  the  original  documents  of  Mufioz ;  and  that 
the  four  vessels  whose  fitting-out  Vespucci  personally  superintended  were 
much  more  probably  those  in  which  he  himself  sailed  and  made  the  voyage 
in  question.  Varnhagen  furthermore  thinks  that  the  death  of  Berardi  fur 
nished  a  reasonable  motive  for  the  resolution  formed  by  Vespiicci  to  visit  the 
Indies,  and  a  favorable  opportunity  for  carrying  out  his  resolution.  If  it  can 
be  proved  that  Vespucci  was  in  Spain  in  1497  and  1498,  of  course  the  ques 
tion  of  his  claimed  voyage  admits  of  no  farther  discussion ;  but  if  Humboldt's 
only  authority  be  his  interpretation  of  Navarrete's  statement,  even  if  the  in 
terpretation  be  not  unnatural  or  improbable,  the  matter  must  still  be  consid 
ered  doubtful  until  the  original  Mufioz  documents  are  produced: 

The  silence  of  contemporary  documents  respecting  Vespucci's  voyage  car 
ries  the  greater  weight  from  the  fact  that  there  are  special  reasons  for  the 
existence  of  such  documents,  if  the  voyage  had  been  actually  made.  In  1508 
a  suit  was  begun  by  Diego  Colon  against  the  Spanish  crown  for  the-  govern 
ment  of  certain  territory  claimed  by  virtue  of  the  discovery  of  Paria  by  his 
father,  the  admiral.  The  suit  continued  to  1513,  and  every  effort  was  made 
by  the  crown  to  prove  a  previous  discovery  of  the  coast  in  question;  hun 
dreds  of  witnesses  were  examined,  and  their  testimony  has  been  preserved 
and  published  in  Navarrete's  collection.  In  this  suit  Vespucci  was  not  sum 
moned  as  a  witness,  although  much  of  the  time  in  royal  employ,  having  held 
the  office  of  piloto  mayor  from  1508  to  his  death  in  1512.  No  claim  was  ad 
vanced  for  his  discovery,  although  the  voyage  is  stated  to  have  been  made 
under  royal  patronage,  and  by  proving  its  authenticity  the  crown  would 
have  gained  its  object.  Indeed,  Vespucci's  name  is  only  mentioned  once  in 
all  the  testimony,  and  that  as  having  accompanied  Alonso  de  Ojeda  in  his 
voyage  of  1499.  That  no  one  of  the  many  witnesses  examined  knew  of  Ves 
pucci's  voyage  in  1497,  if  it  were  a  fact,  is  hardly  possible.  Not  only  \vere 
the  witnesses  silent  on  the  Florentine's  expedition,  but  many  of  them,  in 
cluding  Ojeda,  affirmed  that  Paria  was  first  discovered  by  Columbus,  and 
next  afterward  by  Ojeda  himself.  Now  as  Vespucci  accompanied  Ojeda,  the 
latter  would  surely  have  known  of  any  previous  discovery  by  Vespucci,  and 
as  Ojeda  was  not  friendly  to  Columbus  he  certainly  would  have  made  the 
fact  known.  Moreover,  the  admiral's  charts  and  sailing-directions  were  fol 
lowed  by  Ojeda  in  his  voyage,  which  would  hardly  have  been  done  with  a 


VESPUCCI'S  VOYAGE  FURTHER  CONSIDERED.  103 

skilful  pilot  like  Vespucci  on  board,  and  one  who  had  visited  the  coast 
before.  True,  this  last  point  would  have  little  weight  if  the  coast  of  Paria 
was  not  the  region  visited  by  Vespucci,  while  the  other  points  would  be  little 
if  at  all  affected  by  the  theory  that  North  America  was  the  coast  explored. 
No  other  Spanish  voyage  to  the  new  region  was  neglected;  indeed,  to  have 
eo  completely  disregarded  Vespucci's  expedition,  it  must  be  supposed  that 
the  king  not  only  knew  exactly  what  region  he  explored,  but  had  a  positive 
conviction  that  said  region  was  entirely  distinct  from  Paria;  and  we  have 
seen  that  no  such  definite  opinion  was  held  at  the  time,  but  on  the  contrary, 
special  pains  was  taken  to  prove  that  the  new  regions  were  "all  one  coast." 
When  it  is  considered  that  Vespucci's  voyage,  that  is  the  voyage  of  Pinzon  and 
Solis,  was  mentioned  in  the  testimony,  the  failure  to  summon  the  piloto  mayor 
appears  all  the  more  remarkable.  What  more  efficient  witness  could  have 
been  brought  forward?  Thus  the  silence  of  the  testimony  in  this  suit  on  the 
question  under  discussion,  must  be  deemed  something  more  than  mere  nega 
tive  proof,  as  it  is  termed  by  M.  Varnhagen.  This  gentleman  also  notes  that 
only  one  witness  mentions  that  Vespucci  accompanied  Ojeda  in  1499;  but  he 
does  not  note  that  the  presence  of  Vespucci  on  Ojeda's  ships  was  of  no  im 
portance  to  either  party  in  the  suit,  while  a  previous  discovery  by  him  was 
of  the  very  greatest  importance  to  the  crown. 

The  date  of  sailing  from  Cadiz  is  given  by  different  editions  of  Vespucci's 
letter  as  May  10,  and  May  20,  1497;  and  of  his  return  as  October  1,  15, 
and  18,  1499.  From  these  dates  two  difficulties  arise;  first,  the  duration 
of  the  voyage  is  stated  in  the  letter  to  have  been  eighteen  months,  while  the 
period  between  the  dates  of  sailing  and  return  is  twenty-nine  months;  and 
again,  Vespucci  is  known  to  have  sailed  with  Ojeda  in  May,  1499,  that  is, 
five  months  before  he  returned  from  the  voyage  in  question.  One  way  of 
reconciling  the  first  difficulty  is  to  suppose  that  the  author  reckoned  time  by 
the  Florentine  method,  then  common  in  familiar  correspondence,  according 
to  which  the  year  began  the  2oth  of  March.  Then  in  case  of  a  very  natural 
misprint  in  the  original  of  May  for  March,  the  voyage  really  began  in  1498, 
its  duration  being  thus  reduced  to  nineteen  months.  A  more  simple  method 
of  removing  both  difficulties  is  to  suppose  a  misprint  of  1499  for  1498  as  the 
date  of  the  return;  this  would  reduce  the  time  to  seventeen  months.  Several 
later  editions  have  made  this  change.  The  edition  claimed  as  original  by  M. 
Varnhagen  has  the  date  1499  according  to  his  translation,  and  strangely 
enough  the  editor  makes  110  allusion  to  it  in  his  notes,  although  in  a  former 
pamphlet  he  speaks  of  1498  as  the  date  of  the  return.  I  attach  very  little 
weight  to  discrepancies  in  dates  in  this  relation  except  as  evidence 
against  any  intentional  deception  on  the  part  of  Vespucci.  Confusion  in 
dates  is  common  in  all  relations  of  the  period;  and  Vespucci's  letters  were 
written  hastily,  not  for  publication,  and  merely  to  interest  his  correspondents 
by  a  description  of  the  marvels  he  had  seen  in  his  New  World  adventures. 
It  may  here  be  stated  that  the  long  and  bitterly  argued  question  of  the  rival 
claims  of  Vespucci  and  Columbus  in  the  matter  of  naming  America  has  no 
bearing  on  the  present  discussion.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  voyage  in 
question  had  any  influence  in  fixing  the  name  America;  and  to  pronounce 
this  expedition  not  authentic  has  no  tendency  to  weaken  Vespucci's  reputa- 


104  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

tion  for  honesty,  which  may  now  be  considered  fully  established;  nor  do  the 
arguments  against  intentional  falsification  on  Vespucci's  part  tend  to  prove 
the  voyage  authentic. 

Several  coincidences  between  the  narratives  of  this  voyage  and  that  of 
Ojeda  have  led  many  writers  to  conclude  that  both  describe  the  same  expedi 
tion,  the  dates  having  been  accidentally  or  intentionally  changed.  Hum- 
boldt,  after  a  careful  examination,  was  convinced  that  the  two  voyages  were 
identical.  But  when  we  consider  that  Humboldt,  Navarrete,  and  Irving 
formed  their  conclusions  without  a  suspicion  of  a  voyage  to  North  America, 
and  before  that  question  had  ever  once  arisen;  that  Navarrete  severely  crit 
icises  Vespucci's  narrative  as  applied  to  Ojeda's  voyage;  that  two  of  the 
strongest  coincidences — the  mention  of  Paria  as  the  coast  visited,  and  the 
discovery  of  a  town  built  over  the  water  like  Venice — have  no  weight  in 
view  of  the  new  theory,  since  the  province  is  called  Lariab  in  the  original 
edition,  and  that  method  of  building  was  not  uncommon  in  all  the  tropical 
regions  of  America,  it  must  be  admitted  that  this  argument  has  by  itself  little 
force  against  the  authenticity  of  Vespucci's  voyage. 

The  right  granted  to  private  individuals  by  the  Spanish  government  in 
April,  1495,  to  make  voyages  of  discovery  at  their  own  expense,  subject  to 
certain  regulations,  was  partially  revoked  in  June,  1497,  after  Vespucci's 
claimed  departure.  All  authorities  agree  that  during  this  time  such  private 
voyages,  or  even  clandestine  expeditions,  may  have  been  and  probably  were 
made,  of  which  no  records  have  been  preserved.  It  is  argued  that  Vespucci's 
voyage  may  have  been  of  this  number,  although  claimed  to  have  been  made 
under  royal  patronage,  and  by  no  means  clandestine.  It  is  even  suggested 
that  the  revocation  of  the  right  of  private  navigation,  brought  about  by  the 
influence  of  Columbus,  was  purposely  delayed  until  after  Vespucci's  de 
parture  — all  of  which  proves,  if  it  proves  anything,  simply  that  there  was 
nothing  to  prevent  Vespucci  from  making  the  voyage. 

We  have  seen  how  certain  statements  of  the  old  chroniclers  may  be  taken 
as  indicative  of  a  voyage  along  the  Central  American  coast  previous  to  that 
of  Columbus.  There  are  also  similar  indications  in  some  of  the  early  maps. 
Thus  Juan  de  la  Cosa's  map  representing  Cuba  as  an  island  in  1500  (see  page 
115  this  volume)  might  be  accounted  for  by  such  a  voyage  as  Vespucci  claims 
to  have  made.  It  will  be  seen  hereafter  that  early  maps  show  some  slight 
traces  of  a  knowledge  of  Florida  before  its  discovery  in  1512  (pp.  128-9  this 
vol.)  In  the  liuysch  map  of  1508  (p.  126  this  vol.)  the  eastern  coast  of  what 
seems  to  be  Cuba  is  identified  by  M.  Vamhagen  with  the  main-land;  in  his 
opinion  the  inscription  at  the  north  point  of  that  coast  refers  directly  to  Ves 
pucci's  expedition,  and  'Cape  S.  Marci'  at  the  southern  point  may  indicate 
Vespucci's  arrival  on  Saint  Mark's  day,  especially  as  his  uncle  was  a  priest  of 
the  order  of  St  Mark.  If  this  appear  somewhat  far-fetched,  perhaps  more 
weight  should  be  attached  to  the  name  '  Cape  Doffin  de  Abril '  on  the  southern 
point  of  what  may  be  Florida  on  the  Ptolemy  map  of  1513  (p.  130  this  vol.), 
for  at  the  end  of  April  Vespucci  may,  according  to  his  narrative,  have  been 
at  that  point.  On  this  matter  of  an  early  voyage  it  may  be  noted  that  Colum 
bus,  striking  the  coast  at  Guanaja  Island  in  1502  in  search  of  a  passage  west 
ward,  instead  of  following  westward,  as  he  naturally  would  have  done,  &.£ 


CONCLUSIONS  CONCERNING  THE  VOYAGE  OF  VESPUCCI.   105 

least  to  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Honduras,  turned  directly  east.  A  knowl 
edge  on  his  part  that  Vespucci  had  already  explored  westward  and  northward 
without  finding  a  passage,  would  account  for  his  actions.  But  they  have  al 
ready  been  satisfactorily  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  he  simply  proposed 
to  sail  along  the  sinuosities  of  the  supposed  southern  coasts  of  Asia  to  India, 
rather  than  to  penetrate  any  intervening  continent,  whose  existence  he  did 
not  suspect. 

In  addition  to  the  leading  arguments  for  and  against  the  voyage  in  ques 
tion,  the  following  minor  points  are  urged: 

It  is  claimed  that  the  command  of  such  an  expedition  would  not  have  been 
given  to  a  foreigner,  and  Vespucci  did  not  become  a  naturalized  citizen  of 
Spain  until  1505.  But  on  the  other  hand,  if  Vespucci  had  rendered  no  other 
service  to  Spain  than  to  have  accompanied  Ojeda,  he  would  hardly  have  re 
ceived  so  many  favors  from  the  government,  especially  after  having  served 
four  years  under  the  king  of  Portugal. 

Sefior  Navarrete  finds  a  difficulty  in  Vespucci's  claim  to  have  brought  back 
to  Spain  222  slaves  in  the  few  small  vessels  under  his  command.  Vespucci 
also  speaks  of  Ferdinand  as  king  of  Castile,  which  it  was  not  customary  to 
do  until  after  Isabella's  death. 

The  high  opinion  held  of  Vespucci  during  his  life  by  Columbus  and  his 
zealous  friends  is  of  little  weight,  because  the  admiral's  claim  to  have  dis 
covered  the  supposed  Asiatic  continent  or  islands  adjacent  thereto  was  un 
doubted;  but  the  favorable  opinions  expressed  by  later  writers,  especially  by 
Fernando  Colon,  writing  after  America  was  known  to  be  distinct  from  Asia, 
tend  to  prove  that  the  Florentine  made  in  his  lifetime  no  claim  to  a  voyage 
in  1497.  Yet  the  publication  and  circulation  of  his  letter  in  several  lan 
guages,  uncontradicted  for  years,  would  indicate  its  authenticity,  unless  it  be 
taken  as  a  sign  of  carelessness  for  dates  and  details  so  long  as  they  were  not 
supposed  to  conflict  with  the  admiral's  claims.  It  must  also  be  remembered 
that  the  same  voyager's  second,  third,  and  fourth  expeditions  have  all  been 
disputed  and  have  at  last  proved  authentic. 

M.  Varuhagen  applies  to  Vespucci  and  his  men  the  well-known  tradition 
related  by  Sahagun  and  others  of  white  men  who  appeared  at  Pdnuco  from 
the  east  before  the  coming  of  the  Spaniards.  He  also  supposes  Guerrero,  the 
soldier  found  by  Cortes  at  Cozumel,  and  believed  by  other  authors  to  have 
been  a  survivor  with  Aguilar  of  Valdivia's  shipwreck  in  1512,  to  have  been 
left  in  Yucatan  by  Vespucci;  but  he  gives  no  reason  for  this  belief,  except 
that  Guerrero  had- married  among  the  natives,  and  had  adopted  many  of  their 
customs.  By  the  same  writer  it  is  thought  much  more  likely  that  Cape 
Gracias  a  Dios  was  named  by  Vespucci  after  a  long  voyage  in  search  of  land, 
than  by  Columbus  after  following  the  coast  a  few  days  and  taking  posses 
sion;  especially  as  Columbus  in  his  own  letter  simply  mentions  his  arrival 
at  the  cape,  the  fact  of  his  having  given  the  name  coming  from  other  sources. 

The  events  of  the  voyage,  and  the  description  of  the  coast  visited  by  Ves 
pucci  as  given  in  his  letter,  furnish  no  evidence  whatever  for  or  against  the 
authenticity  cf  the  expedition;  but  if  it  be  admitted  from  outside  evidence 
that  the  voyage  was  actually  made,  and  was  distinct  from  that  of  Ojeda,  while, 
the  narrative  has  nothing  except  the  occurrence  of  the  name  Paria  in  favor 


106  EAELY  VOYAGES. 

of  a  South  American  destination,  from  it  may  be  gathered  the  following 
points  in  support  of  the  theory  that  a  more  northern  coast  was  the  one  ex 
plored.  The  course  sailed  from  the  Canaries,  W.  £  SW. ;  the  time  thirty- 
seven  days;  the  distance  1,000  leagues,  taking  the  distance  from  Lisbon  to 
the  Canaries,  280  leagues,  as  a  scale  of  measurement;  the  latitude  of  the 
landing  16°,  and  longitude  75°  west  of  the  Canaries;  and  the  arrival  by  sailing 
tip  the  coast  at  a  province  situated  in  about  23°,  and  near  the  tropic  of  Cancer, 
are  worthy  of  consideration,  since  a  series  of  blunders  such  as  these  is  hardly 
probable.  The  natives  of  Lariab  were  of  different  language  from  and  hostile 
to  the  nations  passed  further  south,  as  the  Huastecs  of  the  Panuco  region 
are  known  to  have  been  with  respect  to  the  Mexicans.  Moreover,  Lariab 
has  a  slight  claim  to  being  a  Huastec  word,  since  Orozco  y  Berra  gives  three 
names  of  places  in  that  language  containing  an  I  and  ending  in  ab;  but  of 
course  this  would  interfere  sadly  with  the  theory  that  Lariab  is  a  misprint 
of  Caria.  *  Vespucci's  description  of  the  natives,  criticised  by  Navarrete  as 
incorrect  when  applied  to  the  people  of  Paria,  agrees  better,  as  M.  Varn- 
hagen  thinks,  with  the  aborigines  of  Honduras.  Other  parts  of  Vespucci's 
vague  and  rambling  descriptions  apply  well  enough  to  the  North  American 
coasts,  or  in  fact  to  any  part  of  tropical  America,  north  or  south. 

The  application  of  the  narrative  to  North  America  is  not,  however,  without 
its  difficulties.  Vespucci  makes  no  mention  of  the  Antilles,  through  which  his 
course  must  have  led  him;  perhaps  not  seeing  them  by  reason  of  fog;  or  he  had 
instructions  not  to  concern  himself  with  what  the  admiral  had  already  discov 
ered.  He  also  refers  to  a  larger  work,  never  published,  in  which  details  were 
to  be  given.  Neither  does  he  mention  the  prominent  peninsulas  of  Yucatan 
and  Florida,  nor  the  lofty  mountain  peaks  which  he  would  naturally  have  seen 
in  following  the  Mexican  coast.  He  claims  to  have  sailed  north-west  from 
Pdnuco  870  leagues  (over  dry  land?)  to  the  best  harbor  in  the  world.  M. 
Varnhagen's  explanation  of  this  difficulty  is  that  Vespucci  simply  states  in 
cidentally  that  he  left  Pdnuco  "tuttavia  verso  il  Maestrale"  still  toward  the 
north-west,  not  intending  to  include  in  this  course  the  whole  voyage  of  870 
leagues.  All  the  windings  of  the  coast  and  the  entering  and  leaving  of  many 
ports  or  rivers  must  be  taken  into  account  to  make  up  a  distance  of  870 
leagues  between  Panuco  and  Cape  Canaveral;  and  the  latter  port  would 
hardly  be  considered  the  '  best  harbor  in  the  world '  except  by  a  great  stretch 
of  the  imagination,  or  by  a  navigator  little  acquainted  with  good  harbors. 
The  archipelago  of  Ity  has  generally  been  supposed  to  be  Hayti,  but  there  is 
probably  no  reason  for  the  identity  beyond  the  resemblance  of  names.  The 
Bermudas  when  discovered  in  1522  were  uninhabited,  but  this  does  not  prove 
that  they  were  always  so;  the  Spaniards  may  have  returned  and  captured 
the  people  for  slaves.  Indeed  the  Bermudas  may  have  been  the  archipelago 
of  San  Bernardo,  famous  for  its  fierce  Carib  population,  but  generally  located 
off  the  gulf  of  Uraba.  It  may  even  have  been  named  by  Vespucci,  for  on 
San  Bernardo's  day,  the  20th  of  August,  he  was  probably  there. 

Thus  have  I  given,  and  let  me  hope  without  prejudice,  the  arguments  for 
and  against  this  disputed  voyage;  and  from  the  evidence  the  reader  may 
draw  his  own  conclusions.  To  me  the  proofs  seem  conclusive  that  Vespucci 
made  no  voyage  to  South  America  prior  to  1499,  when  he  accompanied 


CABOT  AND  VASCO  DA  GAMA.  107 

Alonso  de  Ojeda.  Against  a  North  American  expedition  the  evidence,  if  less 
conclusive,  is  still  very  strong;  since  the  most  that  can  be  claimed  in  its 
favor  is  a  probability  that  the  Central  American  coast  was  visited  by  some 
navigator  before  1502,  and  a  possibility,  though  certainly  a  very  slim  one, 
that  Vespucci  accompanied  such  navigation. 

On  this  voyage  see  Navlfjatlonum  Alberici  Vesputii  Epitome,  in  Gryncp.us, 
JNrOVUfOrbt8i'pp.  122,155;  Varnhagen,  Le  Premier  Voyage  de  Vespucci;  Id.,Ves- 
puce  et  son  Prem.  Voy. ;  also  in  Socicte  Geog.,  Bulletin,  Jan.  and  Feb.,  1858; 
llarrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  pp.  58-68,  and  Additions,  pp.  xxvii-viii.;  Lester  and 
Fosters  Life  of  Vespucius,  pp.  93-139;  Leben  der  See-Helden,  p.  24;  Navarrete, 
Col  de  Viarjes,  to:n.  iii.  pp.  183-241,  291-3,  309-34;  Irvlntfs  Columbus,  vol. 
iii.  pp.  395-418;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  v.;  Major's  Prince  Henry, 
pp.  370-5;  Kerr^s  Col.  Voy.,  vol.  iii.  p.  342;  Eerste  Zee-Togt  van  Alonso  D' Ojeda, 
en  Amerlkus  Vesputlus,  in  Gottfried,  Reysen,  torn.  iii.  p.  38;  Cancdlieri,  Notizie 
dl  Colombo,  pp.  41-7,  257. 

[1497.]  To  continue  our  chronological  summary.  Following  the  brilliant 
success  of  Spain,  England  was  the  first  nation  to  attempt  discovery  to  the 
westward.  Fully  acquainted  with  the  achievements  and  hypotheses  of  Co 
lumbus,  having  been  indeed  almost  persuaded  by  him  to  embrace  his  beliefs, 
King  Henry  VII.  on  the  5th  of  March,  1496,  granted  a  license  to  John  Cabot, 
a  Venetian  citizen  and  trader  of  Bristol,  to  attempt  discoveries  in  that 
direction. 

Either  from  respect  for  Portuguese  and  Spanish  rights  in  the  south,  or 
from  some  vague  hints  received  from  the  Northmen  during  their  trading 
voyages  to  Iceland,  or  possibly  from  a  dim  idea  of  the  advantages  of  great- 
circle  sailing,  the  English  determined  to  attempt  reaching  India  by  a  northern 
route.  This  expedition  of  Cabot's,  with  perhaps  several  vessels,  sailed  from 
Bristol  probably  in  May,  1497;  discovered  land  the  24th  of  June  on  the  coast 
of  Labrador  between  56°  and  58°;  sailed  some  300  leagues  in  a  direction  not 
known,  but  probably  northward;  and  one  vessel,  the  Matthew,  returned  to 
Bristol  in  August  of  the  same  year.  No  further  details  of  the  voyage  are 
known,  and  those  given,  which  are  the  conclusions  of  Humboldt,  Kohl,  and 
Stevens,  have  all  been  disputed  in  respect  to  date,  commander,  and  point  of 
landing.  D'Avesac,  as  we  have  seen  (pp.  98-9),  insists  on  a  previous  voyage 
in  1494.  Biddle,  Memoir  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  London,  1831,  p.  42  et  seq.,  claims 
that  Sebastian  Cabot  was  the  commander.  Robinson,  Account  of  Discov.  in 
the  West,  Richmond,  1848,  pp.  81-93,  explains  that  by  a  change  in  the  method 
of  reckoning  time  after  1752,  the  date  should  properly  read  1498.  Many 
authors  moreover  confound  this  voyage  with  a  later  one.  Hakluyt's  Voy.,  vol. 
iii.  pp.  4-11;  Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  87-9;  Viarjes  Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn, 
iii.  pp.  40-1.  Irving,  Columbus,  vol.  ii.  p.  316,  names  but  one  voyage  and 
regards  the  accounts  as  "vague  and  scanty."  See  also  Ilumboldt*  Exam.  Grit., 
torn.  i.  pp.  279,  313;  Ilakluyt  Soc.,  Divers  Voy.,  pp.  Ixviii.,  19-26;  Kohl's  Hist. 
Discov.,  pp.  121-35;  Kitnstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp.  48-53;  Stevens'  Notes, 
pp.  17-19;  Plnkertoii's  Col.  Voy.,  vol.  xii.  p.  158;  Bancroft's  Hist.  U.  S.t 
vol.  i.  p.  13. 

The  Portuguese,  to  complete  their  discovery  of  the  route  to  India  by  way 


103  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  sent  out  Vasco  da  Gama  with  four  ships.  Sailing 
from  Lisbon  July  8,  1497,  he  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  the  22d  of  Novem 
ber,  passed  the  limit  reached  by  Dias  on  the  17th  of  December,  received  intelli 
gence  of  Prester  John  at  several  points  on  the  eastern  coast,  and  anchored  at 
Calicut  May  20,  1498.  Trading  somewhat,  jealous  of  everybody,  after  quar 
relling  with  Arabian  merchants  and  failing  to  make  good  his  arbitrary  measures, 
he  thought  best  to  return.  Accordingly  he  set  sail  the  29th  of  August,  passed 
the  cape  March  20, 1499,  and  reached  Lisbon  about  the  end  of  August.  Thus 
Gama  was  the  first  to  accomplish  the  grand  object  of  so  many  efforts,  and  to 
reach  India  by  water.  His  achievement  would  doubtless  have  been  regarded 
as  the  most  glorious  on  record,  both  to  himself  and  to  Portugal,  had  not  Co 
lumbus  for  Spain  reached  the  same  continent,  as  he  supposed,  farther  cast  sev 
eral  years  before.  Naviyatione  di  Vasco  di  Gama,  in  llamusio,  torn.  i.  fol.  130; 
Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  93-4;  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  i.  pp.  xli.-ii. ;  Major's 
Prince  Henry,  pp.  391-406;  Voyages,  Curious  and  Entertaining,  p.  103;  Leben  dcr 
See-Helden,  p.  40;  Notizie  di  Vasquez  di  Gama,  in  Cancellieri,  Notizie,  p.  105. 

[1498.]  After  the  return  of  the  Cabots  in  August,  1497,  with  the  news  of 
having  discovered  the  northern  regions  of  Cathay,  King  Henry  issued  a  new 
patent  dated  February  3,  1498,  and,  probably  in  May  of  the  same  year,  two 
vessels  with  300  men  sailed  from  Bristol  under  command  of  Sebastian 
Cabot.  Little  is  known  of  the  voyage,  save  that  he  reached  the  coast  of 
Labrador,  which  he  followed  northward  until  at  a  certain  point  where  the 
coast  trends  eastward  he  found  much  ice  even  in  July.  This  northern  limit 
is  placed  by  Ramusio  at  latitude  50° ;  by  Gomara,  who  states  that  Cabot  him 
self  gives  a  much  higher  latitude,  at  58°;  by  Galvano,  at  above  60°.  Kohl 
follows  Humboldt  in  the  opinion  that  it  was  07°  30',  which  would  place  it  on 
the  Cumberland  peninsula.  Cabot  then  turned  southward  and  sailed  as  near 
shore  as  possible.  The  southern  limit  of  this  voyage  is  more  indefinite  than 
the  northern.  In  a  conversation  with  Peter  Martyr,  prior  to  1515,  Cabot 
stated  that  he  reached  the  latitude  of  Gibraltar,  and  the  chronicler  adds  that 
ho  sailed  so  far  west  that  he  had  Cuba  on  his  left.  Cabot's  remark  wouLl 
place  him  in  latitude  3G°,  near  Cape  Hatteras,  while  Martyr's  addition  might 
apply  to  any  locality  on  the  east  coast.  Martyr's  statement  is  the  only  au 
thority  for  the  supposition  by  Humboldt  and  others — see  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i. 
p.  313,  and  Preface  to  Ghillany — that  Cabot  reached  Florida.  Stevens,  Notes, 
pp.  17-19  and  35,  considers  Peter  Maityr's  remark  as  absurd,  since  it  would 
place  Cabot  near  Cincinnati.  He  is  satisfied  that  the  southern  limit  was  the 
gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  founding  this  belief  on  maps  of  1500  (see  p.  115  this 
vol.)  and  1508  (p.  123  this  vol.),  1514,  and  1544,  the  latter  said  to  have  been 
made  by  Cabot  himself.  That  Cabot  did  not  reach  the  southern  coast  of  tho 
United  States  seems  proved  by  the  fact  that  he  was  in  Spain  from  1513  to 
1524,  holding  high  positions,  including  that  of  piloto  mayor,  while  that  coast 
was  actually  being  explored,  and  he  making  no  claim  to  a  previous  discovery. 
The  point  reached,  therefore,  must  remain  undetermined  between  Cape  Hat 
teras,  where  Kohl  fixes  it,  and  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  with  a  strong  proba 
bility,  as  I  think,  in  favor  of  the  latter.  Nothing  whatever  is  known  of  the 
route  or  date  of  Cabot's  return.  And  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  concerning 
this  voyage  we  have  only  one  contemporary  document,  which  is  a  letter  dated 


THIRD  VOYAGE  OF  COLUMBUS.  109 

in  1498,  stating  simply  that  the  expedition  was  still  absent.  All  additional 
details  are  from  accounts  written  after  the  geography  of  the  New  World  was 
better  known  in  consequence  of  the  discovery  of  the  South  Sea.  Nothing, 
then,  can  be  proved  by  Cabot's  voyages  beyond  the  discovery  of  the  continent 
in  June,  1497,  and  the  exploration  of  the  coast  from  the  gulf  of  St  Lawrence 
to  above  GO0  in  1498.  The  statement  of  Asher,  Life  of  Henry  Hudson,  Lon 
don,  I860,  that  Cabot  "was  the  first  to  recognize  that  a  new  and  unknown 
continent  was  lying  as  one  vast  barrier  between  western  Europe  and  eastern 
Asia, "  accepted  also  by  Kohl,  Hist.  Discov.,  p.  145,  appears  to  me  utterly 
without  foundation.  Cabot's  complaint  that  a  new-found  land — that  is  a 
land  further  north  and  east  than  any  part  of  Asia  described  by  Polo — was  a 
barrier  to  his  reaching  India,  and  the  fact  that  on  a  map  made  as  late  as 
1544X  and  doubtfully  attributed  to  him,  a  separate  continent  is  shown,  seem 
weak  authority  for  according  him  so  important  a  discovery,  especially  when 
other  voyagers  and  geographers,  intimate  with  him  and  fully  acquainted 
with  his  discoveries,  continued  for  many  years  to  join  those  discoveries  to  the 
Asiatic  continent.  See,  beside  references  on  page  107,  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  iii. 
cap.  vi. ;  Gomara,  Hist.  Ind.,  fol.  31,  115;  Robertson's  Hist.  Amer.,  book  ix. ; 
American  Antiq.  Soc.,  Transact.,  1805,  p.  25  et  seq.;  KoliVs  HisL  Discov.,  pp. 
135-40,  481;  Stevens'  Notes,  pp.  35,  52;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp.  53-4. 

Returned  from  his  second  voyage,  Columbus  found  his  popularity  waning, 
and  with  it  the  enthusiasm  for  new  discoveries.  The  voyage  had  not  been 
profitable,  had  not  been  fruitful  enough  in  gold  to  satisfy  the  adventurers 
who  accompanied  him,  and  the  ghastly  faces  of  the  mariners  more  than  coun 
teracted  the  effect  of  the  specimens  of  native  products  exhibited.  It  was 
difficult,  therefore,  to  obtain  men  for  a  new  enterprise.  Still,  notwithstand 
ing  the  reports  of  his  numerous  enemies,  the  admiral  was  considerately 
treated  at  court,  and  finally,  by  the  efforts  of  the  queen,  six  vessels  were 
made  ready,  and  Columbus  embarked  from  San  Lucar  on  a  third  voyage  May 
30,  1498.  This  time  he  determined  to  steer  farther  to  the  south  than  before, 
in  order  to  reach,  as  he  supposed,  the  richer  parts  of  Asia.  After  touching 
at  Madeira,  Porto  Santo,  and  the  Canaries,  he  divided  his  fleet,  sent  three 
vessels  direct  to  Espafiola,  and  with  the  other  three  reached  the  Cape 
Verde  Islands  the  27th  of  June.  Thence  he  sailed  first  south-west  and 
west  through  the  region  of  tropical  calms,  and  then  northward  to  Trinidad 
Island,  where  he  arrived  the  31st  of  July.  Coasting  the  island  on  the 
south,  in  sight  of  the  main-land,  he  entered  the  gulf  of  Paria,  landed,  and 
found  much  gold  of  an  inferior  quality,  and  an  abundance  of  pearls;  from 
which  circumstance,  that  land,  which  was  the  northern  end  of  South  Amer 
ica,  was  for  some  time  thereafter  known  as  the  Pearl  Coast.  Passing  out  by  the 
Boca  del  Drago  on  the  14th  of  August,  he  followed  the  northern  coast  of  Paria 
to  the  island  of  Cubagua,  beginning  to  suspect  meanwhile  that  the  land  on  his 
left  was  the  main-land  of  Asia.  Ill  health  and  the  state  of  his  supplies  did  not 
pennit  him  to  satisfy  himself  on  that  point  at  the  time,  and  consequently 
he  turned  his  course  north-west  for  Espafiola.  On  the  30th  of  August  he 
arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Ozema,  where  he  met  his  brother  Bartolome, 
who  informed  him  of  the  internal  discords  and  external  wars  of  the  colonists. 


110  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Francisco  Hoi  dan  had  refused  to  submit  to  the  admiral's  authority,  and  on 
the  18th  of  October  five  ships  were  despatched  for  Spain  with  news  of  the 
rebellion.  By  this  departure  Columbus  sent  letters  and  charts  describing 
this  Pearl  Coast,  as  his  present  South  American  discoveries  which  yielded  so 
many  gems  were  called.  During  the  whole  year  following,  peace  was  main 
tained  among  the  colonists  only  by  the  most  humiliating  concessions  of  Co 
lumbus  to  Roldan  and  his  crew.  On  the  5th  of  September,  1499,  Alonso  de 
Ojeda  arrived  at  Espafiola  from  the  Pearl  Coast,  whither  he  had  been  to  take 
advantage  of  the  discoveries  and  misfortunes  of  the  admiral. 

Vessels  laden  with  complaints  by  and  against  Columbus  were  despatched 
for  Spain  in  October;  needy,  ambitious  courtiers  held  King  Ferdinand's 
willing  ear  against  him;  from  his  persistent  advocacy  of  Indian  slave-traffic 
the  friendship  of  his  patron,  Queen  Isabella,  grew  cold;  and  in  July,  1500, 
Francisco  de  Bobadilla  was  sent  to  Espanola  with  powers  to  investigate. 
Arrived  at  Santo  Domingo  August  23,  the  commissioner  assumed  at  once 
authority,  which  at  most  was  his  right  only  after  careful  and  conscientious 
inquiry,  seized  Columbus  and  his  brother,  and  in  October  sent  them  in  irons 
to  Spain.  Colon,  Hist,  del  Almirante,  in  Barcia,  torn.  i.  pp.  74-99;  Peter  Mar 
tyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  vi.-vii. ;  Tercer  Viage  de  Cristobal  Colon,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  i. 
pp.  242-76;  Napione  and  De  Conti,  Bioyrafia  di  Colombo,  pp.  350-75;  Cancellieri, 
Notizie  di  Colombo,  pp.  99-108,  where  is  given  Columbus'  letter  received  in 
Spain  in  December,  1498,  but  apparently  not  printed  at  the  time. 

During  this  third  voyage,  while  about  the  gulf  of  Paria,  new  visions  of  the 
earth's  form  filled  the  mind  of  the  great  navigator,  inflamed  as  it  was  by  ill 
ness  and  anxiety.  The  world  was  indeed  for  the  most  part  spherical,  as  had 
been  supposed,  but  in  this  great  central  region  on  the  equator  he  believed 
the  surface  to  rise  gradually  to  a  great  height,  making  the  earth  pear-shape 
with  the  terrestrial  paradise,  or  birth-place  of  man,  on  its  apex,  the  waters  and 
islands  visited  by  him  being  on  the  borders  of  this  elevated  portion.  It  is 
not  necessary  to  enumerate  the  natural  phenomena,  scientific  writings,  and 
scripture  texts  with  which  he  confirmed  his  theory.  In  his  distracted  enthu 
siasm  he  leaves  us  somewhat  uncertain  as  to  his  idea  of  the  situation  of  this 
new  region  with  respect  to  India  proper  and  those  parts  of  Asia  found  by  him 
in  a  former  voyage  farther  north.  If  he  had  supposed  it  to  be  simply  a 
southern  extension  of  Marco  Polo's  Asia,  he  would  not  subsequently  have 
sought  for  a  strait  or  passage  to  India  to  the  north  rather  than  to  the  south 
of  this  point.  Gama's  successful  circumnavigation  of  Africa  forbade  a  revival 
in  the  mind  of  Columbus  of  the  old  theory  of  Ptolemy,  that  Africa  extended 
east  and  north  so  as  to  enclose  the  Indian  Ocean  like  an  immense  gulf.  The 
admiral's  idea,  so  far  as  he  formed  a  definite  one  on  the  subject,  must  have 
been  that  of  a  large  island,  or  detached  portion  of  the  Asiatic  continent,  occu 
pying  very  nearly  the  actual  relative  position  of  the  Australian  archipelago, 
and  only  vaguely  included,  if  at  all,  in  ancient  or  mediaeval  knowledge  of  the 
far  East.  No  other  conclusion  could  rationally  be  dra\vn  from  his  letters  and 
subsequent  actions;  and  we  shall  find  such  an  idea  of  the  geography  of  these 
parts  often  repeated  in  following  years.  We  shall  also  see  how  unfortunate 
it  was  for  the  posthumous  glory  of  the  great  discoverer  in  the  matter  of  nam 
ing  the  western  world,  that  he  did  not  more  clearly  specify  his  idea  of  this 


MINOR  EXPEDITIONS.  Ill 

new  land — for  I  believe  this  was  the  first  suspicion  that  new  lands  of  any 
considerable  extent  existed — and  that  his  account  of  this  and  his  fourth  voy 
age  \verc  not  more  widely  circulated  in  print. 

[1499.]  The  discovery  of  the  Pearl  Coast,  made  known  in  Spain  in  De 
cember,  1498,  caused  several  expeditions  to  be  sent  out  in  the  following  year. 
These  were  trading  and  not  exploring  voyages,  and  their  commanders  had  no 
thought  of  cosmography,  caring  little  whether  Paria  were  the  terrestrial  par 
adise  or  the  infernal  regions,  so  that  pearls,  and  gold,  and  slaves  were  abun 
dant.  No  connected  journals  of  these  voyages  have  been  preserved,  our 
knowledge  of  them  being  derived  from  statements  of  the  early  historians  and 
from  testimony  in  the  famous  lawsuit  with  the  heirs  of  Columbus,  printed 
in  Navarre te's  collection. 

The  first  was  that  of  Alonso  de  Ojeda,  who,  by  the  influence  of  Bishop 
Fonseca,  the  admiral's  most  bitter  enemy,  obtained  a  commission  to  visit  the 
Pearl  Coast,  avoiding,  however,  lands  discovered  by  the  Portuguese  and  by 
Columbus  prior  to  1495.  In  company  with  Juan  de  la  Cosa  and  Amerigo 
Vespucci,  Ojeda  embarked  with  four  vessels  from  Santa  Maria,  near  Cadiz, 
on  the  20th  of  May,  1499.  Sailing  by  the  admiral's  charts,  he  touched  at 
the  Canaries,  and  after  twenty-four  days  reached  the  main-land  of  South 
America  between  3°  and  6°  north  latitude — that  is  according  to  Ojeda's  testi 
mony;  but  Vespucci's  account  of  what  was  probably  the  same  voyage  brings 
them  first  upon  the  continent  further  south.  This  is  claimed  by  Varnhagen, 
Examen  de  qudques  points  de  Vhistoire  geographique  du  Brezil,  Paris,  1858,  as 
the  first  discovery  of  Brazil.  Following  the  coast  north-west  for  200  leagues 
without  landing,  but  discovering  the  two  great  rivers  Essequebo  and  Orinoco, 
they  landed  on  Trinidad  Island,  the  first  inhabited  coast  which  they  touched, 
where  they  traded  for  pearls  and  found  traces  of  the  admiral  who  had  pre 
ceded  them.  Out  through  the  Boca  del  Drago,  following  the  coast  of  Paria 
to  the  gulf  of  Pearls,  or  Curiana,  landing  on  Margarita  Island,  anchoring  in 
the  bay  of  Corsarios,  they  continued  from  port  to  port  to  Chichirivichi,  where 
they  had  a  fight  with  the  natives,  and  spent  twenty  days  in  a  port  near  by. 
Ojeda  then  visited  Curazao  and  the  gulf  of  Venezuela,  where  was  found  a 
town  built  over  the  water  like  Venice.  On  the  24th  of  August  he  discovered 
Lake  Maracaibo,  and  afterward  followed  the  coast  westward  to  Cape  de  la 
Vela,  whence  he  directed  his  course,  on  the  30th  of  August,  to  Espanola, 
arriving,  as  we  have  seen,  September  5,  1499.  He  finally  returned  to  Spain 
in  the  middle  of  June,  1500,  the  voyage  having  yielded  but  a  small  profit. 
Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  4-11  and  543-5;  Major's  Prince  Henry, 
pp.  367-9;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  iv.  pp.  195,  220;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen., 
torn.  i.  p.  76. 

The  second  minor  expedition  to  South  America  was  that  of  Pedro  Alonso 
Nino  and  Cristobal  Guerra,  similar  in  its  object  to  that  of  Ojeda.  A  few 
days  after  Ojeda's  departure  they  sailed  from  Palos  in  one  vessel  with  thirty- 
three  men,  reaching  the  main-land  farther  north,  and  some  fifteen  days  later 
than  Ojeda.  They  traded  on  the  coast  of  Cumana  for  three  months,  their 
western  limit  being  the  region  of  Chichirivichi,  started  for  home  February  13, 
1500,  and  arrived  in  Spain  about  the  middle  of  April  with  a  large  quantity  of 
pearls.  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  viii.;  Gomara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  fol.  98; 


112  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  ii.  p.  147;  torn.  iii.  pp.  11-18,  542;  Irving's 
Columbus,  vol.  iii.  p.  37-42;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  220. 

The  third  expedition  of  this  year  was  that  of  Vicente  Yafiez  Pinzon,  who 
had  commanded  a  vessel  under  Columbus  in  1492.  Sailing  early  in  De 
cember,  1499,  from  Palos  with  a  fleet  of  four  vessels  he  crossed  the  equator, 
and  on  the  20th  of  January — Peter  Martyr  says  the  2Gth,  and  Irving  the  28th 
of  January — discovered  land  in  latitude  8°  south,  at  Cape  St  Augustine,  which 
he  named  Santa  Maria  de  la  Consolacion.  Varnhagen,  Examen,  pp.  19-24, 
entertains  doubts  regarding  the  spot  where  Pinzon  first  landed,  and  thinks  it 
quite  as  likely  to  have  been  some  cape  further  north.  From  this  point, 
wherever  it  may  have  been,  Pinzon  followed  the  coast  to  the  north,  touched 
at  various  places,  discovered  the  Amazon,  and  in  due  time  reached  the  gulf  of 
Paria.  Thence  he  sailed  through  the  Boca  del  Drago,  arrived  at  Espaiiola  on 
the  23d  of  June,  and  returned  to  Spain  in  September,  1500.  This  voyage  was  as 
disastrous  as  the  preceding  one  had  been  profitable.  Peter  Martyr  states, 
dec.  i.  cap.  ix.,  that  Paria  was  thought  to  be  a  part  of  Asia  beyond  the  Ganges. 
See  also  De  Navigatione  Pinzoni  Socii  Admirantis,  et  de  rebus  per  eum  repertis, 
in  Grynceus,  Novus  Orbis,  p.  119;  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  18-23; 
Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  369;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  313-14; 
torn.  iii.  p.  221. 

Here  belongs  Amerigo  Vespucci's  account  of  a  second  voyage  made  in  con 
junction  with  others  in  the  service  of  the  king  of  Spain.  Departing  in  May, 
1499 — some  editions  of  his  letters  have  it  1489 — from  Cadiz  and  touching  at 
the  Canaries  he  steered  south-west  for  nineteen  days,  sailing  in  that  time 
500  leagues  to  a  point  on  the  main-land  in  latitude  5°  south,  —  from 
incorrect  readings  of  the  originals  some  editors  make  him  say  800  leagues 
and  latitude  8° — where  the  days  and  nights  are  equal  on  the  27th  of  June,  at 
which  time  the  sun  enters  Cancer.  Thence  coasting  eastward  forty  leagues; 
then  north-west  to  a  beautiful  island  and  convenient  harbor;  and  yet  eighty 
other  leagues  to  a  secure  harbor  where  he  remained  seventeen  days  and  gath 
ered  many  pearls;  thence  to  another  port;  then  to  an  island  fifteen  leagues 
from  the  main-land;  and  again  to  another  island,  which  was  called  Gigantes, 
where  captives  were  taken;  then  to  a  fine  bay  where  the  ships  were  refitted; 
and  finally,  after  forty-seven  days  at  this  last  place  they  sail  for  Antilla,  that 
is  Espaiiola.  Two  months  and  two  days  are  spent  at  Antilla,  whence  on  the 
22d  of  July  they  embark  for  Spain,  and  reach  Cadiz  September  8,  1500. 
De  Secundarice  Navigatinis  Cursu,  Latin  text  and  Spanish  translation  of  Ves 
pucci's  letter  in  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  242-62. 

It  has  never  been  claimed  that  Vespucci  attempted  discoveries  in  1499  as 
chief  in  command.  The  voyage  described  by  him  is  without  doubt  that  of 
Pinzon  or  Ojeda,  although  D'Avesac,  in  Bulletin  de  la  Soc.  Gcog.,  makes  it 
identical  with  that  of  Lepe.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  pp.  200etseq., 
by  comparing  the  details  decides  that  it  was  that  of  Pinzon,  and  by  the  same 
method  he  concludes  that  Vespucci's  first  voyage  was  that  under  Ojeda.  As 
the  points  of  resemblance  are  slight  in  either  case;  as  Vespucci  is  known  to 
have  accompanied  Ojeda;  as  he  would  have  been  obliged  to  return  to  Spain 
before  Ojeda  in  June,  1500,  in  order  to  sail  with  Pinzon  in  December,  1499; 
and  as  Vespucci  describes  an  astronomical  phenomenon  which,  as  Humboldt 


LEPE,  GUERRA,  AND  CABRAL.  113 

admits,  could  not  possibly  have  taken  place  during  Pinzon's  voyage,  I  am 
inclined  to  accept  the  "generally  received  opinion  that  Ojeda's  is  the  voyage 
described.  "  There  can  now  be  no  doubt  that  Vespucci's  voyage  in  1499  was 
identical  with  that  of  Ojeda."  Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  370;  VarnJiagen, 
Exam.,  pp.  1-19.  Navarrete  and  Irving  imply  that  this  was  the  only  voyage 
made  by  Vespucci  for  the  crown  of  Spain.  However  it  may  be,  for  the 
purposes  of  this  Summary  the  question  is  of  little  importance;  for  there  are 
no  disputed  points  of  geographical  import  depending  on  the  two  trading 
voyages,  one  of  which  Vespucci  attempts  to  describe;  and  if  there  were,  his 
account  in  the  different  forms  in  which  it  exists  is  so  full  of  blunders  that  it 
could  throw  but  little  light  upon  the  subject. 

The  fourth  minor  expedition  of  this  year  was  that  of  Diego  de  Lepe,  who 
sailed  in  less  than  a  month  after  Pinzon  — that  is  near  the  end  of  December, 
1499  — with  two  vessels.  Touching  main-land  below  Cape  St  Augustine,  he 
observed  the  south-western  trend  cf  the  coast  below  that  point;  but  of  his 
voyage  along  the  shore  nothing  is  known  save  that  he  reached  the  Pearl  Coast. 
Before  the  5th  of  June  he  had  returned  to  Spain.  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages, 
torn.  iii.  pp.  23-4,  553-5;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  314-15;  torn.  iv. 
pp.  221-2. 

There  are  some  scattered  hints  collected  in  Biddle's  Memoir  of  Sebastian 
Cabot,  pp.  91  ct  seq.,  of  a  new  expedition  in  1499  by  the  Cabots,  directed 
this  time  to  tropical  regions.  They  are  not  sufficient  to  render  it  probable 
that  such  a  voyage  was  made,  although  Ojeda  reported  that  he  found  several 
Englishmen  cruising  on  the  Pearl  Coast.  Viages  Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn, 
iii.  p.  41;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  p.  145. 

[1500.]  In  this  year  Cristobal  Guerra  made  a  second  voyage  to  the  Pearl 
Coast  with  some  success,  and  returned  to  Spain  before  November  1,  1501. 
Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  24-5.  Spain  also  made  preparations 
to  explore  the  northern  lands  discovered  by  the  Cabots,  but  without  any 
known  results.  Peschel,  Geschichte  der  Entd.,  Stuttgart,  1858,  p.  316;  Navar 
rete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  41-46;  Biddle's  Mem.  Cabot,  p.  236;  Kohl's 
Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  192-3.  In  Diccionario  Universal,  Aptnd.,  article  'Viages,' 
p.  805,  is  mentioned  a  voyage  to  the  Pearl  Coast  by  Alonso  Velez  de  Mendoza 
in  two  vessels.  No  authorities  are  given. 

The  year  following  the  return  of  Gama  from  his  successful  voyage  to  India, 
Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral  was  entrusted  with  the  command  of  thirteen  well- 
armed  vessels,  and  sent  to  establish  commercial  relations  with  the  new 
countries  now  made  accessible  to  Portuguese  enterprise.  Cabral  embarked 
from  Lisbon  on  the  9th  of  March,  1500;  thirteen  days  later  he  left  behind 
.him  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  pursuing  a  south-westerly  course.  Whether  he 
was  driven  by  storms  in  this  direction,  or  wished  to  avoid  the  calms  of  the 
Guinea  coast,  or  whether  he  entertained  a  hope  of  reaching  some  part  of  the 
regions  recently  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  is  not  known.  Certain  it  is, 
however,  that  notwithstanding  his  having  sailed  for  India,  on  the  22d  of 
April — Humboldt  says  in  February — he  found  himself  on  the  coast  of  Brazil 
in  about  latitude  10°  south,  leaving  a  gap  prebably  of  some  170  leagues  be 
tween  this  point  and  the  southern  limit  of  Lepe  and  Pinzon.  Thence  he 
coasted  southward,  took  formal  possession  of  the  land  on  the  1st  of  May  at 
HIST.  CEN.  AM.,  Voi,.  I.  8 


114  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Porto  Seguro,  and  named  the  country  Vera  Cruz,  which  name  soon  became 
Santa  Cruz.  Cabral  immediately  sent  Gaspar  de  Lemos  in  one  of  the  ships 
back  to  Portugal  with  an  account  and  map  of  the  new  discoveries.  Leaving 
two  convicts  with  the  natives  of  that  coast,  Cabral  continued  his  journey  for 
India  on  the  22d  of  May.  Off  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  he  lost  four  vessels, 
in  one  of  which  was  Bartolomeu  Dias,  the  discoverer  of  the  cape,  and  reached 
Calicut  on  the  13th  of  September.  Returning  he  met  at  Cape  Verde  a  fleet, 
on  board  of  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  Amerigo  Vespucci,  and  arrived 
at  Lisbon  July  23,  1501.  Navigation  del  Capitano  Pedro  Alvares,  in  Ramusio, 
torn.  i.  fol.  132-9;  Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  i.  booke  ii.  pp.  30-1;  Cancellieri, 
Notizie  di  Colombo,  pp.  48-9;  Navarrete,  Col,  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  45-G, 
94-101;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  p.  315;  torn.  iv.  p.  223;  torn!  v.  pp. 
53,  61. 

The  Portuguese  did  not  overlook  the  north  while  making  their  important 
discoveries  to  the  south.  Two  vessels,  probably  in  the  spring  of  1500,  were 
sent  out  under  Gaspar  Cortereal.  No  journal  or  chart  of  the  voyage  is  now  in 
existence,  hence  little  is  known  of  its  object  or  results.  Still  more  dim  is  a 
previous  voyage  ascribed  by  Cordeiro  to  Joao  Vaz  Cortereal,  father  of  Gaspar, 
about  the  tune  of  Kolno,  which,  as  Kunstmann  views  it,  "requires  further 
proof."  Touching  at  the  Azores,  Gaspar  Cortereal,  possibly  following  Cabot's 
charts,  struck  the  coast  of  Newfoundland  north  of  Cape  Race,  and  sailing 
north  discovered  a  land  which  he  called  Terra  Verde,  perhaps  Greenland,  but 
was  stopped  by  ice  at  a  river  which  he  named  Rio  Nevado,  whose  location 
is  unknown.  Cortereal  returned  to  Lisbon  before  the  end  of  1500.  Cancel- 
lieri,  Notizie  di  Colombo,  pp.  48-9;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  57;  Gal- 
vano's  Discov.,  pp.  95-6;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  374;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp. 
1G6-8,  174-7.  Biddle,  Mem.  Cabot,  pp.  137-261,  thinks  that  Cortereal  landed 
south  of  Cape  Race;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  222,  is  of  the  opin 
ion  that  Terra  Verde  was  not  Greenland. 

In  October  of  this  same  year  Rodrigo  de  Bastidas  sailed  from  Cadiz  with 
two  vessels.  Touching  the  shore  of  South  America  near  Isla  Verde,  which  lies 
between  Guadalupe  and  the  main-land,  he  followed  the  coast  westward  to  El 
Retrete,  or  perhaps  Nombre  de  Dios,  on  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  in  about  9°  30' 
north  latitude.  Returning,  he  was  wrecked  on  Espaiiola  toward  the  end  of 
1501,  and  reached  Cadiz  in  September,  1502.  This  being  the  first  authentic 
voyage  by  Europeans  to  the  territory  herein  defined  as  the  Pacific  States, 
such  incidents  as  are  known  will  be  given  hereafter.  For  references  to  this 
voyage,  see  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  i.  p.  76;  torn.  ii.  p.  334,  where  the  date 
given  is  1502;  Gomara,  Hist.  Ind.,  fol.  67,  date  of  voyage  also  1502;  Viages 
Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  25-8,  545-6;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  i. 
lib.  iv.  cap.  xi.;  Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  99-100,  date  of  voyage  1503;  Humboldt, 
Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  360-1;  torn.  iv.  pp.  224;  Voyages,  Curious  and  Ent., 
p.  436;  ChurchiWs  Col.  Voy.,  vol.  viii.  p.  375;  Harris'  Col.  Voy.,  vol.  i.  p.  270; 
Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  369-70;  Asiento  que  hizo  con  sus  Majestades  Catdlicas 
Rodrigo  de  Bastidas,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.  Ined.,  torn.  ii.  pp. 
362^467;  Robertson's  Hist.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  159;  Quintana,  Vidas  de  Espanoles 
Celebres,  'Balboa, 'p.  1. 

Of  the  many  manuscript  maps  and  charts  made  by  navigators  prior  to  this 


EARLIEST  EXISTING  MAPS. 


115 


time  none  have  been  preserved.  In  the  year  1500,  however,  a  map  of  the 
world  was  made  by  the  veteran  pilot  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  who  had  sailed  with 
Columbus  on  his  second  voyage,  and  had  accompanied  Alonso  de  Ojeda  to  the 
Pearl  Coast.  It  is  preserved  in  the  Royal  Library  of  Madrid,  and  shows  in 
a  remarkably  clear  manner  all  discoveries  up  to  that  date.  Drawn  in  colors 
and  gold  on  ox-hide,  on  a  scale  of  fifteen  leagues  to  the  degree,  it  lays  down 
the  parallels  of  Gibraltar  and  Paris,  beside  the  equator  and  tropic  of  Cancer, 
and  gives  a  scale  at  the  top  and  bottom.  Stevens'  Notes,  p.  16.  Humboldt 
first  published  a  copy  of  the  American  portion,  and  the  whole,  or  parts 
thereof,  have  been  since  published  or  described  in  Lelewel,  Geog.  du  rnoyen 
dge,  torn.  ii.  pp.  109  et  seq.,  atlas,  no.  41;  Sagra,  Hist,  physique  et  politique 
de  Vile  de  Cuba,  Paris,  1838,  and  atlas;  Ghillany,  Geschiclite,  etc.,  pref.  by 
Humboldt;  Jomard,  Monuments  de  gcog.,  atlas  no.  xvL,  which  gives  a  full- 
sized  fac-simile;  KokVs  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  151-5,  239,  plate  v.,  being  a  copy  of 
the  northern  part  from  Humboldt  with  additions  from  Jomard.  Stevens  in 
his  Notes,  see  pp.  11-16,  33,  51,  and  plate  i.,  produces  a  photo-lithographic 
copy  of  the  western  hemisphere  from  Jomard.  I  give  a  copy  of  the  central 
portions  of  the  western  hemisphere  from  Humboldt,  Stevens,  and  Kohl. 


JUAN  DE  LA  COSA'S  MAP,  1500. 


The  upper  portion  is  North  America,  and  the  lower  South  America,  be 
tween  which  a  continuous  coast  line  remains  as  yet  undiscovered. 


116  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

All  the  newly  found  regions  are  represented  as  parts  of  Asia,  and  conse 
quently  names  are  applied  only  to  islands  and  particular  localities.  Up  to 
this  time  three  portions  of  the  supposed  Asiatic  seaboard  have  been  explored. 
First,  there  are  the  discoveries  of  the  Cabots  in  the  north,  represented  as  ex 
tending  from  'Cabo  de  Yngleterra'  westward  to  the  flag  which  bounds  the 
'  Sea  discovered  by  the  English. '  This  direct  western  trend  of  the  coast, 
most  likely  laid  down  from  Cabot's  charts,  is  one  of  the  strongest  evidences 
that  the  coast  explored  by  Cabot  was  the  northern  shore  of  the  gulf  of  Sfc 
Lawrence.  Another  reason  for  entertaining  such  belief  is  the  use  of  the 
words  Mar  descubierta  por  Yngleses  instead  of  Mare  Oceanus,  thus  indicating 
that  it  was  a  sea  or  gulf  and  not  the  open  ocean.  Cosa  could  not  at  the  time 
have  known  the  results  of  Cortereal's  voyage.  On  Cabot's  coast  various 
points  are  named,  but  farther  to  the  north-east  and  to  the  south-west  the  line 
is  laid  down  indefinitely  and  without  names,  probably  from  Marco  Polo. 
Kohl  puts  the  inscription  Mar  descubierta,  etc.,  farther  south  and  west  than 
on  the  original,  and  thinks  the  curve  in  the  coast  west  of  the  last  flag  to  be 
Cape  Cod.  Then  we  have  in  the  south  the  northern  coast  of  South  America 
quite  accurately  laid  down  from  Cape  de  la  Vela  south-eastward  to  the  limit 
of  Pinzon's  voyage  in  1499;  with  a  nameless  coast-line  south-east  to  the  local 
ity  of  Cape  St  Augustine.  From  Cape  de  la  Vela  we  have  the  same  imaginary 
coast-line  without  names  extending  westward,  as  if  to  meet  the  line  from  the 
north-east;  but  just  at  the  point  where  the  lines  must  meet,  or  be  separated 
by  a  strait  leading  to  India  proper,  the  non-committal  map-maker  inserted  a 
picture  — indicated  by  the  double  dotted  lines — thus  avoiding  the  expression 
of  his  opinion  as  to  whether  the  Pearl  Coast  was  joined  to  Asia,  or  was 
detached  from  the  continent.  On  the  original  map  no  attempt  is  made 
to  show  inland  topography,  although  the  copies  of  Humboldt  and  Kohl  have 
some  lakes  and  rivers.  I  have  taken  the  liberty  to  indicate  the  indefinite, 
nameless  coasts  by  a  dotted  line  for  greater  clearness.  The  last  of  the  three 
several  explored  regions  shown  by  this  map  are  the  central  islands,  Cuba, 
Espanola,  and  others  discovered  by  Columbus,  who  was  accompanied  in  at 
least  one  of  his  voyages  by  the  author  himself.  In  this  part  of  the  map  some 
difficulty  has  arisen  from  the  fact  that  Cuba  is  represented  as  an  island,  while 
Columbus  is  known  to  have  held  the  opinion  that  it  was  a  part  of  the  main 
land;  an  opinion,  as  before  stated,  which  was  subscribed  to  under  oath  by  all 
his  men,  including  Juan  de  la  Cosa.  On  the  original,  the  western  part  of 
Cuba  is  cut  off  by  green  paint,  the  conventional  sign  of  terra  incognita, 
which  leads  Stevens  to  infer  that  the  pilot  "  did  not  intend  to  represent  Cuba 
to  be  an  island,"  but  that  he  only  supposed  it  to  be  such.  This,  however,  by 
no  means  implies  that  the  draughtsman  intended  to  say  that  Cuba  was  not 
an  island,  but  rather  that  he  was  not  certain  that  it  was  an  island,  but  only 
supposed  it  to  be.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  natives  affirmed  from  the 
first  that  it  was  an  island,  although  so  large  that  no  one  had  ever  reached 
its  western  extremity.  This  statement,  together  with  his  own  observations 
during  the  voyage,  probably  caused  Juan  de  la  Cosa  to  afterward  change  the 
opinion  to  which  he  had  perhaps  hastily  subscribed  at  the  request  of  Colum 
bus.  There  can  be  but  little  doubt  of  the  authenticity  of  this  map,  although 
Stevens  considers  it  has  been  distorted  in  the  various  copies  and  descriptions. 


JUAN  DE  NOVA  AND  THE  CORTEEEAL&       117 

That  the  author  did  not  himself  make  any  later  additions  to  it  is  evident  from 
the  fact  that  his  own  subsequent  discoveries  are  not  shown. 

[1501.]  Again  King  Henry  of  England  issues  commissions  permitting 
private  persons  to  make  discovery  at  their  own  expense.  So  far  as  known, 
however,  no  voyage  was  effected  under  this  royal  encouragement,  although  it 
is  not  improbable  that  intercourse  with  Newfoundland  was  continued  after 
Cabot's  discovery.  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  55;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov., 
pp.  185-7;  Middle's  Mem.  Cabot,  p.  228  etseq.;  PescJiel,  Geschichte  derEntd., 
p.  334  et  seq. 

The  Portuguese,  more  practical  in  their  attempts,  push  discovery  in  all 
directions.  Juan  de  Nova  with  four  vessels  sails  from  Lisbon  March  5,  1501, 
doubles  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  returning  reaches  Lisbon  September  11, 
1502, 'having  discovered  Ascension  Island  on  the  voyage  out,  and  St  Helena 
on  the  return.  Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  97-8;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  413;  Hum- 
boldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  225;  torn.  v.  p.  107.  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
route  to  India  may  now  be  declared  open;  voyages  thither  from  this  time  can 
not  properly  be  called  voyages  of  discovery;  hence  of  the  frequent  subse 
quent  voyages  of  the  Portuguese  to  India  I  shall  make  no  mention  except 
of  such  as  in  some  way  relate  to  America.  For  a  summary  of  these  later 
voyages  see  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  413-18. 

Gaspar  Cortereal  this  year  makes  a  second  voyage  to  the  regions  of  the  north, 
sailing  from  Belem,  near  Lisbon,  May  15,  1501,  with  two  or  three  vessels, 
touching  probably  at  some  point  in  Newfoundland,  and  coasting  northward 
some  six  or  seven  hundred  miles.  He  does  not,  however,  reach  the  Terra  Verde 
of  the  former  voyage  on  account  of  ice.  One  of  the  vessels — Kunstmann  says 
two — returned,  arriving  at  Lisbon  Octobers,  1501;  the  other  with  the  com 
mander  was  never  afterward  heard  from.  One  of  the  chief  objects  of  this 
expedition  seems  to  have  been  the  capture  of  slaves.  The  name  Labrador 
is  applied  by  Cortereal  to  this  discovery,  "and  is  perhaps  the  only  perma 
nent  trace  of  Portuguese  adventure  within  the  limits  of  North  America." 
Bancroft's  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  i.  p.  16;  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  p.  44; 
Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  374;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  224;  Kohl's 
Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  169-71;  Peschel,  GeschicJite  der  Entd.,  pp.  331  et  seq.;  Rid 
dle's  Mem.  Cabot,  pp.  237  et  seq. 

The  Portuguese  also  send  an  expedition  to  prosecute  the  discoveries  begun 
by  Cabral,  who  has  not  yet  returned  from  India,  but  whose  discovery  of 
Brazil  has  been  reported  by  Lemos.  Strangely  enough  no.  documents  exht 
in  the  Portuguese  archives  touching  this  voyage,  nor  is  the  name  of  its  com 
mander  known,  although  Varnhagen  thinks  it  may  have  been  Manuel.  It  is 
known  as  Vespucci's  third  voyage,  and  its  incidents  are  found  only  in  his 
letters.  The  authenticity  of  this  as  of  his  other  voyages  has  been  often 
doubted  and  denied,  and  as  it  is  the  voyage  that  resulted  in  the  naming  of 
America,  it  has  given  rise  to  much  discussion,  into  which  however  I  shall  not 
enter.  The  discussion  does  not  affect  the  voyage  itself,  nor  the  leading  facts 
connected  with  it,  the  questions  being  whether  Vespucci  was  in  command, 
which  indeed  he  does  not  claim  to  have  been;  and  above  all,  whether 
the  results  of  the  voyage  entitled  him  to  the  honor  of  naming  America,  which 
they  certainly  did  not,  even  had  he  commanded,  from  the  fact  that  other 


118  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

navigators  had  discovered  both  of  the  Americas  before  him.  Navarrete,  one 
of  Vespucci's  most  jealous  enemies,  admits  that  he  visited  the  coast  of  Brazil 
in  a  subordinate  capacity  in  some  Portuguese  expedition;  and  Humboldt,  in 
an  essay  of  115  pages,  effectually  defends  the  veracity  of  Vespucci  in  his 
accounts  of  his  voyages,  which  the  distinguished  commentator  quotes  with 
notes  on  the  variations  of  different  editions. 

Vespucci  was  induced  to  leave  Seville  in  order  to  accompany  the  fleet, 
which  consisted  of  three  vessels — some  editions  say  ten,  some  fourteen — and 
which  sailed  from  Lisbon  on  the  13th  of  May.  Passing  the  Canaries  without 
landing,  to  the  African  coast  and  Basilica  in  14°,  probably  Cape  Verde,  there 
he  remained  eleven  days.  At  this  place  he  met  Cabral's  fleet  returning  from 
India  and  learned  the  particulars  of  the  voyage,  including  the  American  dis 
coveries,  of  which  he  gives  a  full  account  in  a  letter  written  at  the  time  under 
date  of  June  4,  1501,  which  is  a  strong  proof  of  the  veracity  of  his  other 
accounts.  See  extracts  in  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  v.  pp.  34-44.  It  is 
extraordinary  that  in  the  several  accounts  of  this  meeting  the  name  of  Ves 
pucci's  commander  is  not  mentioned.  From  Cape  Verde  the  fleet  sailed 
south-west  sixty-seven  days  and  touched  the  main-land  the  17th  of  August,  at 
a  point  in  5°  south  latitude,  taking  possession  for  the  king  of  Portugal.  Thence 
it  followed  the  coast  south-east,  doubled  Cape  St  Augustine,  and  went  on  in 
sight  of  land  for  600  leagues  to  a  point  in  32°  south— according  to  Gomara, 
40°;  Navarrete  thinks  it  could  not  have  been  over  26°.  Having  found  no 
precious  metals  during  a  voyage  of  ten  months,  the  Portuguese  abandoned 
this  coast  on  the  13th  (or  15th)  of  February,  1502,  and  after  having  been 
driven  by  storms  far  to  the  south-east,  and  discovering  some  land  whose 
identity  is  uncertain — Humboldt  thinks  it  was  an  accumulation  of  ice,  or 
the  coast  of  Patagonia — they  reached  the. coast  of  Ethiopia  on  the  10th  of 
May,  the  Azores  toward  the  end  of  July,  and  Lisbon  September  7,  1502. 
Vespucci  gives  full  descriptions  of  the  natives  of  Brazil,  but  these  descrip 
tions,  together  with  the  numerous  conflicting  statements,  or  blunders  of  the 
various  texts  relating  to  details  of  the  voyage,  I  pass  over  as  unimportant  to 
my  purpose.  That  Vespucci  was  with  a  Portuguese  fleet  which  in  1501-2 
explored  a  large  but  ill-defined  portion  of  the  Brazilian  coast,  there  can  be 
no  doubt.  Grynceus,  Novus  Orbis,  pp.  122-30;  Ramusio,  Viaggi,  torn.  i.  pp. 
139-44;  Viacjes  Menores,  iq.  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  46,  262-80;  Humboldt, 
Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  v.  pp.  1-115;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  375-7;  Oalvano's 
Discov.,  pp.  98-9. 

[1502.]  Miguel  Cortereal  sailed  from  Lisbon  May  10,  1502,  in  search  of 
his  brother  Gaspar,  only  to  share  his  brother's  fate.  Neither  of  his  two 
vessels  appears  to  have  returned.  Viages  Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p. 
44;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  226;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  374; 
Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  171-2. 

It  is  probable  that  Portuguese  fishermen  continued  their  trips  more  or  less 
to  Labrador  and  Newfoundland,  but  if  so,  no  accounts  have  been  preserved. 
Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  187-92;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckuny  Am.,  pp.  69,  95; 
Ilerrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iii. 

In  January,  1502,  Alonso  de  Ojeda  with  four  vessels  departed  from  Cadiz 
ou  a  second  voyage  to  the  Pearl  Coast,  with  the  intention  of  there  establish- 


FOURTH  VOYAGE  OF  COLUMBUS.  119 

ing  a  colony.  Accompanied  by  Garcfa  de  Ocampo,  Juan  de  Vergara,  Her- 
nando  de  Guevara,  and  his  nephew  Pedro  de  Ojeda,  he  touched  at  the  Canaries 
and  Cape  Verde  Islands,  and  reached  the  gulf  of  Paria.  Refitting  his  ves 
sels,  on  the  llth  of  March  he  set  sail  and  coasted  north-westward,  touching 
at  various  points  until  he  came  to  a  port  which  he  called  Santa  Cruz,  probably 
Bahia  Honda,  about  twenty-five  miles  east  of  Cape  de  la  Vela.  During  the 
voyage  along  the  coast  the  vessels  were  much  of  the  time  separated,  follow 
ing  different  courses.  At  Santa  Cruz  Ojeda  found  a  man  who  had  been  left 
by  Bastidas,  and  there  he  determined  to  establish  his  colony.  A  fort  was 
built,  and  a  vessel  sent  to  Jamaica  for  supplies;  but  the  colony  did  not  prosper. 
To  other  troubles  were  added  dissensions  among  the  fiery  leaders,  and  about 
the  end  of  May  Ojeda  was  imprisoned  by  his  companions;  the  colony  was 
finally  abandoned,  and  its  governor  brought  as  a  prisoner  to  Espanola  in  Sep 
tember.  The  few  disputed  points  of-  this  voyage  concern  only  the  personal 
quarrels  of  Ojeda  and  his  fellow- captains.  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii. 
pp.  28-39,  168-70,  591  et  seq.;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i.  p.  360;  torn, 
iv.  p.  226. 

On  the  eleventh  of  May,  1502,  Columbus  embarked  from  Cadiz  on  his 
fourth  and  last  voyage.  Befitting  at  Espanola,  he  directed  his  course  west 
ward,  discovered  terra  firma  at  the  Guanaja  Islands,  off  the  north  coast  of 
Honduras,  and  sailing  southward,  followed  the  shores  of  the  supposed  Asia 
to  El  Retrete  on  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  where  terminated  the  discovery  of 
Bastidas  from  the  opposite  direction,  whose  chart  may  have  been  in  the  ad 
miral's  possession.  Particulars  of  this  voyage  are  given  hereafter.  See  Ouarto 
y  Ultimo  Viage  de  Cristobal  Colon,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  i.  pp.  277-313;  Colon,  Hist, 
del  Almirante,  in  Barcia,  torn.  i.  pp.  101-18;  Gomara,  Hist,  de  las  Indias,  fol. 
31;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  iii.  cap.  iv.;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  i.  lib.  v.-vi.; 
Benzoni,  Historia  del  Mondo  Nvovo,  Venetia,  1572,  fol.  28;  Galvano's  Discov., 
pp.  100-1;  Robertson's  Hist.  Am.,  vol.  i.  pp.  164-74;  Burke*  8  European  Settle 
ments  in  Am.,  vol.  i.  pp.  37^45;  Napione  and  De  Conti,  Biografia  Colombo,  pp. 
379-406;  Laharpe,  Abregt,  torn.  ix.  p.  122;  Acosta,  Gamp.  Histdrico  de  la 
Nueva  Granada,  cap.  i.;  Navigatio  GhristopJwri  Colvmbi,  in  Grynceus,  Novus 
Orbis,  p.  90,  and  elsewhere. 

Since  the  admiral's  discovery,  in  1498,  of  the  Pearl  Coast,  that  is,  the  ex 
treme  northern  shore  of  South  America,  npthing  had  occurred  to  modify  his 
views  formed  at  that  time  concerning  the  new  regions,  except  to  show  that 
this  southern  addition  of  the  Asiatic  continent  was  much  larger  than  had  at 
first  been  supposed.  His  special  aim  in  this  fourth  voyage  was  to  do  what 
various  circumstances  had  prevented  him  from  doing  before,  namely,  to  sail 
along  the  eastern  and  southern  coasts  of  Asia  to  India,  passing,  of  course, 
through  the  supposed  strait  between  the  main-land  and  the  land  of  Paria. 
It  is  certainly  extraordinary  that  this  idea  entertained  by  Columbus  corre 
sponded  so  closely  with  the  actual  conformation  of  the  eastern  Asiatic  coast, 
and  its  southern  addition  of  the  Australian  archipelago;  that  this  conforma 
tion  is  so  closely  duplicated  in  the  American  coasts;  and  that  the  position  of 
the  admiral's  hypothetical  strait  was  almost  identical  with  the  actual  nar 
rowest  part  of  the  American  continent.  Columbus  followed  the  coast  to  the 
western  limit  of  Bastidas'  voyage  and  could  find  no  opening  in  the  shore, 


120  EAKLY  VOYAGES. 

either  because  the  ancient  chroniclers  were  faulty  in  making  no  mention  of 
this  great  supposed  southern  extension  of  Asia,  or  because  the  strait  had 
in  some  way  escaped  his  scrutiny.  He  therefore  abandoned  the  search,  and 
gave  himself  up  to  other  schemes,  but  he  never  relinquished  his  original  idea, 
and  died,  1506,  in  the  belief  that  he  had  reached  the  coast  of  Asia,  and  with 
out  the  suspicion  of  a  new  continent.  Moreover,  his  belief  was  shared  by 
all  cosmographers  and  scholars  of  the  time.  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  i.  cap.  viii.; 
Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  i.  p.  26;  torn.  iv.  p.  188;  Preface  to  GUllany ; 
Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  420;  KoliVs  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  140,  238-9;  Draper's 
Int.  Develop.,  p.  445;  Stevens'  Notes,  p.  37. 

[1503.]  Another  expedition  was  sent  by  Portugal  in  search  of  the  Corte- 
reals,  but  returned  unsuccessful.  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  58;  PescJiel, 
Geschichte  der  Entd.,  p.  334. 

According  to  Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  pp.  173-4,  we  have  "authentic  deeds 
and  depositions  proving  beyond  doubt  a  French  expedition  to  Brazil  as  early 
as  1503;"  in  support  of  which  he  refers  to  De  Gonneville,  Memoires,  Paris,  1663; 
De  Brasses,  Hist,  des  Navigations,  Paris,  1756,  torn.  i.  pp.  104-14;  Revista  Tri- 
mensal,  Rio  de  Janeiro,  torn.  vi.  p.  412-14;  D'Avesac,  in  Bulletin  de  la  Soc. 
Geog.,  torn.  xiv.  p.  172. 

In  1503  the  Portuguese  sent  a  third  fleet  of  six  vessels  under  Gonzalo 
Coelho  to  make  farther  explorations  on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  then  calleu.  Santa 
Cruz,  and  to  sail,  if  possible,  around  its  southern  extremity  to  India,  an  idea 
that  seems  to  have  been  conceived  during  the  preceding  voyage,  but  which 
could  not  then  be  carried  into  effect  for  want  of  supplies.  Vespucci  com 
manded  one  of  the  vessels,  and  set  out  with  high  hopes  of  accomplishing  great 
things  for  his  country,  his  God,  and  himself.  This  is  known  as  Vespucci's 
fourth  voyage.  Beyond  the  account  which  he  gives  in  his  letters,  little  is 
known  of  it  except  the  fact  that  Coelho  made  such  a  voyage  at  the  time. 
The  identity  of  the  two  expeditions  has  not  been  undisputed,  but  Humboldt 
and  Major  both  show  that  there  can  be  little  doubt  in  the  matter.  The  fleet 
sailed  from  Lisbon  on  the  10th  of  June — Vespucci  says  May — remained  twelve 
orthirteen  days  at  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  and  thence  sailed  south-east  to  within 
sight  of  Sierra  Leone.  The  navigators  were  prevented  by  a  storm  from  an 
choring,  and  so  directed  their  course  south-west  for  300  leagues  to  a  desert 
island  in  about  lat.  3°  south,  supposed  to  be  Fernando  de  Noronha,  where 
Coelho  lost  his  ship  on  the  10th  of  August.  Vespucci's  vessel  was  separated 
from  the  rest  for  eight  days,  but  afterward  joined  one  of  them,  and  the  two 
sailed  south-west  for  seventeen  days,  making  300  leagues,  and  arriving  at  the 
Bahia  de  Todos  os  Santos.  Remaining  there  two  months  and  four  days,  they 
followed  the  coast  for  260  leagues  to  the  port  now  called  Cape  Frio,  where 
they  built  a  fort  and  left  twenty -four  men  who  had  belonged  to  the  vessel 
which  had  been  wrecked.  In  this  port,  which  by  Vespucci's  observations 
was  in  lat.  18°  south  and  35°  (or  57°)  west  of  Lisbon,  they  remained  five 
months,  exploring  the  interior  for  forty  leagues;  they  then  loaded  with  Brazil 
wood,  and  after  a  return  voyage  of  seventy-seven  days  arrived  in  Lisbon 
June  28  (or  18),  1504.  Vespucci  believed  the  other  ships  of  the  fleet  to  have 
been  lost,  but  after  his  account  was  written,  Coeiho  returned  with  two  ships; 
nothing,  however,  is  now  known  of  his  movements  after  the  separation.  Di 


DIVERS  EXPEDITIONS.  121 

Amerigo  Vespucci  Florentine,  in  Ramusio,  torn,  i.,  Lettera  prima,  fol.  139, 
Lettera  secondo,  fol.  141,  Sommario,  fol.  141;  Viages  de  Vespucio,  in  Navar- 
rete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  281-90;  Souttey's  Hist.  Brazil,  vol.  i.  p.  20. 
'  Alfonso  de  Alburquerque  sailed  from  Lisbon  April  6,  1503,  with  four  vessels 
for  India;  but  shaping  his  course  far  to  the  south-west,  after  twenty-four  (or 
twenty-eight)  days  he  reached  an  island  previously  discovered  by  Vespucci; 
thence  he  touched  the  main-land  of  Brazil,  after  which  he  proceeded  around 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  India,  and  returned  to  Lisbon  September  16, 1504. 
Viaggio  fatto  neW  India  per  Giovanni  di  Empoli,  in  Ramusio,  torn.  i.  foL  158; 
Purcluis,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  i.  pp.  32-3.  Bergomas,  Nouissime  kistoriaru 
omniu,  etc.,  Venetiis,  1503,  a  book  of  chronicles  published  with  frequent  addi 
tions  to  date,  contains,  for  the  first  time,  in  this  edition,  a  chapter  on  the 
newly  found  islands  of  Columbus.  In  my  copy,  which  is  dated  ten  years 
later,  this  chapter  is  on  folio  328.  At  least  nine  editions  of  the  work 
appeared  before  1540. 

[1504.]  Soon  after  the  return  from  his  third  voyage,  Vespucci  wrote  a 
letter  to  Piero  de'  Medici,  setting  forth  its  incidents.  This  letter,  which 
bears  no  date,  was  probably  written  in  corrupt  Italian,  and  after  circulating 
to  some  extent  in  manuscript,  as  was  the  custom  at  the  time,  it  may  have 
been  printed,  but  no  copies  are  known  to  exist,  and  the  original  is  lost. 
Translations  were  made,  however,  into  Latin  and  German,  which  appeared  in 
small  pamphlet  form  in  at  least  seventeen  different  editions  before  1507,  under 
the  title  of  Mundus  Novus,  or  its  equivalent.  The  earliest  edition  which 
bears  a  date  is  that  of  1504,  but  of  the  nine  issues  without  date,  some  un 
doubtedly  appeared  before  that  year.  It  is  probable  that  other  editions  have 
disappeared  on  account  of  their  undurable  form.  None  of  Vespucci's  other 
accounts  are  known  to  have  been  printed  before  1507. 

This  same  year  the  Libretto  de  tutta  le  Navigazione  del  Re  di  Spagna  is  said 
to  have  been  printed  at  Venice,  being  the  first  collection  of  voyages,  and  con 
taining,  according  to  the  few  Italian  authors  who  claim  to  have  seen  it,  the 
first  three  voyages  of  Columbus  and  those  of  Nino  and  Pinzon.  If  authentic, 
it  was  the  first  account  of  the  voyage  of  Columbus  to  the  Pearl  Coast;  but  no 
copy  is  known  at  present  to  exist,  and  its  circulation  must  have  been  small 
compared  with  Vespucci's  relations.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.y  torn.  iv.  pp.  67-77; 
Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  nos.  22-41. 

A  chart  made  about  1504  has  been  preserved  which  shows  Portuguese  dis 
coveries  only.  In  the  north  are  laid  down  Newfoundland  and  Labrador 
under  the  name  of  'Terra  de  Cortte  Reall,'  and  Greenland  with  no  name,  but 
so  correctly  represented  as  to  form  a  strong  evidence  that  it  was  reached  by 
Cortereal.  On  the  south  we  have  the  coast  of  Brazil,  to  which  no  name  is 
given;  between  the  two  is  open  sea,  with  no  indication  of  Spanish  discoveries. 
Kunstmann,  Entdeckuny  Am.,  pp.  127-8,  and  Munich  Atlas,  no.  iii.j  KohVs 
Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  174-7,  plate  viii. 

With  the  year  1504  the  fishing  voyages  of  the  Bretons  and  Normans  to 
Newfoundland  are  said  to  have  begun,  but  there  are  no  accounts  of  any  par 
ticular  voyage.  Sobre  las  navegaciones  de  los  vascongados  d  los  mares  de  Terra- 
nova,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  176;  Viages  Menores,  Id.,  p.  46.  Kunstmann, 
Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  69  et  seq.,  makes  these  trips  begin  with  Denys'  in  1503. 


122  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Juan  de  la  Cosa  equipped  and  armed  four  vessels,  and  was  despatched  in 
the  service  of  Queen  Isabella  of  Spain,  to  explore  and  trade  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  gulf  of  Urabd,  and  also  to  check  rumored  encroachments  of  the  Portu 
guese  in  that  direction.  All  that  is  recorded  of  the  expedition  is  that  in 
1506  the  crown  received  491,708  maravedis  as  the  royal  share  of  the  profits. 
Carta  de  Cristobal  Gruerra,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  ii.  p.  293;  Carta  de  la  Reina, 
in  Id.,  torn.  iii.  p.  109;  Real  Cedula,  adicion,  Id.,  p.  161.  Stevens,  in  his  Notes, 
p.  33,  gives  the  date  as  1505. 

[1505.]  Alonso  de  Ojeda,  with  three  vessels,  made  a  third  voyage  to  Co- 
quibacoaand  the  gulf  of  Urabd.  Notidas  biogrdficas  del  capitan  Alonso  Ilojeda, 
in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  169. 

The  letter  written  by  Columbus  from  Jamaica  July  7,  1503,  describing  the 
events  of  his  fourth  voyage,  is  preserved  in  the  Spanish  archives.  If  printed, 
no  copies  are  known  to  exist,  but  an  Italian  translation  appeared  as  Copia  de 
la  Lettera,  Venetia,  1505. 

A  Portuguese  map  made  about  1505  by  Pedro  Reinel  shapes  Newfound 
land  more  accurately  than  the  map  of  1504,  being  the  first  to  give  the  name 
*C.  Raso'  to  the  south-east  point;  but  Greenland  is  drawn  much  less  correctly. 
Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp.  125-7;  Munich  Atlas,  no.  i.  Plate  ix.  in 
KohVs  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  177-9,  differs  materially  from  the  fac-simile  in  the 
Munich  Atlas.  See  also  PescM,  Geschichte  der  Entd.,  p.  332;  Schmeller,  Ueber 
einigen  der  handschriftlichen  Seekarten,  in  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften,  Ab- 
handl,  torn.  iv.  pt.  i.  p.  247  et  seq. 

[1506.]  The  Bretons  under  Jean  Denys  are  said  to  have  explored  the  gulf 
of  St  Lawrence,  and  to  have  made  a  map  which  has  not  been  found.  The 
reports  of  this  and  of  succeeding  voyages  northward  are  exceedingly  vague. 
Charlevoix,  Hist,  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  Paris,  1744,  torn.  i.  p.  4;  Viages  Me- 
nores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  41;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  201-5;  Kumtmann, 
Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  69;  Bancroft's  Hist.  U.  S.,  vol.  i.  p.  16. 

Vicente  Yafiez  Pinzon  made  a  second  voyage  with  Juan  Diaz  de  Solis,  in 
which  he  explored  the  gulf  of  Honduras,  from  the  Guanaja  Islands,  the 
western  limit  of  Columbus'  voyage,  to  the  islands  of  Caria  on  the  coast  of 
Yucatan,  in  search  of  the  passage  which  was  still  believed  to  exist  between 
the  main  continent  of  Asia  and  the  land  known  as  the  Pearl  Coast,  Santa 
Cruz,  or,  in  the  Latin  translations  of  Vespucci,  as  the  Mundus  Novus,  or 
New  World.  Brief  mention  of  this  voyage  may  be  found  in  Viages  Me- 
nores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  46,  repeated  in  Irving's  Columbus,  vol.  iii. 
P.  52;  and  Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  p.  228.  See  also  Reise  des  Diaz 
de  Soils  und  Yanez  Pinzon,  in  Sammlung  aller  Reisebeschreibujigen,  torn.  xiii. 
p.  157. 

Tristan  da  Cunha  in  a  voyage  to  India,  sailing  from  Lisbon  March  6, 
1506,  round  Cape  St  Augustine,  heard  of — eut  connaissance  de — a  Rio  Sao 
Sebastiao  in  the  province  of  Pernambuco,  and  discovered  the  island  since 
called  by  his  name,  in  37°  5'  south  latitude,  on  his  passage  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  Galvano  does  not  mention  that  Cunha  reached  America. 

On  the  20th  of  May,  1506,  at  Valladolid,  died  the  great  admiral  of  the 
"Western  Ocean,  Christopher  Columbus;  whose  story,  notwithstanding  his 


THE  NAMING  OF  AMERICA.  123 

innumerable  historians,  is  nowhere  more  fully  comprehended  than  in  the 
simple  lines  which  may  be  seen  to-day  upon  his  tomb: 

"  Por  Castilla  y  por  Leon 
Nuevo  Mundo  hallo  Colon." 

Maffel  of  VoUerra,  Commentaricrum  urbanorum,  Rome,  1506,  a  kind  of  geo 
graphical  encyclopaedia,  contains  a  section  on  the  loca  nuper  repcrta.  Five 
editions  are  mentioned  as  having  been  issued  in  the  years  1510,  1511,  and 
1530,  all  but  one  at  Paris. 

M.  Varnhagen  claims  that  the  original  mixed  Italian  text  of  Vespucci's 
first  voyage  was  printed  in  Florence  in  1505  or  1506,  and  that  several  copies 
have  been  preserved.  This  is  the  text  used  by  him  in  his  defense  of  Ves 
pucci.  See  Premier  Voy.,  Vienna,  1869,  and  Vespucci,  son  caractere,  etc., 
Lima,  1865,  in  which  the  letter  is  reproduced.  I  find  no  mention  by  any 
other  author  of  such  an  edition. 

[1507.]  No  voyages  are  mentioned  in  this  year;  but  the  bibliography  of 
the  year  is  remarkable.  Montalboddo  (or  Zorzi),  Paesi  Nouamente  retrouati,  Et 
Nouo  Mondo  da  Alberico  Vesputio,  Florentine,  intitulato,  Vincentia,  1507,  is 
the  second  collection  of  voyages  issued,  and  the  first  of  which  any  copies 
at  present  exist.  This  work  is  divided  into  six  books,  of  which  the  fourth 
and  fifth  relate  to  America,  the  fourth  being  a  reproduction  of  the  Libretto  of 
1504,  while  the  fifth  is  the  Nouo  Mondo,  or  third  voyage  of  Vespucci;  and 
its  mention  in  the  title  shows  how  important  a  feature  it  was  deemed  in  a 
work  of  this  character.  In  the  following  year,  besides  a  new  Italian  edition, 
there  appeared  a  German  translation  under  the  title  of  Rucliamer,  Newe 
unbekantlte  landte,  Nuremberg,  1508,  and  a  Latin  translation,  Itinerariu 
Portugallesiu,  Milan,  1508.  At  least  fourteen  editions  in  Italian,  Latin, 
German,  and  French  appeared  before  1530. 

Hylacomylus  (Waldsee-Muller],  Cosmographies  Introdvctio. ..  .Insuper  qua- 
tuor  Americi  Vespucij  Namyationes,  Deodate  (St  Die,  Lorraine),  1507,  is  the 
title  of  a  work  which  appeared  four  times  in  the  same  place  and  year.  It  is 
the  first  collection  of  Vespucci's  four  voyages,  and  generally  regarded  as  the 
first  edition  of  the  first  and  fourth,  although  as  we  have  seen  M.  Varnhagen 
claims  an  Italian  edition  of  the  first  in  .1506.  This  account  of  the  third 
voyage  is  different  from  that  so  widely  circulated  before  as  Mundus  Novus. 
Three  other  editions  of  the  work,  or  of  the  part  relating  to  Vespucci,  ap 
peared  in  1509  and  1510.  In  Hylacomylus  the  following  passage  occurs: 
"But  now  that  those  parts  have  been  more  extensively  examined,  and  an 
other  fourth  part  has  been  discovered  by  Americus  (as  will  be  seen  in  the 
sequel),  I  do  not  see  why  we  should  rightly  refuse  to  name  it  America, 
namely,  the  land  of  Americus  or  America,  after  its  discoverer,  Americus,  a 
man  of  sagacious  mind,  since  both  Europe  and  Asia  took  their  names  from 
women."  Here  we  have  the  origin  of  the  name  'America.'  To  the  northern 
discoveries  of  Columbus,  Cabot,  and  Cortereal,  on  the  islands  and  coast  of  the 
supposed  Asia,  no  general  name  was  given  because  those  regions  were  already 
named  India,  Cathay,  Mangi,  etc.,  while  names  were  applied  by  Europeans 
only  to  particular  places  on  the  new  coasts.  When  Columbus  in  1498  ex 
plored  the  northern  coast  of  South  America  he  had  no  doubt  it  was  a  portion, 


124  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

though  probably  a  detached  portion,  of  Asia,  and  the  terms  Paria  and  the 
Pearl  Coast  sufficed  to  designate  the  region  during  the  succeeding  trading 
voyages.  Concerning,  these  voyages,  only  a  letter  of  Columbus  and  a  slight 
account  of  Pinzon's  expedition  had  been  printed,  apparently  without  attract 
ing  much  attention.  The  voyages  of  Columbus,  Bastidas,  and  Pinzon  along 
the  coast  of  Central  America  were  almost  unknown.  Meanwhile  the  fame  of 
the  great  navigator  had  become  much  obscured.  His  enterprises  on  the  supposed 
Asiatic  coast  had  been  unprofitable  to  Spain.  The  eyes  of  the  world  were 
now  directed  farther  south.  By  the  Portuguese  the  coasts  of  Brazil  had  been 
explored  for  a  long  distance,  proving  the  great  extent  of  this  south-eastern 
portion  of  the  supposed  Asia,  whose  existence  was  not  indicated  on  the  old 
charts,  and  which  certainly  required  a  name.  These  Portuguese  explorations 
and  their  results  were  known  to  the  world  almost  exclusively  by  the  letter  of 
Vespucci  so  often  printed.  To  the  Latin  translation  of  the  letter,  the  name 
Mundus  Novus  had  been  applied,  meaning  not  necessarily  a  new  continent, 
but  simply  the  newly  found  regions.  The  name  'America'  suggested  itself 
naturally,  possibly  through  the  influence  of  some  friend  who  was  an  admirer 
of  Vespucci,  to  the  German  professor  of  a  university  in  Lorraine,  as  appro 
priate  for  the  new  region,  and  he  accordingly  proposed  it.  Having  proposed 
it,  his  pride  and  that  of  his  friends — a  clique  who  had  great  influence  over  the 
productions  of  the  German  press  at  that  period — was  involved  in  securing  its 
adoption.  No  open  opposition  seems  to  have  been  made,  even  by  the  Portu 
guese  who  had  applied  the  name  'Santa  Cruz'  to  the  same  region;  still  it  was 
long  before  the  new  name  replaced  the  old  ones.  In  later  years,  when 
America  was  found  to  be  joined  to  the  northern  continent,  and  all  that  great 
land  to  be  entirely  distinct  from  Asia,  the  name  had  become  too  firmly  fixed 
to  be  easily  changed,  and  no  effort  that  we  know  of  was  made  to  change  it. 
Later  still  some  authors,  inadvertently  perhaps,  attributed  the  first  discovery 
to  Vespucci.  This  aroused  the  wrath  of  Las  Casas  and  others,  and  a  discus 
sion  ensued  which  has  lasted  to  the  present  time.  See  list  of  partisans  on 
both  sides  in  Harrisse,  J3ib.  Am.  Vet.,  pp.  65-7.  Munoz  and  Navarrete  insist 
that  Vespucci  was  an  impostor,  but  others,  headed  by  Humboldt,  have  proved 
conclusively  that  the  nalne  'America'  was  adopted  as  the  result  of  the  some 
what  strange  combination  of  circumstances  described,  without  any  intentional 
wrong  to  Columbus.  This  conclusion  is  founded  chiefly  on  the  following 
reasons,  namely:  The  honor  to  Vespucci  resulted  chiefly  from  his  third  voy 
age  in  1501,  and  not  from  his  first  voyage  in  1497,  which  last  mentioned  is 
the  only  one  possible  to  have  claimed  precedence  over  Columbus  in  the  dis 
covery  of  the  continent.  Furthermore,  neither  Columbus  nor  Vespucci  ever 
suspected  that  a  new  continent  had  been  found;  and  to  precede  Cabot  in 
reaching  Asia,  Vespucci,  even  if  relying  on  his  first  voyage,  must  have  dated 
it  somewhat  earlier  in  1497  than  he  did;  while  to  precede  Columbus  he  must 
have  dated  it  before  1492,  when,  as  they  both  believed,  Columbus  had  touched 
Asia  at  Cuba.  Then,  again,  there  is  no  evidence  whatever  that  Vespucci  ever 
claimed  the  honor  of  discovery.  He  was  on  intimate  terms  with  the  admiral 
and  his  friends,  and  is  highly  spoken  of  by  all,  especially  by  Fernando  Colon, 
who  was  extremely  jealous  in  every  particular  which  might  affect  his  father's 
honor.  Moreover,  it  is  certain  that  Vespucci  did  not  himself  propose  the 


BOOKS  AND  MAPS  OF  THE  PERIOD.  125 

name  'America;'  it  is  not  certain  that  he  even  used  the  term  Mundus  Novus 
or  its  equivalent  in  his  letters;  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  he  never  even 
knew  of  his  name  being  applied  to  the  New  World,  since  the  name  did  not 
come  into  general  use  until  many  years  after  his  death,  which  occurred  in 
1512.  The  most  serious  charge  which  in  my  opinion  can  be  brought  against 
Vespucci  is  neglect — perhaps  an  intentional  deception  for  the  purpose  of  giv 
ing  himself  temporary  prominence  in  the  eyes  of  his  correspondent — in  failing 
to  name  the  commanders  under  whom  he  sailed;  and  with  exaggeration  and 
carelessness  in  his  details.  But  it  is  to  be  remembered  that  his  writings  were 
simply  letters  to  friends  describing  in  familiar  terms  the  wonders  of  his  voy 
ages,  with  little  care  for  dry  dates  and  names,  reserving  particulars  for  a  large 
work  which  he  had  prepared,  but  which  has  never  come  to  light.  "After 
all,"  says  Irving,  "this  is  a  question  more  of  curiosity  than  of  real  moment 

about  which  grave  men  will  continue  to  write  weary  volumes,  until  the 

subject  acquires  a  fictitious  importance  from  the  mountain  of  controversy 
heaped  upon  it."  Cancellieri,  Notlzie  di  Colombo,  pp.  41-8;  Humboldt, .Exam. 
Grit.,  torn.  iv.  and  v.,  and  Preface  to  Ghillany ;  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages, 
torn.  i.  p.  cxxvi.;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  3SO-81;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  p. 
496;  Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  pp.  65-6;  D'Avesac,  Martin  Hylacomylus,  Paris, 
1867;  Munoz,  Hist.  Nuevo  Mundo,  p.  x.;  Stevens'  Notes,  pp.  24,  35,  52  et  seq. ; 
Viages  de  Vespucio,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  183;  Carta  del  Excmo.  Sr.  Viz- 
conde  de  Santaren,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  309-34.  Ludd,  Speculi  Orbis, 
Strasburg,  1507,  adopts  Waldsee-Miiller's  suggestion  so  far  as  to  speak  of 
the  'American  race,'  or  people,  gentis  Americi.  Major,  Prince  Henry,  pp. 
380-8,  explains  the  connection  between  this  and  other  works  of  the  time  in 
fluenced  by  the  St  Did  clique.  See  also  Stevens'  Notes,  p.  35. 

[1508.]  Pinzon  and  Solis,  with  Pedro  Ledesma  as  pilot,  were  sent  by 
Spain  for  the  third  time  to  search  southward  for  the  strait  which  they,  as 
well  as  Columbus  and  Bastidas,  had  failed  to  find  farther  north  and  west. 
Sailing  from  San  Lucar  June  29,  1508,  they  touched  at  the  Cape  Verde 
Islands,  proceeded  to  Cape  St  Augustine,  and  followed  the  coast  south-west 
to  about  40°  south  latitude,  returning  to  Spain  in  October,  1509.  Viages  Me- 
nores,  in  Navarrete^  torn.  iii.  p.  47.  Kohl,  Die  beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am. , 
p.  110,  joins  this  voyage  to  the  preceding  one  of  1506. 

Another  of  the  uncertain  French  voyages  to  Newfoundland  is  reported  to 
have  taken  place  in  1508,  under  the  command  of  Thomas  Aubert,  from 
Dieppe.  Viages  Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  41;  KohFs  Hist.  Discov., 
pp.  203-5. 

In  1508  the  governor  of  Espaiiola  sent  Sebastian  de  Ocampo  to  explore 
Cuba.  He  was  the  first  to  sail  round  the  island,  thus  proving  it  such,  aa 
Juan  de  la  Cosa  probably  imagined  it  to  be  eight  years  earlier.  Aa,  Naau~ 
keurige  Versameling,  torn.  vi.  p.  1;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  i.  lib.  vii.  cap.  i.; 
Stevens'  Notes,  p.  35. 

Ptolemy,  In  hoc  opere  JICBC  continentvr,  Geographies  Cl.  Pfolema-i,  Rome,  1508, 
is  said  to  be  the  first  edition  of  this  work  which  contains  allusions  to  the  New 
World.  Other  editions  of  Ptolemy,  prepared  by  different  editors,  with  ad 
ditional  text  and  maps,  and  with  some  changes  in  original  matter,  appeared 
in  1511,  1512,  1513,  1519,  1520,  1522,  1525,  1532,  and  1535.  The  edition  first 


126 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


mentioned  contains,  in  addition  to  the  preceding  one  of  1507,  fourteen  leaves 
of  text  and  an  engraved  map  by  Johann  Ruysch  —the  first  ever  published 
which  includes  the  New  World.  Copies  have  been  printed  by  Lelewel  in  his 
G6og.  du  moyen  dge,  atlas;  by  Santarem,  in  his  Recherches,  Paris,  1842,  atlas; 
and  by  Humboldt,  Kohl,  and  Stevens.  I  have  taken  the  annexed  copy 
from  the  three  last  mentioned  authorities,  omitting  some  of  the  unimportant 
names. 


MAP  BY  JOHANN  HUYSCH,  1508. 

This  map  follows  closely  that  of  Juan  de  la  Cosa  in  1500,  but  illustrates 
more  clearly  the  geographical  idea  of  the  time.  The  discoveries  of  Cabot, 
whom  Ruysch  is  supposed  to  have  accompanied,  as  well  as  those  of  Cortereal 
in  the  north,  of  Greenland,  Labrador,  and  Newfoundland,  are  laid  down  with 
tolerable  accuracy;  and  the  rest  of  the  supposed  Asiatic  coast  as  in  Behaim's 
globe  is  taken  from  Marco  Polo.  In  the  centre  we  have  the  lands  discovered 
by  Columbus,  and  the  old  fabulous  island  of  Antilia  restored.  To  '  Spagnola* 
(Espaiiola)  is  joined  an  inscription  stating  the  compiler's  belief  that  it  was 
identical  with  Zipangu,  or  Japan.  Western  Cuba  is  cut  off  by  a  scroll,  instead 
of  by  green  paint  as  in  the  map  of  Juan  de  la  Cosa,  with  an  inscription  to  the 
effect  that  this  was  the  limit  of  Spanish  exploration.  Ruysch,  having  as  yet 
no  knowledge  of  Ocampo's  voyage  performed  during  this  same  year,  evidently 
entertained  the  same  idea  respecting  Cuba  that  was  held  by  Juan  de  la  Cosa, 
but  did  not  venture  to  proclaim  it  an  island.  In  the  south,  the  New  World 
is  shown  under  the  name  'Terra  Sanctse  Crucis  sive  Mvndvs  Novvs.'  An  open 
sea  separates  the  New  World  from  Asia,  showing  that  Ruysch  did  not  know 
of  the  unsuccessful  search  for  this  passage  by  Columbus,  Bastidas,  and 
Pinzon.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  name  America  is  not  used  by  this 
countryman  of  Hylacomylus.  Humboldt  thinks  that  he  had  not  seen  the 
Cosmographies  Introdvctio,  but  had  read  some  other  edition  of  Vespucci's  third 


OCCUPATION  OF  TIERRA  FIRME.  127 

voyage.  Exam.  Crit.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  5,  9;  torn.  iv.  p.  121,  and  Preface  to  Ghillany. 
See  also  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp.  136-7;  Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  pp. 
107-8;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  156-8;  Stevens'  Notes,  pp.  31-2. 

[1509.]  Stimulated  by  the  admiral's  gold  discoveries  at  Veragua,  which 
had  been  corroborated  by  subsequent  voyages,  King  Ferdinand  of  Spain 
determined  to  establish  colonies  on  that  coast.  The  region  known  as  Tierra 
Firme  was  to  that  end  divided  into  two  provinces,  of  which  Alonso  de  Ojeda 
was  appointed  governor  of  one,  and  Diego  de  Nicuesa  of  the  other.  Ojeda 
sailed  from  Espanola  November  10,  1509,  and  Nicuesa  soon  followed.  Their 
adventures  form  an  important  part  of  early  Central  American  history,  and 
are  fully  related  in  the  following  chapters.  During  the  succeeding  years 
frequent  voyages  were  made  back  and  forth  between  the  new  colonies,  Jamaica, 
Cuba,  and  Espanola,  which  are  for  the  most  part  omitted  here  as  not  consti 
tuting  new  discoveries.  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  ii.  cap.  i.;  Gomara,  Hist.  Ind., 
fols.  67-9;  Galvano's  Discov.,  p.  109-10;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  421-8; 
Ilerrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  i.  cap.  vii.  lib.  vii.  et  seq. 

The  Giobus  Mundi,  Strasburg,  1509,  an  anonymous  work,  was  the  first  to 
apply  the  name  America  to  the  southern  continent.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit., 
torn.  iv.  p.  142;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  p.  387. 

[1511.]  Juan  de  Agramonte  received  a  commission  from  the  Spanish  gov 
ernment,  and  made  arrangements  to  sail  to  'Newfoundland  and  the  lands  of 


isla  (Jc~bchi»', 


PETEK  MAIITYR'S  MAP,  1511. 

the  north-western  ocean,  but  nothing  further  is  known  of  the  matter.  Viages 
Menorcs,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  42;  Sobrecarta  de  la  Reina  Dona  Juana, 
in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p.  122.  P..Martyris,  Anglimediolanemis  opera,  Se 
ville,  1511,  is  the  first  edition  of  Peter  Martyr's  first  decade;  containing  in 
ten  letters,  or  books,  accounts  of  the  first  three  voyages  of  Columbus,  certain 


128  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

expeditions  to  the  Pearl  Coast,  and  closing  with  a  brief  mention  of  the 
admiral's  fourth  voyage.  The  learned  author  was  personally  acquainted  with 
Columbus,  and  his  relations  are  consequently  of  great  value.  This  work  con 
tains  a  map,  of  which  I  give  a  copy  from  Stevens,  the  only  fac-simile  I  have 
seen. 

The  map  shows  only  Spanish  discoveries,  but  it  is  by  far  the  most  accurate 
yet  made.  Cuba,  now  proved  to  "be  an  island,  is  so  laid  down.  No  name  is 
given  to  the  Mundus  Novus,  which,  by  a  knowledge  of  the  Spanish  voyages, 
is  made  to  extend  much  farther  north  and  west  than  in  Ruysch's  map;  but 
above  the  known  coasts  a  place  is  left  open  where  the  passage  to  India  it  was 
believed  might  yet  be  found.  The  representation  of  a  country,  corresponding 
with  Florida,  to  the  north  of  Cuba,  under  the  name  of  *  Isla  de  Beimini,'may 
indicate  that  Florida  had  been  reached  either  by  Ocampo  in  1508,  by  some 
private  adventurer,  as  Diego  Miruelo,  who  is  said  to  have  preceded  Ponce  de 
Leon,  or,  as  is  claimed  by  some,  by  Vespucci  in  his  pretended  voyage  of  1497; 
but  more  probably  this  region  was  laid  down  from  the  older  maps — see  Be- 
haim's  map,  p.  93 — and  the  name  was  applied  in  accordance  with  the  reports 
among  the  natives  of  a  wonderful  country  or  island,  which  they  called  bimini, 
situated  in  that  direction.  The  map  is  not  large  enough  to  show  exactly  the 
relation  which  Peter  Martyr  supposed  to  exist  between  these  regions  and  the 
rest  of  the  world,  but  the  text  of  the  first  decade  leaves  no  doubt  that  he 
still  believed  them  to  be  parts  of  Asia. 

The  Ptolemy  of  1511  has  a  map  which  I  have  not  seen,  but  which  from 
certain  descriptions  resembles  that  of  Ruysch,  except  that  it  represents  Terra 
Corterealis  as  an  island  separated  from  the  supposed  Asiatic  coast;  the  name 
Sanctse  Crucis  for  South  America  being  still  retained.  As  long  as  the  new 
lands  were  believed  to  be  a  part  of  Asia,  the  maps  bore  some  resemblance  to 
the  actual  countries  intended  to  be  represented,  but  from  the  first  dawning 
of  an  idea  of  separate  lands  we  shall  see  the  greatest  confusion  in  the  efforts 
of  map-makers  to  depict  the  New  World.  Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  no.  GS; 
Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  133;  Kohl,  Die  beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am. , 
p.  33.  A  copy  of  this  map  was  published  in  LeleweVs  Atlas. 

[1512.]  The  West  India  Islands,  in  which  the  Spaniards  are  at  length 
firmly  established,  become  now  the  point  of  new  departures.  Conquerors 
and  discoverers  henceforth  for  the  most  part  sail  from  Espanola  or  Cuba 
rather  than  from  Spain.  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  a  wealthy  citizen  who  had 
been  governor  of  Puerto  Rico,  fitted  out  three  vessels  at  his  own  expense, 
and  sailed  in  search  of  a  fountain,  which  according  to  the  traditions  of  the 
natives  had  the  property  of  restoring  youth,  and  which  was  situated  in  the 
land  called  Bimini  far  to  the  north.  This  infatuation  had  been  current  in 
the  Islands  for  several  years,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  the  name  was  applied  to 
such  a  land  on  Peter  Martyr's  map  of  1511.  Sailing  from  Puerto  Rico 
March  3,  1512,  Ponce  de  Leon  followed  the  northern  coast  of  Espaiiola,  and 
thence  north-west  through  the  Bahamas,  reaching  San  Salvador  on  the  14th 
of  March.  Thirteen  days  thereafter  he  saw  the  coast  of  Florida,  so  named 
by  him  from  the  day  of  discovery,  which  was  Pascua  Florida,  or  Easter- day. 
The  native  name  of  the  land  was  Cautio.  On  the  2d  of  April  the  Spaniards 
landed  in  30°  8',  and  took  possession  for  the  king  of  Spain;  then  following  the 


DISCOVERY  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN.  129 

coast  southward  they  doubled  Cape  Corrientes  (Canaveral)  May  8,  and  ad 
vanced  to  an  undetermined  point  on  the  southern  or  eastern  coast,  which 
Kohl  thinks  may  have  been  Charlotte  Bay.  All  this  while  they  believed  the 
country  to  be  an  island.  On  the  14th  of  June  Ponce  de  Leon  departed  from 
Florida,  and  on  his  return  touched  at  the  Tortugas,  at  the  Lucayos,  at  Ba 
hama,  and  at  San  Salvador,  arriving  at  Puerto  Rico  the  21st  of  September. 
He  left  behind  one  vessel  under  Juan  Perez  de  Ortubia,  who  arrived  a  few 
days  later  with  the  news  of  having  found  Bimiiii,  but  no  -fountain  of  youth. 
Reise  des. Ponce  de  Leon,  und  Entdeckung  von  Florida,  in  Sammlung  aller  Reise- 
besch.,  torn.  xiii.  p.  188;  Viages  Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  50-3: 
Real  ccdula  dando  facultad  d  Francisco  de  Garay,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  p. 
148;  Uitvoerlyke  ScUeepstogt  door  den  Dapperen  Jean  Ponze  de  Leon  gedaan  naar 
Florida,  in  Gottfried,  torn,  iii.;  Gomara,  Hist.  Ind.,  fols.  50-2;  Galvano's 
Discov.,  p.  123.  Kohl  places  the  voyage  in  1513,  relying  on  Peschel,  who,  he 
says,  has  proved  the  year  1512  to  be  an  impossible  date. 

In  1512  the  Eegidor  Valdivia  was  sent  by  the  colonists  from  the  gulf  of 
Darien,  then  called  Uraba,  to  Espauola  for  supplies.  Being  wrecked  in  a 
violent  tempest,  he  escaped  in  boats  to  the  coast  of  Yucatan,  where  he  and 
his  companions  were  made  captives  by  the  natives.  Some  were  sacrificed  to 
the  gods,  and  then  eaten;  only  two,  Gonzalo  Guerrero  and  Ger6nimo  de  Agui- 
lar,  survived  their  many  hardships,  the  latter  being  rescued  by  Cortes  in  1519. 
Torquemada,  Monarq.  Ind.,  torn.  i.  pp.  368-72;  Gomara,  Hist.  Hex.,  fol.  21-2; 
Hcrrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.,  ii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  vii.;  Cogolludo,  Hist.  Yucathan, 
pp.  24-9. 

The  very  rare  map  in  Stobnicza's  Ptolemy,  Cracoviae,  1512,  I  have  not  seen. 
It  is  said  to  show  the  New  World  as  a  continuous  coast  from  50°  north  lati 
tude  to  40°  south.  Neither  in  the  text  nor  in  the  map  is  found  the  name 
America. 

[1513.]  In  September,  1513,  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  set  out  from  the  set 
tlement  of  Antigua  on  the  gulf  of  Uraba,  and  crossing  the  narrow  isthmus 
which  joins  the  two  Americas,  discovered  a  vast  ocean  to  the  southward  on 
the  other  side  of  the  supposed  Asia.  The  Isthmus  here  runs  east  and  west, 
and  on  either  side,  to  the  north  and  to  the  south  are  great  oceans,  which  for 
a  long  time  were  called  the  North  Sea  and  the  South  Sea.  After  exploring 
the  neighboring  coasts  he  returned  to  Antigua  in  January,  1514,  after  an  ab 
sence  of  four  months.  Galvano's  Discov.,  pp.  123-5;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  iii. 
cap.  i.;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  iii.  pp.  9-17;  Andagoya's  Narrative,  p.  7; 
Carta  del  Adelantado  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col. 
Doc.  Ined.,  torn.  ii.  p.  526. 

The  Ptolemy  of  1513  has  a  map  which  is  said  to  have  been  made  by  Hyla- 
comylus  as  early  as  1508,  but  concerning  which  there  seems  to  be  much 
uncertainty.  I  give  a  copy  from  the  fac-simile  of  Stevens  and  Varnhagen. 

The  name  Cuba  does  not  appear,  and  in  its  place  is  Isabela.  Many  of  the 
names  given  by  other  maps  to  points  on  the  coast  of  Cuba  are  transferred  to 
the  main-land  opposite.  The  compiler  evidently  was  undecided  whether 
Cuba  was  a  part  of  the  Asiatic  main  or  not,  and  therefore  represented  it  in 
both  ways.  The  coast  line  must  be  regarded  as  imaginary  or  taken  from  Jhe 
old  charts,  unless,  as  M.  Varnhagen  thinks,  Vespucci  actually  sailed  along 
HIST.  CEN.  AM.,  VOL.  I.  9 


130 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


the  Florida  coast  in  1497.  This  map  if  made  in  1508  may  be  regarded  as  the 
first  to  join  the  southern  continent,  or  Mundus  Novus,  to  the  main-land  of 
Asia.  This  southern  land  is  called  'Terra  Incognita,'  with  an  inscription 
stating  expressly  that  it  was  discovered  by  Columbus,  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  its  supposed  author  proposed  the  name  America  in  honor  of  Vespucci 
only  the  year  before.  In  fact  the  map  is  in  many  respects  incoherent,  and  is 
mentioned  by  most  writers  but  vaguely.  Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  no.  74; 
Humboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  iv.  pp.  109  et  seq.,  and  Preface  to  Ghillany ; 
Kunstmann,  EntdecTcuncj  Am.,  pp.  130-2;  Kohl,  Diebeiden  attest  en  Karhn  von 
Am.,  p.  33;  Varnhayen,  Nouvelles  Recherches,  Vienna,  1869,  p.  56;  Stevens' 
Notes,  pi.  ii.  no.  i.  pp.  13,  14,  51;  Major's  Prince  Henry,  pp.  385-6;  Santarem, 
in  Bulktin  de  la  Soc.  Gtog.,  May,  1847,  pp.  318-23. 


MAP  FROM  PTOLEMY,  1513. 

The  name  America  is  thought  by  Major  to  occur  first  on  a  manuscript  map 
by  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  in  the  queen's  collection  at  Windsor,  to  which  he 
ascribes  the  date  of  1513  or  1514. 

[1514.]  Pedrarias  Davila,  having  been  appointed  governor  of  Castilla  del 
Oro,  by  which  name  the  region  about  the  isthmus  of  Darien  was  now  called, 
sailed  from  San  Lticar  with  an  armada  of  fifteen  vessels  and  over  2000  men, 
April  12,  1514.  The  special  object  of  this  expedition  was  to  discover  and 


GRADUAL  ENLARGEMENT  OF  THE  TWO  AMERICAS.       131 

Bettle  the  shores  of  the  South  Sea,  whose  existence  had  been  reported  in 
Spain,  but  whose  discovery  by  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  was  not  known  before 
the  departure  of  Pedrarias.  Herrera,  dec.  i.  lib.  x.  cap.  xiii.;  Peter  Martyr, 
dec.  ii.  cap.  vii. ;  dec.  iii.  cap.  v.;  Galvano's  Discov.,  p.  125;  Quintana,  Vidas 
de  Espanoles  Celebres,  'Balboa,'  p.  28;  Robertson's  Hist.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  207. 
See  chapter  x.  of  this  volume. 

[1515.]  Juan  Diaz  de  Solis  sailed  from  Lepe  October  8,  1515,  with  three 
vessels,  and  surveyed  the  eastern  coast  of  South  America  from  Cape  San 
Roque  to  Rio  Janeiro,  where  he  was  killed  by  the  natives.  Navarrete,  Col.  de 
Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  48-50.  Three  vessels  were  fitted  out  at  Seville,  well 
manned  and  armed  for  a  cruise  against  the  Caribs,  under  command  of  Juan 
Ponce  de  Leon,  but  the  Spaniards  were  defeated  in  their  first  encounter  with 
the  savages  at  Guadalupe,  and  the  expedition  was  practically  abandoned. 

The  adventures  of  Badajoz,  Mercado,  Morales,  and  others  in  1515-16  and 
the  following  years,  by  which  the  geography  of  the  Isthmus  was  more  fully 
determined,  are  given  elsewhere. 

Schoner,  Lucukntissima  qucedd  terra  totius  descriptio,  Nuremberg,  1515,  and 
another  edition  of  the  same  work  under  the  title  Orbis  Typvs,  same  place  and 
date,  have  a  chapter  on  America  'discovered  by  Vespucci  in  1497.'  In  Reisch, 
Margaritlia  Philosophica,  Strasburg,  1515,  an  encyclopedia  frequently  repub- 
lished,  is  a  map  which  is  almost  an  exact  copy  of  that  in  the  Ptolemy  of  1513, 
except  in  its  names.  The  main-land  to  the  north-west  of  Cuba  is  called 
Zoana  Mela,  but  the  names  of  certain  localities  along  the  coast  are  omitted. 
Both  Cuba  and  Espauola  are  called  Isabela,  and  the  southern  continent  is 
laid  down  as  'Paria  sen  Prisilia.'  Harrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  nos.  80-2;  Kunst- 
mann,  Entdecluiig  Am.,  pp.  130-1;  Kohl,  Die  beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am., 
p.  33;  Stevens'  Notes,  p.  52;  fac-simile,  pi.  iv.  no.  2. 

[1516.]  After  Ponce  de  Leon's  voyage  in  1512  or  1513,  and  probably  before 
that  time,  trips  were  made  by  private  adventurers  northward  from  Espauola 
and  Cuba  to  the  Islands  and  to  Florida.  Among  these  is  that  of  Diego  de 
Miruelo  in  1516,  who  probably  visited  the  western  or  gulf  coast  of  Florida, 
and  brought  back  specimens  of  gold.  No  details  are  known  of  the  expedi 
tion.  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  La  Florida  del  Inca,  Madrid,  1723,  p.  5. 

Lettera  di  Amerigo  vespucci,  Florence,  1516,  the  second  collection  of  the 
four  voyages;  Peter  Martyr,  loannes  ruffus,  De  Orbe  Decades,  Alcala,  1516, 
the  first  edition  of  three  decades;  and  Givstiniani,  Paalfcrium,  Genoa,  1516, 
which  appends  a  life  of  Columbus  to  the  nineteenth  Psalm,  are  among  the 
new  books  of  the  year. 

[1517.]  Eclen,  in  his  dedication  of  an  English  translation  of  Munster's  Cos 
mography,  in  1553,  speaks  of  certain  ships  "furnished  and  set  forth"  in  1517 
under  Sebastian  Cabot  and  Sir  Thomas  Pert;  but  so  faint  was  the  heart  of 
the  baronet  that  the  voyage  "toke  none  effect."  On  this  authority  some 
authors  have  ascribed  a  voyage  to  Cabot  in  1517,  to  regions  concerning  which 
they  do  not  agree.  An  expedition  whose  destination  and  results  are  unknown, 
can  have  had  little  effect  on  geographical  knowledge;  and  Kohl,  after  a  full 
discussion  of  the  subject,  seems  to  have  proved  against  Biddle,  its  chief  sup 
porter,  that  there  is  not  sufficient  evidence  of  such  a  voyage.  Navigatione  di 
Seba*tiano  Cabota,  in  Ramusio,  torn.  ii.  fol.  212;  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am., 


132  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

pp.  54-5;  Roux  de  Roclidle,  in  Bulletin,  Soc.  Gcog.,  Apr.  1832,  p.  209;  Peter 
Martyr,  dec.  iii.  cap.  vi. 

Francisco  Hernandez  de  C6rdoba,  with  three  vessels  and  110  men, 
sailed  from  La  Habana  February  8,  1517,  sent  by  the  governor  of  Cuba 
to  make  explorations  toward  the  west.  Touching  at  Cape  Catoche,  in  Yuca 
tan,  he  coasted  the  peninsula  in  fifteen  days  to  Campeche,  and  six  days  later 
reached  Potonchan,  or  Champoton,  where  a  battle  was  fought  with  the  natives, 
and  the  Spaniards  defeated.  Accounts  indicate  that  the  explorers  were  not 
unanimous  in  supposing  Yucatan  to  be  an  island,  as  it  was  afterward  repre 
sented  on  some  maps.  Failing  to  procure  a  supply  of  water  in  the  slough  of 
Lagartos,  C6rdoba  sailed  across  the  Gulf  to  Florida,  and  thence  returned  to 
Cuba,  where  he  died  in  ten  days  from  his  wounds.  I  find  nothing  to  show 
what  part  of  Florida  he  touched.  Torquemada,  Monarq.  Lid.,  torn.  i.  pp.  349- 
51;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  iv.  cap.  i.;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  i.  pp.  497-8;  Gal- 
vano's  Discov.,  pp.  130-1;  Gomara,  Conq.  Mex.,  fol.  8-9;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen., 
dec.  ii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  xvii. ;  Cogoliudo,  Hist.  Yucathan,  pp.  3-8;  Prescotfs  Mex. ,  vol. 
i.  pp.  222-24;  Viages  Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  53-5;  West-Indische 
Spieghel,  p.  188;  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc.,  torn.  i.  pp.  338-41. 

[1518.]  The  following  year  Juan  de  Grijalva  was  sent  from  Cuba  to  carry 
on  the  explorations  begun  by  Cordoba.  Grijalva  sailed  from  Santiago  de  Cuba 
April  8,  1518,  with  four  vessels,  reached  the  island  of  Santa  Cruz  (Cozumel) 
011  the  3d  of  May,  took  possession  on  the  6th  of  May,  and  shortly  after  entered 
Ascension  Bay.  From  this  point  he  coasted  Yucatan  270  leagues,  by  his 
estimate,  to  Puerto  Deseaclo,  entered  and  named  the  Rio  de  Grijalva  (Tabasco), 
and  took  possession  of  tne  country  in  the  vicinity  of  Vera  Cruz  about  the 
19th  of  June.  Advancing  up  the  coast  to  Cabo  Rojo,  he  turned  about  and 
entered  Rio  Tonala,  engaged  in  a  parting  fight  at  Champoton,  followed  the 
coast  for  several  weeks,  and  then  turned  for  Cuba,  arriving  at  Matanzas 
about  the  1st  of  November.  During  his  absence,  Cristobal  de  Olid  had 
coasted  a  large  part  of  Yucatan  in  search  of  Grijalva's  fleet.  Peter  Martyr, 
dec.  iv.  cap.  iii.-iv.;  Torquemada,  Monarq.  Ind.,  torn.  i.  pp.  351-8,  Oviedo, 
Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  i.  pp.  502-37;  Gomara,  Conq.  Mex.,  fol.  8-11,  56-8;  Herrcra, 
Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  ii.  lib.  iii.  cap.  i.  ix.;  Robertson's  Hist .  Am.,  vol.  i.  pp.  2iO-4; 
Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  torn.  iv.  pp.  40-50;  Cogoliudo,  Hist. 
Yucathan,  pp.  8-16;  Diaz,  Itineraire,  in  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  serie  i. 
torn.  x.  pp.  1-47;  Viages  Menores,  inA/avarrete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  53-64;  Alaman., 
Discrtaciones,  torn.  i.  pp.  45-8;  Reise  des  Joliann  Grijalva  und  allererste  Ent- 
deckung  Neuspaniens,  in  Sammlung,  torn.  xiii.  p.  258;  Itinerario  de  Juan  de 
Grijalva,  in  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc.,  torn.  i.  p.  281. 

I  may  here  remark  that  such  manuscript  maps,  made  generally  by  pilots 
for  government  use,  as  have  been  preserved  are,  as  might  be  expected,  far 
superior  to  those  published  in  geographical  works  of  the  period.  I  give  a 
copy  of  a  Portuguese  chart  preserved  in  the  Royal  Academy  at  Munich. 

From  the  fact  that  Yucatan  is  represented  as  a  peninsula,  though  not 
named,  while  the  discoveries  of  Grijalva  and  Cortes  are  not  shown,  the  date 
of  1518  may  be  ascribed  to  the  map.  Stevens  believes  it  to  have  been  made 
some  time  about  1514;  Kohl  about  1520;  Kunstmann  some  time  after  1511. 
Unexplored  coasts  are  left  out  instead  of  being  laid  down  from  old  Asiatic 


CONQUEST  OF  MEXICO. 


133 


maps;  as  for  example  the  United  States  coast  from  Newfoundland  (Bacalnaos) 
to  Florida  (Bimini),  and  the  Gulf  coast  from  Florida  to  Yucatan.  In  the  central 
region  the  names  '  Terram  Antipodum'  and  *  Antilhas  de  Castela'  are  used 
without  any  means  of  deciding  to  exactly  what  parts  they  are  to  be  applied. 
The  South  Sea  discovered  by  Balboa  in  1513  is  here  shown  for  the  first  time 
with  the  inscription  '  Mar  visto  pelos  Castelhanus. '  To  South  America  the 
name  'Brasill'  is  given.  The  presence  of  two  Mahometan  flags  in  locations 


MAP  IN  MUNICH  ATLAS,  SUPPOSED  TO  HAVE  BEEN  DRAWN  ABOUT  1518. 

corresponding  to  Honduras  and  Venezuela,  shows  that  the  compiler  still  had 
•no  doubt  that  he  was  mapping  parts  of  Asia.  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp. 
129  et  seq.;  Munich  Atlas,,  no.  iv.,  from  which  I  take  my  copy;  KoMs  Hint. 
Discov.,  pp.  179-82,  pi.  x.;  Stevens'  Notes,  pp.  17,  53,  pi.  v.  Pomponius 
Mela's  Libri  de  situ  orbis,  Vienna,  1518,  contains  a  commentary  by  Vadianus, 
written  however  in  1512,  in  which  the  name  America  is  used  in  speaking  of 
the  New  World.  Other  editions  appeared  in  1522  and  1530. 

[1519.]  Stobnicza's  Ptolemy  of  1519  alludes  to  the  New  World  discovered 
by  Vespucci  and  named  after  him. 

Enci*o,  Suma  de  geografia,  Seville,  1519,  is  the  first  Spanish  work  known 
which  treats  of  the  new  regions.  The  author  was  a  companion  of  Ojeda  in 
his  unfortunate  attempt  to  found  a  colony  on  Tierra  Firme.  Another  edition 
appeared  in  1530. 

On  February  18,  1519,  Hernan  Cortes  set  sail  from  Cuba  to  undertake 


134  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

the  conquest  of  the  countries  discovered  by  C6rdoba  and  Grijalva.  After 
epending  some  time  on  the  island  of  Cozumel,  where  he  rescued  Ger6nimo  de 
Aguilar  from  his  long  captivity  (see  p.  129),  he  followed  the  coast  to  Bio  de 
Grijalva,  where  he  defeated  the  natives  in  battle,  and  took  possession  of  the 
land  in  the  name  of  the  Catholic  sovereigns.  From  this  place  he  continued 
his  voyage  sailing  near  the  shore  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  he  landed  his  forces  and 
began  the  conquest  of  Montezuma's  empire,  the  history  of  which  forms  part 
of  a  subsequent  volume  of  this  series. 

Francisco  de  Garay,  governor  of  Jamaica,  prompted  by  the  reports  of  Ponce 
de  Leon,  C6rdoba,  and  Grijalva,  despatched  four  vessels  in  1519,  under 
Alonso  Alvarez  Pineda,  who  sailed  northward  to  a  point  on  the  Panuco  coast 
(where,  according  to  Gomara,  an  expedition  had  been  'sent  during  the  pre 
ceding  year,  under  Camargo).  Prevented  by  winds  and  shoals  from  coasting 
northward  as  he  desired,  he  sailed  along  in  sight  of  the  low  gulf  shores  until 
he  reached  Vera  Cruz,  where  he  found  the  fleet  of  Cortes.  Troubles  between 
the  commanders  arose  from  this  meeting  which  will  be  narrated  hereafter. 

Garay  continued  for  some  time  his  attempts  to  found  a  settlement  in  the 
region  of  Panuco,  but  without  success.  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  v.  cap.  i. ;  Gomara, 
Hist.  Ind.,  fol.  55-6;  West-Indische  Spieghel,  p.  202;  Gomara,  Hist.  Conq.,  fol. 
222-7;  Viages  Menores,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  iii.  pp.  64-7;  Kunstmann,  Entdeck- 
ung  Am.,  p.  73. 

Soon  after  landing  at  Vera  Cruz  Cortes  despatched  for  Spain  a  vessel  under 
the  pilot  Antonio  de  Alaminos,  with  messengers  who  were  to  clear  up  before 
the  king  certain  irregularities  which  the  determined  conqueror  had  felt 
obliged  to  commit,  and  furthermore  to  establish  his  authority  upon  a  more 
defined  basis.  Alaminos  sailed  July  16,  1519,  following  a  new  route  north 
of  Cuba,  through  the  Bahama  Channel,  and  down  the  Gulf  Stream,  of  which 
current  he  was  probably  the  first  to  take  advantage.  Touching  at  Cuba  and 
discovering  Terceira  he  reached  Spain  in  October.  Diaz  del  Castillo,  Hist.  Ver- 
dadera  de  la  Conqvista,  Madrid,  1632,  fol.  37-9;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  ii. 
lib.  v.  cap.  xiv.;  KohVs  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  243-5. 

The  history  of  the  Darien  colonies  is  elsewhere  recounted  in  this  volume, 
and  the  introduction  here  of  the  numerous  land  and  water  expeditions  on 
'  and  along  the  Isthmus  would  be  confusing  and  unprofitable.  Suffice  it  to  say 
that  in  1519  the  city  of  Panama  was  founded,  and  a  second  expedition  sent 
under  Gaspar  de  Espinosa  up  the  South  Sea  coast.  The  northern  limit 
reached  was  the  gulf  of  San  Liicar  (Nicoya),  latitude  10°  north,  in  Nicaragua, 
and  the  expedition  returned  to  Panam4  by  land  from  Burica.  Andagoya's 
Narrative  of  the  Proceedings  of  Pedrarias  Davila,  London,  1865,  pp.  23-4; 
Kohl,  Die  beiden  altesten  Karten  von  Am.,  p.  162;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  iii. 
p.  61  et  seq. 

We  have  seen  several  unsuccessful  attempts  by  both  Spaniards  and  Portu 
guese  .to  find  a  passage  to  India  by  the  southern  parts  of  Brazil,  Santa  Cruz, 
or  America.  In  1519  a  native  of  Oporto,  Fernando  de  Magalhaens,  called  by 
Spaniards  Magallanes,  and  by  English  authors  Magellan,  after  having  made 
several  voyages  for  Portugal  to  India  via  Good  Hope,  quit  the  Portuguese 
service  dissatisfied,  entered  the  service  of  Spain,  and  undertook  the  oft- 
repeated  attempt  of  reaching  the  east  by  sailing  west.  His  particular  destina- 


THE  NAMING  OF  THE  PACIFIC  OCEAN.  135 

tion  was  the  Moluccas,  which  the  Spaniards  claimed  as  lying  within  the  hemi 
sphere  granted  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  Tordesillas  in  1494.  It  appears  that 
Magellan  had  seen  some  map,  of  unknown  origin,  on  which  was  represented 
a  strait  instead  of  an  open  sea  at  the  southern  point  of  America — probably 
the  conjecture  of  some  geographer,  for,  says  Humboldt,  "dans  le  moyen 
age  les  conjectures  (Staient  inscrits  religieusement  sur  les  cartes."  See  Exam. 
Crit.,  torn.  i.  pp.  306,  326,  354;  torn.  ii.  pp.  17-26.  Sailing  from  San  Lucar 
September  20,  1519,  with  five  ships  and  265  men,  he  reached  Rio  de  Janeiro 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil  on  the  13th  of  December,  and  from  that  point  coasted 
southward.  An  attempt  to  pass  through  the  continent  by  the  Bio  de  la  Plata 
failed,  and  on  March  31, 1520,  the  fleet  reached  Port  St  Julian  inabout  49°  south, 
where  it  remained  live  months  until  the  24th  of  August.  On  the  21st  of  Octo 
ber  Magellan  arrived  at  Cabo  de  las  Virgenes  and  the  entrance  to  what  seemed, 
and  indeed  proved,  to  be  the  long-desired  strait.  Having  lost  one  vessel  on 
the  eastern  coast,  and  being  deserted  by  another  which  turned  back  and  sailed 
for  Spain  after  having  entered  the  strait,  with  the  remaining  three  he  passed 
on,  naming  the  land  on  the  south  Tierra  del  Fuego,  from  the  fires  seen  burn 
ing  there.  Emerging  from  the  strait,  which  he  called  Vitoria  after  one  of 
his  ships,  on  the  27th  of  November  he  entered  and  named  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
Then  steering  north-west  for  warmer  climes  he  crossed  the  line  February  13, 
1521,  arrived  at  the  Ladrones  on  the  6th  of  March,  and  at  the  Philippines  on  the 
16th  of  March.  This  bold  navigator,  ' '  second  only  to  Columbus  in  the  history 
of  nautical  exploration,"  was  killed  on  the  27th  of  April,  in  a  battle  with  the 
natives  of  one  of  these  islands;  the  remainder  of  the  force,  consisting  of  115 
men  under  Caraballo,  proceeded  on  their  way,  touching  at  Borneo  and  other 
islands,  and  anchoring  on  the  8th  of  November  at  the  Moluccas,  their  desti 
nation.  From  this  point  one  of  the  vessels,  the  Vitoria,  in  command  of 
Sebastian  del  Cano,  sailed  round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  reached  San 
Lucar  September  6,  1522,  with  only  eighteen  survivors  of  the  265  who  had 
sailed  with  Magellan.  Thus  was  accomplished  the  first  circumnavigation 
of  the  globe. 

As  to  the  circumstances  attending  the  naming  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  a  few 
words  may  not  be  out  of  place.  Magellan  was  accompanied  by  one  Antonio 
Pigafetta,  of  Vicenza,  afterward  Caviliere  di  Rhodi,  who  wrote  in  bad  Italian 
a  narrative  of  the  voyage,  which  was  rewritten  and  translated  into  French, 
Primer  voyage  autour  du  Monde,  par  le  Chevallier  Pigafetta,  sur  VEscadre  de 
Magellan  pendant  les  annees  1519,  20,  21,  et  22,  by  Charles  Amoretti.  "  Le 
mercredi,  28  novembre,"  says  Pigafetta,  liv.  ii.  p.  50,  "nous  debouqudmes 
du  ddtroit  pour  entrer  dans  la  grande  mer,  a  laquelle  nous  donnames  ensuite 
le  nom  de  mer  Pacifique ;  dans  laquelle  nous  naviguames  pendant  le  cours  de 
trois  mois  et  vingt  jours,  sans  gouter  d'aucune  nourriture  fraiche."  And 
again,  p.  52,  "Pendant  cet  espace  de  trois  mois  et  vingt  jours  nous  parcou- 
rumes  a  peu  pres  quatre  mille  lieues  dans  cette  mer  que  nous  appelames  Paci 
fique,  parce  que  durant  tout  le  temps  de  notre  traversed  nous  n'essuyames  pas 
le  moindre  tempete;"  or,  as  Ramusio,  Viaggio  atorno  il  mondofatto  et  descritto 
per  M.  Antonio  Pigafetta,  in  Viaggi,  torn.  iii.  fol.  393,  puts  it,  "  Et  in  questi 
tre  mesi,  &  venti  giorni  fecero  quattro  mila  leghe  in  vn  golfo  per  questo  mar 


136  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Pacifico,  il  qual  ben  si  pu6  chiamar  pacifico,  perche  in  tutto  questo  tempo  senza 
veder  mai  terra  alcuna,  non  hebbero  n6  fortuna  di  vento,  no"  di  altra  tera- 
pesta. "  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  v.  cap.  vii. ,  speaks  of  it  only  as  ' '  the  huge  Ocean  " 
first  found  by  Vasco  Nuuez,  and  then  called  the  South  Sea.  Galvano,  Dis- 
cov.,  p.  142,  alludes  to  it  as  a  "mightie  sea  called  Pacificum."  Oviedo,  Hist. 
Gen.,  torn.  ii.  p.  22,  merely  remarks:  "  Es  aquel  estrechoen  algunas  partes  mas 
6  menos  de  media  legua,  y  circundado  de  montauas  altissimas  cargadas  de 
nieve,  y  corre  en  otra  mar  que  le  puso  nombre  el  capitan  Fernando  de  Magal- 
lanes,  el  Mar  Pacifico;  y  es  muy  prof  undo,  y  en  algunas  parotes  de  veynte  e 
9inco  hasta  en  treyiita  bracas."  Gomara,  Hist.  Ind.,  fol,  120,  says,  "No  cabia 
de  gozo  por  auer  hallado  aql  passo  para  el  otro  mar  del  Sur,  por  do  pesana 
llegar  presto  alas  yslas  del  Maluco,"  without  any  mejition  of  the  word  Paci 
fic.  The  Sammlung  otter  JReisebeschreibungen,  torn.  xi.  p.  346,  gives  it  essen 
tially  the  same  as  Pigafetta:  "In  einer  Zeit  von  drey  Monaten  und  zwanzig 
Tagen,  legete  er  viertausend  Meilen  in  einer  See  zuriick,  welche  er  das  fried- 
fertige  oder  stille  Meer  nannte;  weil  er  keinen  Sturm  auf  demselben  ausstund, 
und  kein  anderes  Land  sah,  als  diese  beyden  Inseln. "  Kohl,  Die  beiden  aUe- 
sten  Karten  von  Am.,  p.  161,  is  unable  to  find  the  name  on  the  old  maps:  "Der 
Name  'Oceano  Pacifico,'  der  auch  schon  auf  den  Reisen  des  Magellan  und 
Loaysa  in  Schwung  kam,  steht  nirgends  auf  unseren  Karten. "  Ilerrera,  dec. 
ii.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xv.,  describes  the  exit  from  the  strait  in  the  language  follow 
ing:  "a  veyente  y  siete  de  Nouiebre,  salio  al  espacioso  mar  del  Sur,  dando 
infinitas  gracias  a  Dios. "  Navarrete,  Viages  al  Maluco ;  Primero  el  de  Iler- 
nando  deMagallanes,  in  torn.  iv.  pp.  49-50,  of  his  collection  says:  "Sali6  pues 
Magallanes  del  estrecho  que  nombraron  de  Todos  los  Santos  el  dia  27  de  No- 
viembre  de  1520  con  las  tres  naos  Trinidad,  Victoria,  y  Concepcion,  y  se  ha!16 
en  una  mar  oscura  y  gruesa  que  era  indicio  de  gran  golfo;  pero  despues  le 
nombraron  Mar  Pacifico,  porque  en  todo  el  tiempo  que  navegaron  por  e%  no 
tuvieron  tempestad  alguna. "  Happening  thus,  that  in  this  first  circumnavi 
gation  of  the  globe,  as  the  strangers  entered  at  its  southern  end  the  South 
Sea  of  Vasco  Nunez,,  the  waters  greeted  them  kindly,  in  return  they  gave  them 
a  peaceful  title;  other  voyagers  entering  this  same  sea  at  other  times  gave  to 
it  a  far  different  character.  For  further  reference  see  Voyage  de  Fernando  de 
Magelhaens,  in  Berenyer,  Col.  Voy.,  torn.  i.  pp.  1-26;  A  a,  NaauJceurige  Ver- 
sameling,  torn.  ix.  pt.  ii.  p.  7;  Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  i.  pt.  ii.  pp.  33-46. 

A  manuscript  map  supposed  to  have  been  made  by  Maiollo  in  1519,  of 
which  a  fac-simile  is  given  in  the  Munich  Atlas,  no.  v.,  shows  the  islands  and 
main-land  from  Yucatan  south  and  east,  closely  resembling,  except  in  names 
of  localities,  the  map  of  1518  (see  page  133).  The  eastern  part  of  Brazil  is 
called  'Sante  Crucis,'  and  on  the  Pearl  Coast  is  an  inscription  to  the  effect 
that  it  was  discovered  by  Columbus.  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp.  135-6; 
Schmeller,  in  AbJiandl.  Akademie  der  Wissensch.,  torn.  iv.  pt.  i.  p.  253. 

[1520.]  An  anonymous  pamphlet  without  date,  Copia  der  Newen  Zeytung, 
is  a  translation  of  a  letter  describing  a  voyage  of  two  thousand  miles  along 
the  Brazilian  coast.  Harrisse  places  it  under  date  of  1520,  and  thinks  it  may 
furnish  grounds  for  the  belief  that  Magellan  was  not  the  first  to  reach  the 
strait.  Varnhagen,  Hist.  Brazil,  Madrid,  1854,  maintains  that  the  voyage 


MAPS  AND  BOOKS. 


137 


described  was  under  Soils  and  Pinzon  in  1508.  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit.,  torn. 
v.  p.  249,  applies  the  description  to  some  later  voyage  made  between  1525 
and  1540. 

To  Varthema,  Itinerario  Nello  Egitto,  Venetia  (supposed  to  be  1520),  is 
joined  an  account  of  Grijalva's  voyage  to  Yucatan  in  1518  (see  page  132), 
translated  from  the  original  diary  of  Juan  Diaz,  chaplain  of  the  expedition. 
Other  editions  appeared  in  1522-26-35.  Discorso  sopra  lo  itinerario  di  Lodo- 
uico  Barthema,  in  Ramusio,  torn.  i.  fol.  160.  The  Itinerary  of  Diaz  is  not 
given  by  Ramusio.  Provincice  sive  Regiones  in  India  Occidental^  Valladolid, 
1520,  is  a  Latin  translation  of  an  account,  by  an  unknown  author,  of  the  con 
quest  of  Cuba  by  Diego  Velazquez.  Pigyhe,  De  cequinoctiorum  sol,  etc., 
Paris,  supposed  to  have  been  printed  in  1520,  has  a  passage  on  the  lands  dis 
covered  by  Vespucci.  A  New  Interlude,  London,  1519  or  1520,  has  a  verse 
in  which  the  name  America  is  used. 

A  globe  made  by  John  Schoner  in  1520  is  preserved  in  Nuremberg,  and 
copies  have  been  given  by  Ghillany,  Lelewel,  and  Kohl,  of  which  I  give  a 
reduction. 


TERRA;  V,,l" 
DE  CUBA  4 


SCHO'NER'S  GLOBE,  1520. 

This  is  the  first  drawing  to  represent  all  the  regions  of  the  New  World  as 
distinct,  although  not  distant,  from  the  Asiatic  coast,  which  is  laid  down 
mostly  as  in  Behaim's  globe,  with  some  imaginary  additions  round  the  north 
pole.  This  separation  was  undoubtedly  a  mere  conjecture  of  the  compiler, 
for  the  voyage  of  Magellan,  which  might  have  suggested  such  an  idea,  was 


138  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

not  yet  known  or  even  consummated,  and  the  map  shows  no  knowledge  of 
the  later  voyages  even  to  the  eastern  coast.  All  the  northern  discoveries  are 
given  as  an  island,  *  Terra Corterealis. '  The  central  and  southern  parts — except 
their  separation  from  Asia — are  accurately  copied  from  the  map  of  Ptolemy, 
1513  (seepage  130),  although  a  strait  leads  through  the  Isthmus  into  the  South 
Sea.  '  Terra  de  Cuba'  is  the  name  applied  to  the  northern  part  of  what  may 
be  regarded  as  the  nucleus  which  afterward  grew  into  North  America,  while 
the  southern  part  is  called  Paria.  Several  names  of  localities  on  the  coast, 
as  'C.  Dellicontis'  and  'C.  Bonaventura,'  are  retained  from  the  map  of  1513, 
although  Kohl  erroneously  calls  all  the  names  new  and  original.  To  the 
southern  continent  various  names  are  applied,  as  America,  Brazil,  Paria 
(repeated),  Land  of  Cannibals  and  of  Parrots.  On  the  original  is  an  antarctic 
region  round  the  south  pole,  called  'Brasilise  Regio,'  and  separated  from  Amer 
ica  in  lat.  42°  south  by  a  strait,  although  the  discovery  of  such  a  strait  could 
not  at  the  time  have  been  known.  Humboldt,  Exam.  CriL,  torn.  ii.  p.  28. 
Several  globes  of  about  this  date  preserved  in  Germany  are  said  to  agree  with 
this  of  Schoner's  in  their  general  features.  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  158-63, 
pi.  vii.,  and  Beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am.,  p.  33;  Ilarrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet., 
p.  141. 

In  the  SoUnus-Camers,  Enarrationes,  Vienna,  1520,  was  published  a  wood 
cut  map,  the  first  to  give  the  name  America.  The  map  was  made  by  Petrus 
Apianus,  and  afterward  used  by  him  in  his  cosmography.  According  to  vari 
ous  descriptions  it  agrees  very  nearly  with  Schoner's  globe  except  in  the 
extreme  north,  where  Engronelant  is  represented  very  much  as  in  the  map  of 
the  Zeni  in  1400  (see  page  82).  Kunstmann,  Entdeckung  Am.,  pp.  134-5;  Kohl, 
Beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am.,  p.  33;  Ilarrisse,  Bib.  Am.  Vet.,  pp.  184,  192. 

Cortes  with  his  second  letter  dated  October  30,  1520,  sent  to  Spain  a  map 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  was  printed  in  1524.  The  map  is  valuable  only 
for  its'  list  of  names  along  the  whole  extent  of  the  gulf  coast,  and  it  is  there 
fore  unnecessary  to  reproduce  it  here.  Yucatan  seems  to  be  represented  as 
an  island.  Stevens'  Notes,  pp.  38,  53,  pi.  iv.  no.  vii. 

In  1520  Lucas  Vazquez  de  Ailloif  and  other  wealthy  citizens  of  Espanola 
sent  two  vessels,  probably  under  one  Jordan,  to  the  Lucayos  Islands  for 
slaves.  Not  succeeding  according  to  their  expectations  in  the  islands,  the 
Spaniards  directed  their  course  northward  toward  the  country  discovered  by 
Ponce  de  Leon  in  1513,  and  finally  touched  the  coast  in  about  32°  or  33° — Port 
Royal  according  to  Navarrete;  Stevens  says  Cape  Fear — a  region  probably 
never  before  visited.  They  called  the  country  Chicora,  and  the  place  of  land 
ing  was  named  Cabo  de  Santa  Elena  and  Rio  Jordan.  They  made  no  explora 
tions  in  any  direction.  One  vessel  and  nearly  all  the  slaves  were  lost  on  the 
return.  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  69-71;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov., 
pp.  245-8;  Stevens'  Notes,  p.  48. 

Panfilo  de  Narvaez  sailed  from  Cuba  in  1520  with  a  large  force  to  dispossess 
Cortes,  who  had  declared  himself  independent  of  his  chief  Velazquez;  but 
after  many  reverses  his  forces  went  over  to  his  opponent.  Gomara,  Hist.  Ind., 
fol.  52-5;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  i.  p.  540;  Torquemada,  Monarq.  Ind.,  torn. 
i.  p.  474. 

The  conquest  of  Mexico  once  accomplished,   Hernan  Cortes  very  soon 


SOUTH  SEA  DISCOVERIES.  139 

turned  his  attention  to  the  South  Sea  coasts.  Hearing  from  natives  .that  the 
Pacific  extended  as  far  north  as  the  land  he  had  conquered,  he  sent  small 
parties  to  explore  and  take  possession,  which  they  did  at  two  points,  Tehuan- 
tepec  and  Zacatula,  before  the  end  of  1521.  Cortes  was  fully  acquainted 
with  the  cosmographic  theories  of  the  time,  and  was  enthusiastic  in  their 
application  to  the  discovery  of  islands  and  main,  rich  in  spices  and  precious 
metals.  It  was  now  established  in  a  general  way,  as  shown  by  the  best  maps, 
that  the  newly  discovered  lands  were  not  the  main  Asiatic  continent  of  Marco 
Polo,  but  a  great  south-eastern  projection  of  that  continent,  probably  sepa 
rated  from  it  by  a  strait.  Cortes'  idea  was  to  sail  down  the  coast  as  he 
termed  it,  northward  at  first,  until  he  should  either  reach  the  rich  Indian  lands, 
or  on  the  wray  find  the  strait  which  should  afford  a  short  cut  from  Spain  to 
those  lands.  His  efforts  will  be  briefly  noticed  here  in  chronologic  order,  but 
fully  presented  in  another  part  of  my  work.  The  best  and  almost  only  au 
thority  is  Cortes,  Cartas. 

[1521.]  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  learning  from  other  voyagers  that  the  land 
of  Florida  discovered  by  him  was  not,  as  he  had  believed  it  to  be,  an  island, 
fitted  out  an  expedition  in  Puerto  Rico  and  sailed  to  repeat  in  Florida  the 
glorious  achievements  of  Cortes  in  New  Spain.  He  reached  the  west  coast 
of  the  peninsula,  but  was  killed  by  the  natives  soon  after  landing,  and  his 
men  returned  without  having  accomplished  their  object. 

Peter  Martyr,  De  nvper  svb  D.  Carolo  repertis  Insulis,  Basilise,  1521,  is  the 
first  edition  of  a  part  of  the  fourth  decade. 

[1522.]  Pomponius  Mela,  De  Orbis  Sitv,  Basiliae,  1522,  reproduced  Apianus* 
mapof  1520  (see  page  137),  also  Kohl,  Beiden  dltesten  Karten,  p.  33.  The  Ptolemy 
of  this  year,  edited  by  Frisius,  contains  two  maps  resembling  in  their  general 
appearance  the  Ptolemy  map  of  1513,  and  showing  but  little  advance  in  geo 
graphical  knowledge.  These  maps  are  also  in  the  edition  of  1525.  Asher's 
Catalogue.,  no.  civ.,  Berlin,  1873.  Translations  hispanischer,  etc.,  n.  p.,  n.  d., 
has  a  slight  notice  of  the  City  of  Mexico.  Ein  schone  Newe  zeilun'g,  Augs 
burg  (1522),  notices  the  voyages  of  Columbus  and  the  conquest  of  Mexico. 
Of  the  newe  lades  and  of  ye  people  founde  by  the  Messengers  of  the  Kynge  of 
port >j< tale,  attributed  to  this  year,  is  regarded  as  the  first  book  in  English  to 
treat  of  America,  which  it  calls  Armenica.  Cortes,  Carta  de  Relacid,  Seville, 
1522,  is  the  letter  dated  October  30,  1520,  supposed  to  be  the  conqueror's 
second  letter,  the  first  having  been  lost.  Eight  other  editions  or  translations 
appeared  in  various  forms  before  1532. 

In  1522  Pascual  de  Andagoya  followed  the  west  coast  of  America  south 
ward  from  Panama,  to  a  point  six  or  seven  days'  sail  below  the  gulf  of  San 
Miguel  in  the  province  of  Biru  (Peru),  a  little  beyond  Point  Pinos.  Informa 
tion  obtained  during  this  expedition  concerning  more  southern  lands,  fur 
nished  the  motive  for  the  conquest  of  Peru  undertaken  a  few  years  later  by 
Francisco  Pizarro.  Pascual  de  Andagoya,  Narrative,  pp.  40-1. 

Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  with  a  fleet  of  four  vessels  sailed  from  the  islands  in 
the  Bay  of  Panamd,  January  21,  1522,  to  explore  the  South  Sea  coast  north 
westward.  Reaching  the  gulf  of  Nicoya,  the  limit  of  Espinosa's  voyage, 
Gil  Gonzalez  proceeded  by  land  and  discovered  Lake  Nicaragua.  The 
pilot  Andres  Nino  continued  westward,  discovered  and  named  the  gulf  of 


140  EAKLY  VOYAGES. 

Fonseca,  and  reached,  according  to  Herrera,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iv.  cap.  v.-vi.,  the 
province  of  Chorotega,  having  discovered  350  leagues  of  sea-coast  from  Nicoya, 
or  650  leagues  from  the  gulf  of  San  Miguel.  Peter  Martyr  places  Nino's 
ultimate  limit  at  300  leagues  beyond  the  gulf  of  San  Vicente;  Ribero's  map 
at  140  leagues  west  of  the  bay  of  Fonseca.  Kohl,  Beiden  dltesien  Karten  von 
Am.,  pp.  163-9,  thinks  he  probably  reached  the  mountains  south  of  Soco- 
nusco.  See  also  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  413,  417-18;  Galvano's 
Discov.,  pp.  148-9;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  iii.  pp.  97-114;  Squier's  Nica 
ragua,  New  York,  1860,  pp.  157-61.  Not  long  afterward  the  cities  of  Granada 
and  Lepn  were  founded,  and  communication  with  Nicaragua  from  the  south 
became  of  frequent  occurrence. 

In  1522  Pedro  de  Alvarado  occupied  Tututepec  on  the  Pacific;  while  at 
Zacatula  a  villa  was  founded,  and  a  beginning  made  there  on  several  vessels 
for  exploration  northward.  Cortes,  Cartas,  Letter  of  May  15,  1522. 

[1523.]  Francisco  de  Garay  fitted  out  a  new  fleet  of  eleven  vessels,  with 
850  men,  which  sailed  from  Jamaica  June  26,  1523.  This  force  was  intended 
for  the  conquest  and  settlement  of  Panuco,  but  soon  united  with  the  army  of 
Cortes  without  having  accomplished  anything  of  importance.  Navarrete,  Col. 
de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  67-9;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  iii.-  lib.  v.  cap.  v.-vi.; 
Peter  Martyr,  dec.  vii.  cap.  v.;  Cortes,  Carta  tercera  de  Rdacid,  Seville,  1523. 
This  third  letter  was  written  May  15,  1522.  Other  editions  appeared  in 
1524,  and  1532.  For  the  bibliography  of  Cortes'  letters  see  Harrisse,  Bib. 
Am.  Vet.,  pp.  215-23.  Maximilian,  De  Molvccis  Insults,  Colonise,  1523,  is 
a  letter  written  by  the  emperor's  secretary,  describing  Magellan's  voyage 
round  the  world.  Other  editions  are  mentioned  as  having  appeared  in  1523, 
1524,  1534,  1536,  and  1537. 

[1524.]  Apianus,  Cosmo  graphicus  Liber,  Landshutse,  1524,  contains  a  short 
chapter  on  America,  which  the  author  describes  as  an  island,  because  he  says 
it  is  surrounded  by  water;  furthermore,  he  affirms  this  land  was  named  from 
Vespucci,  its  discoverer.  The  map  of  Solinus-Camers,  1520,  is  repeated  in 
this  and  in  several  succeeding  editions  of  the  cosmography.  Kunstrnann,  Ent- 
deckung  Am.,  pp.  134-5.  Francis,  De  Orbis  Sitv  ac  Descriptione,  Antwerp, 
1524,  also  describes  the  New  World. 

In  1524  CorteV  fleet  at  Zacatula  was  not  yet  launched,  the  work  having 
been  delayed  by  fire.  The  conquest  of  Colima  had  however  made  known  a 
good  port,  and  brought  new  rumors  of  rich  islands  further  north.  The  con 
queror's  plans  were  unchanged  and  his  enthusiasm  undiminished.  His  use 
of  the  term  "la  costa  abajo,"  or  down  the  coast,  when  he  meant  to  sail 
northward,  has  sadly  confused  many  writers  as  to  his  real  intentions,  and  as 
to  his  ideas  of  the  strait.  Cortes,  Cartas,  Letter  of  Oct.  15,  1524. 

In  1524  was  made  the  first  official  French  expedition  to  the  New  World. 
A  fleet  of  four  vessels  was  made  ready  under  Giovanni  Verrazano  at  Dieppe, 
but  three  of  his  ships  were  separated  from  him  in  some  inexplicable  manner 
before  leaving  European  waters;  and  in  the  remaining  one,  the  Dcmphine, 
with  fifty  men,  he  sailed  on  the  17th  of  January,  1524,  from  an  island  near 
Madeira.  After  o»  voyage  of  forty-nine  days,  during  which  time  he  sailed 
900  leagues,  Verrazano  struck  the  United  States  coast  in  about  latitude  34°, 
perhaps  at  Cape  Fear.  Thence  he  sailed  first  southward  fifty  leagues,  then 


CONQUEST  OF  PERU.  141 

turning  about  he  followed  the  coast  northward,  frequently  touching,  to 
Newfoundland,  whence  he  returned  to  Dieppe  in  July,  1524.  Verrazano 
in  liis  journal  mentions  only  one  date,  and  names  but  one  locality;  conse 
quently  there  is  much  difference  of  opinion  concerning  his  landings. 

The  southern  limit  of  the  voyage,  so  far  as  it  can  be  known,  was  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cape  Remain,  South  Carolina,  though  some  authors,  apparently 
without  sufficient  authority  — the  voyager  says  he  saw  palms  — have  placed 
the  limit  in  Florida.  It  is  probable  that  a  large  part  of  the  United  States 
coast  was  for  the  first  time  explored  during  this  voyage,  which  also  completed 
the  discovery  of  the  whole  eastern  shore-line  of  America,  except  probably  a 
short  but  indefinite  distance  in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  between  the 
.  limits  reached  by  Ponce  de  Leon  in  1513  and  by  Verrazano;  one  intermediate 
point  having  also  been  visited  by  Aillon  in  1520.  Rdatione  di  Giouanni  da  Ver- 
.  rno  Fiorvntino  ddla  terra  per  lul  scoperta  in  nome  di  sua  Maestd,  scritta  in 
Dieppa,  adi  8,  Luglio,  MDXXIIII.,  in.ltamusio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  420.  In  the  preface 
to  this  volume,  edition  of  1556,  the  author  states  that  it  is  not  known  whether 
New  France  is  joined  to  Florida  or  not.  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  iii.  lib.  vi. 
cap.  ix. ;  Hakluyt's  Divers  Voy.,  pp.  55-*71;  New  York  Hist.  Soc.,  ColleC' 
tions,  1841,  series  ii.  vol.  i.;  Kohl's  Hist.  Discov.,  pp.  249-70;  Hakluyt'sVoy., 
vol.  iii.  pp.  295-300;  Aa,  Naaulceuriye  Versamelinrj,  torn.  x.  app.  p.  13.  A 
chart  given  by  Verrazano  to  Henry  VIII.  is  said  to  have  been  used  by  Lock 
in  compiling  the  map  published  in  Ilalduyfs  Divers  Voy.,  London,  1582.  (Re 
print  by  the  Hakluyt  Society,  1850.  Copy  in  Kohl,  p.  290.) 

In  1522  Pedro  de  Alvarado  had  accomplished  the  conquest  of  Tehuantepec 
on  the  South  Sea;  in  1524  and  the  following  years  he  extended  his  explora 
tions  and  conquests  by  land  across  the  isthmus  over  all  the  north-western 
region  of  Central  America,  joining  his  conquests  to  those  of  his  countrymen 
from  Panama.  In  1523  Crist6bal  de  Olid  made  an  expedition  by  water  to 
Honduras  in  the  service  of  Cortes,  founding  a  settlement;  and  in  1524  Cortes 
himself  marched  overland  from  Mexico  to  Honduras.  Lettres  de  Pedro  de 
Alvarado  d  Fernan  Cortes,  in  Tem.aux-Compans,  Voy.,  se"rie  i.  torn.  x.  pp. 
107-50,  and  in  Ramusio,  Viaygi,  torn.  iii.  fol.  296-300;  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  viii. 
cap.  v.  x.;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  iii.  pp.  434,  439,  475-87;  Gomara,  Hist. 
Conq.  Mex.,  fol.  228-33,  245-6,  250-74;  Herrera,  IJist.  Gen.,  dec.  iii.  lib.  iii. 
cap.  xvii. ;  lib.  vi.  cap.  x.-xii. ;  lib.  vii.  cap.  viii.-ix. ;  lib.  viii.  cap.  i.-vii. ;  Alaman, 
Disertaciones,  torn.  i.  pp.  203-25;  Brasseur  deBourboury,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  torn.. 
iv.  pp.  546-50,  598  et  seq.,  631-705. 

In  this  same  year,  1524,  Francisco  Pizarro  sailed  from  Panamd,  southward, 
and  began  the  conquest  of  Peru,  which,  as  related  elsewhere  in  this  volume, 
brought  to  light,  before  1540,  nearly  the  whole  western  coast  of  South  America. 
For  references  to  Pizarro's  discovery  see  a  later  chapter  of  this  volume. 

A  meeting  of  the  leading  pilots  and  cosrnographers  of  Spain  and  Portugal, 
known  as  the  Council  of  Badajoz,  was  convened  for  the  purpose  of  settling 
disputed  questions  between  the  two  governments.  Failing  in  its  primary 
purpose,  the  council  nevertheless  contributed  largely  to  a  better  knowledge 
of  New  World  geography.  Indeed,  from  this  time  the  European  govern 
ments  may  be  supposed  to  have  had,  and  to  have  delineated  on  their  official 
charts,  tolerably  accurate  ideas  of  the  general  form  of  America  and  of  its 


142  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

relation  to  Asia,  except  in  the  north-west,  although  the  existence  of  a  passage 
through  the  continent  was  still  firmly  believed  in.  Writers  on  cosmography 
and  compilers  of  published  maps  did  not,  however,  for  a  long  time  obtain  the 
knowledge  lodged  in  the  hands  of  government  officials. 

[1525.]  The  man  who  accompanied  Magellan  in  1519,  but  left  him  after 
entering  the  strait  and  returned  with  one  vessel  to  Spain,  was  named  Est6van 
Gomez.  In  1525  this  captain  was  sent  by  Spain  to  search  for  a  corresponding 
strait  in  the  north.  Although  an  official  expedition,  and  the  only  one  ever 
sent  by  Spain  to  northern  parts,  no  journal  has  been  preserved,  and  only 
slight  particulars  derived  from  the  old  chroniclers  are  known.  Gomez  ex 
pected  to  find  a  strait  somewhere  between  Florida  and  Newfoundland,  prob 
ably  not  knowing  the  result  of  Verrazano's  voyage  of  the  preceding  year. 
Cabot  was  at  the  time  piloto  mayor  in  Spain,  and  if  Verrazano  had,  as  is 
claimed  for  him  by  some,  reached  the  southern  United  States  coasts,  it  is  not 
likely  that  Gomez  would  have  looked  there  so  confidently  for  his  strait.  This 
voyage  lasted  about  ten  months,  and  in  it  Gomez  is  supposed  to  have  explored 
the  coast  from  Newfoundland  to  a  point  below  New  York — possibly  to 
Georgia  or  Florida.  Peter  Martyr,  dec.  vi.  cap.  x.;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  iii. 
lib.  viii.  cap.  viii.;  Kohl's  Hist.  Dlscov.,  pp.  271-81;  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages, 
torn.  iv.  p.  viii;  Kunstmann,  EntdecTcung  Am.,  pp.  70-1.  According  to  Har- 
risse,  Fries,  Yslegung  der  Mercartlien  oder  Cartha  Marina,  Strasburg,  1525, 
contains  a  map  of  the  world,  including  America,  but  Kohl  states  that  this 
map,  although  made  in  1525,  was  not  published  till  1530.  Other  publications 
of  the  year  are:  Pietro  Arias  (Pedrarias  Davila),  Lettcre  di  Pietro  Arias  Capi- 
tano  generate,  della  conquista  del  gaese  del  Mar  Occeano,  written  from  Darien, 
and  printed  without  place  or  date;  Pigafetta,  Le  voyage  et  navigation  faict 
par  les  Espalgnolz  es  Isles  de  Mollucques,  an  abridgment  of  the  original 
account  by  the  author,  who  was  with  Magellan;  Cortes,  La  quarta  Relation, 
Toledo,  1525,  dated  October  15,  1524. 

Garcia  de  Loaisa  sailed  from  Corunna  July  24,  1525,  to  follow  Magellan's 
track.  Passing  through  the  strait  between  January  and  May,  1526,  he 
arrived  at  .the  Moluccas  in  October.  Viages  al  Maluco,  Segundo  el  del  Comen- 
dador  Fr.  Garcia  de  Loaisa,  in  Navarrete,  torn.  v. ;  Bwrn.cy's  Discov.  South  Sea, 
vol.  i.  pp.  127-45;  Relaciones  del  viaje  liecho  d  las  islas  Molucas,  in  Pacheco  and 
Cardenas,  torn.  v.  p.  5. 

[1526.]  One  small  vessel  of  Loaisa's  fleet,  under  command  of  Santiago  de 
Guevara,  became  separated  from  the  rest  June  1,  1526,  after  having  reached 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Guevara  decided  to  steer  for  the  coast  of  New  Spain, 
which  was  first  seen  in  the  middle  of  July ;  and  on  the  25th  he  anchored  at 
Tehuantepec.  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  v.  pp.  176-81,  224-5. 

Cortes'  exploring  vessels,  begun  in  1522 — the  first  having  been  burned  on 
the  stocks,  others  were  built  in  their  place — were  now,  after  long  delay,  nearly 
ready  to  sail;  and  Guevara's  vessel  was  brought  up  from  Tehuantepec  to  join 
them.  Cortes,  Carton,  Letter  of  September,  1526. 

Aillon,  in  1523,  was  made  adelantado  of  Chicora,  the  country  discovered 
by  him  in  1520,  and  immediately  prepared  a  new  expedition  with  a  view  to 
colonize  the  country,  explore  the  coasts,  and  to  find,  if  possible,  a  passage  to 
India.  The  preparations  were  not  completed  until  July,  1526,  when  he 


PACIFIC  COAST  EXPLORATIONS.  143 

sailed  from  Espanola  with  six  vessels,  500  men,  and  ninety  horses.  He 
reached  the  Bio  Jordan — perhaps  St  Helena  Sound,  South  Carolina — and 
thence  made  a  careful  exploration  northward,  at  least  to  Cape  Fear,  and  prob 
ably  much  farther.  Aillon  died  on  the  18th  of  October,  and  after  much 
internal  dissension  150  men,  all  that  remained  alive,  returned  to  Santo 
Domingo.  Navarrete,  Col.  de  Viages,  torn.  iii.  pp.  71-4,  153-60;  Kunstmann, 
Entdeckung  Am.,  p.  71. 

Oviedo,  De  la  Natural  hystoria  de  las  India*,  Toledo,  1526,  describes  the 
New  World,  but  this  book  is  not  the  great  historical  work,  lately  printed, 
by  the  same  author.  It  may  be  found  also  in  Barcia,  Historiadores  Primi 
tives,  and  in  Ramusio. 

Sebastian  Cabot  attempted  a  voyage,  to  India  in  1526,  sailing  with  four 
vessels  in  April,  with  the  intention  of  bearing  succor  to  Loaisa.  Owing  to 
insubordination  among  his  officers,  and  other  misfortunes,  he  reached  only 
the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  and  after  extensive  explorations  in  that  region,  returned 
to  Spam,  having  been  absent  four  years.  Oviedo,  Hist.- Gen.,  torn.  ii.  p.  169; 
Diccionario  Universal,  Mexico,  apend.,  'Viages,'  torn.  x.  p.  807;  Roux  de 
Rochelle,  in  Bulletin  de  la  Soc.  Geog.,  April,  1832,  p.  212. 

[1527.]  June  10,  1527,  an  English  expedition — the  last  officially  sent  by 
that  nation  within  the  limits  of  my  sketch — sailed  frqm  Plymouth,  still  in 
search  of  a  north-west  passage.  The  two  vessels  sailed  in  company  to  lati 
tude  53°,  and  reached  the  coast,  where,  on  the  1st  of  July,  they  were  sepa 
rated  by  a  storm,  and  one  of  them  was  probably  lost.  The  other,  under  John 
Rut,  turned  southward,  followed  the  coast  of  New  England,  often  landing, 
probably  reached  Chicora,  and  returned  to  England  via  the  West  India  Islands, 
arriving  early  in  October.  HaUuyfs  Divers  Voy.,  pp.  27,  33;  Biddle's  Mem. 
Cabot,  pp.  114,  275;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  i.  p.  611;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen., 
dec.  ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iii. 

Francisco  Monte  jo,  who  had  accompanied  the  expeditions  of  Grijalva 
and  Corte's,  and  had  since  been  sent  by  the  latter  as  ambassador  to  Spain, 
obtained  from  the  king  in  1526  a  commission  as  adelantado  to  conquer 
the  "islands  of  Yucatan  and  Cozumel."  He  sailed  from  Seville  in  1527, 
landed  at  Cozumel,  penetrated  the  northern  part  of  the  peninsula,  and  during 
the  following  years  fought  desperately  to  accomplish  its  conquest,  but  failed. 
A  small  colony  struggled  for  existence  at  Campeche  for  several  years,  but  in 
1535  not  a  single  Spaniard  remained  in  Yucatan.  Cogolludo,  Hist.  Yucathan, 
pp.  59-94;  Gomara,  Hist.  Ind.,  fol.  62-3;  Stephens' Incidents  of  Travel  in 
Yucatan,  New  York,  1858,  vol.  i.  pp.  56-62. 

La  Salle,  La  Salade,  Paris,  1527,  contains  references  to  Greenland  and 
other  northern  parts  of  America. 

In  July,  1527,  three  of  the  vessels  built  by  Corte's  made  a  preliminary  trip  up 
the  Pacific  coast  from  Zacatula  to  Santiago  in  Colima  and  back — the  first  voy 
age  along  that  coast.  'Relacion  6  Derrotero,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc., 
torn.  xiv.  pp.  65-9;  Relacion  de  la  Derrota,  in  Florida,  Col.  Doc.,  pp.  88-91. 
But  an  order  from  Spain  required  the  fleet  to  be  sent  to  India  direct — instead 
of  by  the  roundabout  route  proposed  by  Corte's — for  the  relief  of  Loaisa;  and 
the  three  vessels  sailed  from  Zacatula  in  October  under  Saavedra,  arriving 
safely  in  India.  Guevara's  ship  was  too  worm-eaten  to  accompany  them; 


144 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


but  several  vessels  were  already  on  the  stocks  at  Tehuantepec  to  replace 
those  sent  across  the  ocean.  Sutil  y  Mexicana,  Viage,  introd.  pp.  vi.-xi. ;  Na- 
varrete,  Col.  Viages,  torn.  v.  pp.  95-114,  181,  440-86;  Gil,  Memoria,  in  Boletin 
de  la  Soc.  Mcx.  Geog.,  torn.  viii.  p.  477  et  seq. 

In  1527  Robert  Thome,  English  ambassador  to  Charles  V.,  wrote  a  book  or 
memorial  to  Henry  VIII.  on  cosmography,  on  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
discoveries,  and  on  the  importance  of  exploring  northward  for  a  passage  to 
Cathay.  It  was  afterward  printed  as  The  booke  made  by  the  right  worshipful 
M.  Robert  Thome,  in  Hakluyfo  Voy.,  vol.  i.  pp.  214-20. 

In  1526  a  commissioner  was  appointed  to  correct  the  Spanish  charts.  Fer 
nando  Colon  was  charged  with  the  revision,  and  in  1527  a  map  was  made 
called  Carta  universal  en  que  se  contien^.  todo  lo  que  del  mundo  se  ha  descubierto 
fasta  agora.  This  map  has  been  preserved,  and  a  fac-simile  is  given  in. Kohl, 
Beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am.  It  shows  the  whole  eastern  coast  line  from 
the  strait  of  Magellan  to  Greenland,  and  the  western  coast  from  Panama  to 
the  vicinity  of  Soconusco,  and  indicates  that  the  information  in  possession  of 
the  Spanish  government  was  remarkably  accurate  and  complete.  Yucatan  is 
represented  as  an  island,  and  the  discoveries  on  the  Pacific  side  of  South 
America  are  not  laid  down;  otherwise  this  map  varies  but  little  except  in 
names  from  a  map  made  by  Diego  Ribero,  in  1529,  of  which  I  shall  give  a 
copy.  Kohl,  Beiden  altexten  Karten  von  Am.,  pp.  1-24;  Humboldt,  Exam.  Crit., 
torn.  ii.  p.  184,  and  Preface  to  Ghillany. 

[1528.]  Bordone,  Libro  di  Benedetto  Bordone  Nel  qual  si  ragiona  de  tutte 
risole  del  mondo,  Vinegia,  1528,  gives  maps  of  the  larger  American  islands, 
and  also  a  map  of  the  world,  the  American  part  of  which  I  copy  from  the 
original.  No  part  of  the  western  coast  is  shown,  although  the  New  World 
is  represented  as  distinct  from  Asia. 

Kohl,  Beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am.,  p.  34, 
mentions  another  work  printed  at  Venice  the  same 
year,  which  has  a  map  resembling  that  of  Schbner 
in  1520. 

Panfilo  de  Narvaez  sailed  from  Spam  in  1527  with 
five  ships  and  COO  men,  to  conquer  the  northern 
shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  after  losing  some 
of  his  ships  by  storm,  and  many  of  his  men  by  de 
sertion,  in  cruising  about  Espauola,  Cuba,  and  other 
islands,  he  landed  in  the  vicinity  of  Tampa  Bay 
April  14,  1528,  and  nearly  all  the  company  perished 
in  an  attempt  to  follow  the  coast  toward  Vera  Cruz. 
Cabega  de  Vaca's  Relation,  New  York,  1871,  pp.  13- 
20;  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  iv.  lib.  iv.  cap.  iv.-vii.; 
lib.  v.  cap.  v. 

[1529.]  Major,  Prince  Henry,  pp.  440-52,  entertains  the  opinion  that 
Australia  was  discovered  probably  before  1529,  and  certainly  before  1542. 

In  1529  was  made  the  before-mentioned  Spanish  official  map  by  Diego 
Ribero,  which  may  be  supposed  to  show  all  that  was  known  by  European 
pilots  at  that  time  of  New  World  geography.  It  contains  some  improve 
ments -and  additions  to  Colon's  map  of  1527  with  the  same  title,  although 


NU&O  DE  GUZMAN.  145 

criticised,  perhaps  justly,  by  Stevens  as  partisan  in  its  distribution  of  the 
new  regions  among  the  European  powers.  I  give  a  copy  reduced  from  the 
full-sized  fac-simile  in  Kohl,  Beiden  dltesten  Karten  von  Am. 

Greenland  is  called  Labrador  and  is  joined  to  the  continent,  as  the  sepa 
rating  strait  had  not  at  the  time  been  explored.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
Greenland  is  far  less  accurately  laid  down  on  this  and  other  late  maps  than 
on  some  earlier  ones  which  are  supposed  to  have  derived  some  of  their  details 
from  northern  sources.  Labrador,  Newfoundland,  and  Nova  Scotia  have  the 
general  name  of  Bacallaos.  Many  of  the  numerous  islands  along  the  coast 
are  named  in  the  original.  Corresponding  perhaps  to  the  New  England  and 
middle  United  States  we  have  the  '  Tiera  de  Esteva  Gomez,'  stated  by  an  in 
scription  to  have  been  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  in  1525.  From  this  land 
to  Florida  extends  the  'Tiera  de  Ay  lion,'  between  which  and  'Nveva  Espafla/ 
comes  the  'Tiera  deGaray,'  thus  dividing  nearly  all  of  the  northern  continent 
among  the  Spaniards.  The  West  India  Islands  have  here  their  true  number, 
position,  and  names.  Yucatan  is  given  in  its  true  proportions  but  is  sepa 
rated  by  a  strait  from  the  mam-land.  The  South  Sea  coast  is  represented 
only  to  the  limit  of  the  voyage  of  Gil  Gonzalez  Davila  on  the  north,  and 
extends  southward  to  the  port  of  Chinchax  in  about  latitude  10°  south,  in 
cluding,  according  to  an  inscription,  the  countries  which  had  been  reached 
by  Pizarro  in  1527.  The  form  of  South  America  is  correctly  laid  down  and 
the  name  'Mvndvs  News'  is  applied  to  the  whole,  which  is  divided  into  the 
provinces  of  'Castilladel  Oro,'  'Perv,'  'Tiera  del  Brasil,'  '  Tiera  dePatagones,' 
and  'Tiera  de  Ferna  de  Magallaes,'  or  land  of  Magellan.  South  of  the  strait 
is  the  'Tiera  de  los  Fuegos,'  whose  true  form-  and  extent  were  not  known 
until  Schouten  and  Le  Make  doubled  Cape  Horn  in  1616. 

Thus  far  I  have  copied  or  mentioned  all  maps  which  could  throw  any  light 
on  the  progress  of  geographical  knowledge,  and  have  endeavored  to  give  a 
statement  of  all  the  voyages  by  which  this  progress  was  made.  Thus  far  we 
have  seen  the  coasts  of  both  North  and  South  America,  except  in  the  south 
west  and  the  far  north-west,  more  or  less  carefully  explored  by  European 
voyagers;  we  have  seen  the  New  World  recognized  as  distinct  for  the  most 
part  from  Asia,  a  tolerably  correct  idea  of  its  form  and  extent  given  by  gov 
ernment  pilots,  and  the  name  America  applied,  except  on  official  maps,  to 
the  southern  continent.  Henceforth  voyages  to  the  parts  already  discovered 
become  of  common  occurrence,  and  numerous  maps,  both  in  manuscript  and 
print,  are  made,  no  one  of  which  I  shall  attempt  to  follow.  In  the  expe 
ditions  of  the  next  and  concluding  ten  years  of  this  Summary  I  shall  notice 
chiefly  those  by  which  a  knowledge  was  acquired  of  the  countries  lying 
toward  California  and  the  great  Northwest,  presenting  several  maps  to  illus 
trate  this  part  of  the  subject. 

[1530.]  During  the  absence  of  Cortes  in  Spain  no  progress  had  been  made 
in  maritime  exploration;  and  by  1530  his  ships  on  the  stocks  at  Tehuantepec 
were  ruined,  but  he  made  haste  to  build  more.  Cortes,  Cartas,  letters  of 
Oct.  10,  1530,  and  April  20,  1532. 

Nuno  de  Guzman,  formerly  president  of  the  audiencia  of  New  Spain,  and 
the  inveterate  enemy  of  Cortds,  undertook  with  a  large  force,  recruited  in 
HIST.  CEF.  AM.,  Vox..  I.  10 


146 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


TIEKA.  DEL  BK ASIL    RS.Francisco^  f* 
MVNDVS  NOVVS  Pto.Real 


DIEGO  RIBERO'S  MAP,  1529. 


PETER  MARTYR,  PTOLEMY,  AND  MUNSTER. 


147 


Mexico,  the  conquest  of  the  region  lying  to  the  north-west  of  that  city. 
The  northern  limit  of  his  conquest  in  1530-1  was  Culiacan,  between  which 
and  Mexico  the  whole  country  was  brought  under  Spanish  control  by  expe 
ditions  sent  by  Guzman  in  all  directions  under  different  leaders.  Relation  di 
Nvnno  di  Gvsman,  in  Ramuxio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  331,  and  abridged  in  Purchas, 
His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  iv..  p.  1556;  Jornada  que  hizo  Nuiio  de  Guzman  d  la  Nueva 
Galicia,  in  Icazbalceta,  Col.  de  Doc.,  torn,  ii.;  Primera  relation,  p.  288;  Ter- 
cera  relation,  p.  439;  Cuarta  relation,  p.  461;  Doc.  para  Hist,  de  Mex.,  serie 
iii.  p.  669;  Mota  Padilla,  Conquista  de  Nueva  Galicia,  MS.  of  1742;  Oviedo, 
Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  iii.  pp.  559-77;  Gil,  Memoria,  in  Boletin  de  la  Soc.  Mex. 
Geog.,  torn.  viii.  p*  424  et  seq. 

Hakluyt,  in  his  Voyages,  vol.  iii.  p.  700,  states  that  one  William  Hawkins, 
of  Plymouth,  made  voyages,  in  a  ship  fitted  out  at  his  own  expense,  to  the 
coast  of  Brazil  in  1530  and  1532,  bringing  back  an  Indian  king  as  a  curiosity. 

Peter  Martyr,  De  Orbe  novo,  Copluti,  1530,  is  the  first  complete  edition  of 
eight  decades;  and  Opus  Epistolarum,  of  the  same  date  and  place,  is  a  col 
lection  of  over  eight  hundred  letters  written  between  1488  and  1525,  many  of 
them  relating  more  or  less  to  American  affairs. 

In  the  Ptolemy  of  1530,  in  several  subsequent  editions,  and  in  Munster's 
Cosmography  of  1572  et  seq.,  is  the  map  of  which  the  following  is  a  reduction. 


THE  NEW  WORLD,  FROM  PTOLEMY,  1530. 

I  give  this  drawing,  circulated  for  many  years  in  standard  works,  to  illus 
trate  how  extremely  slow  were  cosmographers  to  form  anything  like  a  correct 
idea  of  American  geography,  and  how  little  they  availed  themselves  of  the 
more  correct  knowledge  shown  on  official  charts.  The  following  map,  made 
in  1544,  illustrates  still  further  the  absurdities  circulated  for  many  years 


148 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


under  the  name  of  geography.      Scores  of  additional  examples  might  be 
given. 


KUSCELLI'S  MAP,  1544. 

% 

[1532.]  At  last,  in  the  middle  of  1532,  Cortes  was  able  to  despatch  from  Aca- 
pulco  two  vessels,  under  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  and  Mazuela,  to  make  the  first 
voyage  up  the  coast  beyond  Colima.  Mendoza  touched  at  Santiago  and  at  the 
port  of  Jalisco,  near  the  later  San  Bias,  discovering  the  islands  of  Magdalena, 
or  Tres  Marias.  Then  they  took  refuge  from  a  storm  in  a  port  located  only 
by  conjecture,  probably  on  the  Sonora  coast,  where  after  a  time  the  vessels 
parted.  Mendoza  went  on  up  the  coast.  Having  landed  and  ascended  the 
Rio  Tamotchala — now  the  Fuerte — he  was  killed,  with  most  of  his  men,  by 
the  Indians.  The  rest  were  massacred  a  little  later,  when  the  vessel  grounded 
and  broke  up  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Petatlan,  or  Sinaloa.  Meanwhile, 
Mazuela  with  the  other  vessel  returning  down  the  coast  was  driven  ashore 
in  Banderas  Bay,  where  all  his  men  but  two  or  three  were  killed  by  the 
natives.  Authorities,  being  voluminous,  complicated,  and  of  necessity  fully 
presented  elsewhere,  are  omitted  here. 

Cortes,  De  Insvlis  nvper  inventis,  Colonise,  1532,  is  a  translation  of  Hernan 
Cortes'  second  and  third  letters,  with  Peter  Martyr's  De  Insults,  and  a  letter 
from  Fray  Martin  de  Valencia,  dated  Yucatan,  June  12,  1531,  with  some 
letters  from  Zumarraga,  first  bishop  of  Mexico. 

GryncRVs,  Novvs  Orbis,  Paris  and  Basle,  1532,  is  a  collection  of  the  voyages 
of  Columbus,  Pinzon,  Vespucci,  and  others.  In  this  work  the  assertion  is 
made  that  Vespucci  discovered  America  before  Columbus,  which  aroused  the 
wrath  of  Las  Casas,  and  seems  to  have  originated  the  subsequent  bitter 
attacks  on  Vespucci.  About  the  maps  originally  published  with  this  work 
there  seems  to  be  some  doubt,  most  copies,  like  my  own,  having  no  map. 


LOWER  CALIFORNIA  DISCOVERED. 


149 


According  to  Stevens'  Notes,  pp.  19,  51-2,  pi.  iii.  no.  4,  the  Paris  edition  of 
Grynccus  contained  a  map  made  by  Orontius  Fine  in  1531.  The  following  is 
a  reduction  from  Stevens'  fac-simile  on  Mercator's  projection: 


ORONTIUS  FINE'S  MAP,  1531. 

All  of  the  New  World,  so  far  as  explored,  is  represented  with  tolerable 
accuracy,  but  the  unexplored  South  Sea  coast  is  made  to  extend  westward 
from  the  region  of  Acapulco,  and  to  join  the  southern  coast  of  Asia,  which  is 
laid  down  from  the  ancient  chronicles.  Instead  of  being,  as  Stevens  terms  it, 
a  "  culmination  of  absurdities,"  I  regard  this  map  as  more  consistent  with 
the  knowledge  of  the  time  than  any  other  printed  during  the  first  half  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  North  America  when  found  was  regarded  as  Asia;  South 
America  was  at  first  supposed  to  be  a  large  island,  and  later  an  immense 
south-eastern  extension  of  Asia;  subsequent  explorations,  chiefly  that  of 
Magellan,  showed  the  existence  of  a  vast  ocean  between  southern  America 
and  southern  Asia;  official  maps  left  unexplored  regions  blank,  expressing  no 
theory  as  to  the  northern  extension  of  the  Pacific  Ocean;  other  maps,  as  we 
have  seen,  without  any  authority  whatever,  make  that  ocean  extend  north 
and  completely  separate  Asia  from  the  New  World.  The  present  map,  how 
ever,  clings  to  the  original  idea  and  makes  North  America  an  eastern  exten 
sion  of  Asia,  giving  the  name  America  to  the  southern  continent. 

The  map  in  the  Basle  edition  of  Grynceus,  also  given  in  Stevens'  Notes,  pi. 
iv.  no.  4,  closely  resembles  Schoner's  Globe  of  1520  (see  page  137). 

[1533.]  The  expedition  of  Becerra,  Grijalva,  and  Jimenez,  sent  out  by 
Cortes  to  search  for  Hurtado  de  Mendoza  and  to  continue  north-western  dis 
coveries,  sailed  from  Santiago  in  November.  This  voyage,  like  those  follow 
ing,  will  be  fully  treated  elsewhere  in  this  work.  The  only  result,  so  far  as 
the  purposes  of  this  chapter  are  concerned,  was  the  discovery  of  the  Revilla 
Gigedo  group  of  islands  and  the  southern  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Lower 
California,  supposed  then  to  be  an  island.  Jimenez  landed  and  was  killed  at 


150  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

Santa  Cruz,  now  known  as  La  Paz.  The  subsequent  expedition  of  1535-6, 
headed  by  Cortes  in  person,  added  only  very  slightly  to  geographical  knowl 
edge  of  the  north-west.  Many  points  were  touched  and  named  along  the 
coast;  but  comparatively  few  can  be  definitely  located  except  by  the  aid  of 
information  afforded  by  the  earlier  explorations  of  Guzman  by  land. 

Schoner,  Opvscvlvm  Geograpliicvm,  supposed  to  have  been  printed  in  1533, 
maintains  that  the  New  World  is  part  of  Asia,  and  contains,  so  far  as  known, 
the  first  charge  against  Vespucci.  Hvmboldt,  Exam.  Grit.,  torn.  v.  pp.  174-5. 
Other  books  of  the  year  are:  Franck,  Weltbuch,  Tubingen,  1533,  which  in 
cludes  America  in  a  description  of  the  world;  and  Zummaraga,  Botscliafft  des 
Grossmechtigsten  Knigs  Dauid,  n.  p.  n.  d.,  containing  a  letter  from  Mexico  dated 
in  1532. 

[1534.]  In  1534,  1535,  and  1540,  Jacques  Cartier  made  three  voyages  for 
France,  in  which  Newfoundland  and  the  gulf  and  river  of  St  Lawrence 
were  carefully  explored.  Prima  Relatione  di  lacqves  Carthier  della  Terra 
Nvova  delta  la  Nuoua  Francia,  trouata  neW  anno  MDXXXIIII.,  in  Ramuslo, 
torn.  iii.  fol.  435;  Hakhiyfs  Voy.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  201-36;  Sammlung  alter  Reise- 
beschreibungen,  torn.  xv.  p.  29. 

Simon  de  Alcazaba  sailed  from  San  Lucar  in  September,  1534,  with  two 
ships  and  280  men,  intending  to  conquer  and  settle  the  western  coast  of 
South  America  south  of  Peru.  After  spending  a  long  time  in  the  strait 
of  Magellan,  he  was  finally  prevented  by  the  mutiny  of  his  men  from  pro 
ceeding  farther.  His  explorations  in  the  Patagonian  regions  were  more 
extensive  than  had  been  made  before.  Seventy-five  men,  the  remnant  of  his 
expedition,  reached  Espaiiola  in  September,  1535,  one  vessel  having  been 
wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Brazil.  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  ii.  pp.  155-65;  Gal- 
vano's  Discov.,  pp.  198-9;  Herrera,  dec.  v.  lib.  vii.  cap.  v.;  Dicdonario  Univ., 
app.  torn.  x.  p.  807;  Burners  Discov.  South  Sea,  vol.  i.  p.  171. 

The  books  of  1534  are,  Francis  of  Bologna,  La  Letera,  Venetia,  n.  d.;  Chro- 
nica  compendiosissima,  Antwerp,  1534,  containing  letters  from  priests  in 
Mexico;  Vadianus,  Epitome,  Tigura,  1534,  includes  the  Insulse  Oceani;  Peter 
Martyr,  Libro  Primo  Delia  Historia,  Vinegia,  1534,  which  has  joined  to  it  a 
libro  secondo  by  Oviedo,  and  an  anonymous  third  book  on  the  conquest  of 
Peru;  two  anonymous  works,  Letera  de  la  nobil  cipta,  and  Copia  delle  Lettere 
del  Prefetto  della  India,  being  letters  from  Peru,  the  latter  describing  the 
conquest;  Honter,  De  cosmographice,  Basileae,  1534,  with  a  chapter  on  the  new 
islands;  Xeres,  Uerdadera  relacion  de  la  conquista  'del  Peru,  Seville,  1534; 
and  an  anonymous  work  on  the  same  subject,  La  conquista  del  Peru,  Seville, 
1534. 

[1535.]  In  this  year  appeared  the  first  edition  of  the  great  historical  work 
of  Gonzalo  Hernandez  de  Oviedo  y  Vald<5s,  La  Historia  general  de  las  Indias, 
Seville,  1535.  Only  nineteen  of  the  fifty  books  which  comprise  the  whole 
work  appear  in  this  edition;  the  work  complete  has  since  been  published  in 
Madrid,  1851-5.  Steinhowel,  Chronica  Beschreibung,  Franckenfort,  1535,  has 
a  chapter  on  'America  discovered  in  1497.' 

[1536.]  In  April,  1528,  as  we  have  seen,  Pdnfilo  de  Narvaez  had  landed 
on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  probably  at  Tampa  Bay,  and  attempted  with 
three  hundred  men  to  reach  Panuco  by  land.  The  company  gradually  melted 


NEW  MEXICO  INVADED.  151 

from  famine,  sickness,  and  battles  with  the  savages,  until  only  Alvar  Nunez 
Cabeza  de  Vaca  with  a  few  companions  remained.  They  were  held  as 
slaves  by  the  natives  of  the  Gulf  coast  for  six  years;  and  then  escaping,  tra 
versed  Texas,  Chihuahua,  and  Sonora,  by  a  route  which  has  not  been  very 
definitely  fixed.  Cabeza  de  Vaca  with  three  companions  reached  the  Spanish 
settlements  in  northern  Sinaloa  early  in  1536,  and  their  reports  served  as  a 
powerful  incentive  to  more  extended  exploration.  Relatione  die  fe.ce  Alvaro 
Nvnez  detto  Capo  di  vacca,  in  Ramusio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  310-30;  Purchas,  His 
Pllfjrimes,\\Q\.  iv.  p.  1499;  Cabeqa  de  Vaca's  Relation,  New  York,  1871; 
Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  se"rie  i.  torn,  vii.;  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  torn.  iii.  p.  582 
et  seq.;  Bar  da,  Historiadores  Prim.,  torn.  i. 

Peter  Martyr,  De  Rebus  Oceanicis,  Paris,  1536,  contains  nine  decades.  This 
work,  with  Sacro  Bosco,  Sphera  Volgare,  Venetiis,  1537,  and  Nunez,  Tratado 
da  Sfera,  Olisipone,  1537,  closes  the  bibliographical  part  of  this  Summary,  in 
which,  following  Harrisse  as  the  latest  authority,  I  have  endeavored  to 
mention  all  the  original  works  by  which  the  geographical  results  of  voyages 
of  discovery  were  made  known  prior  to  1540. 

[1537.]  After  the  abandonment  of  California  by  the  colony,  Corte"s  sent 
two  vessels  under  Hernando  de  Grijalva  and  Alvarado  (not  Pedro)  to  Peru 
with  supplies  and  reinforcements  for  Pizarro.  There  are  vague  reports  that 
Grijalva  sailed  westward  from  Peru  and  made  a  long  cruise  in  the  Pacific, 
visiting  various  islands  which  cannot  be  located.  Herrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  v. 
lib.  viii.  cap.  x.;  dec.  vii.  lib.  v.  cap.  ix.;  Galvano'sDiscov.,  pp.  202-3;  Burners 
Discov.  South  Sea,  vol.  i.  p.  180. 

[1538.]  Fernando  de  Soto  landed  on  the  west  coast  of  Florida,  crossed  the 
peninsula  to  that  part  discovered  by  Aillon  in  1526,  wandered  four  or  five 
years  in  the  interior  of  the  southern  United  States  and  followed  the  course 
of  the  Mississippi,  probably  as  far  up  as  to  the  Ohio.  Here  Soto  died, 
and  the  remnant  of  his  company,  after  penetrating  farther  west  to  the  buffalo 
country,  floated  down  the  Mississippi  and  returned  to  Mexico  in  1543. 
Soto's  travels  are  esteemed  by  Kohl  as  "the  principal  source  of  knowledge 
regarding  these  regions,  for  more  than  "a  hundred  years."  Discov.  and  Conq. 
of  Terra  Florida,  Halduyt  Soc.,  London,  1851;  Selection  of  Curious  Voy., 
Sup.  to  Halduyt,  London,  1812,  p.  689;  Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  iv.  p. 
1532;  Ferdinands  von  Soto  Reise  nach  Florida,  in  Sammlung,  torn.  xvi.  p.  395. 

[1539.]  In  August,  1539,  three  vessels  under  Alonso  de  Camargo  were 
despatched  from  Seville  for  India  via  the  South  Sea,  and  reached  Cabo  de  las 
Virgenes  January  20,  1540.  One  of  the  vessels  was  wrecked  in  the  strait  of 
Magellan;  another  returned  to  Spain,  and  the  third  entered  the  Pacific,  and 
finally,  after  touching  Chile  in  38°  30',  arrived  at  Arequipa  in  Peru.  This 
voyage  is  supposed  to  have  afforded  the  first  knowledge  of  the  intermediate 
coast  between  the  strait  of  Magellan  and  Peru.  Diccionario  Univ. ,  app.  torn. 
x.  p.  807;  flerrera,  Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  vii.  lib.  i.  cap.  viii.;  Burners  Discov.  South 
Sea,  vol.  i.  p.  186. 

Cabeza  de  Vaca  brought  to  Sinaloa  and  thence  to  Mexico  accounts  of  won 
derful  towns  in  the  northern  regions  traversed  by  him;  and  in  March,  1539, 
Fray  Marcos  de  Niza,  accompanied  by  one  of  the  men  who  had  seen  the 
reported  wonders,  set  out  from  Culiacan  and  proceeded  northward  in  search 


152  EARLY  VOYAGES. 

of  the  Seven  Cities  of  whose  existence  other  rumors  were  current  besides 
those  brought  by  Alvar  Nunez.  Marcos  de  Niza  reached  the  Pueblo  towns  of 
Zufii  and  brought  back  greatly  exaggerated  reports  of  the  wealth  of  the 
people  and  the  magnificence  of  their  cities.  Relatione  del  Reverendo  Fra  Marco 
da  Nizza,  in  Ramusio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  356;  Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  iv.  p. 
1560;  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  de  Doc.,  torn.  iii.  p.  325;  Hakluyfa  Voy., 
vol.  iii.  pp.  366-73;  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  se"rie  i.  torn.  ix.  p.  256.  See 
also  Whipple,  Ewbank,  and  Turner,  in  Pacific  JR.  R.  Reports,  vol.  iii.  pp. 
104-8. 

Niza's  report  prompted  Cortes  to  renewed  efforts  in  his  Californian  enter 
prise,  and  in  July,  1539,  Francisco  de  Ulloa  was  sent  from  Acapulco  with 
three  vessels  to  prosecute  the  discoveries  by  water.  Ulloa  spent  some  time 
in  the  port  of  Santiago  for  repairs,  lost  one  vessel  in  a  gale  near  the  entrance 
to  the  gulf,  visited  Santa  Cruz,  and  then  followed  the  main  coast  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Colorado,  and  returned  along  the  coast  of  the  Peninsula  to 
Santa  Cruz,  where  he  arrived  on  the  18th  of  October.  From  this  place  he 
doubled  the  southern  point  of  California,  and  sailed  up  the  western  coast  to 
Cedros  Island,  and  somewhat  beyond.  During  the  whole  voyage  he  touched 
and  named  many  places,  whose  names  have  seldom  been  retained,  but  some 
of  which  may  be  with  tolerable  certainty  identified.  In  April  the  vessels 
separated,  one  returning  by  a  quick  passage  to  Colima.  Ulloa  himself  with 
the  other  vessel  attempted  to  continue  his  explorations  northward,  with  what 
success  is  not  known.  According  to  Gomara  and  Bernal  Diaz,  he  returned 
after  several  months  spent  in  fruitless  endeavors  to  reach  more  northern 
latitudes ;  other  authorities  state  that  he  was  never  heard  from.  Preciado, 
who  accompanied  the  expedition,  wrote  of  it  a  detailed  but  not  very  clear 
narrative  or  journal.  Relatione  dello  scoprimento  che  nel  nome  di  Dio  va  d 
far  Varmata  dell'  illustrissimo  Fernando  Cortese,  etc.  (Preciado's  Relation), 
in  Ramusio,  torn.  iii.  339-54,  and  in  HaUuyfs  Voy.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  397-424; 
Gomara,  Hist.  Conq.,  fol.  292-3;  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Conq.,  foL  234;  Herrera, 
Hist.  Gen.,  dec.  vi.  lib.  ix.  cap.  viii.  et  seq.;  Purchas,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  v. 
p.  856;  Sutil  y  Mexicana,  Viage,  pp.  xxii.-vi.;  Burners  Discov.  South  Sea,  vol. 
i.  pp.  193-210;  Venegas,  Noticia  de  la  California,  quoted  from  Gomara,  torn. 
i.  pp.  159-61;  Clavigero,  Storia  della  California,  torn.  i.  p.  151. 

[1540.  ]  Also  in  consequence  of  Marcos  de  Niza's  reports,  Francisco  Vazquez 
de  Coronado,  who  had  succeeded  Nuiiode  Guzman  and  Torre  as  governor  of  New 
Galicia,  set  out  from  Culiacan  in  April,  1540,  penetrated  to  the  Pueblo  towns, 
or  the  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola,  and  thence  to  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande  and 
far  toward  the  north-east  to  Quivira,  whose  location,  fixed  by  him  in  latitude 
40°,  has  been  a  much  disputed  question.  While  in  Sonora,  he  sent  forth 
Melchor  Diaz,  who  explored  the  head  of  the  gulf,  and  the  mouths  of  the  rivers, 
Gila  and  Colorado,  where  he  found  letters  left  by  Alarcon.  See  infra.  From 
Cibola,  Coronado  sent  Garcia  Lopez  de  Cardenas  west,  who  passed  through 
the  Moqui  towns  and  followed  the  Colorado  for  some  distance.  Coronado 
returned  in  1542.  Relatione  che  mando  Francesco  Vazquez  di  Coronado,  in 
Bamusio,  torn.  iii.  fol.  359;  Pae/<ecoand  Cardenas,  Col.  deDoc.,  torn.  iii.  p.  511. 
Halcluyts  Voy.,  vol.  iii.  pp.  373-82,  has  the  same  and  Gomara's  account. 
Ternaux-Compans,  Voyages,  se"rie  i.  torn,  ix.,  gives  the  relations  of  Coro- 


CALIFORNIA  AND  ARIZONA  DISCOVERED. 


153 


nado,  Castaueda,  and  Jaramillo.  See  also  Whipple,  Ewbanlc,  and  Turner,  in 
Pacific  R.  R.  Reports,  vol.  iii.  pp.  108-12;  Simpson,  in  Report  of  SmitJisonian 
Institution  t  1869. 

To  cooperate  with  Coronado's  land  expedition,  Hernando  de  Alarcon  was 
despatched  from  Acapulco  in  May,  1540.  Alarcon  followed  the  coast  to  the 
head  of  the  gulf,  and  ascended  the  Buena  Guia  (Colorado)  some  eighty-five 
leagues  in  boats,  but  hearing  nothing  from  Coronado,  he  returned  after  bury 
ing  letters,  which,  as  we  have  seen,  were  found  by  Melchor  Diaz.  Beside  the 
references  given  above,  see  Sutil  y  Mexicana,  Viage,  p.  xxviii.;  Burners 
Discov.  South  Sea,  vol.  i.  pp.  211-16;  PurcJias,  His  Pilgrimes,  vol.  iv.  p.  1560; 
SchoolcrafCs  Arch.,  vol.  iv.  p.  21  et  seq.;  vol.  vi.  p.  69;  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.t 
serie  iii.  p.  671. 

I  here  present  reductions  of  two  maps  of  the  tune  to  illustrate  the  explora 
tions  on  the  north-west  coast,  with  which  I  close  this  sketch.  The  first  was 
made  by  the  pilot  Castillo  in  1541,  and  is  taken  from  Cortes,  Hist.  Nueva- 
Expana,  edited  by  Lorenzana,  Mexico,  1770,  p.  325. 


CASTILLO'S  MAP,  1541. 


A  similar  chart  is  mentioned  by  Sefior  Navarrete  as  existing  in  the  hydro- 
graphic  archives  in  Madrid.  The  second,  from  the  Munich  Atlas,  no.  vi.,  is 
of  uncertain  date.  Peschel  places  it  between  1532  and  1540;  and  it  was 
certainly  made  about  that  time,  as  Yucatan  is  represented  as  an  island, 
and  California  as  a  peninsula,  although  later  it  came  again  to  be  considered 
an  island,  as  at  its  first  discovery. 


154 


EARLY  VOYAGES. 


mar  Tiermeio 


TIMITTSTAN" 


MANUSCRIPT-MAP.,  AUTHOR  UNKNOWN;  SUPPOSED  TO  HAVE  BEEN  DRAWN 
BETWEEN  1532.  AND  154Q. 


This,  then,  was  Discovery.  And  in  the  progress  of  discovery  we  may  trace 
the  progress  of  mind.  We  can  but  wonder  now,  when  we  see  our  little  earth 
belted  with  steam  and  lightning,  how  reluctantly  the  infant  intellect  left  its 
cradle  to  examine  its  surroundings.  Wrapped  in  its  Mediterranean  swad- 
dlings,  it  crept  forth  timidly,  tremblingly,  slowly  gaining  courage  with 
experience,  until,  throwing  off  impediments,  it  trod  the  earth  in  the  fearless 
pride  of  manhood.  Like  all  science,  philosophy,  and  religion,  cosmography 
was  at  first  a  superstition.  Walled  within  jiarrow  limits,  as  we  have  seen, 
by  imaginary  frost  and  fire,  shaken  from  fear  of  heaven  above  and  hell  be 
neath,  there  is  little  wonder  that  the  ancients  dared  not  venture  far  from 
home;  nor  that,  when  men  began  to  explore  parts  unknown,  there  should 
appear  that  romance  of  geography  so  fascinating  to  the  Greek  mind,  that  halo 
thrown  by  the  dimness  of  time  and  distance  over  strange  seas  and  lands. 
From  this  time  to  that  of  the  adaptation  of  the1  magnet  to  purposes  of  navi 
gation,  about  a  score  of  centuries,  there  was  little  progress  in  discovery. 

Is  it  not  strange  how  the  secrets  of  nature,  one  after  another,  reveal  them 
selves  according  to  man's  necessities  ?  Who  would  have  looked  for  the  deliv 
erance  of  pent-up  humanity  from  certain  mysterious  qualities  in  magnetic 
iron  ore,  which  floated  toward  the  north  that  side  of  a  cork  on  which  it  was 
placed  ?  When  Vasco  da  Gama  and  Columbus  almost  simultaneously  opened 
to  Europe  oceanic  highways  through  which  were  destined  to  flow  the  treasures 
of  the  eastern  and  the  western  Indies,  then  it  was  that  a  new  quality  was 
discovered  in  the  loadstone;  for  in  addition  to  its  power  to  take  up  iron,  it 
was  found  to  possess  the  rare  virtue  of  drawing  gold  and  silver  from  distant 
parts  into  the  coffers  of  European  princes;  then  it  was  that  paths  were  marked 
out  across  the  Sea  of  Darkness,  and  ships  passed  to  and  fro  bearing  the 
destroyers  of  nations,  and  laden  with  their  spoils. 


IV. 


ANNALS  OF 

G-ALICIA 


(From  Vol.  V.-VI.  of  the  Bancroft  History.} 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 
1520-1534. 

CORUNA'S  MISSION — ADVANCE  OF  THE  CROSS — ENTRY  OF  GUZMAN  INTO  Mi- 
CHOACAN — His  ATROCITIES — TERRIBLE  FATE  OF  KING  TANGAXOAN — CAM 
PAIGN  IN  CUINAS,  CUITZCO,  AND  ALONG  CHAPALA  LAKE — BATTLE  OF 

TONALA — RAIDS  FROM  NOCHISTLAN — EL  GRAN  TEUL — OPERATIONS  IN 
JALISCO — IN  QUEST  OF  THE  AMAZONS— THE  GREATER  SPAIN— CROSS 
ING  THE  ESPIRITU  SANTO— ON  TO  AZTATLAN— DEVASTATING  FLOODS — 
BRANDING  SLAVES — THE  AMAZON  MYTH — CHANGE  OF  PLANS — FOUND 
ING  OF  TOWNS — GUZMAN  DEFIES  THE  AUDIENCIA — CASTILLA'S  DISCOM 
FITURE — NEMESIS — BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

IT   has  been  related   how   Cortes,   lured  by  ever 
present  rumors   of  gold  and  pearls,  had  sent   forth 
expeditions  which  skirted  the  southern  sea  from  rich 
Tututepec  to    distant   Jalisco,  and   then    retired    to 
Colima  and  Tzintzuntzan  to  form  nuclei  for  proposed 
colonies,  and  starting-points  for  more  effective  inva 
sions.     In  Michoacan  the  exploitation  of  mines  proved 
a  means  to  attract  and  maintain,  settlers  chiefly  of  a 
reckless  class,  whose  conduct  was  not  calculated  to 
create  admiration.    The  native  king,  indeed,  had  cause 
for  bitter   complaints,   and   after  the    overthrow  of 
Salazar,   in   1526,1  he   came  to  Mexico  for  redress, 
there  to  observe  for  himself  the  beneficial  influence  of 
friars,  particularly  in  restraining  the  colonists  in  ex 
cesses  against  natives.    Of  a  timid  nature,  Tangaxoan 
thought  it  politic  not  only  to  accept  baptism,  with  the 

1  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii.  215,  places  this  visit  during  the  troublous 
time  of  Salazar's  rule;  but  had  he  come  then,  that  rapacious  tyrant  would 
have  held  him  a  prisoner  to  extort  treasures,  for  Albornoz  writes  in  1525  that 
the  king  should  be  sent  for  and  seized,  because  he  resisted  the  miners.  Cartat 
in  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc.,  i.  502-3. 


342  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

name  of  Francisco,2  but  to  ask  for  friars  to  accom 
pany  him  and  spread  their  faith  in  his  kingdom.  This 
was  accorded,  and  Martin  de  Jesus,  also  known  as  De 
la  Coruna,  one  of  the  twelve  Franciscans/  set  forth 
with  two  or  three  companions.4 

They  were  well  received,  and  soon  a  convent  and 
church  arose,  the  latter  dedicated  to  Santa  Ana, 
wherein  began  their  proselyting  work.  A  not  alto 
gether  politic  iconoclasm  created  a  hostile  feeling 
among  the  people,  abetted  by  the  native  priests,  and 
but  for  the  decided  attitude  of  the  king  and  his 
courtiers  in  favor  of  the  friars,  their  task  would  have 
been  difficult.  As  it  was,  idol  after  idol  was  cast 
down,  and  temples  were  purified  of  their  abomina 
tions,  or  destroyed,5  and  since  the  wrath  of  the  gods, 
manifested  only  in  impotent  oracles,  seemed  powerless 
against  the  attack  of  these  solitary  men,  the  people 
recovered  from  their  first  shock  and  began  to  look 
more  kindly  on  a  religion  held  by  doughty  conqueror 
and  patronized  by  royalty.  This  change  was  greatly 
promoted  by  the  exemplary  life  of  the  friars,  unselfish, 
devoid  of  greed,  patient,  benevolent,  and  sympathiz 
ing,  and  these  virtues  touched  the  people  in  particular 
through  the  care  of  children  and  invalids.  With  the 

2  So  Torquemada,  iii.  332,  assumes,  followed  by  Beaumont,  yet  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  the  baptism  took  place  later,  though  not  after  1529,  as  shown 
by  Pi'ar,  in  Icazbalceta,  CoL  Doc. ,  ii.  248.     Alcgrc  names  him  Antonio.  Hist. 
Comp.  Jesus,  i.  92,  and  so  does  Chimalpain.   11  ist.  Conq.,  ii.  78. 

3  He  is  highly  spoken  of  for  his  charitable  character  and  rigid  observance 
of  rules.     After  working  zealously  in  Michoacan  he  went  with  Cortes  to  Cal 
ifornia,  became  guardian  at  Cuernavaca,  returned  to  Patzcuaro,  where  he 
died,   probably  in  1558.  Vetancurt  says  September  25,  omitting  the  year. 
Menolog.,  105;  Datos  Biog.,  in  Cartas  de  Indias,  780;  Torquemada,  iii.  435-7; 
Beristain  says  15G8. 

*Mendieta,  Hist.  Ecles.,  376.  In  a  memorial  of  Gonzaga  five  are  men 
tioned:  Angel  de  Saliceto>  or  Saucedo,  later  known  as  Angel  de  Valencia, 
Geronimo  de  la  Cruz,  Juan  Badiano,  or  Badillo,  properly  Vadier,  Miguel  de 
Bolonia,  and  Juan  de  Padilla,  and  Beaumont  insists  on  accepting  them,  but 
Torquemada  points  out  that  some  of  these  arrived  only  in  1527.  Brasseur  de 
Bourbourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  731,  745-6,  takes  a  ground  opposite  to  the 
clear  statements  of  Mendieta,  and  perverts  his  quoted  authority,  Torque 
mada. 

5  The  chroniclers  gravely  relate  that  idols  even  of  gold  and  silver  were 
destroyed  or  cast  away.  '  Junt6  vna  gran  suma  de  idolos,  y  a  los  de  metal,  y 
oro  los  arroj6  en  lo  mas  profundo  de  la  laguna.'  Vetaucvrt,  Menoloy.,  105. 


MARCH  OF  GUZMAN. 


343 


arrival  of  more  friars,6  conversion  spread,  and  hermi 
tages  and  convents  were  soon  established  in  different 
towns,  as  Guayangareo,  Patzcuaro,  Acdmbaro,  Urua- 
pan,  and  Tarecuaro,  all  of  which  were  subordinated 
to  the  mother  institution  at  Tzintzuntzan,  a  city  con 
firmed  as  capital  by  decree  of  1528.7 


MlCHOACAN   AND   COLIMA. 

Thus  spread  a  peaceful  conquest,  marred  only  by 
occasional  excesses  from  ruthless  colonists,  and  the 
Tarascans  were  becoming  reconciled  to  the  Spanish 
domination,  tempered  as  it  was  by  the  influence  of 
the  cross.  But  the  peace  of  Michoacan  was  not  des 
tined  to  be  of  long  duration.  The  wealth  of  its  hills 
was  against  it,  as  demonstrated  not  alone  by  the 
unruly  conduct  of  the  first  colonists,  but  by  the 
infamous  proceedings  of  the  first  audiencia  against 
Tangaxoan  Caltzontzin,  king  of  Michoacan,  who  had 
been  summoned  to  Mexico  and  there  held  captive, 
with  significant  intimations  that  it  would  be  as  well 
for  him  to  arrange  for  a  plentiful  supply  of  gold. 

6  The  records  of  Acdmbaro  give  the  names  of  several  additional  friars, 
who  are  said  to  have  arrived  already  before  the  close  of  1526.  Ueaumont, 
Crfy.  Mich.,  iii.  27-53.  1527  is  a  more  correct  date. 

'  Puya,  Ccdulario,  27.  Beaumont  enumerates  several  more  establishments, 
notably  round  Lake  Patzcuaro.  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii.  243-8. 


344  CONQUEST  OP  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

It  was  in  December  1529  that  Nuiio  cle  Guzman 
left  the  capital  as  one  flying  from  retribution.  He 
appeared  in  Michoacan  at  the  head  of  a  well  equipped 
army,  accompanied  by  the  king,  who  now  served  in 
the  additional  capacity  of  hostage.8  The  return  of  the 
monarch  was  sufficient  in  itself  to  give  rise  to  dem 
onstrations  of  joy,  notably  at  Tzintzuntzan,  although 
the  festivities  were  soon  marred  by  bitter  grief.  Im 
mediately  after  his  arrival  the  president  required  the 
king  to  furnish  the  Spaniards  with  from  six  to  ten  thou 
sand  servants  for  the  march  northward,  and  a  few  days 
later,  under  pretext  that  Tangaxoan  did  not  supply 
the  necessary  provisions,  Guzman  placed  him  in  irons 
and  confined  him  in  a  room  near  his  own.  Gold  and 
silver  were  also  demanded,  but  the  amount  given  was 
far  from  satisfying  Guzman's  greed,  and  Tangaxoan 
was  repeatedly  tortured9  in  the  effort  to  ascertain 
from  him  the  hiding-place  of  his  store  of  precious  met 
als,  small  amounts  of  which  were  still  brought  in  from 
time  to  time  in  the  vain  hope  of  obtaining  the  royal 
captive's  release. 

As  soon  as  the  requisite  number  of  natives  had  been 
furnished  they  were  distributed  among  the  Spaniards, 
and  the  march  of  the  army  continued,  the  lord  of 
each  town  or  village  being  carried  along  in  chains  as 
a  guaranty  of  submission  on  the  part  of  his  sub 
jects,  after  the  manner  of  Tangaxoan,  Don  Pedro 
the  governor,  and  Don  Alonso  the  king's  son-in-law\ 
From  Tzintzuntzan  they  went  to  Puruandiro,  fording 
the  river  Tololotlan,  or  Lerma,  February  2,  1530,  at 
or  near  Conguripo.  From  the  day,  they  named  the 
river  Nuestra  Senora  de  la  Purificacion  del  Buen  Paso, 

8  The  king  was  apparently  at  liberty,  but  a  guard,  specially  appointed  to 
watch  him,  would  have  made  futile  any  attempt  to  escape.  Guzman,  J^  Eel. 
Avdn.,  463. 

9  Garcia  del  Pilar  and  the  alcalde  Godoy  were  employed  for  the  purpose, 
but  the  statement  of  the  former  leaves  it  uncertain  whether  the  king  was  tor 
tured  while  in  Tzintzuntzan.     An  order  was  given,  but  before  it  was  carried 
into  effect  two  friars  interceded  and  the  king  was  restored  to  his  prison,  where 
he  was  kept,  altogether  about  three  weeks,  until  the  march  of  the  army  was 
resumed.  Pilar,  Edacion,  248-0;  Guzman,  J^  Eel.  Antfn.,  403. 


THE  TORTURE  APPLIED.  345 

taking  formal  possession  by  appropriate  ceremonies, 
on  February  7th,  of  the  country  on  the  northern  bank 
now  visited  for  the  first  time,  and  building  a  kind 
of  walled  church,  or  hermitage,  also  dedicated  to  Our 
Lady  of  the  Purification.10 

Encamping  near  the  ford,  Guzman  proceeded  to 
further  try  the  king,  charging  him  with  the  murder 
of  several  Spaniards,  relapse  into  paganism,  and  the 
treacherous  design  of  laying  an  ambush  for  the  army. 
Observing  that  his  prisoner  was  not  willing  to  confess 
crimes  which  he  never  had  committed,  Guzman  re 
solved  to  apply  more  forcible  remedies. 

Two  Tarascan  interpreters  were  the  first  victims. 
Information  was  demanded  as  to  the  number  of  Chris 
tians  killed  by  their  ruler,  the  time  since  the  occur 
rence,  and  the  whereabouts  of  Caltzontzin's  wives  and 
treasure.  It  was  of  no  avail  that  they  protested 
ignorance,  the  lash  and  dripping  water  were  employed 
to  revive  their  memory,  and  at  last  fire  was  applied 
to  the  feet,  until  the  toes  dropped  off.11 

During  the  following  three  days  Don  Pedro,  Don 
Alonso,  and  even  Tangaxoan  were  subjected  to  the 
same  treatment,  all  except  the  application  of  fire,  and 

10 Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iii.  354-60,  followed  by  Ramirez,  Proceso,  203-6, 
and  others,  represents  the  army  as  having  reached  the  river  on  December  8th 
at  Conguripo,  whence  they  went  to  Tzintzimtzan,  thence  to  Puruandiro,  and 
after  advancing  a  few  leagues  crossed  a  great  river.  No  one  would  suppose 
from  this  version  that  Conguripo  and  the  crossing  near  Puruandiro  were 
identical  as  is  the  fact;  clearly  the  authors  had  no  such  idea  themselves. 
Other  writers,  as  Frejes,  Hist.  Breve,  73,  and  Romero,  Not.  Mich.,  122,  make 
December  8th  the  date  of  the  final  crossing.  But  most  of  the  original 
documents  say  the  river  was  forded  in  February,  while  Guzman  in  Ramusio, 
iii.  331,  and  Oviedo,  iii.  563-5,  affirm  it  was  on  Purification  day,  or  February 
2d.  The  confusion  in  dates  and  consequent  blunder  in  the  route  arises  doubt 
less  from  the  fact  that  certain  writers,  learning  that  the  event  took  place  on 
the  day  of  Nuestra  Seuora,  have  supposed  it  was  the  Conception,  December 
8th,  instead  of  the  Purification,  February  2d,  of  our  lady.  Throughout  this 
campaign  there  is  the  greatest  confusion  in  dates.  I  have  spared  no  pains  in 
ascertaining  in  each  case  the  exact  or  approximate  dates;  but  I  have  not 
deemed  it  best,  except  in  a  few  cases  for  special  reasons,  to  show  in  notes  the 
methods  of  arriving  at  my  conclusions.  I  have  abundant  material  at  hand 
for  such  notes,  but  they  would  be  long  and  numerous,  and  serve  no  useful 
purpose  save  perhaps  as  a  record  of  the  author's  industry. 

"  Only  a  few  Spaniards  who  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  general  were 
present  at  this  infamous  proceeding,  conducted  in  a  small  hut  outside  the 
camp.  Filar,  Testimonio,  in  Ramirez,  Proceso,  266. 


346  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

with  the  same  result.  They  were  firm  in  denying 
the  possession  of  treasure,  and  affirmed,  as  was  doubt 
less  true,  that  the  gifts  already  made  represented  the 
accumulations  of  many  years,  and  that  as  their  coun 
try  produced  but  little  gold  they  had  no  more  to 
give.12  Irritated  by  failure,  Guzman  sentenced  the 
ruler  to  death,  declaring  him  guilty  of  all  the  charges; 
and  after  having  been  dragged  over  the  plain  tied  to 
the  tail  of  a  horse,  Tangaxoan  was  burned  alive  at 
the  stake.13 

To  the  last  Tangaxoan  protested  his  innocence  and 
his  good  faith  toward  the  Christians,  called  on  his 
people  to  witness  how  the  Spaniards  rewarded  his 
devotion,  and  asked  that  his  ashes  be  taken  home14 
for  burial.  This  request  was  disregarded,  however, 
and  the  ashes  were  thrown  into  the  river  by  order 
of  Guzman.15  These  facts  were  brought  out  at  the 
trial  of  the  infamous  president  in  later  }rears  and  are 
supported  by  statements  of  the  best  authorities.  I 
believe  there  is  no  circumstance  to  be  urged  in  behalf 
of  Nuno  de  Guzman  which  can  justly  relieve  him  of 

12  Filar  and  the  author  of  the  Jp  Rel.  Andn.  state  that  the  day  after  the 
torturing  of  Caltzontzin,  several  of  Guzman's  followers  left  the  camp  and 
returned  some  days  later  with  a  great  quantity  of  gold  and  silver,  found  in  a 
house  indicated  by  the  king  when  under  torture.  Pilar,  Relation,  250-1,  and 
Guzman,  4a  ^e^  Andn.,  464-5. 

13  4E1  pregon  decia  por  haber  muerto  muchos  cristianos,'  Guzman,  3a  Rel. 
Andn.,  439,   'decia  el  pregon  a  este  hombre  por  traidor,  por  muchas  muertes 
de  cristianos  que  se  le  han  probado. '  Sdmano,  Rel.,  262.     Bernal  Diaz,  Hist. 
Verdad.,  230,  and  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Hixt.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  752,   affirm 
that  the  king  was  strangled,  but  they  are  evidently  mistaken.    Pilar,  Testi- 
monio,  in  Ramirez  Proceso,  269,  says,    'luego  pusieron  fuego  a  la  lena,  y 
comenz6  d   arder,  y  asi  quem6  al  dicho  Cazolzi,    hasta   que   naturalmente 
perdi6  la  vida.'    Don  Pedro  and  Don  Alonso  were  only  saved  from  sharing 
the  king's  fate  on  account  of  the  intercession  of  the  former  contador  Albornoz 
and  of  Father  Miguel  de  Bolofia.  Gil,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boietin,  2da  e"p., 
i.  800. 

14  'Mandate  que  despues  de  quemado  cojiese  los  polvos,  y  cenizas  de  el.  . . 
y  que  alii  hiciese  juntar  a  todos  los  seiiores  de  la  dicha  Provincia,  y  que  les 
contase. .  .que  viesen  el  galardon,  que  le  aban  los  Christianos.'  Pilar,  Tcs'i- 
monio,  in  Ramirez,  Proceso,  269.    Navarre te,  Hist.  Jal.,  29,  says,  'though  the 
king's  will  was  complied  with,  the  Tarascos  remained  quiet ;  their  own  king 
had  accustomed  them  to  pusillanimity.' 

15  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  iv.  752,  following  an  old  manu 
script,  claims  that  the  greater  part  was  saved  by  friends  and  servants  of  the 
late  king  and  secretly  buried  at  Patzcuaro,  with  all  the  honors  and  solemnities 
due  to  his  rank. 


TANGAXOAN  BURNED.  347 

the  black  crime  of  having  foully  and  without  provoca 
tion  murdered  the  kind-hearted  Caltzontzin.16 

These  proceedings  materially  affected  the  progress 
of  the  expedition,  for  the  news  spreading  throughout 
the  neighboring  districts  caused  the  natives  either  to 
fly,  or  to  rise  in  defence  of  their  homes,  only  to 
encounter  certain  defeat.  Any  other  leader  would 
have  been  startled  by  the  desolation  which  met  his 
eye  on  every  side,  but  Guzman  seemed  rather  to 
accept  it  as  a  flattering  tribute  to  his  renown,  and 
made  light  of  the  alarm  manifested  by  some  of  his 
followers,  declaring  that  he  would  assume  the  respon 
sibility  before  the  crown  -of  all  his  acts. 

During  the  stay  of  nearly  two  weeks  at  the  camp 
by  the  ford  of  Purificacion,  and  while  the  proceedings 
against  Caltzontzin  were  carried  on,  detachments  were 
sent  out  in  different  directions  to  receive  the  submis 
sion  of  the  towns,  and  they  met  with  no  resistance.17 
Then,  after  military  ordinances  were  published,  the 
army  started  down  the  river  on  or  near  the  northern 
bank,  and  after  a  march  of  six  days  arrived  on  the 
borders  of  Cuinao,  or  Coynan,  province,  watered  by 
the  stream  known  afterward  as  the  Zula.  Chirinos, 
the  late  worthy  associate  of  the  tyrant  Salazar,  who 
accompanied  the  expedition  as  captain,  was  sent  in 
advance  to  demand  submission.  He  found  the  chief 
town  abandoned,  and  the  inhabitants  in  rapid  flight, 

16  It  is  fair  to  present  the  excuses  that  have  been  offered  for  Guzman's  act. 
Oviedo,  iii.  564-5,  says  the  king  refused  to  give  information  about  the  northern 
country,  and  that  he  confessed  the  murder  of  35  Spaniards,  whose  remains 
were  used  at  pagan  festivals.     Salazar  y  Olarte,  Conq.  Mcx.,  420,  tells  us  he 
had  relapsed  into  idolatry  and  sacrificed  Spaniards,  dressing  himself  in  the 
skins  of  the  victims.    Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal,  23-4,  says  he  was  accused 
of  disloyal  plots,  was  formally  tried  and  convicted,  and  that  so  learned  a 
lawyer  as  Guzman  would  not  have  proceeded  illegally !     Guzman  himself  in 
Carta  a  H.  M.,  in  Ramuxio,  iii.  331,  says  that  Tangaxoaii  was  tried  on  many 
charges,  especially  that  of  rebellious  designs,  impudently  referring  to  the 
records  of  the  trial.     If  from  the  standpoint  of  the  times  we  admit  relapse 
into  idolatry  as  a  justification  for  his  death,  it  is  very  evident  from  the  friend 
ship  of  the  friars  for  Caltzontzin  that  there  was*no  such  relapse  in  his  case. 

17  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal. ,  27,  without  naming  any  authority,  states 
that  one  of  these  expeditions  penetrated  to  Guanajuato.     According  to  Tello, 
Guanajuato  was  then  conquered.     Both. Mota  Padilla  and  Navarrete,  who 
follows  him,  Hist.  Jal.,  29,  mention  Penjamo  as  one  of  the  pueblos  subjected 
at  this  time. 


348  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

yet  defiant,  though  a  slight  skirmish,  involving  the 
capture  of  a  few  of  their  number  was  all  that  resulted 
from  the  demonstration.  For  several  weeks  the 
army  remained  in  the  camp  outside  of  Cuinao,  the 
town  itself  having  been  burned,  doubtless  by  Guz 
man's  order,  although  it  was  claimed,  as  also  in  many 
later  instances,  that  such  deeds  were  due  to  the 
Aztec  and  Tlascaltec  allies  who  could  not  be  con 
trolled.  Meanwhile  expeditions  were  made  into  the 
neighborhood  by  detachments  under  Guzman,  Chirinos, 
and  Cristobal  de  Onate,  to  reduce  the  country  and  to 
ravage.  Their  task  was  not  difficult,  for  the  villages 
and  farms  were  all  abandoned,  while  straggling  fugi 
tives  hovered  in  the  distance.  A  number  gradually 
came  in  to  tender  submission,  and  among  them  the 
cacique,  upon  whom  the  devout  Guzman  himself 
exerted  his  oratorical  power  in  behalf  of  the  faith  for 
which  he  was  thus  mowing  a  path.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  say  that  the  chieftain  was  convinced  by  the  argu 
ments  of  his  teacher.18 

From  here  a  message  was  sent  to  the  adjoining 
province  of  Cuitzeo,19  which  lay  on  both  sides  of  the 
main  river  on  and  near  the  shores  of  Lake  Chapala,20 
the  chief  town  of  the  same  name  being  on  the  south 
ern  bank  and  within  the  territory  discovered  by  Fran 
cisco  Cortes  in  1524.  It  was,  however,  no  part  of 
Guzman's  policy  to  avoid  that  territory  or  to  respect 
the  rights  of  preceding  explorers.  Chimalhuacan 

18  It  is  amusing  to  read  Guzman's  account  of  this  effort,  and  to  note  the 
flow  of  devout  sentiments  from  his  pen.  Truly,  the  sovereign  must  have  con 
gratulated  himself  on  possessing  so  earnest  a  champion  of  the  cross.  See  Car- 
ta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc. ,  xiii.  363-4.  According  to  Mota  Padilla, 
Conq.  N.  Gal. ,  29,  Fray  Martin  cle  Jesus  made  here  an  attempt  at  conversion,  but 
this  is  more  than  doubtful,  for  he  is  nowhere  else  mentioned  as  a  member  of 
the  expedition.  It  is  also  said  that,  while  in  Cuinao,  messengers  returned  from 
Michoacan,  bringing  more  gold  and  silver  than  ever  before.  They  had  been 
sent  by  Don  Pedro  and  Don  Alonso,  who  by  this  means  sought  to  obtain 
exemption  from  further  torture.  Pilar,  ReL,  251,  and  Guzman,  4*  Rel.  An6n., 
466. 

J9  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii.  384,  followed  by  Zamacois,  Hist.  Mcj.,  iv. 
500,  tells  us  this  was  not  Cuitzeo  de  la  Laguna  near  Lake  Chapala  ;  but  they 
are  clearly  in  error. 

2J  Chapala,  lake  in  Jalisco;  Laet,  1633,  L.  Chapala;  Jefferys,  1776,  L.  Cha 
pala;  Kiepert,  1852,  lake  and  city  Chapala;  Cartog.  Pac.  Coast,  MS.,  ii.  496. 


BATTLE  AT  THE  FORD.  349 

and  the  Avalos  provinces  he  regarded  as  legitimate 
fields  of  conquest,  and  he  anticipated  pleasure  as  well 
as  profit  in  wresting  these  regions  from  Cortes.21 
The  natives  of  Cuitzeo,  however,  were  not  at  all  inclined 
to  receive  the  strangers  with  open  arms,  and  their 
cacique  sent  answer  "that  he  knew  what  sort  of  men 
the  Spaniards  were,  and  challenged  them  to  enter  his 
country."  Guzman  is  said  to  have  hesitated  as  to  what 
course  he  should  pursue,  but  Cristobal  de  Onate  soon 
solved  his  doubts  by  tauntingly  observing  that  Cortes 
would  never  have  achieved  his  glorious  triumphs  had 
he  allowed  himself  to  be  regulated  by  formalities  and 
requerimientos.  He  made  his  demands  with  foot  in 
stirrup,  and  entered  the  very  camp  of  the  foe  to  hear 
the  answer.22  The  march  was  accordingly  directed 
toward  Cuitzeo,  and  before  long  they  came  in  sight  of 
the  enemy.  When  at  a  gunshot's  distance,  a  .native 
champion  came  forth  to  test  in  a  personal  combat  the 
valor  and  weapons  of  the  Spaniards.  He  was  easily 
vanquished  by  Juan  Michel,  a  Portuguese  soldier, 
who  obtained  permission  to  exhibit  his  prowess,  and 
the  defeat  so  terrified  the  Indians  that  they  hastened 
to  seek  shelter  at  the  river.  Here  they  recovered 
their  courage,  and,  on  attempting  to  cross  the  stream 
on  rafts  and  by  fording,  Guzman's  forces  were  attacked 
in  the  water  and  a  desperate  struggle  ensued  in  the 
current,  on  the  banks,  and  on  the  river  island,  where 
the  foe  had  intrenched  themselves.23 

This  continued  for  several  days  with  severe  losses 
on  both  sides,  Guzman's  being  mostly  confined  to  his 
native  allies.  A  few  horses  were  killed,  but  great 
care  was  used  in  disposing  of  the  bodies  so  that  the 

2lMota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  27,  here  as  well  as  in  the  rest  of  his 
account  of  Guzman's  campaign,  seeks  to  defend  the  unscrupulous  policy  of 
the  president. 

22  'Cortes. .  .con  las  armas  en  la  mano  y  el  pie"  en  el  estribo;  remitia  sus 
embajadas,  mas  las  respuestas  las  oia  en  las  mismas  canales  de  las  poblaciones. ' 
Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  30. 

23  Captain  Vasquez,  armed  with  a  sword  and  a  buckler,  was  the  first  who 
lear>cd  into  the  river,  and,  followed  by  some  of  his  foot-selcliers,  opened  the 
attack  upon  the  natives  intrenched  on  the  island.  Sdmano,  Relation,  2GS. 


350  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

foe  mio'ht  not  know  that  those  dreaded  monsters  were 

O 

vulnerable  to  their  weapons.  At  last  the  river  was 
passed,  Cuitzeo  was  taken,  and  within  a  fortnight  the 
neighboring  places  on  or  near  the  northern  shore  of 
Lake  Chapala,  and  on  both  sides  of  the  river  from  La 
Barca  to  Poncitlan,  were  reduced  to  allegiance  by  a 
series  of  minor  expeditions,  described  with  some  detail 
in  the  records,  but  a  fuller  narrative  of  which  is  neither 
practicable  nor  desirable  here.24 

From  Cuitzeo  the  Spaniards  proceeded  to  TonaM,25 
the  aboriginal  name  of  the  region  about  the  present 
Guadalajara,  entering  and  taking  possession  of  the 
chief  town,  also  called  Tonala,  on  March  25th.  The 
town  and  province  were  at  the  time  under  a  female 
ruler,  who  received  the  Spaniards  with  kindness, 
mindful  of  the  former  visit  of  Francisco  Cortes;  but 
some  of  her  people,  notably  those  of  Tetlan,  well  in 
formed  of  Guzman's  proceedings  in  Michoacan  and 
the  murder  of  Tangaxoan,  were  indignant  that  their 
mistress  had  welcomed  the  enemy  of  her  race,  and  two 

24 1  deem  it  useless  to  give  long  lists  of  town  names,  most  of  which  can  be 
found  on  the  maps,  but  very  few  of  which  arc  applied  to  the  samo  localities 
as  in  aboriginal  times.  The  original  towns  were  for  the  most  part  destroyed, 
and  those  which  succeeded  them  under  Spanish  auspices  have  in  many  instances 
experienced  several  changes  of  locality,  while  retaining  the  same  names.  As 
a  rule  I  shall  name  only  such  towns  as  are  necessary  to  show  the  route  fol 
lowed,  and  such  as  acquired  some  importance  in  later  times.  Among  the  acts 
of  cruelty  perpetrated  in  this  region  was  the  setting  a  fierce  dog  on  the  fat 
cacique  of  Cuitzeo  for  alleged  neglect  in  furnishing  supplies,  an  act  attributed 
by  Salazar  y  Olartc,  Conq.  Max.,  420-8,  to  a  'delirious  impulse'  on  the  part 
of  Guzman.  A  Mexican  chief  also  was  so  beaten  for  some  fancied  misconduct 
that  he  lost  permanently  the  use  of  his  hands.  Guzman,  40-  Rd.  An6n.,  467. 
Navarretc,  Hist.  Jal.,  35,  speaks  of  the  artificial  formation  of  a  ford  by  iilling 
the  river  with  sand.  Guzman,  JRamusio,  iii.  332-4,  tells  us  of  finding  cannibals 
and  burning  a  sodomite;  he  regrets  the  idolatrous  tendencies  of  the  natives, 
and  says — uncontradicted  so  far  as  I  know — that  he  is  himself  the  greatest 
sinner  of  all,  but  hopes  that  God  in  his  great  gpodncss  will  accept  his  efforts 
for  the  conversion  of  gentiles.  Oviedo,  iii.  5G5-G,  speaks  of  ovens  filled  with 
human  bodies  frying  in  their  fat  and  blood,  to  be  used  as  food. 

25Ciiirinos  was  detailed  with  one  detachment  to  reach  Tonala  by  a  differ 
ent  route  and  render  Guzman  assistance  in  case  of  need.  Guzman,  Cart-i,  in 
Pacheco  and  Cdrdtnas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  370;  Tello,  in  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  ii.  343, 
and  others  imply  that  Chirinos  was  instructed  to  conquer  the  northern  regions, 
joining  the  main  army  at  Topic;  but  probably  the  division  of  the  army  was 
not  effected  till  later.  On  the  march  from  Cuitzeo  to  Tonala  the  'friendly 
Indians'  were  kept  in  chains,  or  under  strong  guard,  by  order  of  Guzman; 
to  prevent  them  from  escaping  or  abandoning  the  baggage.  Guzman,  4a  lid. 
Anon.,  407. 


FIGHTING  AND  PLUNDERING.  351 

or  three  thousand  of  them  gathered  with  hostile  dem 
onstrations  on  a  height  overlooking  the  capital,  near 
the  actual  site  of  Guadalajara.  A  demand  of  submis 
sion  was  haughtily  spurned,  whereupon  Guzman  led 
the  charge  against  them,  assisted  by  Oiiate  and  Ver- 
dugo.  A  lively  battle  ensued,  for  the  natives  fought 
with  a  desperation  hitherto  unparalleled;  but  they 
were  comparatively  few  in  number,  and  had  at  last  to 
succumb,  with  great  loss.  During  the  struggle  Guz 
man's  lance  was  wrested  from  his  grasp  and  directed 
against  himself,  but  one  of  his  companions  turned  the 
weapon  from  its  course  and  saved  his  life.  It  is  even 
said  the  fight  was  so  hot  that  Santiago  himself  felt 
obliged  to  appear  in  succor  of  his  faithful  children.28 
After  this  battle  the  whole  province  was  quickly 
brought  into  subjection;  in  fact  there  was  no  further 
resistance.  Yet  the  hostility  of  the  Tetlan  warriors 
gave  Guzman  a  pretext  for  plundering27  and  burning, 
the  latter  part  of  the  performance  being  always  at 
tributed  to  the  unmanageable  Indian  allies.  On  the 
ground  that  the  province  had  not  been  permanently 
subjected  by  Francisco  Cortes,  Guzman  claimed  it  as 
a  new  conquest,  and  in  commemoration  of  his  great 
victory  two  chapels  were  built,  one  within  the  town, 
dedicated  to  the  holy  virgin;  the  other  on  the  lofty 
battle-ground,  dedicated  to  the  victoria  de  la  cruz,  by 
which  term  the  chapel  became  known,  and  in  token 
of  the  same  a  cross  was  erected,  some  sixty  feet  in 
height,  which  could  be  seen  for  many  a  league,  bearing 
witness  to  the  irresistible  valor  of  Christian  soldiers. 

26Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  39,  says  the  attack  was  made  while  the 
Spaniards  were  seated  at  a  banquet  given  by  the  queen,  while  most  of  the 
original  authorities  and  eye-witnesses  state  that  the  battle  was  fought  before 
Guzman  entered  Tonald,  but  the  president's  own  report  shows  clearly  that  it 
took  place  after  he  had  left  the  town.  Sdmano,  Relation,  209-70;  Guzman, 
3<>>  Rd.  Andn.,  441;  Id.,  4*  lid.,  4GS;  L6pes,  Ed.,  in  Packeco  and  Cardenas, 
Col.  Doc. ,  xiv.  419-20.  The  day  after  the  battle  Chirinos  arrived,  and  was  sent 
to  the  other  side  of  the  river  to  disperse  the  reassembling  fugitives,  but  owing  to 
the  ruggedness  of  the  country  his  expedition  failed.  Guzman,  in  Id.,  xiii.  374. 

27  <  YO  no  les  muestro  boluntad  de  querello  (gold  and  silver)  ni  quo  vengo 
a  ello.  .  .yoles  he  mandado  decir  que  no  teugo  necesidad  de  oro,  sino  de  que 
sean  buenos,'  says  the  president  hypocritically  in  his  letter  to  the  emperor 
in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  -Doc.,  xiii.  373-4. 


352 


CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 


After  a  fortnight's  stay  at  Tonala.  about  the 

O  t/ 

ning  of  April,  the  army  resumed  its  march,23  passing 
almost  wholly  through  deserted  farms  and  villages. 
Near  Contla  a  body  of  natives  ventured  to  attack  the 
vanguard  under  the  maestre  de  cainpo,  in  retaliation 
for  which  a  hill  village  was  surprised  while  the  inhab 
itants  were  engaged  in  religious  exercises.29  On  ap- 


NUEVA  GALICIA. 

proaching  Nochistlan,  Guzman  learned  that  numbers 
were  prepared  for  resistance.  Messengers  were  sent 
to  demand  peaceful  submission,  only  to  be  driven 

28 According  to  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  53,  and  Beaumont,  Cr6n. 
Mich.,  iii.  391-2,  a  garrison  was  left  at  Tonala,  under  Captain  Vasquez  de 
Buenclia.  Guzman  appropriated  Tonald  to  himself,  but  later  the  crown  took 
it  from  him  and  made  it  a  corregimiento.  Lettrc,  in  Tcrnaux-Compans,  Voy., 
stfrie  ii.,  torn.  v.  177. 

29 'A  Tolilitla. .  .hallelos  en  una  borrachera,  por  donde  creo  que  no  nos 
salieron  de  guerra.'  Guzman,  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdcnan,  Col.  Doc., 
xiii.  375.  The  places  touched  since  Touala  were  Chapetala,  Ximoamtla, 
Ixcatlan,  Hacotla,  Contla,  Tolilitla. 


THE  GRAND  TEUL.  3o3 

back  by  missiles.  When  the  army  came  in  sight, 
however,  the  natives  retreated  toward  the  mountains, 
the  cavalry  pursuing  and  capturing  a  number.  The 
torch  was  now  applied  to  the  deserted  town,  and 
detachments  were  sent  to  explore  and  conquer  the 
neighboring  districts.  One  band  under  Chirinos, 
sent  to  Teul,  passed  through  an  ancient  city,  with 
many  large  buildings,  similar  to  those  found  in  Mex 
ico  by  the  first  Spaniards,  but  returning  to  Nochis- 
tlan  the  accompanying  natives  burned  the  relics. 
Another  successful  expedition  was  made  under  Ver- 
dugo30  in  the  direction  of  Xalpan;  within  a  few  days 
the  lords  of  that  region  appeared  in  the  camp,  tender 
ing  their  submission,  and  delivering  some  idols,  which 
were  immediately  destroyed. 

The  people  in  Nochistlan,  though  fugitives,  had  not 
abandoned  all  thoughts  of  resistance,  and  when  one 
day  a  body  of  about  five  hundred  came  to  the  deserted 
town  in  search  of  provisions,  they  attacked  and  killed 
a  number  of  Aztecs  and  Tlascaltecs  and  pursued  the 
remainder  to  their  camp.  Immediately  some  Span 
iards,  and  later  Guzman  himself,  mounted  and  went 
to  the  rescue,  but  night  having  set  in,  the  enemy 
retreated  in  safety  to  the  penol.31  Next  morning,  at 
the  head  of  a  division,  Onate  started  in  search  of  the 
fugitives,  and  was  followed  a  few  hours  later  by  Guz 
man.  During  the  day  various  encounters  took  place ; 
the  enemy  were  in  all  cases  put  to  flight,  though  sev 
eral  horses  were  wounded.  The  army  remained  here 
about  a  month,  celebrating  holy  week  in  a  small  church 
hastily  erected.  Soon  after  easter,  having  previously 
taken  possession  in  the  name  of  the  crown,  the  march 
was  resumed32  and  after  three  or  four  days  they  reached 

30  He  was  a  brother-in-law  of  Diego  Velazquez,  the  governor  of  Cuba,  and 
companion  of  Narvaez.    After  the  capture  of  the  latter,  he  enlisted  in  CorteV 
army,  and  at  Villafane's  conspiracy,  without  knowing  it,  he  was  chosen  as 
successor  of  Cortes.     Later  he  settled   in  Mexico,  holding  alternately  the 
offices  of  regidor  and  alcalde.  See  Hist.  Hex. ,  i.  passim,  this  series. 

31  This  pefiol  is  said  to  be  the  same  on  which  Alvarado  fell  in  later  years. 
32Tello,  followed  by  Mota  Padilla,  Beaumont,  Frejes,  Ramirez,  Navarrete, 

and  Gil,  speaks  of  expeditions  under  Chirinos  and  Oiiate,  from  Cuitzeo  and 
HIST.  MEX..  VOL.  II.    23 


354  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

the  "grand  Teul,"  the  principal  aboriginal  town  of  all 
this  region,  spoken  of  as  a  kind  of  sacred  stronghold 
built  on  a  high  mesa,  and  containing  fine  temples, 
fountains,  and  statues  of  stone.33  But  hallowed  as  it 
was  to  the  entire  native  population  of  that  region,  it 
possessed  little  attraction  for  the  Spaniards,  whose 
forces  under  Chirinos  had  reduced  it  to  ashes. 

From  here  it  was  decided  to  cross  the  western 
range  in  search  of  the  large  and  populous  provinces  on 
the  South  Sea,  distant  some  twelve  days'  journey,  and 
as  provisions  were  scarce,  with  few  prospects  of  re 
plenishing  along  the  route,  the  army  was  divided. 
One  division  under  Chirinos  marched  westward  across 
the  Nayarit  Mountains,  by  a  difficult  route  which  can 
not  be  exactly  traced  by  the  records,  and  arrived  at 
Tepic  early  in  May.34  Guzman  with  the  remainder 
followed  a  route  to  the  south,  recrossed  the  river,  and 
approached  Tepic  by  way  of  Iztlaii  and  Ahuacatlan, 
likewise  over  bad  roads,  where  part  of  the  baggage 
was  lost.  They  met  with  no  resistance,  though  some 
of  the  villages  had  been  abandoned.  On  reaching 
Jalisco,  the  last  place  explored  by  Francisco  Cortes 
in  1524,  they  learned  that  Chirinos  had  been  in  Tepic 

Tonala,  as  distinct  from  the  operations  of  the  main  army,  exploring  part  of 
Aguascalientes  and  extending  as  far  as  Jerez  in  northern  Zacatecas.  Accord 
ing  to  these  authorities  the  main  army  remained  south  of  the  river,  waiting 
at  Aztatlan  until  joined  by  Onate's  force,  thence  proceeding  to  Tepic,  where 
was  Chirinos'  division.  Gil  even  makes  Guzman  in  his  march  from  Aztatlan 
to  Tepic  pass  as  far  south  as  Mascota.  But  all  these-statements  are  indefinite 
and  contradictory  to  those  of  Guzman  and  others,  who  agree  that  the  main 
army  crossed  the  river  and  marched  by  way  of  Nochistlan  to  Teul.  None  of 
the  latter  speaks  of  any  independent  branch  expedition,  but  Ofiate  or  Chiri 
nos  are  repeatedly  mentioned  as  having  been  sent  forward  to  reconnoitre. 
Oviedo,  Herrera,  and  Salazar  agree  with  this  version,  at  least  with  that  which 
refers  to  Guzman's  march  in  person  through  Nochistlan.  See  Tello,  Hist.  N. 
Gal.,  343-7,  and  others,  ubi  sup. 

:w  There  is  much  doubt  about  the  locality  of  '  the  grand  Teul. '  No  extensive 
ruins  so  far  as  I  know  have  been  discovered  in  the  region  of  the  pueblo  which 
now  bears  that  name.  For  a  description  of  the  aboriginal  remains  in  this 
region  see  Native  Races,  iv.  578-93,  this  series.  Guzman  calls  Teul,  Teblichan, 
and  also  Teul  or  Tonauipan. 

34  The  country  was  so  rugged  that  of  the  17  days  employed  they  could 
travel  only  three  days  on  horseback.  Guzman,  Carta,  383.  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal. , 
343-5,  compares  this  crossing  the  sierra  to  Hannibal's  crossing  the  Alps.  The 
Tepic  natives  thought  the  Spaniards  must  be  birds,  regarding  the  route  as 
impassable  to  men.  Ramirez,  Proceso,  207-8,  thinks  Chirinos  reached  the  coast 
north  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  returned  southward  to  Tepic. 


GUZMAN  AT  TEPIC.  355 

for  three  days,  and  was  then  only  two  leagues  distant. 
Notwithstanding  the  lateness  of  the  hour  they  imme 
diately  joined  him.  Guzman  remained  at  Tepic  about 
three  weeks  to  refresh  the  horses  and  to  await  reen- 
forcements  from  Mexico.  In  the  mean  time  parties 
were  sent  out  in  different  directions  to  receive  the  sub 
mission  of  the  native  chieftains  and  to  gather  supplies 
for  the  army.  There  was  no  organized  opposition  here, 
though  the  general  feeling  in  the  province  was  hostile, 
as  indeed  it  could  not  long  fail  to  be  under  the  treatment 
of  Guzman's  raiders,  and  as  the  commander  really 
wished  it  to  be,  so  that  the  conquest  might  not  seem  too 
easy,  and  that  an  excuse  for  plunder  might  not  be 
wanting.  The  caciques  of  Jalisco  declined  the  honor 
of  becoming  vassals  of  Spain,  and  all  the  efforts  of 
three  or  four  embassies  to  persuade  them  were  in  vain; 
they  even  went  so  far  as  to  kill  several  of  the  allies 
and  one  Spaniard,  who,  too  confiding,  had  strayed 
from  the  camp.  Thereupon  an  expedition  against 
Jalisco  was  undertaken  in  three  divisions,  commanded 
by  Guzman,  Chirinos,  and  Onate,  respectively;  but 
besides  securing  a  few  prisoners  and  burning  the 
towns  and  villages  on  the  way,  nothing  was  achieved. 
Having  previously  been  informed  of  Guzman's  plans 
the  natives  fled  to  the  mountains,  and  though  pursued 
for  eight  leagues,  rough  ground  saved  them.35 

When  Guzman  halted  he  learned  that  the  ocean 
lay  but  two  leagues  distant,  whereupon  he  proceeded 
thither  the  following  day  and  took  possession.  After 
extending  his  exploration  a  short  distance  in  a  nor 
thern  direction,  and  having  discovered  a  port,  sup 
posed  to  be  the  best  on  the  whole  coast,36  he  re 
turned  to  Tepic,  whither  meanwhile  the  caciques  of 
Jalisco  and  neighboring  towns  had  repaired,  volun- 

85  The  author  of  the  4a  Rcl.  An6n.,  469,  asserts  that  Jalisco  had  peacefully 
submitted,  but  rebelled  when  an  excessive  tribute  was  imposed,  in  consequence 
of  which  Guzman  burned  the  town. 

36  Just  below  the  present  San  Bias,  Guzman  called  it  Martouchel,  and  as 
Matanchel,  or  Port  of  Jalisco,  it  was  known  for  many  years.  Map-makers 
and  writers  evidently  considered  it  distinct  from  San  Elas. 


356  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

tarily  tendering  submission.  A  garrison  was  estab 
lished,  the  nucleus  of  the  villa  de  Compostela  founded 
the  next  year,  and  regular  officers  were  appointed  to 
collect  tribute  and  otherwise  attend  to  the  emperor's 
interests  in  this  region.  In  the  last  days  of  May  the 
horses  were  rested,  the  province  was  pacified,  and  the 
army  ready  to  advance.37 

Although  successful  in  the  acquisition,  or  rather 
appropriation,  of  vast  tracts  of  land  properly  belong 
ing  to  the  conquest  of  Francisco  Cortes,  so  far  the 
expedition  was  deemed  a  failure,  having  yielded  but 
little  gold  and  silver.  It  was  expected,  however,  that 
the  northern  provinces  and  especially  the  country  of 
the  Amazons,  the  Hesperides  of  the  sixteenth -cen 
tury  Spaniards,  would  yield  ample  compensation  for 
all  hardships.  Progress  hither  was  checked  some 
what  by  the  hostile  attitude  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Centipac,  or  Temoaque,  a  rich  and  populous  province 
on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Tololotlan,  where  Captain 
Barrios  had  been  sent  to  explore  and  seek  a  ford.  He 
crossed  the  river,  but  was  repulsed  with  some  loss  by 
the  native  chieftains,  who  sent  back  a  warning  to 
Guzman  not  to  invade  their  country  on  penalty  of 
being  cooked  and  eaten.  The  main  army,  however, 
marched  at  once  from  Tepic  and  reached  the  bank  of 
the  river  on  the  29th  of  May,38  when  the  commander, 
clad  in  his  best  armor  and  mounted  on  a  gayly  capar 
isoned  steed,  entered  the  stream  and  halting  in  the 
midst  of  the  current  named  it  Espiritu  Santo.  Then 
mounting  the  opposite  bank,  closely  followed  by  the 
army,  Guzman  took  possession  of  the  new  territory 

37  Here  were  appointed  Francisco  Verdugo,  treasurer;  Crist6bal  de  Oflate, 
contador,  or  auditor;  Juan  de  Samano,  factor;  and  Hernan  Cbirinos,  veedor, 
or  inspector;  but  most  of  these  officers  seem  to  bave  gone  on  with  the  army. 

38  This  date — Espiritu  Santo  day — is  given  by  Guzman,  in  several  of  the 
original  documents,  and  by  Oviedo,  iii.  571.     Tello,  Hwt.   N.  Gal.,  347, 
makes  the  date  May  1st,  which  is  the  day  of  San  Felipe  and  Santiago.     This 
author  was  perhaps  misled  by  the  name  Santiago  afterward  applied  to  the 
river.     Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii.  401,  says  the  crossing  took  place  early  in 
1531.    A  native  captured  near  the  river  was  delivered  to  the  blood-hounds  for 
refusing  to  give  information. 


GREATER  SPAIN.  357 

for  Christ  and  Charles,  by  waving  his  sword  and  with 
it  cutting  down  some  branches  of  trees;  he  ordered 
the  trumpets  to  be  sounded,  and  pompously  pro 
claimed  that  this  new  conquest  be  thereafter  known 
as  "  la  conquista  del  Espiritu  Santo  de  la  Mayor 
Espaiia,"  or  Greater  Spain.  The  acts  of  possession 
and  naming  were  properly  certified  before  the  notary, 
and  the  whole  world  was  defied  through  loud-voiced 
heralds  to  appear  and  dispute  the  regularity  of  the 
proceeding.  But  no  champion  of  aboriginal  rights, 
nor  envoy  from  any  old-world  nation  appeared  to  utter 
a  protest.33 

The  army  of  Centipac  soon  appeared  drawn  up  not 
far  from  the  shore  to  utter  a  more  practical  protest  by 
disputing  the  farther  advance  of  the  invaders.  That 
the  Spaniards  might  not  be  terrified  by  superior 
numbers  and  escape  annihilation  by  flight,  a  part  of 
the  native  force  was  at  first  placed  in  concealment; 
but  the  leaders  soon  realized  that  their  full  strength 
was  needed,  as  the  Spaniards  attacked  and  were 
attacked  simultaneously  at  several  points,  one  part  of 
the  native  force  falling  furiously  on  the  division  in 
charge  of  the  baggage.  For  several  hours  a  desperate 
struggle  was  carried  on,  the  natives  exhibiting  not 
only  valor,  but  a  skill  in  military  tactics  unprece 
dented  in  Spanish  experience  of  aboriginal  warfare. 
Superior  weapons,  discipline,  horses,  and  at  least  equal 
numbers  including  auxiliaries,  at  last  gave  the  victory 
to  the  invaders ;  the  brave  defenders  of  Centipac  fled, 
but  relatively  few  escaped. 

Armed  resistance  in  this  and  the  adjoining  prov 
inces  was  at  an  end  and  the  army  of  Nuno  de  Guz- 

39  Tdlo,  349,  names  it  Castilla  la  Nueva  de  la  Mayor  Espafia.  The  title 
Greater  Spain  was  bestowed  with  a  view  to  eclipse  the  glory  of  Cortes  as  the 
conqueror  of  New  Spain.  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  23  etc.,  says  that 
Guzman  gave  this  name  at  the  first  crossing  of  the  river  on  the  Michoacan 
border.  Ramirez,  Proceso,  208-11,  strangely  confused  in  this  part  of  Guz 
man's  trip,  identifies  this  Rio  Espiritu  Santo  with  the  Rio  de  las  Cafias  instead 
of  the  Santiago  de  Tololotlau.  The  crossing  was  probably  not  far  from 
Santiago  Ixcuintla.  For  account  of  ancient  remains  on  this  river  see  Native 
llaces,  iv.  57o,  this  series. 


358  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

man  was  drawn  up  next  day  to  thank  the  hol}r  spirit 
for  the  victory.40 

For  two  or  three  days  the  army  remained  encamped 
near  the  river,  in  a  town  called  Temoaque  according 
to  some  documents;41  then  they  marched  northward, 
crossed  a  large  river,  arid  encamped  at  the  town  of 
Omitlan  on  the  northern  bank.  The  river,  doubtless 
from  the  day  of  crossing,  June  5th,  was  called  Trini 
dad,  and  was  probably  that  now  known  as  the  San 
Pedro.42  Here  the  festival  of  Corpus  Christi  Sunday 
was  celebrated  on  June  9th,  and  here  they  remained 
about  forty  days  to  refresh  horses  and  men,  await 
correspondence  and  reenforceinents  from  Mexico,  and 
receive  the  submission  of  the  country.  The  province 
was  fertile,  supplies  were  plentiful,  and  the  inhabitants 
well  disposed  at  first;  but  very  soon,  despoiled  of  their 
property,  most  of  them  fled  to  the  mountains.  From 
Omitlan  several  officers  returned  to  Mexico,43  and  by 
them  Guzman  sent  his  report  to  the  emperor,  dated 
July  8,  1530,  a  document  which,  except  where  it  refers 
to  the  outrages  committed,  is  one  of  the  best  author 
ities  extant.  Guzman  requests  the  emperor  to  confirm 
his  past  acts  and  the  names  he  had  given.  He  an 
nounces  his  intention  to  march  four  or  five  days  later 
to  Aztatlan,  three  days  farther  on,  a  province  reported 
to  be  rich  and  populous,  which  he  desired  to  reach 

40  Seven  or  eight  Spaniards,  10  or  12  horses,  each  worth  about  400  pesos 
cle  minas,  and  hundreds  of  native  allies,  all  of  whom  were  probably  valued 
less  than  a  single  horse,  were  killed,  while  a  large  part  of  all  the  forces  and 
about  50  horses  weie  wounded  more  or  less  seriously.    Guzman  tells  us  that 
several  of  the  Indian  allies  were  killed  by  the  knee-thrusts  of  the  Spaniards, 
the  struggle  being  so  close  it  was  impossible  to  distinguish  them  from  the  foe. 
Oviedo  represents  the  force  of  the  enemy  at  12,COO,  that  of  the  killed  as 
5,000,  and  says  all  the  Spaniards  were  wounded.  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  347  et 
seq.,  and  Beaumont,  Cron.  Mich.,  in.  401,  state  that  the  entry  into  this  province 
was  without  resistance,  and  minutely  describe  the  ceremonies  and  attentions 
at  the  reception. 

41  The  author  of  the  3&  I?el.  An6n.,  446,  calls  the  place  Atecomatlan. 

42  The  small  stream  between  the  Tololotlan  and  San  Pedro  could  hardly 
have  been  called  a  large  river  by  Guzman  and  others,  who  imply  that  the 
Trinidad  was  the  first  large  stream  north  of  the  Tololotlan. 

43  Captain  Bocanegra,  the  maestre  de  campo  Villarocl,  and  the  comendador 
Barries  according  to  Sdmar,o,  279-80,  and  Lcpez,  432,  436.     As  to  the  latter, 
both  authorities  are  confused.    He  is  also  mentioned  as  having  returned  from 
Aztatlan  three  months  later. 


AZTATLAN.  350 

before  the  threatened  rising  of  the  rivers  should  stop 
his  progress.  From  Aztatlan  he  proposed  to  press 
on  to  the  Amazon  country,  reported  to  be  ten  days 
distant.44 

About  the  middle  of  July  it  was  resolved  to  pro 
ceed,  and  Gonzalo  Lopez,  who  after  Villaroel's  return 
to  Mexico  had  been  made  maestre  de  campo,  was 
sent  in  a  northerly  direction  to  find  suitable  winter- 
quarters.  Passing  over  flooded  roads,  where  some 
times  the  water  reached  to  the  stirrups,  Lopez 
discovered  Aztatlan,  the  chief  town  of  a  province  of 
that  name,  and  with  this  information  he  returned  to 
the  camp.  A  few  days  afterward  the  whole  army 
resumed  the  march;  but  instead  of  three  days,  as  ex 
pected,  it  required  nearly  a  week  to  reach  Aztatlan, 
on  account  of  the  rainy  season  and  the  marshy  nature 
of  the  soil.  Several  days  alone  were  spent  by  the 
inaestre  de  campo  with  the  vanguard  in  building  two 
bridges  over  swollen  rivers,  which  otherwise  it  would 
have  been  impossible  for  the  foot-soldiers  to  pass.45 
Aztatlan  reached  at  last,  they  established  themselves 
in  winter-quarters,  and  remained  there  about  five 
months.  This  province,  situated  on  the  northern 
bank  of  probably  the  actual  Rio  de  Acaponeta,46 
afforded  food  in  abundance,  and  at  first,  as  long  as 
the  rains  did  not  prevent  raids  for  plunder,  all  went 
well. 

44  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cdrdenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  356-93,  and  in  Hamusio, 
iii.  331-9.  Guzman  also  asserts  that  a  church  was  built  at  Omitlan. 

43  Samano,  7?eZ.,  279-80,  speaks  of  a  river  called  Santa  Ana  from  the  day 
of  crossing,  July  26th;  and  says  they  afterward  crossed  another  river,  on 
which  lay  Aztatlan  on  Santiago  day,  or  July  25th ! 

46 It  was  certainly  on  either  the  Acaponeta  or  the  Rio  de  las  Cafias,  the 
present  boundary  between  Jalisco  and  Sinaloa.  The  two  streams  are  not 
over  10  miles  apart  at  their  mouths.  The  3*  liel.  An6n.,  446-7,  makes  the 
distance  from  Omitlan  10  leagues,  and  adds  that  when  the  army  had  forded 
the  stream  and  were  pursuing  the  foe  they  came  to  a  larger  river,  which 
stopped  the  pursuit.  It  is  clear  that  no  such  stream  could  have  been  found 
near  the  Caiias  and  north  of  it.  The  la  Rcl.  Andn.,  288-9,  makes  the  dis 
tance  10  or  12  leagues  from  Espiritu  Santo  River.  The  statements  are  not 
definite  enough  for  exact  location  in  a  country  like  this,  where  there  are 
several  streams,  each  with  branches,  to  say  nothing  of  possible  changes  within 
three  centuries.  The  name  Aztatlan  applied  in  later  times  to  a  town  on  the 
Acaponeta,  is  considered  by  Ramirez,  Proceso,  208-11,  as  worthy  of  notice  in 


360  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

While  here,  Guzman  learned  that  his  presentiment 
of  a  change  unfavorable  to  him  in  the  government  of 
New  Spain  had  been  verified.  A  letter  from  the 
oidores  Matienzo  and  Delgadillo  arrived  in  the  first 
week  of  September,  announcing  the  return  of  his 
enemy  Cortes  and  the  overthrow  of  the  first  audien- 
cia.  Certainly  Guzman  congratulated  himself  for 
having  so  timely  and  with  such  advantage  escaped 
the  company  of  his  former  associates.  Although 
probably  on  the  same  occasion  he  was  summoned  to 
appear  in  Mexico,  he  was  in  a  mood  rather  to  increase 
the  present  distance  from  the  capital,  until  he  could 
return  as  the  conqueror  of  a  new  kingdom.47  But  in 
any  case  it  would  be  better  not  to  leave  the  terri 
tory  wholly  to  his  enemies,  particularly  as  the  late 
oidores  would  doubtless  attempt  to  prove  their  own 
innocence  by  heaping  blame  upon  him.  It  was  diffi- 
ent,  however,  to  find  a  person  intelligent  and  at  the 
same  time  trustworthy  enough  to  plead  successfully 
for  the  absent  governor.  Nevertheless  he  would  do 
what  he  could.  So  he  selected  the  former  veedor, 
Peralmindez  Chirinos,  whose  interest  he  considered 
as  linked  with  his  own,  especially  since  the  appoint 
ment  at  Tepic  of  his  nephew,  Hernando  Chirinos,  as 
veedor.  With  a  letter  of  Guzman,  and  accompanied 
>y  ten  or  twelve  other  Spaniards,  Chirinos  set  out 
from  Aztatlan  for  Mexico.48 

Scarcely  had  Chirinos  departed  when  a  fresh  mis- 

this  connection.  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal. ,  349-50,  says  that  Aztatlan  was  burned, 
vaguely  implying  that  a  battle  was  fought  in  which  a  great  number  of  natives 
perished,  and  that  subsequently  the  province  submitted,  the  Spaniards  being 
received  amidst  dances  and  festivities.  He  also  gives  an  account  of  a  public 
performance  arranged  in  honor  of  the  strangers,  a  fight  between  a  tiger  and  a 
caiman  in  the  yard  of  a  house.  According  to  the  3a  Rd.  Anon.,  447,  the 
relics  of  a  Christian  trader  who  had  died  seven  years  before  were  found  at 
Aztatlan.  Have  we  here  a  trace  of  the  missing  Villadiego? 

47  The  author  of  J^  Eel.  An6n.,  470,  says  he  had  received  the  news  of 
the  arrival  of  Cortes  already  at  Omitlan,  though  the  message  of  the  oidores 
reached  him  only  at  Aztatlan.     Beaumont  asserts  that  it  was  at  Tepic,  but 
his  account  of  this  expedition  is  very  confused.  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii.  400-1. 

48  In  his  letter  to  tlie  emperor,  dated  Chametla  Jan.  15,  1531,  Guzman 
refers  to  another  sent  from  Aztatlan.  Guzman,  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Carde 
nas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  406.     According  to  the  la  Eel.  Anon.,  292-4,  Chiriuos 
returned  from   Chametla  north  of  the  other  point  named. 


DIMINISHING  NUMBERS.  361 

fortune  befell  Guzman.  About  the  20th  of  Septem 
ber,  when  the  rainy  season  was  nearly  over  and  the 
patience  of  the  inhabitants  quite  exhausted,  a  sudden 
rise  in  the  river  at  midnight,  preceded  by  a  tempest, 
and,  as  some  say,  by  the  appearance  of  a  comet,  sub 
merged  the  whole  region  of  the  camp  for  about  two 
leagues  in  circumference,  and  made  it  literally  azta- 
tlan,  'place  of  waters' — now  known  as  Etzatlan.  The 
slight  shelter  of  the  soldiers — for  the  army  was  not 
encamped  in  the  town — was  blown  or  washed  away; 
hogs,  cattle,  and  large  numbers  of  sick  allies  were 
drowned ;  and  it  is  even  said  that  the  towns  near  the 
river  were  flooded;  the  waters  subsided  rapidly,  but 
left  the  army  in  a  critical  situation. 

The  rich  stores  of  food  which  the  natives  had 
been  forced  to  supply  were  now  spoiled,  and  as  the 
people  had  for  the  most  part  fled  to  the  moun 
tains,  there  were  no  means  of  replenishing  the  store, 
A  pestilence  attacked  the  auxiliary  troops,  carrying 
them  off  by  thousands;  the  survivors  were  threat 
ened  with  starvation.49  Notwithstanding  this,  Guz 
man  persisted  in  his  plans  of  further  exploration 
northward,  and  it  was  in  vain  the  Aztec  and  Tlas- 
caltec  leaders  implored  permission  to  leave  that  vale 
of  death  and  remove  to  some  healthier  locality.  In 
vain  they  offered  all  their  booty,  jewels,  gold,  and 
silver.  The  leader's  inflexibility  could  not  however 
prevent  attempts  to  escape.  A  number  of  Indians 
ran  away;  others  were  killed  in  the  attempt;  and  not 
a  few  recaptured  were  hanged,  while  others  anticipated 
such  a  fate  by  committing  suicide.  Even  the  Span- 

4y  The  accounts  given  of  this  inundation  are  doubtless  exaggerated.  It  is 
said  that  the  soldiers  escaped  drowning  only  by  climbing  trees;  that  1,000  sick 
Indians  were  drowned;  that  of  the  remainder  only  500  survived  the  famine 
and  the  pestilence;  that  the  survivors  had  to  live  on  toads  and  insects;  that 
all  the  Mexican  leaders  perished,  etc.  Beaumont,  Cron.  Mich.,  iii.  399-401, 
represents  the  flood  as  having  occurred  at  Tepic.  Escudero,  Not.  Son. ,  25-G, 
puts  the  flood  at  Chametla.  Navarrete  says  the  Spaniards  escaped  on  balsas 
to  Acaponeta.  Lopez,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiv.  439,  makes 
the  somewhat  broad  assertion,  'Adolecieron  muchos  cspanolcs,  los  cuales,  asi 
eilos  como  los  indios,  f ueron  curados  y  asistidos  del  capitan  general . . .  como  si 
fuesen  sus  hijos.' 


362  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GAL1CIA. 

iards  became  rebellious,  and  at  least  one  of  their  num 
ber  was  hanged  as  an  example.50 

What  concerned  Guzman  most  was  the  decrease 
of  his  force.  He  was  determined  on  this  adven 
ture.  In  fact  he  must  go  on;  he  could  not  well  turn 
back.  It  was  sad  for  him  to  see  his  men  perish,  not 
because  of  the  men,  but  because  of  himself.  Even 
now  if  he  would  continue  his  expedition  he  must  have 
reinforcements.  The  maestre  de  campo,  Gonzalo  de 
Lopez,  was  therefore  sent  to  Michoacan  and  the  Avalos 
provinces  for  Tarascan  warriors  and  carriers,  together 
with  hogs  and  other  supplies.51 

At  length  Guzman  became  convinced  that  he  must 
remove  from  that  spot  if  he  would  not  see  the 
whole  army  perish,  for  disease  was  daily  thinning  his 
number.  A  division  under  Lope  de  Samaniego  was 
sent  northward  to  Chametla  where  they  met  with  a 
friendly  reception,  and  brought  back  fowl  and  fish. 
As  they  gave  a  good  account  of  the  place  Guzman 
resolved  to  remove  thither,  sending  first  Verdugo  and 
Proano  with  a  small  force  to  prepare  quarters,  a  task 
which  they  easily  accomplished,  aided  by  the  friendly 
natives.  At  the  same  time,  that  is  at  the  end  of 
November  or  beginning  of  December,  Garcia  del  Pilar 
was  sent  southward  to  hasten  the  return  of  Lopez, 
who  had  been  absent  about  forty-five  days.  He  found 
the  worthy  maestre52  at  Ahuacatlan  faithfully  engaged 
in  branding  slaves/3  for  the  northern  market.  On 

50  Another  Spaniard  was  saved  from  the  gibbet  only  on  account  of  influen 
tial  intercession;  others  charged  with  attempts  at  flight  were  kept  prisoners. 

51  Tello  and  Mota  Padilla,  followed  by  Navarrete,  say  it  was  the  captain 
Juan  Sanchez  de  Olea  who  was  sent  to  Mexico  for  aid.     According  to  Tello 
he  returned  in  two  months  with  6,000  carriers  and  supplies.     Mota  Padilla 
estimates  the  number  at  3,500.     Lopez,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc., 
xiv.  437-8,  and  the  author  of  the  3a  Rel.  Andn.,  447,  add,  that  a  commission 
was  given  by  Guzman  to  enslave  and  punish  the  natives  of  the  Jalisco  dis 
trict  for  having  attacked  a  convoy  of  provisions  sent  from  Michoacan,  killing 
some  of  the  men. 

52  Oviedo  informs  us  that  Lopez  served  under  Guzman  with  10  horsemen 
at  his  own  expense;  and  unlike  most  of  his  companions  he  came  back  as  poor 
as  he  started! 

53  Beaumont,  Crdn,  Mich.,  iii.  404,  speaks  of  5,000  slaves  sent  by  Guzman 
from  Jalisco  to  Panuco.     This  statement,  if  founded  on  fact,  probably  refers 
to  a  somewhat  later  period.     Pilar  and  Lopez  in  their  declarations  estimate 


THE  LAND  OF  THE  AMAZOXS.  363 

their  return  with  succor  they  found  Aztatlan  almost 
deserted,  Cristobal  de  Onate  alone  having  remained 
in  charge  of  the  baggage. 

About  three  weeks  after  Verdugo  had  been  sent  to 
Chametla,  Guzman  followed  with  the  main  army, 
and  was  kindly  received  by  the  natives,54  who  sent 
them  food,  and  furnished  a  thousand  carriers  to  trans 
port  their  baggage.  But  continued  friendships  the 
Spaniards  could  not  endure,  Would  not  some  of  the 
survivors  of  this  sickly  army,  some  of  the  soldiers 
of  this  dastardly  commander,  prick  these  unsophisti 
cated  natives  to  the  commission  of  some  rash  act 
which  would  justify  the  Spaniards  to  rob  and  enslave 
them  I  Nothing  more  easy;  and  by  the  time  the 
maestre  de  campo  and  Pilar  arrived  with  reen force- 
in  ents  the  country  was  in  a  state  of  glorious  hostility. 
Enslavement  flourished  so  that  soon  almost  any  num 
ber  of  human  beings  could  be  obtained  at  the  rate  of 
five  pesos  erch.  Those  captured  in  raids  were  divided 
among  the  Spaniards  present. 

After  a  month's  stay  at  Chametla  the  army  pro 
ceeded  northward  to  the  Quezala  province,  and  thence 
to  Piastla,  easily  subduing  the  natives  of  the  district. 
The  women  were  becoming  more  beautiful  as  they 
continued  their  course,  which  seemed  to  indicate  that 
they  were  approaching  the  object  of  their  dreams, 
the  country  of  the  Amazons.  And  indeed,  glowing 
reports  of  Cihuatlan,  the  '  place  of  women/  confirmed 
the  marvellous  tales  which  had  reached  the  capital. 

the  number  at  1,000.  They  were  branded  with  an  iron  given  Lopez  by  Guz 
man,  and  with  the  commander's  authorization.  Making  considerable  allow 
ance  for  exaggeration  in  the  statement  of  Pilar,  there  still  remains  little  doubt 
that  the  outrages  committed  on  this  people  may  be  classed  among  the  most 
noteworthy  of  the  world.  See  Pilar,  256-7;  Guzman,  Jp  lid.  An6n.,  473-4; 
L6pez,  in  Pachcco  and  Curdeno.s,  Col.  Doc.,  xiv.  4G1-2. 

54  Passing  on  the  road  through  Acaponeta,  Juan  Sanchez  de  Olca  with 
auxiliaries  and  supplies  is  said  to  have  joined  them.  Iii  the  same  place  the 
troops  and  stores  were  mustered.  Tcllo,  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  351-2.  The  province 
of  Chametla  was  on  a  river  from  12  to  20  leagues  beyond  Aztatlan  according  to 
different  estimates  by  Guzman's  officers.  The  chief  town,  bearing  the  same 
name,  was  about  five  leagues  from  the  river's  mouth,  which  formed  a  tolerably 
good  harbor.  The  stream  was  doubtless  the  one  flowing  into  the  sea  next 
above  the  Rio  de  las  Cauas,  which  still  retains  the  name  on  some  modern 
maps,  as  does  indeed  a  town  near  the  original  site. 


364  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

All  was  so  unknown;  great  patches  of  untraversed 
earth  spread  out  in  the  boundless  blank  plains;  it  was 
as  easy  for  the  credulous  sixteenth-century  men  to 
believe  one  thing  as  another  concerning  those  lands  as 
concerning  the  unexplored  sky  or  the  dark  bowels  of  the 
earth — to  believe  of  all  these  places  to  be  what  they 
were  told,  whether  by  home  sages  or  foreign  savages. 
And  it  may  not  be  the  last  time  that  these  Span 
iards  awoke  to  disappointment,  when  they  learned  at 
Cihuatlan  that  the  Indians  had  been  telling  stories  to 
amuse  them;  that  there  was  no  Amazon  island  or 
other  great  wonder  there  awaiting  them.  Yet  for  a 
long  time  they  continued  to  talk  of  these  things,  and 
in  a  measure  to  believe  in  them  though  they  knew 
them  to  be  false.  Still,  the  determination  of  the 
commander  was  to  go  forward.  Marching  yet  far 
ther  north  they  came  to  Colombo,  in  the  province  of 
Culiacan,  where  they  remained  for  seven  months. 
Fruitless  explorations  were  sent  out  in  divers  direc 
tions;  tracts  of  barren  land  inhabited  by  rude  people 
offered  little  inducement  for  further  efforts.  The 
fading  of  the  Amazon  myth  tended  to  lower  the 
enthusiasm  of  the  soldiers,  but  Guzman  remained 
steadfast.  It  is  even  hinted  that  vague  rumors  of  the 
later  famous  Seven  Cities  had  reached  his  ears,  and 
served  to  'fire  his  mind,  now  weakened  by  hardships  and 
disease.55  So  impaired  was  his  health  that  he  had  to 
be  carried  in  a  litter.  Be  this  as  it  may,  the  march 
was  renewed,  now  in  an  easterly  direction  over  rough 
roads  and  across  steep  mountains. 

But  Guzman's  star  was  sinking,  and  however  much 
his  efforts  attempted  to  avert  it,  he  was  finally  com 
pelled  to  yield  before  nature's  barriers.  Confronted 
by  the  fact  that  to  continue  would  entail  the  loss  of  his 
entire  force  by  starvation,  he  returned  to  Culiacan, 
where  the  villa  de  San  Miguel  was  established.  Local 
authorities  were  appointed,  and  a  number  of  soldiers 

-  55  Guzman,  1°>  and  2«  Eel.  Anon. ,  292,  303;  but  these  allusions  may  be  based 

on  later  reports. 


GUZMAN  IN  JALISCO.  365 

left  there  as  settlers,  to  whom  were  given  repartimi- 
entos.  With  the  remainder  of  his  army  Guzman 
began  about  the  middle  of  October  1531  his  march 
southward,  to  protect  what  he  chose  to  regard  as  his 
rights  in  Jalisco.  Having  failed  to  find  the  Amazon 
Isles,  and  having  also  by  his  unwise  and  oppressive 
policy  estranged  the  inhabitants  and  destroyed  the 
riches  of  the  provinces  to  which  he  had  some  claim 
as  discoverer,  and  which  should  have  satisfied  his  am 
bition,  he  felt  that  the  region  south  of  the  Rio  Grande 
del  Espiritu  Santo  must  be  preserved  at  any  cost. 
Perhaps  to  a  man  of  his  temper  these  lands  seemed 
all  the  more  desirable  because  another  had  a  better 
right  to  them.  His  northern  possessions  properly 
managed  would  have  brought  him  wealth  and  fame; 

O  O  7 

he  chose  to  return  and  renew  his  quarrel  with  Cortes, 
and  thus  bring  upon  himself  ruin;  but  he  had  the 
satisfaction  of  knowing  that  in  these  later  years  his 
old  enemy  was  hardly  less  unfortunate  than  himself. 
Guzman  had  asked  the  emperor  to  confirm  the  name  he 
had  bestowed  of  Greater  Spain,  his  own  title  as  gov 
ernor  of  that  province,  his  distribution  of  the  towns 
among  his  friends,  and  his  right  to  enslave  rebellious 
natives.  His  petition  was  granted  except  in  the  mat 
ter  of  making  slaves,  and  in  the  substitution  of  the 
more  modest  and  appropriate  name  of  Nueva  Galicia. 
This  confirmation  of  his  authority  was  probably  re 
ceived  by  Guzman  before  his  return  to  Tepic.£6  His 
authority  as  governor  of  Panuco  was  continued,  but  of 
course  at  the  coming  of  the  second  audiencia  he  lost 
his  governorship  of  New  Spain. 

It  is  not  likely  that  definite  southern  limits  were 

56  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal. ,  83.  The  document  containing  this  confirma- 


w  province  is  spoken 
Nueva  Galicia,  or  Nuevo  Reino  de  Galicia,  but  as  Galicia  de  Nueva  Espaiia. 
Herrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  ix.  cap.  xi.,  says  that  Guzman  received  notice  of  his 
appointment  at  Chiametla  on  his  journey  south.  The  oidores  at  first  doubted 
the  genuineness  of  the  commission.  Letter  of  1531,  in  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.y 
Beric  ii.  torn.  v.  136-8. 


366  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

at  first  assigned  to  New  Galicia,  and  the  governor's 
first  care  was  to  distribute  the  Jalisco  towns  among 
his  partisans,57  encroaching  without  scruple  on  the 
earlier  encomiendas  of  Francisco  Cortes  and  others  in 
southern  Jalisco,  the  Avalos  provinces,  Colima,  and 
even  Michoacan,  maintaining  that  the  former  dis 
coverers  had  not  permanently  occupied  the  territory, 
and  that  he  had  been  obliged  to  reconquer  it — a  plea 
of  some  plausibility,  were  it  not  that  the  hostility 
of  the  natives  and  the  necessity  for  recon quest  had 
resulted  altogether  from  his  own  outrageous  acts.53 
He  founded,  either  immediately  or  within  a  few  years, 
several  Spanish  settlements.  Among  these  was  the 
villa  of  Santiago  de  Compostela,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Tepic  and  Jalisco  towns,  for  a  long  time 
the  capital  of  New  Galicia.59 

Not  long  afterward  Juan  de  Onate  was  sent  to 
establish  Espiritu  Santo,  called  later  Guadalajara,  in 
honor  of  Guzman's  birthplace.  The  first  founding  was 

57  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal. ,  355-62,  gives  a  list  of  the  principal  encomiendas  and 
the  persons  who  received  them.     See  also  Socitte  Amcr.,  i.  35-52.     Guzman 
was  in  some  way  prompted  to  it,  because  several  of  his  captains,  asking  per 
mission  to  go  to  Mexico,  went  to  Peru.    Afraid  lest  the  desertions  might 
materially  reduce  his  power,  thus  invalidating  his  conquest,  he  went  in  person 
to  Ahuacatlan  and  the  Rio  Grande  where  by  liberal  grants  of  encomiendas  he 
contrived  to  satisfy  the  discontented.  Beaumont,  Cron.  Mich.,  iv.  53-9. 

58  The  dispossessed  holders  appealed  to  the  crown,  and  by  cddula  of  April 
20,  1533,  Guzman  was  forbidden  to  meddle  with  Colima  enqomiendas.  Puga, 
Ccdulario,  82.     He  pleaded  that  the  settlers  of  Colima  had  encroached  on 
Jalisco.  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  438. 

59  Named  after  the  capital  of  Galicia  in  Spain  and  honored  with  all  the 
privileges  of  its  old-world  namesake.     Also  called  by  some  writers  Espiritu 
Santo  de  Compostela,  Compostela  y  Santiago.     Ogilby,  1671,  Dampier,  1699, 
Laet,  1633,  West-hid.  Spieghel,  1624,  write  Compoxtella;  the  latter  adds  Cen- 
quipa;  Jefferys,  1776,  Kiepert,  1852,  Compostdla.  Cartofj.  Pac.  Coast,  MS.,  ii. 
528.    Beaumont  and  Mota  Padilla  mention  the  year  as  1535,  but  the  different 
declarations  given  by  Guzman's  captains  about  the  year  1532  speak  already 
of  the  establishment,  and  agree  that  it  was  made  on  their  return  from  the 
north,  and  hastened  by  the  arrival  of  Castilla  from  Mexico.     Guzman  him 
self  says  in  his  letter  of  January  16,  1531,  that  the  'Villa  del  Espiritu  Santo,' 
as  he  calls  it,  had  been  established  in  the  Tepic  province,  and  that  it  was  the 
first  town  laid  out  on  this  expedition,  but  probably  the  real  foundation  was 
made  when  he  returned.  Ramirez,  Proceso,  215,  claims  that  Guzman  founded 
the  town  in  that  place  against  the  wishes  of  his  officers,  in  order  the  better 
to  defend  himself  by  sea  or  land  against  Cortes.    Tello  gives  a  list  of  the  early 
settlers.  Hist.  N.  Gal,  360-1.     Ancient  map-makers  fill  up  this  space  as  fol 
lows:  Lok,  1582,  Galicia,  in  large  letters  across  the  country;  Laet,  1633,  Nueva, 
Galicia;  Kino,  1702,  Nova  Gallicia;  Jefferys,  1776,  New  Gallicia  or  Guadala- 
xara;  Kiepert,  1852,  Jalisco  or  Nueva  Galicia.  Cartoy.  Pac.  Coast,  MS.  ii.  552. 


FOUNDING  OF  GUADALAJARA. 


367 


at  Nochistlan;  but  in  1533  the  town  was  removed  to 
the  Jacotlan  Valley,  near  Cuquio,  and  finally  in  1541 
placed  south  of  the  river,  in  TonaM.  Even  in  1533 
the  transfer  was  talked  of,  the  latter  place  being  deemed 
more  convenient,  but  Guzman  objected,  preferring  to 
hold  that  region  for  himself.60 

During  this  time  La  Purificacion  on  the  Colima 
frontier  was  also  founded  by  Guzman,  all  with  an 
eye  to  defeating  his  archenemy  in  case  of  open  rup 
ture.61 

While  thus  engaged  in  establishing  his  authority 
in  the  south  of  New  Galicia,  Guzman  was  beset  with 
serious  difficulties  from  the  first.  The  second  audien- 
cia  had  come  with  instructions  to  proceed  with  the 
residencia  against  the  former  president  and  oidores, 
and  while  hastening  to  seize  the  property  of  the 

c°Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal,  55, 
77,  asserts  that  in  1530,  when  Guzman 
marched  northward,  a  garrison  under 
Juan  do  Oiiato  was  left  in  Nochistlan, 
and  that  on  December  3, 1530,  Guzman 
issued  at  Culiacan  a  commission  to  or 
ganize  that  settlement.  The  latterdate 
is  evidently  wrong,  as  Guzman  was  in 
January  1531  still  at  Chametla.  The 
statements  made  by  members  of  the 
expedition,  however,  agree  that  Gua 
dalajara  was  established  after  the 
founding  of  (Jompostela,  la  Rel.  An6n. 
292-3;  So-  Ed.  Anon,  459-GO;  Lopez, 
Rel.,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  xiv. 
40 1 .  By  a  cddula  of  November  8, 1 529, 
the  king  granted  the  city  of  Guadala 
jara  a  coat  of  arms,  described  in  Tello, 
Hist.  N.  Gal., 371-3;  Beaumont,  Crdn. 
J/ic/i.,  iv.  17G-7;  Alegre,  Hist.  Com  p. 
Jesus,  i.  81  passim;  Mota  Padilla, 
Conq.N.  Gal.,  109, 188-9;  CalleJJem. 
y  JVot.,  90;  Gonzalez  Ddvila,  Teatro 
Edes,  i.  178-9.  Some  writers  as  Beau 
mont,  Crdn.  Midi.,  iii.  498,  557-8,  and 
Kavarrete,  Hist.  Jal. ,  59,  mention  an 
other  intermediate  transfer  of  Guadalajara.  Ogilby,  1G7,  writes  Guadalarra; 
Laet,  1G33,  Guadalajara;  Jefierys,  177G,  Kiepert,  1852,  Guadalaxara.  Cartog. 
Pac.  Coast,  MS.,  ii.  492. 

61  Authorities  differ  between  1533  and  1536  as  the  date.  Tello,  Hist.  N. 
Gal.,  3GO,  gives  a  list  of  21  settlers.  Ogilby,  1671,  gives  this  places  as  Puri- 
Jicatlo;  Dampier,  1G99,  Purification;  Laet,  1G33,  Purification  and  Acatlan; 
Wrst-Ind.  Sj>ieyhel,  1G24,  Purijicatio  and  east  Ycatlan;  Jefierys,  1776,  la  Pu 
rification;  Kiepert,  1852,  Purification.  Cartog.  Pac.  Coast,  MS.,  ii.  484. 


COAT  OF  ARMS 
OF  THE  CITY  OP  GUADALAJARA. 


358  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  G ALICIA. 

implicated  officials,  they  had  summoned  Guzman  to 
answer  at  Mexico  to  the  fast  accumulating  charges, 
including  not  only  abuses  as  head  of  the  administration, 
but  the  illegal  appropriation  of  treasury  funds  for  his 
expedition,  the  torture  and  execution  of  Tangaxoan, 
and  other  outrages.  Guzman  paid  no  attention  to  the 
orders  of  the  government  at  Mexico,  which  he  refused 
to  recognize,  still  styling  himself  president  and  gov 
ernor  of  New  Spain.  His  policy  was  to  communicate 
directly  with  the  crown  and  thus  gain  time  to  estab 
lish  himself  firmly  in  his  new  possessions,  and  to  take 
advantage  of  circumstances  in  finally  defending  his 
conduct  before  the  emperor. 

Meanwhile  he  sought  through  the  agency  of  friends 
at  court,  who  had  so  far  served  him  well,  and  by 
means  of  letters,  to  exculpate  himself.  In  a  tone  of 
injured  innocence  he  protested  against  the  sequestra 
tion  of  his  property,  and  the  maliciousness  of  the 
charges  against  him.  "  What  justice  is  it  that  per 
mits  such  measures  without  a  hearing?  Is  this  my 
reward  for  having  served  your  Majesty  with  so  much 
labor,  faithfulness,  and  honesty?"  It  is  well  for  some 
that  they  can  make  up  in  brazen  assurance  what  they 
lack  in  humanity  and  integrity.62 

'  His  refusal  to  attend  at  Mexico  for  trial  was  based 
on  the  ground  that  the  conquest  in  the  north-west 
demanded  his  constant  attention,  and  as  even  his 
opponents  recognized  that  interference  therein  might 
imperil  Spanish  interests,  the  audiencia  resolved  to 
postpone  the  case.63  Soon  after  came  orders  to  inves 
tigate  the  main  charges,  and  depositions  were  taken 
and  forwarded  to  Spain.64 

62  The  blame  for  slave  traffic  he  threw  upon  the  settlers.     The  reports  of 
the  bishop  could  serve  only  to  prove  his  malice  and  Guzman's  uprightness. 
'  No  puedo  de  todos  ser  amado,  mas  espero  en  la  misericordia  de  Dios.'  Carta, 
in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  407-13. 

63  Zumarraga  and  others  thought,  however,  that  Guzman  should  not  be 
left  in  charge  of  the  country.  Id.,  xvi.  363-75.     'Nous  lui  avons  accords'  un 
an.'     Letter  of  audiencia,  in  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  se'rie  ii.  torn.  v.  205; 
Torquemada,  i.  604-6. 

64  By  different  decrees  of  1530  to  1532  the  crown  demanded  the  immedi 
ate  repayment  of  treasury  funds  and  the  investigation  of  Guzman's  rule  in 


EXPLOITS  OF  CASTILLA.  3G9 

The  authorities  at  Mexico  clearly  saw  the  futility 
of  discountenancing  the  acts  and  attitude  of  Nuno  de 

O 

Guzman.  Indeed,  with  the  forces  at  his  command, 
he  could  afford  to  bid  defiance  even  to  armed  oppo 
nents,  as  he  stood  prepared  to  do.  Cortes  had  natu 
rally  objected  to  the  advantage  taken  by  Guzman  of 
his  discoveries  and  plans  for  conquest,  but  this  could 
no  longer  be  remedied,  and  all  he  might  do  was  to 
take  possession  for  New  Spain  of  the  districts  actually 
subjugated  by  his  lieutenants,  and  at  the  same  time 
afford  an  opening  as  settlers  to  a  number  of  the  needy 
adherents  who  had  followed  him  from  Spain.  While 
taught  by  his  own  acts  in  similar  cases,  and  by  the 
trickery  of  others,  he  allowed  himself  nevertheless  to 
suppose  that  the  authority  of  sovereign  and  audiencia 
would  be  sufficient  to  obtain  respect  for  the  claim. 
In  this  belief,  as  captain  general,  he  commissioned 
Luis  de  Castilla,  a  knight  of  Santiago,  of  noble 
family,  to  proceed  with  a  hundred  men  to  settle  and 
rule  the  country  bordered  on  the  north  by  Rio  Tololo- 
tlan. 

Castilla  approached  Jalisco  from  the  south  at  the 
same  time  that  Guzman  returned  toward  it  from  the 
north.  Informed  of  the  presence  of  a  rival,  the  latter 
hastened  to  install  a  municipality  at  Compostela,  as 
capital  of  the  district,  and  to  let  the  intimation  reach 
Castilla  that  he  had  been  anticipated.  Luis  replied 
that  he  came  in  the  name  of  his  Majesty,  and  must 
take  possession.  Guzman  was  by  no  means  prepared 
either  to  yield  or  to  shed  the  blood  of  officers  armed 
with  a  royal  commission;  yet  peradventure  he  might 
capture  him.  To  this  end  artifice  alone  was  left  to 
him;  so  he  sent  a  message  full  of  bland  assurances, 

Pdnuco,  and  his  execution  of  Tangaxoan.  Piirja,  Cedufario,  75,  79-80,  83,  87. 
The  receipt  of  the  papers  was  acknowledged  in  April  1533,  the  examination 
having  begun  in  January  1532,  says  Beaumont.  Crdn.  Mich. ,  iii.  379;  fd. .  MS. , 
179.  The  chief  witness  was  Garcia  del  Filar,  a  conqueror  under  Corte~s, 
whose  services  had  procured  for  him  a  coat  of  arms.  Lately  he  hr.d  served 
as  officer  and  interpreter  under  Guzman,  and  was  accordingly  well  informed. 
He  died  during  the  trial,  in  February.  Cortds,  Residentia,  ii.  201-24.  Bernal 
Diaz  wrongly  states  that  he  fell  in  battle.  Hist.  Verdad.,  241. 
HIST.  HEX.,  VOL.  II.  24 


370  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

declaring  that  the  commands  of  the  sovereign  would 
receive  his  humble  obedience,  and  even  bidding  the 
knight  welcome  as  a  valued  neighbor.  Satisfied,  Cas- 
tilla  encamped  at  Tetlan,  preparatory  to  entering 
Jalisco  on  the  morrow.65 

The  object  of  Guzman's  message  was  to  throw  the 
recipient  off  his  guard.  Following  it  came  Captain 
Ofiate  with  some  fifty  trusted  cavalry  to  seize  upon 
whatsoever  advantage  might  offer.  Informed  of  the 
negligence  prevailing  in  the  enemy's  camp,  he  pointed 
out  the  easy  task  of  capturing  the  company.  It  was 
finally  agreed  to  undertake  it,  and,  stealing  forward  un 
der  cover  of  the  night,  at  the  first  break  of  dawn  they 
fell  upon  the  camp  with  a  thundering  "Viva  Dios  y 
el  rey,  y  su  gobernador  Nuiio  de  Guzman."  The  sol 
diers  of  Castilla  were  so  completely  taken  by  surprise 
that  they  made  no  effort  at  resistance,  and  all  were 
quickly  disarmed  under  the  eyes  of  their  leader, 
whom  Onate  sought  to  reassure  with  affected  consola 
tion.  Finding  that  his  person  was  respected,  Castilla's 
fears  abated,  and  he  hastened  to  use  the  permission 
granted  to  exhibit  his  credentials  at  head-quarters. 
On  beholding  him,  Guzman  broke  forth  with  the  fierce 
inquiry  why  he  presumed  to  enter  with  an  armed 
force  into  his  territory.  Castilla  answered  by  pre 
senting  the  royal  commission  in  dignified  silence.  This 
being  read,  Guzman  kissed  it  with  great  humility. 
As  for  obeying  it,  that  was  another  matter.  The 
cedula  had  evidently  been  issued  under  false  repre 
sentations,  for  the  province  of  Jalisco  had  never  been 
subjugated  by  Cortes,  and  as  the  sovereign  could  not 
desire  to  give  to  another  his  hard-earned  conquests, 
wherein  he  had  founded  the  first  settlements,  he  must 
appeal  to  Spain  before  obeying  the  order.  While  a 
notary  drew  up  the  answer  and  protest,  the  governor 
sought  to  charm  his  captive  by  a  display  of  his  brill- 

65  Some  of  his  followers  expressed  doubts  about  Guzman's  sincerity,  but 
•Castilla  maintained:  'No  hay  que  recelar.'  Mota  Padilla,  Conq,  N.  GaL,  94. 
Another  account  refers  to  the  preliminary  capture  of  some  of  Castilla's  strag 
glers.  Guzman,  4a  lid.  Antfn.,  481-2. 


FALL  OF  GUZMAN.  371 

iant  conversational  power;  but  when  lie  dismissed 
him,  he  changed  his  tone,  and  bade  him  depart  with 
his  followers  within  four  hours,  under  penalty  of  a 
traitor's  doom.60  The  threat  lent  wings  to  Castilla, 
and  he  hastened  crestfallen  to  report  his  failure  to  the 
captain  general.  "It  appears  that  the  Castillas  in 
New  Spain  are  better  fitted  to  govern  in  peace,"  caus 
tically  observed  Cortes  as  he  turned  his  back  upon  him.67 
This  was  the  governor's  last  triumph;  from  this 
time  his  prosperity  waned.  His  friends  and  sup 
porters  one  by  one  left  him,  some  of  them  estranged 
by  his  arbitrary  misrule,  others  because  the  star  of  his 
foe  seemed  in  the  ascendant.  The  refusal  of  the  king 
to  confirm  Guzman's  license  to  enslave  the  natives 
thinned  the  settlers'  ranks ;  the  governor's  severe  pun 
ishment  of  certain  persons  who  disobeyed  the  law — 
a  tardy  attempt  to  conciliate  a  powerful  element 
among  his  foes — drove  away  others;  while  of  the 
remaining  colonists  many  were  drawn  away  by  ex 
citing  reports  of  the  gold  discoveries  in  Peru.  The 
governor  had  the  petty  satisfaction  on  several  occa 
sions,  as  will  appear,  of  refusing  water  and  other  aid 
to  the  vessels  sent  out  by  Cortes,  or  of  plundering 
those  vessels  when  cast  aground  on  the  coast;  but  so 
weak  did  he  become  finally  that  he  offered  no  resist 
ance  when  Cortes  marched  to  Jalisco  to  recover  his 
vessels.68 

66  'Tenia  intencion  secreta  de  mandarle  cortar  la  cabeza,'  says  Beaumont, 
Crdn.  Mich.,  iv.  08.     The  4*  Rd.  Antin.,  483,  states  that  Castilla  had  been 
captured  on  the  road  in  company  with  four  or  five  men. 

67  Castilla  was  ordered  to  Spain  with  the  documents  bearing  on  the  case, 
there  to  add  to  the  charges  against  Guzman,  but  a  gale  swept  the  sea  which 
swallowed  the  vessel  bearing  them  with  all  on  board.  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N. 
Gal. ,  97;  Castilla's  death  is  implied  in  Cortes,  Escritos  Sueltos,  193,  yet  a  man  of 
similar  name  figures  some  years  later  in  New  Galicia.    Ramirez  and  some  other 
writers  represent  that  this  expedition  of  Castilla  was  subsequent  to,  and  partly 
in  consequence  of,  Guzman's  treatment  of  Hurtado  during  his  voyage  up  the 
coast;  but  this  is  erroneous,  for  Hurtado  did  not  sail  until  May  or  June  of 
1532,  while  the  audiencia  reported  the  whole  Castilla  affair  to  the  court  on 
April  19,  1532;  and  their  action  in  the  matter  was  approved  by  the  queen  in 
a  letter  of  October  ICth.  Pttga,  Cedularlo,  80.    Moreover  Cortes  describes  the 
affair  in  a  letter  of  April  20,  1532,  and  says  that  Guzman  from  the  north,  and 
Castilla  from  the  south,  both  arrived  at  Jalisco  the  same  day.  Cartas,  512. 

68 In  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xii.  xiii.  and  xvi.,  are  a  number  of 


372  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

Shortly  after  Castilla's  return,  the  audiencia,  doubt 
less  at  the  petition  of  Cortes,  had  ordered  Guzman  to 
confine  the  exercise  of  his  authority  to  the  region 
north  of  Jalisco  and  in  no  case  to  interfere  in  the 
government  of  Colima,  Michoacan,  or  Tonala.69  This 
was  confirmed  by  a  peremptory  order  from  Spain  of 
April  20,  1523,  bidding  Guzman  not  to  interfere  in 
the  southern  encomiendas  and  not  to  call  himself 
hereafter  governor  of  Pdnuco.  A  month  later  he 
was  required  to  report  in  future  directly  to  the  audi 
encia  of  Mexico  in  all  matters  affecting  Nueva  Gali- 
cia.70  Of  his  later  transactions  we  know  little  save 
in  connection  with  the  seizure  of  Cortes'  vessels,  and 
in  allusions  to  petty  campaigns  against  natives  whom 
oppression  had  driven  into  revolt,  and  to  visits  to  his 
possessions  at  Piinuco.71  The  succession  of  disap 
pointments  and  humiliations  encountered  in  the  deser 
tion  of  comrades,  in  signs  of  disfavor  at  court,  in 
pending  residencias,  and  in  subordinating  him  to  the 
government  at  Mexico;  all  this,  in  connection  with 
dwindling  credit  and  resources,  could  not  fail  to  bend 
his  haughty  spirit.  "I  am  driven  to  despair,"  he 
writes,  "without  a  crust  to  eat."72 

Better  boldly  face  the  storm,  he  concluded,  than 
endure  this  torture.  He  would  throw  himself  at  the 
feet  of  the  emperor  and  seek  mercy.  He  accordingly 
placed  Cristobal  de  Onate  in  charge  of  the  govern 
ment,  and  set  out  for  Pdnuco,  to  collect  additional 
funds  and  seek  means  of  conveyance  to  Spain.  His 
star  willed  it,  however,  that  he  should  turn  aside  to 
Mexico,  there  to  meet  a  portion  of  his  just  deserts.73 

his  letters  wherein  he  seeks  to  justify  his  conduct  and  bring  censure  on  that 
of  his  opponent. 

c9Tonala,  however,  seems  to  have  been  under  the  rule  of  later  governors 
of  New  Galicia. 

™Puga,  Ccdvlario,  82-4,  87. 

71  OartOj  in  Pqchcco  and  Cdrdenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  414-20. 

72 '  Y  creo  que  ni  la  justicia  divina  ni  humana  no  son  dello  servidos. '  Carta, 
in  Id.,  419. 

73  'Con  el  motive  de  no  perder  crecidas  sumas  de  dinero  que  le  dcbian  en 
la  caja  real  de  Mexico  de  resulta  de  sus  salaries.'  Beaumont,  Gr6n.  Mich.,  iv. 
81.  Bernal  Diaz  states  that  Mendoza  invited  him  to  come  to  Mexico  with  a 


AUTHORITIES.  373 

view  to  save  him  from  the  indignity  of  arrest  in  his  own  provinces.  Hist. 
Vcrtlad.,  231.  But  this  is  doubtful. 

The  origin«al  authorities  which  I  have  consulted  on  Guzman's  expedition  are 
as  follows :  Relatione  di  Nvnno  dl  Gvsman,  in  Ramusio,  iii.  331-9.  This  is  a 
letter  of  Guzman  dated  Omitlan,  July  8,  1530,  directed  to  the  emperor,  and  giv 
ing  a  detailed  account  of  progress  down  to  the  date.  The  Spanish  original  has 
been  published  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  330-93,  and  a  very 
imperfect  condensation  in  English  may  be  found  in  Purchas,  His  Pilyrimes,  iv. 
155  o-9.  The  writer  admits  only  such  outrages  on  the  Indians  as  were  mer 
ited  through  disloyalty  to  the  emperor  or  infidelity  to  the  white  man's  God; 
but  in  such  cases  speaks  of  his  orders  to  hang  and  burn  with  a  coolness  that  is 
revolting.  The  narrative  is  marked  by  hypocritical  expressions  of  submission 
to  the  divine  and  royal  will,  extreme  even  for  that  time.  The  Relaciones 
Antinimas  (la,  2a,  3°>,  and  4a  )  de  la  Jornada  que  hizo  Nufio  de  Guzman  d  It, 
Nueva  Galicia  were  written  by  eye-witnesses  of  the  events  described,  includ 
ing  both  friends  and  foes  of  the  leader,  were  drawn  out  apparently  by  the 
official  investigation  of  Guzman's  conduct,  and  are  to  be  found  only  in  Icaz- 
balceta,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  288-300,  439-60,  401-83.  The  first  and  second  seem  to 
have  been  written  by  the  same  person,  whose  name  is  unknown,  as  is  that  of 
the  writer  of  the  third.  Icazbalceta  finds  much  reason  to  identify  the  author 
of  the  fourth  with  Crist6bal  Flores.  Similar  to  these  narratives  is  the  Rela 
tion  of  Gonzalo  Lopez,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii.  411-61;  the 
Relation  de  Garcia  del  Pilar  and  the  Relation  de  la  Conquista  de  los  Teules 
Chichimecas  by  Juan  de  Samano,  in  Icazbalceta 's  Collection,  ii.  249-87.  Yet 
the  similarity  between  the  statements  of  Lopez  and  Samano.  as  also  between 
those  given  by  Pilar  and  the  author  of  the  4a  Rd-  An6n.,  implies  that  they 
were  not  made  quite  independently.  The  testimony  of  L6pez  may  claim,  as 
to  facts,  perhaps  more  reliability  than  the  other  when  we  consider  that  dur 
ing  the  last  part  of  Guzman's  campaign  he  held  the  position  of  a  maestre  de 
campo.  Pilar  was  a  young  interpreter  of  Nahua  dialects,  and  one  of  the 
original  conquistadores,  but  not  of  good  repute  if  we  may  credit  Bishop 
Zumdrraga's  allusions  to  his  maquinationes  diabdlicas  and  to  his  unfortunate 
escapes  from  being  hanged.  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  s^rie  ii.  torn.  v.  26. 
He  was  a  willing  tool  of  Guzman  during  the  campaign,  but  a  bitter  foe  after 
ward,  showing  all  his  leader's  acts  in  their  worst  light  and  relieving  himself 
of  all  complicity  by  throwing  the  blame  on  the  other  interpreter  Juan  Pas- 
cual.  In  addition  to  this  narrative,  Pilar's  testimony  taken  at  Guzman's 
trial  is  published  by  llarnirez  and  Beaumont,  whose  works  are  noticed  below. 
Juan  de  Samano  was  one  of  Guzman's  captains  and  afterward  held  a  high 
position  in  Mexico. 

Of  the  early  chroniclers  who  claim  or  may  be  supposed  to  have  had  access 
to  original  sources  of  information,  are  Oviedo,  Hist.  Gen.,  iii.  561-77,  who 
consulted  several  members  of  the  expedition,  especially  Franciso  de  Arzeo ; 
Padre  Tello,  Hist,  de  la  N.  Galicia,  written  about  1650  by  a  Franciscan  who 
had  spent  over  50  years  of  his  life  in  the  country  of  which  he  writes,  but 
whose  work,  or  such  portions  of  it  as  have  been  preserved,  is  valuable  rather 
for  information  on  aboriginal  manners  and  customs  than  as  an  historical  narra 
tive;  Hcrrera,  dec.  iv.  lib.  vii.  cap.  viii.;  lib.  viii.  cap.  i.-ii. ;  lib.  ix.  cap. 
ix.-xii.,  who  consulted  some  of  the  anonymous  manuscripts;  Mota  Padilla, 
Conq.  N.  Gal.,  23-66,  75,  who  also  saw  some  of  the  original  documents  and 
often  cites  Tello;  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iii.  266-7,  352-422,  MS.,  135, 
174-207,  who  cites  Tello  and  Herrera,  and  gives  Pilar's  testimony.  See  also 
Salazar  y  Olarte,  Conq.  Ilex.,  426-35;  Torquemada,  i.  338,  600-4;  Gomara, 
Hist.  Ind.,  56,  271 ;  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  229-31 ;  VillaSenor,  T/ieatro, 
ii.  203-4,  229;  Calle,  Not.  y  Mem.,  89-90;  Cavo,  Tres  Si'jlos,  i.  14,  95,  101-2. 

Among  modern  writers  the  only  ones  who  have  treated  this  expedition  at 
length  are,  Frejcs,  Hist.  Breve,  41-68,  118-21,  Ramirez,  Proccso  de  Resid. 
contra  Alvarado  y  Guzman,  187-258,  and  Navarrete,  Compendio  de  la  Hist,  de 
Jalisco,  27-61,  85-6.  The  second  gives  some  of  the  original  documents  of  the 
residencia,  and  draws  his  historical  sketch  chiefly  from  Beaumont  and  Mota 


374  CONQUEST  OF  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

Padilla  with  somewhat  less  skill  than  might  be  expected  from  the  author's 
high  reputation.  The  latter  follows  Tello  to  a  great  extent,  and  his  work 
does  not  show  extensive  research.  Other  works  which  mention  the  expedi 
tion  are  the  following:  Escovetlo,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  vii.  5,  G;  Gil,  in  Id., 
viii.  477-80;  Garcia,  in  Id.,  viii.  23;  Payno,  in  Id.,  2a  e"p.  i.  797-801,  ii. 
137-8;  Hernandez  y  Ddvalos,  in  Id.,  2a  e"p.  iii.  187-8;  Romero,  Not.  Mich., 
122,  186,  193,  197-8,  Museo,  Mex.,  iv.  115;  Chimalpain,  Hist.  Conq.,  184-6; 
Moreno,  Frag.,  8,  9,  30;  Escudero,  Not.  Son.,  25-6;  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy., 
se"rie  i.  torn.  ix.  286  etc.;  Burners  Chron.  Hist.  Voy.,  i.  165,  169-70;  Gal- 
vano's  Discov.,  40;  We^t-Ind.  Spieghel,  334-50;  Gallatin,  in  Nouv.  An.  Voy., 
cxxxi.  240-1  ;  Davis*  El  Gringo,  58-9 ;  Laet,  Novvs  Orbis,  284-6 ;  Domenech't 
Deserts,  i.  168;  Gottfriedt,  N.  Welt,  605;  SociettAmcr.,  i.  35-52;  Rivera,  Gob. 
Mex.,  i.  18,  24-5;  Larenaudiere,  Mex.  et  Guat.,  144;  Puga,  Cedulario,  80  etc.; 
Dice.  Univ.,  ix.-x. ;  Greenhow's  Memoirs,  25  etc.;  Parr  a,  Conq.  XaL,  x.  MS., 
76;  Rivera,  Descrip.  Zac.,  pt.  ii.  1-5;  Alegre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesiis,  i.  204;  Gonzalez 
Davila,  Teatro  Ecles.,  i.  178-9;  Alaman,  Disert.,  i.  app.  27-8;  Brasxeur  de 
Bourbourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,iv.  744-53;  Camargo,  Hist,  llax.,  182;  Zamacois, 
Hist.  Mej.,iv.  476-7,  489-90,  493-515;  Morelli,  Fasti  Novi  Orbis,  21 ;  Romero, 
in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  viii.  538,  ix.  15,  85-6;  Archive  M«x.,  Doc.,  i. 
362-3,  ii.  201-2;  Monumentos Hist.  Polit.,  MS., 8,  9;  Monumentos  Dom'm.  Esp., 
MS.,  239-40;  RusselVs  Hist.  Am.,  i.  381;  Voyages,  Selection  of  Curious,  39; 
Santos,  Chron.  Hospit.,  ii.  445;  Jalisco,  Mem.  Hist.,  34-62;  Gordon's  Anc. 
Mex.,  ii.  248-9;  Expl.  del  Codex  Tel.  Rem.,  in  Kingsborough's  Mex.  Antiq., 
v.  155;  Dillon,  Beautes,  39-61;  Pimentel,  Mem.,  96. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN. 
1536-1542. 

TORUE  APPOINTED  JUEZ  DE  RESIDENCIA — AN  UNPLEASANT  MEETING — THE 

VULTUBE  EXCAGED GUZMAN'S  RELEASE  AND  DEPARTURE  TO  SPAIN — 

CLIPPP:D  WINGS — GUZMAN'S  DEATH  AND  CHARACTER — TORRE'S  OFFICIAL 
INVESTIGATIONS — His  WISE  ADMINISTRATION — INDIAN  REVOLT — A  CA 
TASTROPHE — TORRE'S  LAST  HOURS — His  CHARACTER — CORONADO  SUC 
CEEDS  HIM  AS  GOVERNOR — His  INCOMPETENCY — DELUSIVE  HOPES — A 
PROFITLESS  EXPEDITION — NIZA  REVIVES  ENTHUSIASM — VISIONS  OF  CON- 

.QUEST  AND  WEALTH — TROUBLES  FORESHADOWED— CORONADO's  ExPEDIr 

TION  NORTHWARD — His  DISAPPOINTMENT  AND  RETURN — CONTEMPORARY 
PROGRESS  IN  MICHOACAN — A  USEFUL  VISITADOR — REFORMS  AND  PROS 
PERITY — QUIROGA  MADE  BISHOP  OF  MICHOACAN — His  BENEFICENT 
RULE. 

EVERY  one  raised  to  high  estate  must  fall ;  and  little 
pulling  down  was  left  for  death  to  do  while  Charles 
ruled  the  Indies.  We  have  seen  the  fall  of  Hernan 
Cortes  and  deem  it  dastardly  even  though  not  unde 
served;  we  have  seen  the  fall  of  Nuno  de  Guzman, 
and  have  shed  no  tears  over  it.  There  is  yet  even 
deeper  abasement  in  store  for  him. 

Aroused  by  tales  of  Guzman's  atrocities,  the  king 
by  cedula  dated  the  17th  of  March  1536,  appointed 
the  licentiate  Diego  Perez  de  la  Torre  his  juez  de 
residencia  and  successor  of  Guzman  as  governor  of 
Nueva  Galicia,1  with  instructions  that  his  examination 
should  be  rigid. 

Nor  was  Guzman  the  only  one  to  be  subjected  to  a 

1  Torre  was  a  native  of  Almendralejo  in  the  province  of  Estremadura,  of 
noble  parents,  learned,  virtuous,  and  upright  in  the  administration  of  justice. 
He  occupied  the  position  of  judge  in  his  native  province  at  the  time  of  his 
appointment.  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  104,  109. 

(457) 


458  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAK 

residencia;  all  public  officers  in  New  Galicia  were  to 
be  called  to  account;  the  management  of  the  royal 
revenues,  public  funds,  and  repartimientos  was  to  be 
closely  investigated.  The  examinations  were  to  be  con 
ducted  with  brevity,  and  nothing  reduced  to  writing 
except  what  was  essential.  The  juez  de  residencia 
was  required  in  his  reports  of  the  proceedings  to 
give  an  account  of  the  character  of  the  witnesses 
and  the  probable  motives  which  might  influence  their 
testimony.2  Explicit  instructions  were  also  given  him 
for  his  guidance  in  the  treatment  and  government  of 
the  natives. 

Hastily  arranging  his  affairs  in  Spain,  Torre  sailed 
with  his  family,  and  arrived  at  Vera  Cruz  toward  the 
end  of  the  year.  Here  he  learned  that  Guzman — 
who,  as  the  reader  is  aware,  had  arrived  at  the  capi 
tal — was  making  preparations  to  escape,  having  or 
dered  a  vessel  for  his  departure.  No  time  was  to.be 
lost,  and  Torre,  leaving  his  family  in  Vera  Cruz,  set 
out  secretly  for  the  city  with  a  single  attendant. 

There  was  a  bond  between  Guzman  and  Mendoza, 
dissimilar  as  they  were  in  man}?-  respects ;  they  both 
hated  Cortes,  and  there  could  be  little  rivalry  between 
them,  for  Mendoza  stood  high  while  Guzman  had 
fallen  low.  And  so  the  viceroy  received  the  New  Gali 
cia  governor  kindly  when  he  came  to  Mexico,3  confident 
in  the  measures  he  had  taken  for  escape  both  from  the 
country,  and  from  the  unpleasantness  of  a  residencia. 

But  the  inexorable  judge  was  nigh.  Entering  the 
viceroy's  hall  of  reception  one  morning  Guzman  met 
Torre  coining  from  an  audience  with  Mendoza.  The 
recognition  was  mutual,  and  the  new  governor  of 
the  north  politely  informed  Guzman  that  he  was  his 
prisoner.  Resistance  was  useless;  escape  impossible. 
The  toils  were  around  the  wild  beast  that  had  so  long 

zPiif)a,  Cedulario,  158. 

3  According  to  Bernal  Diaz,  Mendoza,  having  heard  of  the  king's  intention 
to  send  out  a  juez  de  residencia,  wrote  to  Guzman  and  induced  him  to  come 
to  Mexico — '  y  le  seual6  por  posada  sus  Palacios. .  .y  el  Virrey  le  hazia  mucha 
honra,  y  le  fauorecia,  y  comia  con  el.'  Hist.  Verdad.,  231. 


DIEGO  PEREZ  DE  LA  TORRE.  459 

roamed  defiantly.  Under  conduct  of  Mendoza's  guard, 
which  had  often  witnessed  his  honorable  entrance,  he 
was  marched  out  of  the  viceregal  palace  and  lodged 
in  the  common  prison.4  Fortune  had  bestowed  upon 
him  her  last  smile. 

His  appointed  judge  lost  no  time  in  beginning  pro 
ceedings,  and  that  there  might  be  no  unnecessary  pro 
traction  of  the  trial  he  listened  only  to  the  most 
serious  charges.  The  accusations  were  the  gravest 
that  could  be  made.  The  murder  of  Caltzontzin,  the 
devastations  of  towns,  and  the  enslavement  of  natives 
alike  in  time  of  war  and  peace,  were  sufficient  to  con 
demn  a  far  more  popular  man.  The  districts  of  Pa- 
nuco  and  Nueva  Galicia  were  visited  by  Torre,  and 
the  testimony  of  witnesses  taken  relative  to  Guzman's 
acts  in  these  regions.  Thus  time  passed  by,  making 
the  trial  long,  although  it  had  been  so  promptly 
begun.5  Nor  was  his  life  in  prison  cheered  by  much 

4 Mota,  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  104.  Neither  the  date  of  Torre's  arrival 
at  Vcra  Cruz  nor  that  of  Guzman's  arrest  can  be  exactly  decided.  Herrera, 
dec.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  ix.,  states  that  Torre  arrived  at  Nueva  Galicia  in  1537,  but 
there  is  reason  to  conclude  that  he  reached  New  Spain  near  the  end  of  1536. 
Guzman  while  in  prison  addressed  a  letter  to  the  India  Council,  dated  Febru 
ary  13,  1537,  in  which  he  uses  these  words:  'y  averme  tenido  en  esta  carcel 
veinte  y  cinco  dias . .  .antes  que  comicnce  la  residencia.'  And  further  on:  'En 
lo  de  la  residencia  quo  aqui  se  me  tomo. '  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col. 
Dor. ,  xiii.  452-3.  As  about  a  month  was  usually  occupied  in  the  preparation 
of  the  charge,  and  three  more  in  conducting  it,  I  ain  inclined  to  the  opinion 
that  Torre  landed  at  the  beginning  of  November  and  that  Guzman  was  im 
prisoned  a  fc\v  days  later.  Bernal  Diaz  implies  that  Mendoza  did  not  display 
much  inclination  to  assist  Torre  in  the  matter,  'y  parece  ser  no  hallo' — i.  e., 
Torre — 'tanta  voluntad  para  ello  como  quisiera.'  Hist.  Verdad.,  231. 

5  Mota  Padilla  states  that  he  was  confined  'en  las  atarazanas  del  rey.'  Conq. 
JVr.  Gal.,  104.  From  Guzman's  letter,  however,  already  quoted,  and  from  the 
Auto  de  b'oltura,  in  Ramirez,  Proceso,  273,  275,  it  appears  that  it  was  the 
'curcel  piiblica' in  which  he  was  imprisoned.  Bernal  Diaz  says  that  Torre 
'le  llcuo  a  la  carcel  publica  de  aquella  Ciudad,  y  estuvo  preso  ciertos  dias, 
hast:i  que  rogo  por  el  cl  Uirrey,  que  le  sacaron  de  la  carcel. '  Hist.  Verdad. ,  231. 
This  same  author  tells  of  a  practical  joke  played  on  Torre.  The  new  gov 
ernor  was  addicted  to  gambling,  and  in  order  to  bring  him  into  bad  repute, 
Guzman's  late  supporters  contrived  to  place  a  pack  of  cards  in  the  long 
sleeves  of  his  tabard.  As  the  juez  de  residencia  was  crossing  the  plaza  in 
company  with  persons  of  high  rank,  the  cards  kept  dropping  out  un perceived 
by  him  until  his  attention  was  called  to  the  contents  of  his  sleeve.  Torre  was 
quite  angry  and  said:  'They  do  not  wish  me  to  do  upright  justice;  but  if  I 
die  not,  it  will  be  done  in  such  a  manner  that  his  Majesty  shall  hear  of  this 
outrage.'  The  historian  adds:  'y  dende  a  pocos  dias  cay  6  malo,  y  de  pen- 
samiento  clello,  6  de  otrascosas  de  calenturas  que  le  ocurrieron,  murid.'  Id. 
Torre  was  alive  when  Guzman  went  to  Spain  in  1538.  Ramirez,  Proceso,  275. 


400  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAK 

sympathy;  his  enemies  were  many  and  his  friends 
few.  According  to  Mota  Padilla  the  latter  took  less 
interest  in  him  than  the  former,  who  did  not  leave 
him  in  ignorance  of  the  joy  with  which  his  imprison 
ment  was  generally  regarded. 

An  appeal  to  the  India  Council6  brought  him  a 
temporary  relief.  On  the  4th  of  October  1537  a 
royal .  cedula  was  issued,  ordering  him  to  surrender 
himself  to  the  officers  of  the  Casa  de  Contra tacion 
at  Seville,7  by  which  body  he  would  be  transferred  to 
the  India  Council.  Hence,  on  the  30th  of  June 
1538,  after  an  incarceration  of  nearly  a  year  and 
three  quarters,  Guzman  walked  out  of  his  prison  and 
made  preparations  to  return  to  Spain. 

Neither  the  elate  of  his  departure  nor  that  of  his 
arrival  in  the  peninsula  is  known.  Indeed,  the  last 
years  of  his  life  were  passed  in  obscurity  and  miser}^. 
The  king,  whose  indignation  was  roused  by  the  report 
from  the  audiencia,8  would  have  inflicted  extreme 
punishment9  but  for  the  influence  of  powerful  friends.10 
But  the  monarch  refused  to  see  him,  and  assigned 
Torrejon  de  Velasco  as  his  future  abiding-place,  where, 

6  Guzman,  in  this  appeal,  attempts  an  explanation  in  brief  of  his  acts  in 
Panuco  and  Nueva  Galicia.     He  charges  Cortes  with  being  the  prompter  of 
accusations  made  against  him,  and  complains  of  unfairness  in  the  manner  of 
conducting  the  proceedings.  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiii. 
450-5. 

7  In  this  auto  de  soltura  instructions  were  also  given  that  he  should  be  pro 
vided  with  4,000  pesos  out  of  his  property  which  had  been  sequestrated. 
Guzman,  by  this  act,  was  released  on  his  own  recognizance.  Ramirez,  Pro- 
ceso,  272-G. 

8  Guzman  was  himself  the  bearer  of  this  report.     The  instructions  to  the 
audiencia  were  :   'e"  vos  proseguireys  la  dicha  residencia. .  .para  que  la  pueda 
traer  consigo. '  Id.,  274. 

9  Zamacois  assumes  that  the  king  had  determined  to  have  him  executed 
on  his  arrival.  Hist.  Mej.,  iv.  631-2.     But  I  find  no  authority  to  warrant 
such  an  assertion. 

10  '  Y  como  en  la  Corte  no  falta  poderosas  intercessiones,  no  pag6  sus  caa 


como  merecian.'  Herrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  ix.  This  author,  dec.  vii.  lib. 
ii.  cap.  x.,  intimates  that  Cortes  interested  himself  in  bringing  Guzman's 
trial  to  a  termination.  But  the  expression  used  by  Herrera  is  of  doubtful 
interpretation.  Mota  Padilla,  however,  accepts  it  as  evidence  of  a  noble 
generosity  extended  by  Cortes  to  his  former  foe,  besides  stating  that  he 
liberally  aided  him  in  his  poverty.  Beaumont  also  takes  this  view.  Cron. 
Mich.,  iv.  98-9.  Ramirez  reasonably  concludes  that  there  is  no  ground  for 
belief  in  such  a  story.  Proceso,  232-3. 


DEATH  OF  GUZMAN.  461 

neglected  and  despised,  he  passed  the  remaining  six 
years  of  his  life.11 

The  record  of  Nuiio  de  Guzman  is  before  the  reader, 
who  will  see  in  him  an  able,  scheming,  and  unscrupu 
lous  lawyer;  a  fearless  soldier  and  a  skilful  though 
unpopular  leader;  an  unfeeling,  tyrannical  ruler;  a 
grasping  miser;  and  a  hypocritical  adherent  of  royalty 
and  Christianity.  True,  as  certain  writers  claim  in 
his  behalf,  his  faults  were  those  of  his  time;  but  in 
his  character  these  faults  are  shown  by  the  chroniclers 
at  their  worst,  unrelieved  by  a  single  one  of  the  gen 
erous  impulses  or  noble  traits  which,  notwithstanding 
their  deeds  of  blood,  have  given  lasting  fame  and 
respect  to  the  memory  of  many  of  the  conquerors. 
Few  of  the  old  chroniclers  have  anything  good  to  say 
of  him.  He  had  great  opportunities,  and  abused  them 
all.  Had  he  found  a  Mexico  or  a  Peru  in  the  north 
west,  his  name  would  not  have  been  so  utterly  for 
gotten;  his  sovereign  would  not  have  so  abhorred 
him,  and  his  historians  might  perhaps  have  found 
some  one  redeeming  quality  in  his  character.  But  he 
would  have  been  remembered  as  a  Pizarro,  not  as  a 
Cortes.12 

As  soon  as  Torre  had  concluded  so  much  of  the 
residencia  of  Guzman  as  pertained  to  his  administra 
tion  in  the  capital,  and  provided  for  the  safe  custody 
of  his  prisoner,  he  proceeded  to  Pdnuco,  as  before 
mentioned,  there  to  continue  his  investigations.13 
Having  completed  his  labors  in  that  province  he 
removed  with  his  family  in  1537  to  Guadalajara.14 

11  He  died  there  in  1544  according  to  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  1C5; 
but  Alaman,  Disert.,  i.  app.    28,  states  that  he  died  at  his  native  place, 
Guadalajara,  in  Spain,  poor  and  abhorred  by  everybody. 

12  Ramirez  justly  remarks:  'El  poderoso  valimiento  de  sus  enemigos  no  nos 
permite  hoy  fijarles' — that  is  to  say  his  actions — 'cuota  ni  medida,  porque, 
como  ya  dije,  de  el  unicamente  conocemos  todo  el  mal  que  hizo.'  Proceao, 
233-58. 

13  Beaumont  erroneously  says  after  he  had  sent  Nufio  de  Guzman  to  Spain. 
Cr6n.  Mich.,  iv.  111-12. 

14  He  was  accompanied  by  six  Franciscan  friars — one  of  whom  was  his  own 
son  Fray  Diego  Perez — brought  by  him  from  Spain.  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N. 
Gal.,  105. 


462  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAK 

At  Tonald  lie  was  received  by  the  provisional  governor 
Cristobal  de  Oriate,  who  recognized  his  authority  and 
delivered  the  administration  into  his  hands.15 

Torre  proceeded  at  once  to  make  his  official  in 
vestigations.  A  general  residencia  was  proclaimed  in 
the  towns  of  Guadalajara,  Compostela,  Culiacan,  and 
Purificacion,  and  the  proceedings  conducted  with 
energy  and  prudence.  Such  cases  as  he  was  unable 
to  decide  himself  were  remitted  to  the  India  Council. 
By  the  close  of  the  year  the  investigations  were  so 
far  concluded  that  the  governor  was  permitted  to  turn 
his  attention  to  affairs  of  state. 

The  condition  in  which  Guzman  had  left  Nueva 
Galicia  was  indeed  a  deplorable  one.  His  system  of 
enslavement  had  driven  most  of  the  natives  to  the 
mountains,  thus  bringing  distress  on  all  who  remained, 
whether  Spaniards  or  Indians.  Numbers  of  settlers 
were  preparing  to  go  to  Peru,  while  others  made  raids 
upon  the  Indians  and  reduced  all  they  could  catch  to 
slavery.16 

The  prudent  measures  of  Torre17  restored  confi 
dence.  He  was  well  supported  by  the  viceroy,  and 
the  colonists  after  their  long  and  ineffectual  com 
plaints18  settled  down  with  some  degree  of  content. 

15  Oiiate's  brother,  Juan,  was  one  of  the  stanchest  partisans  of  Guzman. 
When  the  news  arrived  in  Nueva  Galicia,  where  Juan  de  Onate  had  remained, 
of  Guzman's  imprisonment,  and  that  Torre  was  empowered  to  take  the 
residencia  of  all  subordinate  officials,  he  was  advised  by  Cristobal  to  effect 
his  escape.  He  accordingly  fled  to  Peru,  where  some  assert  that  he  died 
poor  and  blind.  Id. 

1GMendoza,  on  the  10th  of  December  1537,  reported  to  the  king  that 
although  this  province  was  rich  in  resources,  it  would  be  lost  unless  his 
Majesty  applied  some  remedy.  The  Spaniards  maintained  that  without  slaves 
they  could  not  subsist,  and  the  settlers  in  Culiacan  had  represented  to  the 
viceroy  that  under  the  prohibition  of  slavery  they  would  be  compelled  to 
abandon  the  town.  Mendoza  temporarily  assisted  them  by  supplying  iron 
ware  and  other  necessaries  to  the  value  of  1,000  pesos  de  tepuzque.  Carta, 
in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  196-7,  209-10. 

17  'El  licenciado  de  la  Torre  se  entretiene  bien  harto  mejor  de  lo  que  todos 
pensamos,'  is  the  compliment  which  the  viceroy  pays  the  new  governor  of 
Nueva  Galicia.  Id.,  209. 

18  The  viceroy  had  proclaimed  that  no  slaves  should  be  made  in  Nueva 
Galicia  except  in  accordance  with  the  order  issued  by  the  king.     He  had, 
moreover,  forwarded  to  his  Majesty  a  copy  of  the  trials  of  those  persons  who 
had  committed  excesses  in  branding  slaves  during  Guzman's  administration. 
Id.,  180,  196.    By  c6dula  of  February  3,  1537,  the  governor  and  all  authorities 


WAR  IN  THE  NORTH-WEST.  4G3 

Nor  did  the  efforts  of  Torre  in  his  dealings  with 
the  natives  meet  with  less  encouragement.  He  soon 
saw  that  if  treated  well  the  natives  would  gladly 
return  to  their  homes,19  and  with  the  aid  of  the  friars 
this  was  in  a  measure  accomplished.'20  But  the  bad 
practices  of  encomenderos  could  not  immediately  be 
stopped.  Excesses  in  the  outlying  districts  were  still 
committed,  and  in  1538  in  the  northern  portion  of 
the  province  the  people  of  Jocolotlan,  Guajacatlan, 
and  Ostoticpaquillo,  under  the  leadership  of  their 
cacique  Guajicar,  rose  in  arms.21 

The  suppression  of  this  revolt  was  attended  with  a 
catastrophe  which  closed  the  career  of  the  unfortunate 
Torre.  As  soon  as  news  of  the  outbreak  reached 
Guadalajara,  a  council  was  held  at  which  it  was  decided 
to  send  a  force  under  the  command  of  captains  Alonso 
Alvarez,  Diego  Sigler,  and  Cristobal  Romero  against 
the  disaffected  district.22  The  governor,  however,  in 
the  hope,  probably,  of  effecting  a  reconciliation  with 
out  the  necessity  of  blood-shed,  resolved  to  accompany 
the  expedition  in  person.  When  the  Spaniards  arrived 
in  the  hostile  territory  they  found  the  Indians  strongly 
intrenched  on  a  rocky  eminence,  and  though  Torre 
made  every  endeavor  to  induce  them  to  submit  on 
general  terms,23  they  refused.  "  Let  death  come  to 
you  or  us,"  they  replied. 

An  appeal  to  arms  was  therefore  unavoidable. 
The  heights  were  invested  and  assailed  at  different 
points,  and  the  Indians  so  harassed  that  they  de- 

of  New  Galicia,  judicial,  civil,  or  military,  were  placed  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  audiencia  of  New  Spain.  Puga,  Cedulario,  112. 

19  '  Escribeme  ' — i.  e.,  Torre  to  Mendoza — 'que  con  no  hacer  guerra  d  los 
naturales,  se  vienen  muchos  d  sus  casas,  aunque  en  dos  6  tres  partes  han  salido 
£  incitalle  (para  hacer)  esclavos.'  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  209. 

20 Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  107. 

21  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iv.  114.     Mota  Padilla  assigns  the  cause  of  this 
outbreak  to  the  easy  and  indolent  life  which  they  were  leading  under  the 
amelioration  of  their  condition !  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  107. 

22  It  occupied  the  borders  of  the  present  territories  of  Jalisco  and  Zacatecas 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Jocotlan.     The  captains  named  were  regidores  of  the 
cabildo.   Tel'o,  Hist.  N.  Gal,  366. 

23  He  summoned  them  to  come  to  a  peaceable  arrangement,  offering  in  that 
to  grant  them  a  free  pardon  for  all  past  offences.  Id.,  367. 


464  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN. 

scended  to  the  plain,  determined  to  try  a  pitched  bat 
tle,  in  which  of  course  they  were  overthrown.  Great 
numbers  w^ere  slain,  and  the  remainder,  among  whom 
was  the  cacique  Guajicar,  fled  into  the  neighboring 
glens  for  refuge. 

Torre,  who  during  the  engagement  had  displayed 
the  usual  soldierly  qualities  of  a  Spaniard,  now  rode  with 
his  pursuing  troops,  encouraging  them  as  they  toiled 
over  the  difficult  ground.  While  so  occupied  he  was 
thrown  from  his  horse,  which  falling  upon  him  inflicted 
a  mortal  injury.24  He  was  carried  back  to  Tonold,25 
where  were  his  family,  and  they  laid  him  on  his 
death-bed. 

After  several  days  of  suffering,  and  conscious  that 
his  end  was  near,  Torre  formally  appointed  Christ6- 
bal  de  Onate  his  successor  pending  instructions  from 
the  viceroy,26  and  having  given  him  advice  regarding 
the  administration,  and  commended  to  his  care  his 
bereaved  family,  he  yielded  up  his  spirit  and  was 
buried  in  the  convent  of  San  Francisco  at  Tetlan.27 

Torre  is  described  as  possessing  a  robust  frame,  with 

24 '  Tenia  lastimadas  las  entrafias  de  lacaida,'  according  to  Tello,  who  does 
not  mention  that  the  horse  fell  upon  Torre.  Id.  Mota  Padilla  says,  '  cayo  del 
caballo,  el  que  se  ech6  encima  y  le  lastim<5.'  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  108.  Parra  states 
that  Torre,  riding  at  random  over  the  plain,  plunged  into  a  swamp,  and  in  his 
endeavors  to  get  out  of  it  his  horse  fell  upon  him,  breaking  a  rib  and  injuring 
his  spine.  Conq.  Xal,  230-1. 

25  Mota  Padilla  says  to  Tetlan,  situated  four  leagues  from  the  site  occupied 
by  Guadalajara  in  that  author's  time.     Tello,  writing  in  the  middle  of  the 
17th  century,  places  this  town  one  league  from  the  Guadalajara  of  his  time. 
Hist.  N.  Gal. ,  369.     The  site  of  Guadalajara  was  changed  several  times. 

26  According  to  orders  received  from  the  king  providing  for  such  emergency 
the  cabildo  was  consulted  with  regard  to  the  appointment  of  a  successor.  Torre, 
however,  excepted  his  son,  Melchor  Perez  de  la  Torre,  on  the  ground  of  his 
youth  and  inexperience,  from  the  number  of  those  whom  he  considered  fit  to 
occupy  the  position.  Id.,  368. 

27  Torre  was  56  years  of  age  when  he  died.     His  remains  were  afterward 
removed  to  Guadalajara  when  the  convent  was  transferred  thither.     The  date 
of  his  death  is  not  known;  but  it  was  probably  during  the  latter  part  of  1538, 
inferred  from  an  expression  of  the  escribano  of  the  audiencia,  that  as  late  as 
July  30th  of  that  year  no  news  of  his  death  had  reached  the  capital:   '  visto 
que  el  lisenciado  de  la  Torre  juez  de  residencia  de  la  Nueva  Galicia  no  estaba 
en  esta  dicha  cibdad. '  Ramirez,  Proceso,  275.     Two  marriageable  daughters 
were  especially  intrusted  to  the  protection  of  Ofiate,  who  did  not  fail  in  the 
discharge  of  his  trust.     One  was  married  to  Jacinto  de  Pineda  y  Ledesma,  a 
person  of  good  birth,  and  the  other  to  the  alferez  mayor,  Fernando  Flores, 
from  whom  Mota  Padilla  claims  to  be  descended.  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  109. 


DEATH  OF  TORRE.  465 

a  dark  sallow  complexion.  Brave  and  industrious, 
prompt  and  cautious,  he  was  strict,  perhaps  stern,  in 
the  administration  of  justice.  Possessed  of  a  genial 
and  generous  disposition,  the  absence  of  arrogance 
won  for  him  much  good-will;  and  though  the  kind 
ness  of  his  heart  ever  prompted  him  to  friendly  acts, 
lie  was  guided  by  discrimination  in  his  benevolence. 
The  satisfactory  manner  in  which  he  performed  his 
duties  in  the  matter  of  residencias  in  Nueva  Galicia, 
and  the  successful  commencement  which  he  made  for 
the  establishment  of  a  healthy  government,  speak 
loudly  in  his  praise. 

When  the  news  of  Torre's  death  reached  Mendoza 
he  appointed  Luis  Galindo  chief  justice  of  Nueva 
Galicia,23  and  shortly  afterward  Francisco  Vazquez  de 
Coronado  provisional  governor,  this  latter  appoint 
ment  being  confirmed  by  royal  cedula  of  April  18, 
1539.29 

Vasquez  de  Coronado  was  a  native  of  Salamanca, 
and  had  married  a  daughter  of  Alonso  de  Estrada, 
the  royal  treasurer  of  New  Spain.30  Mendoza  held 
him  in  high  esteem,  but  his  eyes  were  perhaps  a  little 
blinded  by  friendship.  The  viceroy  regarded  him  as  a 
prudent  and  able  man,  and  gifted  with  talents  above 

28  He  also  ordered  Galindo  to  remove  the  Spanish  settlers  from  Tonala  to 
Guadalajara,  which  was  done  and  lots  assigned  to  them.   Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal., 
369-70.     Mota  Padilla  says  the  building  of  Guadalajara  was  arrested,  and 
Mendoza  ordered  the  Spaniards  at  Teutlan  (Tetlan  ?)  and  Tonala  to  be  removed 
to.  that  town.  Conq.  N.  GaL,  109. 

29  The  same  ceilula  ordered  Coronado  to  take  the  residencia  of  the  deceased 
governor.     Coronado's  salary  was  fixed  at  1,000  ducats,  with  an  additional 
sum  of  500  ducats,  to  be  paid  him  out  of  the  government  revenues  of  his 
province.    /(/.,  110.     Herrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  v.    cap.   ix.,  has   here   confused 
events.     He  leaves  it  to  be  inferred  that  the  death  of  Torre  was  not  known  in 
Mexico  at  the  time  of  Coronado's  appointment  by  the  king:  '  y  llegado  a 
Guadalajara,  hallo  que  era  muerto.' 

30  He  had  received  as  his  wife's  dowry  one  half  of  Tlapan,  which  town  had 
been  obtained  from  the  crown  by  his  mother-in-law  in  compensation  for 
Tepeaca  of  which  the  audiencia  had  deprived  her.  Mendoza, Lettre,  in  Tcrnaux- 
Compans,  Voy.,  sdrie  ii.  torn.  v.  252.     Cortes  states  that  Coronado  received 
Jalapa,  the  tribute  from  which  was  over  3,000  ducats,  and  accuses  Mendoza  of 
taking  that  source  of  revenue  from  the  crown  and  granting  it  to  the  wife  of 
Estrada  with  the  understanding  that  it  should  be  given  to  Coronado.  Cortts, 
Etcritos  Sue'tos,  337. 

HIBT.  HEX.,  VOL.  II.    30 


466  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN. 

the  ordinary.31  But  Coronado's  ability,  either  as 
ruler  or  military  commander,  was  not  of  an  order  that 
made  him  fit  for  the  position.32  This  is  clearly  shown 
in  his  Cibola  expedition,  wherein  he  pushed  north 
ward  with  great  perseverance;  but  his  want  of  control 
over  his  followers  was  lamentably  evident;  and  the 
dissension  among  them,  and  the  disorderly  manner  of 
his  return,  display  weakness  as  a  leader.  Of  his  abil 
ity  as  a  ruler,  his  administration  and  its  results  will 
enable  the  reader  to  judge.33 

At  the  time  of  his  appointment  Coronado  held  the 
office  of  visitador  in  New  Spain.  The  arrival  of  Cabeza 
de  Vaca  and  his  report  of  what  the  natives  had  told 
him  of  wealthy  cities  toward  the  north,  hastened  his 
departure  to  Nueva  Galicia.  The  viceroy  was  infected 
with  the  general  excitement,  as  we  have  seen,  and 
ordered  Coronado  to  proceed  at  once  to  his  province. 
It  was  arranged  that  Father  Marcos  de  Niza  should 
accompany  him  and  make  a  preliminary  exploration 
northward  for  the  purpose  of  verifying  Vaca's  state 
ments.  Should  he  be  successful  in  discovering  the 
wonderful  cities,  it  was  determined  that  an  expedition 
on  a  large  scale  should  be  sent  to  take  possession  of 
them. 

Coronado  departed  from  the  capital  during  the 
latter  part  of  1538,  and  on  the  19th  of  November,  his 
commission  having  been  recognized,  he  appointed  the 
alcaldes  and  regidores  of  Guadalajara  for  the  ensuing 
'year.84  He  then  proceeded  to  visit  various  districts 
of  his  province,  portions  of  which  were  in  a  disturbed 

31  Although  nothing  is  known  of  Coronado's  previous  services  to  the  crown, 
Mendoza,  in  December  1537,  mentions  having  brought  them  to  the  notice  of 
the  king,  as  also  '  las  calidades  que  en  el  hay  para  poder  servirse  del  en  todo 
lo  demas  que  en  estas  partes  se  of reciere. '  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc. , 
ii.  194-5. 

32  Castaiieda,  speaking  of  Coronado,  says:  'Ce  chef  ne  snt  conserver  ni 
son  commaiidement  ni  son  gou vernement. '  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  se"rie  i. 
torn.  ix.  18. 

33  Says  Oviedo,  'el  qual  ni  los  dos  enamorados  que  se  dixo  de  susso  no  hi- 
cieron  dafio  notable  en  los  indios  ni  en  la  tierra,  sino  a  si  mesmos.'  iii.  168. 

34  On   the  following  day  he  delivered  to  Niza  at  Tonala  the  viceroy's 
instructions  relative  to  his  projected  explorations.  Mendoza,  Carta,  in  Pa 
checo  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  iii.  328. 


FRANCISCO  VASQUEZ  DE  COHONADO.  4G7 

condition,  and  having  arrived  at  his  border  town  of 
San  Miguel  de  Culiacan,  he  despatched  Niza  from  that 
place,  careful  provision  having  been  made  for  his  safe 
return  by  procuring  native  guides  and  taking  other 
precautions. 

On  the  7th  of  March  1539  Niza  set  out  on  his 
search,  accompanied  by  Father  Honorato,  a  negro 
named  Estevanico,  and  a  band  of  friendly  Indians. 
Coronado  a  month  later  invaded  a  northern  territory 
known  by  the  name  of  Topiza,35  of  the  wealth  of 
which  he  had  received  reports.  But  the  expedition 
met  with  little  success.  He  failed  to  discover  the 
people,  who  decked  their  persons,  as  he  had  been  told, 
with  ornaments  of  gold  and  precious  gems,  and  who 
faced  the  walls  of  their  houses  with  silver.36  After  a 
long  and  wearisome  march  over  mountains  he  reached 
a  barren  land  in  which  he  could  obtain  neither  gold 
nor  food ;  hence  he  retraced  his  steps  to  San  Miguel. 

Not  long  afterward  Niza  returned  and  brought  to 
Coronado  the  welcome  news  of  the  existence  and 
grandeur  of  the  reported  cities,  whereupon  the  gov 
ernor  determined  to  go  with  him  to  Mexico,  and  with 
the  assistance  of  the  viceroy  prepare  an  expedition  for 
the  anticipated  conquest  of  Cibola.  They  arrived  at 
the  capital  at  the  end  of  August,37  and  so  great  was 
the  excitement  over  the  glowing  account  of  Niza  that 
in  a  few  days  he  had  raised  a  force  of  three  hundred 
Spaniards  with  eight  hundred  native  auxiliaries,  eager 
to  join  in  reaping  the  golden  harvest.  A  reconnoitring 
party  of  fifteen  men  was  sent  forward  under  Melchor 

35  Probably  identical  with  the  latter  Topia.  In  a  letter  addressed  to  Men- 
doza  after  the  departure  of  Niza,  Coronado  stated  that  he  would  be  ready  to 
start  on  this  expedition  the  10th  of  April  following.  His  force  would  consist 
of  150  horsemen,  with  12  spare  animals,  200  foot-soldiers,  cross-bowmen,  and 
arquebusiers,  and  be  provided  with  hogs  and  sheep.  The  distance  to  Topiza, 
or  Topira  as  it  is  written  in  this  letter,  he  considers  to  be  80  leagues  from  Sail 
Miguel.  Tcrnaux-Compans,  Voy.,  s6rie  i.  torn.  ix.  352-4. 

30  'Les  habitants  portent  des  parures  en  or,  des  e"meraudes  etautres  pierred 
pre"cieuses;  ils  emploient  For  et  1'argent  &  des  usages  communs;  ils  couvrent 
leurs  maisons  avec  ce  dernier  me" tal. '  Id. ,  353. 

37  He  was  in  the  city  of  Mexico  on  the  2d  of  September,  since  he  was 
present  on  the  occasion  of  Niza  presenting  to  the  viceroy  a  written  narrative 
of  his  exploration.  Niza,  Rel.t  in  Id.,  282-3. 


468  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN. 

Diaz  and  Juan  cle  Saldivar,33  for  the  purpose  of  veri 
fying  Niza's  account.  This  party  left  San  Miguel  on 
the  17th  of  November,  and  proceeded  one  hundred 
leagues  northward.  The  time  of  the  year  was,  how 
ever,  unfavorable,  and  the  excessive  cold  prevented 
further  advance.89 

In  the  mean  time  preparations  in  the  capital  were 
pushed  forward  as  rapidly  as  possible.  Compostela 
was  named  as  the  rendezvous,  and  so  important  was 
the  expedition  deemed  by  the  viceroy  that  he  pro 
ceeded  thither  to  give  encouragement  by  his  presence 
and  to  superintend  final  preparations.  But  the  enter 
prise  was  not  without  its  opponents,  whose  principal 
arguments  were  that  it  would  deprive  Spanish  towns 
of  men  needful  for  their  protection.  Hearing  which 
Coronado  took  sworn  depositions  as  to  the  actual 
number  of  citizens  enrolled.  On  the  22d  of  February 
a  review  was  held,  and  from  the  declarations  made  it 
appeared  that  the  ranks  were  mainly  composed  of 
poor  but  well  born  adventurers,  who  had  not  been 
long  in  the  country  and  were  regarded  as  dissolute 
idlers  and  burdens  upon  the  community.40 

It  was,  perhaps,  not  without  some  ground  that  the 
settlers  of  Nueva  Galicia  objected  to  the  departure  of 
their  governor  with  so  fine  a  band  of  troops.  Just 
apprehensions  of  a  general  uprising  of  the  natives 
were  entertained;  indeed,  in  some  portions  of  the 
province  the  natives  were  in  open  revolt.  Indian 
towns  belonging  to  the  Spaniards  were  attacked,  cat 
tle  driven  off,  and  converts  and  negroes  massacred. 
Coronado  had  been  so  occupied  with  schemes  of  con 
quest  and  too  frequently  absent  to  attend  properly  to 

38  Done  by  the  viceroy's  special  order. 

39  '  Quelques  Indiens  qu'il  emmenait  avec  lui  furent  geles,  et  deux  Es- 
pagnols  souffrirent  beaucoup.'     On  the  20th  of  March  1540  Diaz  wrote  an 
account  of  his  proceedings  to  the  viceroy. 

40  Only  two  citizens  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  two  of  Guadalajara,  were 
found   among  the  troops.     From   Compostela  not  one  was  going.     Among 
those  who  examined  the  men  and  gave  depositions  may  be  mentioned  Gon- 
zalo  de  Salazar,  the  royal  factor,  and  Pero  Almidez  Chirinos,  the  veedor;  also 
Crist6bal  deOuate.  Inform.,  inPacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  xiv.  373-84. 
A  certified  copy  of  these  depositions  was  forwarded  to  the  crown. 


CORONADO'S  EXPEDITION.  4C9 

the  affairs  of  his  province,  and  this  neglect  sowed  the 
seeds  of  a  revolt  which  was  only  suppressed  after 
three  years  of  warfare.  Before  his  departure,  so 
alarming  had  matters  become,  that  on  the  26th  of 
December  preceding,  the  colonists  of  Guadalajara 
addressed  a  petition  expressing  fear  that  unless  he 
extended  aid  the  country  would  be  lost.41 

But  the  governor  was  not  to  be  turned  from  his 
adventure  by  trifles.  Here  was  a  land  where  gold 
was  as  common  as  was  earthen- ware  in  Spain,  and 
precious  gems  could  be  collected  in  heaps ;  time  enough 
to  attend  to  his  people  after  he  had  gathered  wealth. 
At  the  end  of  February,42  Oflate  having  been  appointed 
lieutenant-governor,  the  army  marched  out  of  Com- 
postela  with  banners  flying,  every  man  of  them  having 
taken  an  oath,  required  by  the  viceroy,  to  obey  the 
orders  of  their  general  and  never  abandon  him. 

Day  after  day  and  month  after  month  they  jour 
neyed  northward,  robbing  and  murdering  as  occasion 
offered,  their  eyes  like  those  of  hawks  ever  eao'er 
for  prey.  But  gold  and  jewels  were  not  plentiful 
there.  The  seven  cities  of  Cibola  proved  but  so  many 
empty  crocks,  and  the  disappointed  booty-hunters 
cursed  the  reverend  Niza.  But  there  was  gold  enough 
beyond,  according  to  the  statements  of  the  natives, 
over  toward  the  north-east,  and  the  Spaniards  still 
pursued.  Across  rapid  rivers  and  over  trackless  des- 

41  The  colonists  requested  that  the  refractory  natives  should  be  reduced 
to  slavery.     The  result  of  the  appeal  is  not  known.   Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal., 
374—5.     Mota  Padilla  states  that  Coronado  sent  the  letter  to  the  viceroy, 
'para  que  providenciase,  especialmente  sobre  los  dos  puntos  de  la  esclavitud 
dc  los  rebeldes,  y  del  socorro  que  se  pedia  de  gente. '     On  the  8th  of  January 
1540,  Corouado  set  apart  lands  for  the  commons  of  the  city  of  Guadalajara, 
and  on  the  following  day  proclaimed  the  royal  ce'dula  of  December  20,  1538, 
commanding  houses  in  the  Indies  to  be  constructed  of  stone,  brick,  or  adobe, 
to  insure  their  permanency.  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  110. 

42  The  date  of  departure  must  have  been  some  day  between  the  review  held 
on  the  22d  of  February  and  the  last  day  of  that  month,  since  Mendoza  writing 
to  the  king  on  the  17th  of  April  following  commences  his  letter  thus:  'Le 
dernier  de  feVrier  passe",  j'ai  dent  de  Campostelle  a  votre  majesty,  pour  lui 
rendre  compte  de  mon  arrivde  dans  cette  ville  et  du  depart  de  Francisco 
Vasquez,  avec  1'expedition,'  etc.   Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  serie  i.  torn.  ix. 

"^90.  There  is  an  error  in  the  account  of  Castaueda  in  Id.,  24,  where  it  is 
f  ^ited  that  the  forces  arrived  at  Compostela  from  Mexico  on  Shrove-Tuesday, 
•JUS4L 


470  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAK 

erts  Coronado  pushed  westward  to  the  later  New 
Mexico,  and  with  a  portion  of  his  followers  penetrated 
perhaps  to  the  territory  of  Kansas,  while  detachments 
of  his  forces  prosecuted  explorations  in  other  direc 
tions.  Still  gloomy  disappointment  was  ever  at  his 
side,  and  at  last  he  rode  back  to  Tiguex  in  the  Rio 
Grande  Valley.  His  soldiers  were  heart-sick  and  im 
pudent.  Coronado's  control  over  them  was  lost,  and 
in  April  1542  he  commenced  the  homeward  march. 
On  the  way  his  authority  was  little  heeded.  Sick  in 
mind  and  body,43  he  proceeded  to  Mexico,  where  he 
arrived  with  a  remnant  of  his  force,  shortly  after  the 
middle  of  the  year,  there  to  be  greeted  by  the  frigid 
features  of  his  friend  the  viceroy. 

While  the  progress  of  affairs  in  New  Galicia  was 
thus  retarded  by  the  loss  of  the  able  Torre  and  the 
weak  administration  of  Coronado,  the  adjacent  prov 
ince  of  Michoacan  was  gradually  advancing  under  the 
benignant  rule  of  Quiroga.  After  the  march  of  Guz 
man  through  the  district,  it  seemed  to  have  been 
struck  by  the  flail  of  the  evil  one.  The  treatment  of 
the  natives  by  their  oppressors  became  more  brutal; 
the  outrages  perpetrated  by  the  encomenderos  became 
more  violent,  and  the  scourges  in  their  hands  fell 
heavier,  as  more  labor  and  still  more  tribute  was  ex 
acted  from  the  hapless  Tarascans.  The  missionaries 
labored  hard  to  mitigate  their  wrongs,  and  preached 
to  them  the  patience  and  sufferings  of  the  saviour; 
but  even  their  sympathy  and  kindly  teachings  had 
lost  half  their  power.  Horrified  at  the  cruel  murder 
of  their  much  loved  king,  the  Tarascans  regarded 
Christianity  as  a  mockery.  Those  who,  with  the  un 
fortunate  Caltzontzin,  had  embraced  the  religion,  lost 
their  faith  in  it,  and  all  who  could  betook  themselves 
to  the  mountains,  or  to  the  depths  and  twilight  shelter 
of  the  forests  on  the  western  lowlands. 

43  Ho  had  received  a  severe  injury  on  the  head  from  the  kick  of  a  horse, 
•\vliilc  engaged  in  equestrian  games  at  Tiguex.  For  a  detailed  account  of  his  ex 
pedition  seelJist.  North  Mex.  States,  i.,  smdHist.  NewMex.  and  Ariz.,  this  series. 


CHANGE  FOR  THE  BETTER.  471 

Iii  1532  the  audiencia,  in  accordance  with  general 
instructions  issued  by  the  king,  sent  Juan  de  Villa- 
seiior  to  Michoacan44  in  the  capacity  of  visitador. 
Having  made  official  visits  to  various  districts  he  sent 
his  report  of  the  condition  in  which  he  found  it;  but 
his  presence  there  does  not  seem  to  have  ameliorated 
matters,  since  in  October  of  the  same  year  delegates 
of  the  native  lords  went  to  Mexico  and  formally 
complained  of  the  intolerable  proceedings  of  the  en- 
comenderos.  To  remedy  the  lamentable  state  of 
affairs  the  audiencia  in  153345  sent  the  oidor  Quiroga 
as  visitador  into  that  region,  in  the  hope  that  a  man 
of  his  ability,  high  character,  and  well  known  zeal  for 
the  welfare  of  the  Indians  would  be  able  to  effect 
some  beneficial  change. 

Quiroga  well  responded  to  the  expectations  of  the 
audiencia.  With  untiring  ardor,  supported  by  pru 
dence,  good  judgment,  and  kindness  of  temper,  he 
carried  on  the  work  of  reformation.  The  Tarascans, 
exasperated  as  they  were,  listened  to  his  words  and 
recognized  in  him  a  friend,  while  he  sternly  imposed 
restrictions  upon  the  encomenderos  by  reorganizing 
the  repartimientos  in  a  manner  advantageous  to  the 
natives.  Thus  both  the  ecclesiastical  and  secular 
condition  of  affairs  was  improved.  The  natives  were 
gradually  induced  to  abandon  their  idolatrous  and 
polygamous  practices46  and  the  Spaniards  made  to 

44  Villasenor  was  one  of  the  conquerors  and  a  citizen  of  Mexico.     He  was 
empowered  to  investigate  matters  connected  with  the  inquisition  and  proceed 
against  guilty  persons  of  whatever  class  or  condition.     A  few  years  later,  by 
order  of  Mendoza,  he  established  himself  at  Guango  to  oppose  the  inroads  of 
the  Chichimecs,  and  had  assigned  to  him  and  his  family  for  four  lives  that 
town  and  those  of  Numaran,  Penjamillo,  Conguripo,  Puruandiro,  and  some 
others,  as  encomienclas.     His  descendants  figure  among  the  most  prominent 
of  the  country.  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Midi.,  iii.  413-19. 

45  Both  Herrera,  dec.  vi.  lib.  i.  cap.  x.,  and  Gonzalez  Ddvila,  Teatro  Edes., 
i.  3,  are  in  error  as  to  the  date  of  Quiroga 's  official  visit  to  Michoacan,  stating 
it  to  hare  taken  place  in  1536.     Depositions  taken  in  Quiroga's  residencia  in 
that  year  prove  that  lie  had  visited  Michoacan  two  and  a  half  years  before. 
Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iv.  11-12. 

4GThe  governor  of  Michoacan  during  this  period  was  the  native  lord 
Pedro  Ganca,  or  Cuirananguari.  Quiroga  persuaded  him  to  put  aside  polyg 
amy  and  be  legally  married  to  a  concubine  who  had  informed  Quiroga  of  the 
governor's  taste  for  a  plurality  of  wives.  Moreno,  Fray.  Quiroya,  35. 


472  NUEVA  GALICIA  AND  MICHOACAN. 

recognyie  that  there  was  a  controlling  power  in  the 
land47 

Among  other  important  results  of  his  labors  was 
the  founding  of  the  hospital  of  Santa  Fe,  two  leagues 
from  the  capital  town,  Tzintzuntzan.  From  this  in 
stitution,  which  was  intended  by  the  founder  to  be  a 
centre  for  the  propagation  of  Christianity48  as  well 
as  an  asylum  for  the  sick,  the  natives  derived  great 
benefit.  When  Quiroga's  residencia  as  oidor  was 
taken  in  1536  the  erection  of  this  establishment  con 
stituted  the  ground  of  a  charge  of  oppression  against 
him,  but  he  was  honorably  acquitted. 

After  Quiroga's  official  visit  the  prospects  of  Micho- 
acan  were  brighter.  The  establishment  of  a  bishopric 
in  the  province  and  the  election  of  this  worthy  man 
as  prelate  have  already  been  mentioned.  In  1537  or 
1538  he  returned  to  the  scene  of  his  previous  labors 
and  applied  himself  with  unflagging  zeal  to  the  good 
government  of  his  diocese.  In  order  to  inform  him 
self  of  the  condition  and  requirements  of  the  different 
districts  in  his  extensive  see,  he  visited  every  portion 
of  it  in  person,  travelling  on  muleback  for  more  than 
six  hundred  and  fifty  leagues,  with  no  other  company 
than  his  secretary  and  a  page. 

The  success  of  his  administration  both  as  visitador 
and  prelate  was  signally  marked.  The  influx  of  friars 
was  maintained  with  regularity,  and  convents  and  edu 
cational  and  charitable  institutions  were  rapidly  multi 
plied  in  Michoacan  during  this  period.  His  powerful 
influence  in  the  political  government  of  the  province  is 
evidenced  by  the  amelioration  noticeable  in  the  condi 
tion  of  the  Tarascans.  The  wanderers  in  the  mountains 
were  won  from  their  wild  retreats,  and  settled  in 

47  An  oppressive  encomendero  had  imposed  exorbitant  tribute  upon  the 
inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Michoacan.  Quiroga  intervened  and  freed  them 
from  the  exaction. 

48 '  Llamolos  de  Santa  Fe,  porque  en  ellos  se  avia  de  propagar  la  Pe"  Ca- 
tholica.'  This  hospital  was,  like  the  one  in  Mexico,  placed  under  the  charge 
of  a  rector  with  a  stipend  of  150  pesos  de  oro  de  minas.  Such  superin 
tendent  could  only  hold  the  incumbency  for  a  term  of  three  years,  not  '  in 
vim  bene/icij,  sino  como  en  encoinienda. '  Id.,  14,  15. 


AUTHORITIES.  473 

pleasant  towns  and  villages,  where  they  were  taught 
manufacturing  and  agriculture.  Prosperity  followed, 
and  the  strong  contrast  presented  between  the  happy 
progression  under  Quiroga  and  the  misery  of  the  few 
preceding  years  proclaims  his  rule  a  righteous  one.49 

49  Among  his  historians  there  are  not  wanting  those  who  call  his  adminis 
tration  'gobierno  de  oro,  porque  no  se  volvieron  a  oir  los  clamores  de  los  indios 
agraviados,  ni  el  estruendo  de  las  armas  de  los  ciudadanos  inquietos,  ni  la 
violencia  de  las  virgenes,  ni  los  robos,  ni  las  muertes  lastimosas. '  Soc.  Mex. 
Geoj.,  Boletin,  i.  227. 

The  following  additional  authorities  have  been  consulted  for  this  chapter : 
Cortes,  Escritos  Sueltos,  305,  337;  Calle,  Mem.  y  Not.,  71-G;  lib.  i.  cap.  ix. ; 
lib.  v.  cap.  ix.;  Puya,  Ccdulario,  78,  80-4,  112-13,  158-9;  Cartas  de  Jitdias, 
25-1-5,  859;  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  210;  vi.  498;  xiii.  193;  xiv. 
373-84;  xvi.  5-39;  xxiii.  410-14;  Kamircz,  Proceso,  231-76;  Beaumont,  Crou. 
Mich.,  iv.  27-472,  passim;  Id.,  MS.,  283-625,  passim;  Florida,  Col.  Doc., 
119;  Frejes,  Jll^t.  Breve,  203;  Ternaux-Compans,  Voy.,  s£rie  i.  torn,  ix., 
passim;  Id.,  torn.  x.  259-68;  se"rie  ii.  torn.  v.  252;  Alaman,  Divert. ,\.  app.  i. 
28;  Jalisco,  Mem.  Hist.,  34-7,  96;  Die.  Univ.,  passim;  Buelna,  Compend., 
11;  Soc.  Mex.  Oeofj.,  Boletin,  vii.  55-6;  Parra,  Conq.  XaL,  MS.,  242;  Peralta, 
Not.  Hist.,  380;  Zamacois,  Hist.  Mej.,  iv.  543-703,  passim;  v.  7;  Camarfjo, 
Hist.  Tlax.,  182-4:  cxxxi.  245;  Bussiere,  IS  Empire  Mex. ,  355;  Gomara, 
Mex.,  ii.  166-8,  184-7. 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 

THE  MIXTON  WAR. 
1541-1542. 

KULE  OF  GNATS  IN  NUEVA  GALICIA — HlS  DIFFICULT  POSITION— REBELLION- 
RIFE— DEPARTURE  OF  CORONADO — CAUSES  OF  DISSATISFACTION — BEGIN 
NING  OF  HOSTILITIES— DKFEAT  OF  IBARRA — ALVARADO  ARRIVES  AT 
NAVIDAD — AND  is  APPEALED  TO  FOR  AID — HE  RECEIVES  A  SUMMONS 
FROM  MENDOZA,  AND  DEPARTS  FOR  TIRIPITIO — AGREEMENT  BETWEEN 
THEM — ALVARADO  RETURNS  TO  ONATE'S  RELIEF— PRECIPITOUS  ATTACK 
ON  NOCHISTLAN — DEFEAT  OF  THE  SPANIARDS — AND  DEATH  OF  ALVA 
RADO — ARRIVAL  OF  MENDOZA  WITH  RE  ENFORCEMENTS — His  SUCCESSFUL 
CAMPAIGN — END  OF  THE  MIXTON  WAR — EXPEDITIONS  OF  JUAN  RODRI 
GUEZ  CABRILLO  AND  RUY  LOPEZ  DE  VILLALOBOS — THE  SURVIVORS  of 
SOTO'S  FLORIDA  EXPEDITION  ARRIVE  AT  PANUCO. 

BY  tlie  departure  of  Francisco  Vazquez  de  Coro- 
nado  from  Nueva  Galicia,  Cristobal  de  Onate,  as 
lieutenant-governor,  occupied  no  enviable  position; 
nevertheless  he  behaved  with  prudence  and  circum 
spection.  He  was  respected  without  being  hated, 
and  he  united  justice  with  clemency  as  far  as  he  was 
able.  In  war  he  seldom  shared  in  the  reckless  confi 
dence  of  his  fellow -conquerors,  and  never  appeared 
over-hasty  to  attack;  but  once  engaged,  he  was  want 
ing  in  neither  skill  nor  bravery. 

From  the  revolt  of  1538,  in  which  Governor  Torre 
lost  his  life,  to  the  departure  of  Coronado,  there 
seems  to  have  been  no  open  hostilities  on  the  part  of 
the  natives.  Yet  there  was  observed  a  growing  spirit 
of  discontent,  and  of  disregard  for  the  authority  of  the 
cncomenderos  which  foreboded  trouble;  and  here  and 
there  outrages  began  to  be  committed,  until  finally 
open  insurrection  was  at  hand.  Certain  ruling  spirits 
among  the  conquered  race  were  plotting  mischief,  and 

U90) 


AFFAIRS  IN  NEW  GALICIA.  491 

sounding  the  minds  of  the  several  nations  through 
secret  agencies.  Sorcerers  from  the  mountains  of 
Zacatecas,  messengers  of  Satan  the  pious  chroniclers 
called  them,  appeared  in  the  northern'  towns  of  Tlal- 
tenango,  Juchipila,  Jalpa,  and  elsewhere,  inciting  the 
inhabitants  to  rise  and  exterminate  the  oppressors. 
They  refused  to  pay  tribute,  and  abandoned  their 
houses  and  lands. 

In  some  parts  the  Indians  killed  the  missionaries 
who  tried  to  persuade  them  to  return  in  peace  and 
submit  to  Spanish  rule;  in  other  places  they  killed 
their  encomenderos,  abandoned  their  towns,  and  re 
tired  to  the  mountains.  Fortified  camps  were  estab 
lished  in  the  mountains  where  the  chieftains  and 
warriors  gathered  to  meet  the  unconquered  Chichi- 
mecs.  Upon  their  ancient  altars  again  appeared  the 
bloody  sacrifice;  promise  of  supernatural  aid  through 
omens  was  made  by  the  sorcerers;  and  the  effects  of 
Christian  baptism  were  removed  by  washing  of  heads 
and  other  acts  of  penance.  Few,  indeed,  were  the 
towns  in  New  Galicia,  from  Colima  to  Culiacan,  not 
represented  at  these  mysterious  conclaves.  But  while 
the  conspiracy  was  thus  wide-spread,  active  operations 
were  confined  for  the  most  part  to  the  region  north 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  east  of  the  mountains  about 
Nochistlan.  Mixton,  Noehistlan,  Acatic,  and  Cuinao 
were  the  principal  strongholds,  and  were  under  the 
command  of  Tenarnaxtli.  In  other  parts  of  the  coun 
try  the  warriors  were  also  on  the  alert,  but  seemed  in 
most  cases  to  have  awaited  the  results  in  the  north. 
Their  pefioles  and  fortified  cliffs,  almost  impregnable, 
were  strengthened  by  walls  supplied  with  trunks  of 
trees  and  stones  to  be  rolled  or  thrown  down  upon  the 
assailants;  they  had  been  well  provided  with  food  and 
water,  though  the  prophetic  words  of  the  magicians 
led  the  natives  to  expect  that  food  would  be  miracu 
lously  besto\ved;  they  even  reckoned  on  the  annihila 
tion  of  the  Spaniards  by  the  deities  without  human 
instrumentality. 


492 


THE  MIXTON  WAR. 


We  are  not  accustomed  to  seek  long  for  the  reason 
of  insurrection  and  revolt  among  conquered  nations. 
In  this  instance  we  need  only  call  to  mind  that 
Nuiio  de  Guzman  had  been  there.  As  to  more  re 
cent  causes  we  have  the  testimony  of  Cortes  that 
the  trouble  was  due  to  Cororiado's  departure.1  and 
Mendoza's  extortion  of  men  and  provisions  for  that 


MIXTON  WAR. 

expedition.  Beaumont  declares  it  certain  that  the 
insurrection  originated  in  the  brutality  of  the  enco- 
menderos.2 

1  Petition  al  Emperador,  in  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc. ,  ii.  63-4.     Cortes  had 
complained  as  early  as  June  1540  that  Coronado  was  leaving  the  country  un 
protected.  Col.  Doc.  Ined.,  iv.  214;  see  also  Frejes,  Hist.  Breve,  79. 

2  And  in  the  face  of  such  evidence,  together  with  assertions  to  the  same 
effect  by  nearly  all  the  old  chroniclers,  and  the  appalling  expositions  of  Las 
Casas,  Zamacois,  Hist.  Mtf.,  iv.  669-72,  stubbornly  defends  the  Spaniards. 
He  slurs  Las  Casas  and  the  writers  who  credit  such  statements,  and  in  a  ver 
bose  and  fallacious  argument  seeks  to  prove  that  the  uprising  took  place  be- 
.•sause  the  natives  would  not  accept  the  rites  and  customs  of  the  Catholic 


ADVENTURES  OF  Oft  ATE.  493 

Before  open  hostilities  began,  Onate  had  gone  to 
Compostela  .to  make  provision  for  the  safety  of  the 
Tepic  region  and  the  coast.  Here  he  left  Juan  de 
Villalba  as  governor,  and  returned  to  Guadalajara, 
where  he  learned  that  the  Guaynamota  and  Guasa- 
mota  Indians  had  killed  the  encomendero  Juan  de 
Arce.  The  viceroy  was  notified  of  the  outbreak,  and 
all  available  measures  were  adopted  for  defence.3  And 
thus  began  the  last  desperate  struggle  of  the  natives 
of  New  Galicia  to  regain  their  ancient  liberty. 

Realizing  his  precarious  position,  Onate  made  an 
attempt  at  reconciliation.  In  April  1541  he  sent 
Captain  Miguel  de  Ibarra,  with  some  twenty-five 
Spaniards  and  a  considerable  force  of  friendly  Tlajo- 
rnulco  and  Tonalil  Indians,  up  the  Juchipila  River  to 
reconnoitre.  The  inhabitants  had  destroyed  their 
fields,  deserted  their  towns,  burned  the  church,  thrown 
down  the  crosses,  and  retired  to  the  mountain  fast 
ness,  or  peiiol,  of  Mixton. 

Ibarra  arrived,  and  through  friars  and  interpreters 
the  natives  wore  exhorted  to  lay  down  their  arms, 
whereupon  full  pardon  would  be  granted.  The  answer 
was  a  shower  of  arrows  and  stones,  in  which  one  of 
the  Franciscan  mediators  was  killed.  The  Spaniards 
fell  back  to  consult  respecting  future  movements. 
Shortly  afterward  they  were  visited  by  embassadors 
pretending  peace,  and  who  desired  the  next  day, 
palm  Sunday,  April  10th,  to  be  set  apart  for  a  formal 
conference.  Ibarra  was  thus  thrown  off  his  guard,  and 
retired  to  rest.  Early  next  morning,  during  an  eclipse 
of  the  sun  as  some  say,  the  Spanish  camp  was  attacked 

faith;  they  refused  above  all  to  discard  polygamy.  He  quotes  from  Beaumont 
to  sustain  his  view,  but  the  citation  has  no  bearing  on  the  revolt  whatever, 
merely  on  the  zeal  of  the  missionaries  to  induce  the  reluctant  neophytes  to 
leave  their  wives.  On  the  contrary,  Beaumont  affirms  positively  'que  el 
motive  principal  que  movi6  a  estos  indios  a  rebelarse  fu6  la  dureza  de  algunos 
encomenderos.'  Crdn.  Mich.,  iv.  236.  An  occurrence  during  one  of  their 
savage  feasts,  interpreted  as  a  good  omen  by  their  sorcerers,  strengthened 
the  belief  of  the  natives  in  success,  and  probably  hastened  the  outbreak. 

3  It  seems  that  during  his  visit  to  Gompostela,  Onate  changed  the  site  of 
the  place  from  near  Tepic  to  the  Cactlan  Valley,  for  greater  safety.  Mota- 
Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  112;  Beaumont,  Crdn.  Mich.,  iv.  235. 


494  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

by  overwhelming  numbers.  Ibarra  was  defeated  and 
put  to  flight;  ten  Spaniards  were  killed,  including  Cap 
tain  Francisco  de  la  Mota,  and  over  two  hundred  of 
the  native  allies.4  It  was  through  the  valor  of  Captain 
Diego  Vazquez  that  Ibarra's  party  escaped  utter  de 
struction. 

When  the  first  among  the  wounded  arrived  at 
Guadalajara,  Onate  set  out  with  his  force,  except 
twelve  whom  he  left  to  guard  the  city.  He  had  not 
gone  a  league  before  he  learned  that  the  most  gallant 
of  Ibarra's  companions  were  killed  or  captured,  and 
that  the  whole  province  was  in  arms;  whereupon  he 
deemed  it  more  prudent  to  return  and  defend  the 
town.  Fifteen  days  later  friendly  Indians  confirmed 
the  alarming  news  of  a  general  uprising  in  the  regions 
of  Culiacan,  Compostela,  and  Purificacion,  where  the 
small  Spanish  garrisons  were  continually  harassed;  it 
was  also  said  that  the  enemy  intended  to  march 
against  Guadalajara.  Ofiate  immediately  sent  Diego 
Vazquez  to  the  city  of  Mexico  with  urgent  appeals 
for  aid.  , 

During  the  month  of  August  1540,  Pedro  de  Alva- 
rado  had  put  into  the  port  of  Navidad,  for  water  and 
provisions,  with  the  formidable  fleet  prepared  in 
Guatemala  to  discover  the  Spice  Islands/  though 
now  diverted  to  explore  the  newly  found  regions  of 
Cibola,  for  which  were  so  many  claimants.  While 

4 In  the  Mendoza,  Visita,  in  Icazbaketa,  Col  Doc.,  ii.  106-8,  it  is  stated 
that  Ibarra  was  sent  out  with  the  friar  Coruna,  who  heard  of  the  revolt  at 
Purificacion  and  came  in  person  to  Guadalajara.  The  same  document  men 
tions  an  expedition  prior  to  that  of  Alvarado,  in  which  Ofiate  with  50  Span 
iards  was  defeated  after  a  battle  of  four  hours.  Herrera,  dec.  vii.  lib.  ii.  cap. 
x.,  also  makes  Onate  command  the  defeated  party,  consisting  of  49  horse  and 
as  many  foot,  and  a  few  Indian  allies.  A  note  by  Munoz  in  Pacheco  and 
Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  iii.  377,  also  states  that  Mendoza  was  in  Guadalajara  in 
the  early  part  of  1541. 

5  According  to  a  contract  made  with  the  crown.  See  TJist.  Cent.  Am.,  ii. 
this,  series.  Alrarado  landed  at  Navidad  for  water  and  provisions.  Tello, 
Hist.  N.  Gal,  382;  Remesal,  Hist.  Chyapa.,  161;  Torquemada,  i.  323.  At 
Purificacion,  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,  236;  Vazquez,  Chron.  Gvat.,  i.  159. 
Most  authors  agree  that  he  came  to  Navidad  direct,  though  it  appears  ho 
touched  at  several  ports  south  before  his  arrival  at  this  place. 


EXPEDITION  OF  ALVARADO.  495 

there  word  reached  him  from  Juan  Fernandez  de 
Hijar,  commanding  at  Purificacion,  concerning  the 
critical  state  of  affairs.  Hijar  explained  their  forlorn 
condition,  and  begged  the  adelantado  not  to  depart 
without  coming  to  their  aid. 

The  prospect  of  an  encounter  with  so  formidable  a 
foe  appealed  at  once  to  Alvarado's  chivalry,  to  his 
devoteclness  to  the  interest  of  the  crown,  and  to  his 
love  of  great  and  perilous  undertakings.  He  landed 
his  force,  consisting  of  about  four  hundred  Spaniards 
and  some  Indians,6  who  all  agreed  to  render  the  re 
quired  assistance  before  proceeding  on  their  voyage 
of  discovery.  At  this  juncture  couriers  arrived  from 
Mendoza,  summoning  Alvarado  to  Mexico,  to  arrange 
necessary  matters  concerning  his  expedition.  The 
order  frustrated  his  plans;  but  though  he  had  deter 
mined  to  go  at  once  to  the  relief  of  Guadalajara, 
he  could  not  disregard  the  request  of  the  viceroy. 
He  marched  his  forces  to  Zapotlan,  there  to  pass  the 
rainy  season;  and  after  some  discussion  with  Men- 
doza's  messengers,  Luis  de  Castilla  and  Agustin 
Guerrero,  Alvarado  agreed  to  meet  the  viceroy  at 
Tiripitio  in  Michoacan,  where  Juan  de  Alvarado,  his 
relative,  had  an  encomienda. 

It  appears  that  Mendoza  had  received  from  the 
crown  an  interest  in  Alvarado's  contract,  which  the 
latter  was  reluctant  to  concede.  Difficulties  arose 
between  them  on  this  point  at  Tiripitio,  but  were  for 
tunately  removed  by  the  good  offices  of  Bishop  Mar- 
roquin  of  Guatemala,  who  was  present.  Mendoza's 
plan  to  unite  with  Alvarado  and  exclude  Cortes  from 
further  discoveries  northward  and  in  the  South  Sea 
was  accomplished,  as  much  to  his  own  as  to  Alvarado's 
satisfaction.  The  latter  was  severely  censured  at  the 
time  for  thus  conniving  against  the  interests  <*f  his 
benefactor.7 

6  The  forces  of  Alvarado  are  variously  given  as  from  300  to  GOO. 

7  Cort6a  never  resented  this  ingratitude,  but  complained  of  Mendoza's  con 
duct  in  the  matter,  and  the  cunning  and  avarice  he  displayed  toward  Alva 
rado.     According  to  his  testimony  the  adelantado  anchored  his  magnificent 


496  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

t 

The  contract  concluded,  Alvarado  accompanied  the 
viceroy  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  to  attend  to  the  final 
preparations  for  the  two  expeditions  agreed  upon: 
one  along  the  northern  coast  and  the  other  to  the 
Spice  Islands,  after  which  Alvarado  returned  to 
New  Galicia  to  join  his  troops  and  the  fleet.  When 
Cristobal  de  Onate,  who  was  now  sorely  pressed  by 
the  savages,  learned  of  Alvarado's  return  to  Zapotlan, 
he  despatched  Juan  de  Villareal  to  notify  him  of  the 
Mixton  disaster,  and  to  ask  for  early  assistance.  It 
was  necessary  to  Alvarado's  enterprise  to  leave  the 
ports  of  New  Galicia  secure  as  a  base  for  operations, 
so  that  there  was  inducement  for  him  to  hasten  to 
Onate's  relief.  He  sent  fifty  men  to  protect  Autlan 
and  Purificacion ;  fifty  remained  at  Zapotlan  to  guard 
the  districts  of  Colima  and  Avalos;  at  Etzatlan  and 
Lake  Chapala  garrisons  of  twenty-five  men  each  were 
stationed,  and  Alvarado  himself  with  a  hundred  horse 
and  as  many  foot  pushed  on  to  Guadalajara.  Tonala 
and  Tlacomulco  had  been  kept  faithful  by  Friar  An 
tonio  de  Segovia,  and  reenforced  Alvarado  on  the 
way;  he  seems  also  to  have  been  joined  by  a  native 
force  from  Jlichoacan.  Such  was  the  rapidity  of  his 
march  to  Guadalajara,  that  the  passage  of  the  bar 
ranca  of  Tonala,  which,  owing  to  the  river  and  the 
roughness  of  the  country  ordinarily  required  three 
days,  was  accomplished  in  a  day  and  a  night. 

Just  before  the  arrival  of  Alvarado,  which  occurred 
June  12,  1541,  Ibarra  had  returned  from  a  new  recon- 
noissance,  during  which  he  had  met  nothing  but  scorn 

fleet,  composed  of  12  or  13  ships,  at  Huatulco  in  Tehuantepec,  to  take  in 
provisions.  He  was  prevented,  however,  by  the  viceroy's  agents,  who  in 
their  turn  offered  him  provisions  in  the  name  of  their  master,  demanding 
in  exchange  an  interest  in  the  fleet  and  in  the  enterprise.  Alvarado  refused, 
and  sailed  for  Navidad.  But  the  viceroy's  emissaries  had  foreseen  this  and 
arrived  there  soon  after  the  fleet.  Alvarado  had  no  alternative  now  but  to 
submit*to  the  viceroy's  conditions,  lest  his  starving  forces  should  desert  him; 
and  thus  it  came  about  that  Mendoza  obtained  a  half  ownership  in  the  fleet. 
After  the  death  of  Alvarado  the  viceroy  seized  all  the  ships  and  even  then 
claimed  that  Alvarado  was  still  his  debtor.  Cortts,  Memorial,  in  Escritos 
Sudtos,  134-5.  Bishop  Marroquin,  writing  to  the  emperor  in  1545,  refers  to 
his  services  in  arranging  the  difficulties  which  had  existed  between  Mendoza 
and  Alvarado.  Squier's  MSS.,  xxii.  139. 


RASHXESS  OF  THE  CONQUISTADOR.  497 

from  the  natives  at  Nochistlan.  A  council  of  war 
was  held,  and  the  fiery  adelantaclo  declined  to  await 
the  coming  of  reinforcements  from  Mexico ;  nor  would 
he  accept  the  aid  of  Onate's  brave  little  band  in  the 
attack  he  had  decided  upon.  The  lieutenant-gov 
ernor,  better  acquainted  with  the  enemy's  strength 
and  desperate  valor,  counselled  prudence  and  delay. 
He  called  to  mind  the  rugged  nature  of  the  country, 
and  the  recent  rains  which  rendered  operations  of  cav 
alry  difficult.  Other  prominent  persons  joined  Oiiate 
in  his  endeavor  to  dissuade  the  adelantado  from  «so 
perilous  an  undertaking  until  troops  should  arrive 
from  Mexico,  but  no  reason  could  prevail,  and  he 
scoffed  at  their  fears. 

The  conqueror  had  been  summoned  from  weighty 
matters  for  this  petty  strife.  He  would  show  Ouate 
a  thing  or  two,  and  teach  him  how  to  quell  his  own 
disturbances.  "By  Santiago!"  he  exclaimed,  "there 
are  not  Indians  enough  in  the  country  to  withstand 
my  attack,  and  a  disgrace  would  it  be  to  Spanish  valor 
to  employ  more  men.  God  has  guided  me  hither  and 
I  shall  vanquish  the  rebels  alone.  With  a  smaller 
force  than  this  I  have  discomfited  greater  hosts.  It 
is  disgraceful  that  the  barking  of  such  a  pack  should 
suffice  to  alarm  the  country.  I  shall  leave  this  city 
on  the  day  of  St  John9  with  my  own  force,  and  not 
a  citizen  or  soldier  from  Guadalajara  shall  follow. 
Let  them  remain;  the  victory  will  be  mine  alon.e." 
And  somewhat  sneeringly  he  added,  "  Because  of  an 
insignificant  advantage  gained  by  the  natives,  the 
Spaniards  have  lost  their  valor  1" 

Now  Oiiate  was  every  whit  as  brave  as  Alvarado, 
but  he  was  more  prudent;  the  lives  of  the  settlers,  of 
their  wives  and  little  ones,  depended  on  his  judicious 
conduct.  The  taunt  of  the  adelantado  stung,  but  he 
would  not  treat  the  illustrious  conqueror  with  disre- 

9Tcllo,  Hist.  N.  Gftl,  389,  and  other  authors  here  say  '  St  James,'  which 
would  be  July  23th;  Alvarado's  disastrous  defeat  occurred  June  24th,  or  oji  St 
John's  day. 

HIST.  Mcx.,  VOL.  II.    32 


498  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

spect.  It  pained  him  to  see  bravery  becoming  bra 
vado;  Alvarado's  men  were  but  lately  enlisted,  and 
could  not  be  compared  with  those  so  recently  defeated 
at  the  Mixton.  "  I  am  sorry  to  see  you  depart  alone," 
he  said,  "  for  I  assure  your  worship  there  will  be 
trouble.  Had  you  but  awaited  the  viceroy's  ree'n- 
forcements,  we  might  have  jointly  pacified  the  country 
without  much  risk."  More  determined  than  ever, 
Alvarado  replied:  "  The  die  is  cast;  I  trust  in  God!" 
Thereupon  he  set  out  from  Guadalajara  with  his 
forces,  horse,  foot,  and  Indians,  toward  Nochistlan. 
He  stirred  within  his  men  their  vanity  and  their  valor; 
it  was  absurd  to  think  of  waiting  for  more  men;  the 
fewer  the  number  the  greater  the  share  of  plunder. 
Thus  was  opened  the  last  campaign  of  the  dashing 
adelantado,  one  of  the  most  reckless,  and  one  of  the 
most  cruel. 

Unable  to  remain  inactive,  Onate  followed  with 
twenty-five  horsemen.  Should  his  fears  be  realized,  he 
would  be  near  to  render  aid;  and  in  case  of  a  hope 
less  rout  he  might  return  in  time  for  the  protection  of 
Guadalajara.  He  crossed  the  Rio  Grande  and  march 
ing  through  the  mountains  of  Nochistlan  toward  Juchi- 
pila  stationed  himself  on  a  height  from  which  he  could 
witness  the  attack. 

On  the  24th  of  June  Alvarado  arrived  at  the 
penol  of  Nochistlan,  which  was  protected  by  seven 
walls  of  stone,  earth,  and  trees,  and  defended  by  a 
multitude  of  warriors.  After  a  short  and  fruitless 
parley  he  pushed  forward  to  take  the  breastworks  by 
assault.  A  human  flood  opposed  his  progress.  Ten 
thousand  Indians,  men  and  women,  poured  down  upon 
the  aggressor  like  a  torrent.  The  sky  was  dark  with 
arrows,  darts,  and  stones,  and  at  the  first  shock  twenty 
Spaniards  fell  dead.  The  ferocity  of  the  enemy  was 
such  that  they  tore  the  bodies  of  the  slain  to  pieces, 
threw  them  into  the  air,  and  then  devoured  them. 
Consternation  seized  the  Spaniards.  Nevertheless 
Alvarado  rallied,  and  in  a  second  onslaught  ten  more 


DEFEAT  OF  THE  SPANIARDS.  499 

horsemen  bit  the  dust.  Thirty  out  of  a  hundred, 
slain  in  a  trice  !  It  was  a  result  unparalleled  in  the 
history  of  Indian  warfare.  It  was  indeed  a  perilous 
situation,  yet  they  rallied  again.  The  natives  encour 
aged  by  their  victory,  and  aware  of  the  determination 
of  the  assailants,  were  ready;  they  even  came  forth 
from  their  intrenchment  and  seemed  desirous  of  tak 
ing  the  open  field.9 

Alvarado  now  ordered  to  the  assault  the  Spanish 
foot,  Captain  Falcon,  one  hundred  strong,  with  five 
thousand  Michoacan  allies  under  Antonio,  son  of 
Caltzontzin,  the  late  king  of  that  country,  all  to  be 
supported  by  the  cavalry.  Disregarding  his  orders, 
Falcon  attacked  too  soon,  and  without  awaiting  the 
support,  pressed  on  toward  the  summit  of  the  hill. 
Perceiving  that  the  horsemen  were  not  present  the 
Indians  offered  little  resistance  until  he  had  reached 
a  point  near  the  top  of  the  penol,  then,  suddenly  clos 
ing  in  upon  his  front  and  rear,  they  prevented  the 
cavalry  from  corning  to  his  aid.  With  great  difficulty 
the  assailants  extricated  themselves  from  their  des 
perate  situation,  during  which  Captain  Falcon  with 
seven  or  eight  Spaniards,  and  many  allies,  were  killed. 
The  enemy  pursued  the  retreating  Spaniards  into  the 
plain  below,  where  bogs  prevented  the  cavalry  from 
effective  action.  The  people  of  the  pefiol  were  masters 
of  the  field,  and  the  Spaniards  were  fairly  put  to 
rout.  The  rain  fell  in  torrents;  the  roads  became 
impassable. 

For  a  distance  of  three  leagues  the  elated  Indians 
pursued,  and  another  Spaniard  was  killed.  Alvarado 
had  dismounted  to  fight  on  foot,  to  cover  the  retreat 
in  person.  At  last  the  Spanish  forces  were  driven 
into  a  ravine  between  Yahualica  and  Acatic,  when  the 
fury  of  the  pursuers  began  to  abate,  and  they  turned 

9  According  to  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal,  391,  who  has  left  us  the  most 
accurate  account  of  the  Mixton  war.  A  somewhat  different  version  of  Alva- 
rado's  attack  is  given  by  Herrera,  dec.  vii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  xi.,  who  says  that 
the  combined  forces  of  Ouate  and  the  adelantado  marched  on  Nochistlan. 
See  also  Vega,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  MS.,  lib.  iv.  cap.  vii. 


500  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

back  toward  Nochistlan.  Alvarado  endeavored  to 
check  the  flight  of  his  men,  to  rally  and  rest  them; 
but  they  were  terror-stricken  and  paid  no  heed  to  the 
orders  of  the  commander.  To  save  their  lives  they 
were  now  even  willing  the  enemy  should  live;  so 
onward  they  swept  over  the  rugged  ground,  caring 
little  for  captain  or  country.  Alvarado's  secretary, 
Baltasar  de  Montoya,  whose  horse  was  much  fatigued, 
was  particularly  anxious  to  widen  the  distance  be 
tween  himself  and  the  enemy. 

Montoya  rode  in  front  of  his  master,  who  repeatedly 
told  him  to  slacken  his  pace,  or  the  horse  would  fall 
with  him.     But  the  scribe  was  beside  himself  with 
.  fear;  so  much  so  that  on  coming  to  a  broken  embank 
ment,  instead  of  economizing  his  fast  failing  resources 

O  O 

he  spurred  the  jaded  animal  toward  the  steep.  When 
about  half  way  up  the  horse  lost  its  footing  and 
fell,  throwing  likewise  Alvarado  and  his  horse  to  the 
ground,  whereupon  all  were  precipitated  into  a  ravine 
below.  Montoya  was  not  much  injured,10  but  the 
gallant  conqueror  lay  crushed,  his  fair  form  broken 
and  mutilated. 

Alas!  Tonatiuh,  the  sun,  had  set;  the  immortal 
one  .was  clay.  Slain  by  no  enemy,  he  was  none  the 
less  a  victim  to  his  own  rashness.  He  was  the  last 
of  the  famous  four,  and  his  death  was  as  might  have 
been  expected.  Cortes  and  Sandoval,  though  no  less 
familiar  with  danger  than  Olid  and  Alvarado,  were  less 
the  slaves  of  reckless  impulse.  Ever  holding  passion 
subservient  to  reason,  and  feeling  to  common-sense, 
they  escaped  violent  death.  Not  that  death  by  vio 
lence,  quick  deliverance,  is  necessarily  worse  or  more 
appalling  than  the  long-drawn  agony  attending  bodily 
disease  or  a  broken  heart.  Alvarado's  was  not  a 
glorious  death,  but  neither  was  that  of  Cortes  or 
Columbus,  whose  last  hours  were  made  miserable  by 
slights  and  insults,  by  foiled  ambition  and  a  princely 
pauperism. 

10  The  clumsy  coward  lived  to  the  age  of  105  years.   Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal.  ,392. 


DEATH  OF  ALVARADO.  501 

Few  of  the  New  World  conquerors  perished  in  bat 
tle;  and  yet  it  was  not  altogether  on  account  of  the 
superior  prowess  of  the  European.  Surely  the  dan 
ger  was  apparently  greater  during  the  Noche  Triste 
than  in  this  retreat  of  Alvarado's,  or  in  the  captivity 
of  Olid  in  Honduras.  Look  at  the  fate  of  Diego  de 
Nicuesa,  of  Alonsode  Ojeda,  of  Vasco  Nunez,  Pizarro, 
and  the  long  list  of  captains  who  came  to  the  Indies, 
and  behold  the  irony  of  ambition  I  And  even  worse, 
perhaps,  was  the  end  of  those  of  yet  more  exalted 
ideas  and  successes,  whose  souls,  no  matter  how  high 
the  achievement,  or  how  great  the  reward,  were  racked 
with  disappointment,  envy,  and  hatred  as  the  aching 
body  was  descending  to  the  grave.  Reverse  the  prov 
erb  "  Per  aspera  ad  astra,"  and  see  what  toils  and  suf 
ferings  spring  from  renown! 

Alvarado  did  not  immediately  expire.  Upon  a 
hastily  prepared  litter  he  was  borne,  in  great  suf 
fering,  to  Atenguillo,  four  leagues  from  where  the 
fatal  fall  occurred.11  Onate  having  witnessed  the  rout 
of  the  Spanish  forces  from  his  position,  hastened  to 
his  relief;  but  the  flight  of  Alvarado's  party  was  so 
rapid  that  it  was  impossible  to  overtake  them.  At 
Yahualica,  too  late,  he  came  up  with  stragglers 
from  whom  he  learned  the  particulars  of  Alvarado's 
fate. 

At  nightfall  the  lieutenant-governor  arrived  at 
Atenguillo,  and  the  meeting  of  the  commanders  was 
touching  in  the  extreme.  "  He  who  will  not  listen  to 
good  counsel,  must  be  content  to  suffer," said  Alvarado. 
"I  was  wrong,  I  see  it  now;  yet  most  of  all  it  was 
my  misfortune  to  have  with  me  so  vile  a  coward  as 
Montoya,  whom  I  have  rescued  these  many  times 
from  death."  He  was  conveyed  to  the  city  of  Gua 
dalajara  to  the  house  of  Juan  de  Camino,  who  was 
married  to  Magdalena  de  Alvarado,  his  relative;  and 

11  The  first  words  Alvarado  spoke  after  recovering  his  senses  were:  'Esto 
merece  quien  trae  consigo  tales  hombres  como  Montoya.'  Tello.  Hist.  N.  Gal.t 
31)2. 


502  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

after  attending  to  his  worldly  affairs  he  expired, 
July  4,  1541.12 

With  few  exceptions,  Alvarado's  men  left  Guadala 
jara  after  their  leader's  death.  But  the  garrisons 
posted  at  different  points  remained  for  some  time  at 
Oiiate's  request;  and  at  last  a  detachment  of  troops 
arrived  from  Mexico.  Fifty  men,  sent  by  Mendoza, 
under  Captain  Juan  de  Muncibay  came  late  in  July 
and  increased  the  number  of  defenders  to  eighty  rfive. 
And  the  revolted  natives,  elated  at  their  recent  vic 
tory,  redoubled  their  efforts  to  enlist  in  the  struggle 
for  freedom  those  who  had  heretofore  held  aloof. 

Many  native  chiefs,  however,  remained  faithful  to 
the  Spaniards.  One  of  these,  Francisco  Ganguillos 
of  Ixcatlan,  distinguished  himself  by  arresting  thirty 
of  the  rebel  emissaries  from  Matlatlan,  sending  them 
to  Guadalajara  where  they  were  put  to  death13  after 
having  revealed  a  plan  to  attack  the  city  in  Septem 
ber,  the  intention  being  to  annihilate  the  Spaniards 
before  Mendoza  could  arrive  with  succor.  At  a  coun 
cil  of  war  it  was  resolved  to  defend  the  city  to  the 
last,  though  some  of  the  officers  were  in  favor  of 

/  O 

abandoning  the  country,  or  at  least  of  retreating  to 
Tonala.  Onate,  however,  objected,  maintaining  that 
the  Indians  there  were  as  treacherous  as  elsewhere. 

The  strongest  buildings  about  the  plaza  were  forti 
fied,  the  rest  being  abandoned  and  torn  to  pieces  for 
material  to  strengthen  the  defences.  In  the  mean 
time  Captain  Muncibay  and  Juan  de  Alvarado  made 
a  reconnoissance,  during  which  they  had  a  sharp  fight, 
and  a  thousand  natives  are  said  to  have  been  slain. 

12 His  remains  were  deposited  in  the  chapel  of  Oitr  Lady  in  Guadalajara; 
subsequently  transferred  to  Tiripitio,  thence  to  Mexico,  and  finally  to  Guate 
mala.  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  395-6,  rightly  remarks:  'Torquemada  and  Reine- 
sal  erred  when,  speaking  of  Alvarado's  death,  they  say  it  occurred  at  Etzatlan, 
or  on  the  height  of  Mochitiltic,  between  Guadalajara  and  Compostela,  and 
that  the  adelantado  was  buried  at  Etzatlan;  and  that  Bernal  Diaz  errs  still 
more,  saying  that  it  happened  on  some  peiioles  called  Cochitlan,  near  Purifi- 
cacion.'  The  sad  fate  which  overtook  Alvarado's  wife,  Dofia  Beatriz  de  la 
Cueva,  during  the  destruction  of  the  city  of  Guatemala,  and  the  biographical 
sketch  of  Alvarado  is  given  in  Hist.  Cent.  Am.,  ii.,  this  series. 

13  Sept.  6,  1541.   Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal,  399. 


DESPERATE  ENCOUNTERS.  503 

When  the  fortifications  were  completed,  news  came 
by  the  natives  who  supplied  the  city  with  food  and 
water,  that  the  friendly  people  of  Tlacotlan,  a  town 
of  three  thousand  inhabitants,  one  league  from  Gua 
dalajara,  had  also  rebelled. 

Captain  Pedro  de  Placencia  was  sent  to  protect 
the  carriers,  but  the  enemy  advanced  upon  him  in 
such  force  that  he  was  obliged  to  return  headlong 
into  the  city,  with  the  pursuers  upon  his  heels.  On 
the  28th  of  September  the  assailants  appeared  in  the 
vicinity,  fifty  thousand  strong,  blackening  the  plain 
for  half  a  league  about  the  town.  The  following  morn 
ing,  St  Michael's  day,  they  entered  Guadalajara,  set 
fire  to  the  abandoned  houses,  destroyed  the  church, 
desecrated  the  images,  and  desperately  assaulted  the 
fortified  buildings.  The  protected  position  of  the 
Spaniards  and  the  skilful  use  of  a  few  pieces  of  artil 
lery  alone  enabled  them  to  withstand  the  shock.  The 
entrances  to  the  plaza  were  bravely  defended;  only 
one  Indian  entered,  and  he  was  killed  by  Beatriz 
Hernandez,  wife  of  Captain  Olea,  who  distinguished 
herself  throughout  the  war  by  comforting  the  women 

O  •/.  O 

and  children  and  aiding  the  soldiers. 

At  one  time  the  enemy  were  on  the  point  of  suc 
cess.  The  powder  had  became  wet  and  the  cannon 
useless,  and  an  explosion  occurred  during  an  attempt 
at  drying.  Meanwhile  the  adobe  wall  was  under 
mined  and  fell;  but  the  guns  were  brought  to  bear 
in  time  and  the  foe  fell  by  hundreds.  The  Indians 
ceased  their  assaults,  resolved  to  starve  the  besieged ; 

O 

they  retired  behind  the  buildings  where  they  were 
sheltered  from  the  guns,  and  poured  in  upon  the  gar 
rison  volley  after  volley  of  taunts  and  threats,  prom 
ising  to  kill  all  the  men  and  make  concubines  of 
the  women.  The  virago  Beatriz  Hernandez,  enraged 
by  these  insults,  would  have  sprung  from  a  window 
upon  the  savages  to  tear  their  tongues  out,  but  was 
prevented  by  the  men.14  The  soldiers  in  time  became 

14  Whereupou  *  de  pura  rabia  volvi6  la  trasera  y  ak6  las  faldas,  diciendo: 


504  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

discouraged,  and  it  was  only  by  great  coolness  and 
presence  of  mind  that  Onate  was  able  to  prevent  their 
spirits  from  sinking;  he  threatened  finally  to  open 
the  gates  and  allow  all  of  them  to  be  butchered  in 
cold  blood  if  they  continued  to  display  such  pusilla 
nimity. 

A  series  of  sorties  was  now  resolved  on,  and  proved 
successful.  During  a  conflict  of  several  hours  in  which 
only  one  Spaniard  fell,  the  hosts  of  the  enemy  were 
routed,  leaving  fifteen  thousand  dead  in  and  about  the 
town.  The  Spaniards  themselves  were  astonished  at 
their  victory  over  such  vast  numbers;  but  the  secret 
of  their  success  was  soon  revealed.  Many  of  the 
idolatrous  Indians  were  found  hidden  in  the  town, 
blinded  and  maimed,  but  not  by  hand  of  man.  San 
tiago  on  his  white  horse  had  issued  from  the  burning 
church,  at  the  head  of  an  army  of  angels,  and  had 
fought  for  the  Christians  throughout  the  battle.  Due 
honors  were  paid  to  this  saint  for  his -timely  inter 
position  ;  also  to  St  Michael,  on  whose  day  the  battle 
was  fought.  Many  captives  were  put  to  death,  and 
others  enslaved;  those  blinded  by  the  hand  of  God 
were  set  at  liberty;  and  many  more  were  sent  to 
rejoin  their  tribes  after  being  deprived  of  their  sight, 
or  otherwise  mutilated,  and  having  their  -wounds 
bathed  in  boiling  oil.  It  is  hardly  to  be  expected  that 
when  the  heavenly  powers  set  such  an  example,  their 
earthly  followers  should  be  slow  to  imitate.  This 
battle  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  hotly  contested 
in  the  annals  of  the  conquest,  and  a  chapter  might.be 
filled  with  incidents  of  individual  prowess. 

In  October,  in  consequence  of  this  siege,  and  the 
Spaniards  fearing  another  attack,  it  was  determined  to 
transfer  the  city  to  its  modern  site  south  of  the  Rio 
Grande.15 

Perros,  besadme  aqui,  que  no  os  verdis  en  ese  espejo,  sino  en  este  y  cnando 
lo  estaba  diciendo  se  arrojaroii  una  fiecha  que  le  clavo  las  faldas  con  el  tejado, 
en  las  vigas  del  techo,  por  estar  baja.'  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  406. 

15  Here  again  Beatriz  Hernandez  displayed  her  strength  of  mind.  It  was 
through  her  resolute  and  determined  decision  that  the  new  site  of  the  city 
was  agreed  upon.  Tello,  Hist.  N.  Gal.,  415-10. 


THE  COUNTRY  IN  DANGER.  505 

The  viceroy  and  other  authorities  in  Mexico  had 
now  become  thoroughly  aroused.  The  situation  was 
critical.  The  rebels  were  sending  messengers  in  all 
directions,  and  aimed  at  nothing  less  than  the  extermi 
nation  of  the  foreigners  throughout  America.  Their 
superstitious  fear  of  the  Spaniards,  of  their  powder 
and  of  their  horses,  which  had  rendered  conquest 
possible,  had  to  a  great  extent  disappeared.  It  was 
now  well  understood  by  the  native  leaders  that  they 
had  to  deal  with  men,  not  gods;  united  action  might 
throw  off  the  yoke.  This  unity  of  action  it  seemed 
well-nigh  impossible  to  attain.  In  the  region  about 
Mexico  a  successful  rebellion  could  not  be  set  on  foot; 
the  only  hope  for  the  natives  and  danger  to  the  Span 
iards  lay  in  the  frontier  provinces.  Let  two  or  three 
of  these  expel  the  intruders,  regain  their  independence, 
establish  fortified  camps  in  naturally  strong  positions, 
offer  an  asylum  and  rallying-point  to  the  disaffected 
everywhere,  divide  the  forces  of  the  Spaniards  and 
thus  gain  time  to  arouse  the  native  patriotism,  and 
perfect  a  general  plan  of  action:  the  result  would  be 
a  desperate  struggle  from  which  the  Spaniards  had 
everything  to  fear.  The  Indian  chiefs  of  New  Galicia 
had  hit  upon  the  only  plan  which  offered  any  chance 
of  success;  the  hated  invaders  must  be  crushed  wholly 
and  immediately. 

Mendoza  raised  a  force  of  about  four  hundred  and 
fifty  Spaniards,  and  some  thirty  thousand  Tlascaltec 
and  Aztec  warriors,  whose  fidelity  was  assured  by 
promises  of  honors  and  wealth  to  their  leaders.  And 
not  without  misgivings  and  opposition  they  were  in 
trusted  by  the  viceroy  with  horses  and  fire-arms,  being 
authorized  for  the  first  time  to  manufacture  and  to 
carry  Spanish  weapons.  The  army  set  out  from 
Mexico  on  the  day  of  the  battle  at  Guadalajara,  and 
marched  through  Michoacan  by  nearly  the  same  route 
as  that  followed  by  Nuno  de  Guzman  in  1529.16 

16  There  was  some  evidence  of  a  plot  for  revolt  between  the  natives  of 
Michoacan  and  the  Tlascaltecs,  as  explained  by  Lopez  in  a  letter  to  the  em- 


506  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

While  Mendoza  was  marching  to  the  valley  of 
Cuina,  Oiiate  was  preparing  for  the  removal  of  Gua 
dalajara,  and  had  for  that  purpose  sent  Juan  del 
Camino  with  twenty  horsemen  toward  Tlacotlan, 
Contla,  and  Mesticacan,  to  reconnoitre.  The  Span 
iards  were  surprised  to  find  as  many  Indians  here  as 
formerly,  who  had  all  been  frightened  into  submission. 
These  natives  advised  Camino,  however,  to  proceed 
no  farther,  as  the  fierce  Cascanes  were  preparing  for 
another  attack  on  Guadalajara.  He  thereupon  re 
turned,  bringing  with  him  to  the  city  a  troop  of  natives 
with  a  large  quantity  of  provisions. 

Meanwhile  Mendoza  arrived  at  the  peiiol  of  Cuina, 
the  first 'stronghold  of  the  Indians  attacked.  It  was 
defended  by  ten  thousand  warriors,  who  scornfully 
refused  offers  of  peace,  withstood  a  siege  of  ten  or  fif 
teen  days,  and  were  finally  conquered  by  stratagem. 
A  party  of  Mexicans  disguised  themselves  as  Cuind, 
warriors  bearing  water-jars,  and  gained  access  to  the 
fortress,  after  a  sham  fight  in  which  other  auxiliaries  of 
Mendoza  pretended  to  prevent  the  succor.  The  army 
followed ;  and  in  the  hand-to-hand  struggle  which  en 
sued,  a  large  part  of  the  defenders  of  the  peiiol,  with, 
their  wives  and  children,  were  slaughtered.  In  their 
fright  and  confusion  many  threw  themselves  down 
the  precipice.  Over  two  thousand  are  said  to  have 
been  captured  and  enslaved.17 

peror.  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  141-7.  He  gives  this  plot  as  a  reason  for  the 
opposition  to  arming  the  Indians,  while  Herrera,  dec.  vii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  xii.,and 
others  regard  it  as  one  of  the  incentives  to  Mendoza 's  campaign.  Lopez  sa,ys 
Mendoza's  army  included  one  half  the  citizens  of  Mexico  and  from  40,000  to 
50,000  natives;  Herrera,  450  Spaniards  and  same  number  of  Indians,  dec. 
vii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  v.;  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iv.  387-8;  Tello,  10,000 Indians, 
Hist.  N.  Gal.,  396-8,  417-19;  Mendoza,  Visita,  180  horsemen  and  a  number 
of  Indian  volunteers,  in  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc.,  110-12.  The  date  of  departure 
was  Sept.  22d,  according  to  Lopez,  and  Sept.  29th,  according  to  Acazitli,  Rel., 
in  Id.,  307.  Tello  says  Mendoza  left  Mexico  'a  los  principles  de  Enero  1542,' 
having  prepared  the  expedition  'a  los  fines  de  1541.' 

17  Navarrete,  Hist.  Jal. ,  75-7,  mentions  four  other  places  hi  this  region, 
one  of  them  on  the  author's  own  estate,  where  bones  and  blood-stained  stones 
showed  battles  to  have  taken  place.  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal,  142,  implies 
that  there  was  no  assault  until  after  the  stratagem.  According  to  Beaumont, 
Cron.  Mich.,  iv.  390-1,  4,000  Indians  killed  tb.emse.lves  and  10,000  were 
slam.  Herrera,  dec.  vii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  v.,  tells  us  the  place  fell  easily  and  no 


FALL  OF  NOCHISTLAN.  507 

Mendoza  then  pushed  forward  over  the  Cerro 
Gordo.  The  natives  of  Acatic  and  of  the  valley  of 
Zapotlan  having  surrendered  without  serious  resist 
ance,  the  forces  of  Onate  and  Mendoza  effected  a 
junction  and  marched  against  Nochistlan.  The  place 
was  defended  by  a  large  army  under  Tenamaxtli, 
whose  Christian  name  was  Don  Diego  Zacatecas.  In 
the  first  attack  two  of  the  seven  lines  of  defensive 
works  were  carried,  and  the  rest,  except  the  last  and 
strongest,  were  battered  down  by  the  artillery  after  a 
siege  of,  several  days.  The  besieged  at  last  proposed 
a  suspension  of  hostilities  and  an  attack  on  Mixton, 
promising  to  surrender  when  that  fortress  should  fall. 
These  terms  were  of  course  refused,  and  "by  a  final 
assault  the  last  defences  were  carried.  The  Spanish 
flag  was  planted  by  Captain  Muncibay  on  the  summit, 
and  those  of  the  defenders  who  had  not  escaped  with 
their  leader  to  Mixton,  yielded.  The  prisoners  were 
condemned  to  slavery  by  Mendoza;  but  Ibarra,  who 
was  the  encomendero  of  the  district,  fearing  its  depop 
ulation  and  the  ruin  of  his  property  interests,  allowed 
them  to  escape.18 

The  Spanish  forces  then  marched  to  Juchipila  and 
found  that  all  the  natives  had  taken  refuge  on  the 
Mixton,  which  was  the  strongest  of  all  the  rebel 

slaves  were  made.  In  Mendoza,  Visita,  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  112-14,  it 
appears  that  248  slaves  were  made  and  distributed  among  the  auxiliaries. 
Tello  affirms  that  4,000,  besides  women  and  children,  killed  themselves; 
2,000  were  killed  by  Spaniards,  and  2,000  slaves  taken.  Acazitli  calls  this 
the  battle  of  Tototlan,  and  represents  it  as  having  been  fought  Oct.  26. 
1541. 

18  The  Spaniards  were  15  days  bombarding  the  place  without  results.  The 
population  was  60,000;  2,000  were  killed  and  1,000  enslaved.  Mota  Padilla, 
Conq.  N.  Gal.,  146-7;  Tdlo,  Hist,  N.  Gal.,  i.  422-5.  They  fought  from 
eight  A.  M.  to  four  p.  M.,  when  the  place  was  taken  after  considerable  loss. 
The  battle  occurred  November  12th,  and  four  Spaniards  were  killed.  AcazitH, 
Rel.,  312;  Mendoza,  Visita,  114.  Number  of  Spaniards  1,000;  auxiliaries 
60,000  to  70,COO.  Navarrete,  Hist.  Jal.,  80-2.  There  were  6,000  killed,  and 
10,000  enslaved,  but  subsequently  released  by  Ibarra.  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich., 
iv.  398.  Frejes,  Hist.  Breve.,  154,  speaks  of  a  twenty  days'  siege;  6,000  killed; 
1,000  slaves;  the  natives  surrendered  for  want  of  water  and  owing  to  the  defec 
tion  of  a  cacique.  The  Spanish  soldiers  were  exceedingly  loath  to  relinquish 
the  slaves,  but  Mendoza  seems  to  have  approved  of  Ibarra's  act.  Tello  and 
Mota  Padilla  say  the  people  of  Nochistlan  were  allowed  to  escape  before  the 
final  surrender  and  not  after  their  capture. 


508  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

fortresses.39  There  were  still  assembled  under  Tena- 
maxtli  a  hundred  thousand  warriors.  So  strong  was 
the  position,  and  so  bravely  were  the  few  accessible 
passes  guarded,  that  after  a  siege  of  about  three 
weeks,  with  continuous  assaults,  little  progress  had 
been  made.  But  thousands  of  the  patriotic  defenders 
of  their  native  soil  had  perished,  swept  down  by 
Spanish  cannon,  and  great  suffering  began  to  be  ex 
perienced.  Many  of  the  christianized  natives,  and 
others  who  had  joined  in  the  rebellion  on  the  sor 
cerer's  assurances  of  an  easy  victory  and  abundant 
spoils,  were  tired  of  the  hardships  and  slaughter,  and 
leaving  the  penol  by  secret  passes  they  returned  to 
their  homes.  The  warriors  of  Teul  openly  declared 
they  had  come  to  the  Mixton  only  to  prove  that  they 
were  no  cowards,  and  proposed  a  sortie  by  the  whole 
force.  This  being  declined,  they  marched  out  alone 
against  the  Spaniards ;  but,  traitors  as  they  were, 
they  shot  their  arrows  into  the  air  and  allowed  them 
selves  to  be  easily  captured.  They  were  pardoned  and 
accepted  as  auxiliaries  or  sent  home,  after  having 
revealed  a  secret  pass  by  which  the  viceroy's  forces 
might  reach  the  top  of  the  penol. 

The  disclosing  of  this  pass  was  attributed  by  some 
to  St  James,  who  appeared  to  Father  Segovia  and 
led  the  Christians  to  the  attack.  Accounts  of  the 
final  victory  are  conflicting;  but  it  seems  that  one  or 
two  assaults,  accompanied  by  great  slaughter  during 
which  thousands  cast  themselves  down  the  cliff,  were 
made  and  repulsed;  and  that  finally  such  survivors  as 
could  not  escape  or  had  not  the  courage  to  destroy 
themselves,  surrendered  to  an  embassy  of  friars  who 
went  unarmed  among  them.  These  friars  permitted 
many  of  the  Christian  Indians  to  retire  to  their 
towns  before  the  surrender,  on  promise  of  good  be 
havior.  The  captives  taken  numbered  over  ten  thou 
sand.  A  large  proportion  of  the  force  at  Mixton  was 

19  Mixton,  'subida  de  gates'  or  'cats'  ascent;'  thus  named  because  of  the 
difficult  access  to  the  summit. 


MENDOZA'S  SUCCESSES.  500 

composed  of  Chichimec  tribes,  and  of  these  such  as 
escaped  slavery  fled  with  their  leader  toward  the  moun 
tains  of  Zacatecas  and  Nayarit.20 

There  were  some  further  military  movements,  but 
apparently  no  serious  resistance  north  of  the  river 
Tololotlan.  From  Juchipila  the  Spaniards  marched 
down  the  river  of  that  name  to  San  Cristobal,  at  the 
junction  with  the  former.  Thirty  thousand  native 
warriors  had  fortified  themselves  near  Tepeacf,  but  on 
the  approach  of  the  Spaniards  they  were  persuaded 
by  Romero,  the  ericomendero  of  the  place,  to  scatter 
and  abandon  the  idea  of  further  resistance.  In  thus 
looking  out  for  his  own  interests,  he  had  but  followed 
the  example  of  Ibarra;  but  he  had  allowed  the  escape 
of  the  fierce  Cascanes,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  rebel 
lion.  He  was  condemned  to  death  by  Mendoza,  but 
afterward  pardoned  in  consideration  of  past  services. 
The  viceroy  next  marched  toward  the  penol  of  Ahua- 
catlan,  where  all  the  natives  of  the  province  of  Com- 
postela  were  understood  to  be  fortified.  Passing  with 
his  army  south  of  the  Rio  Grande,  probably  in  Jan 
uary  1542,21  visiting  many  of  the  disaffected  towns  in 
that  region,  he  extended  his  operations  to  Etzatlan 
and  Tequila,  where  two  friars  had  been  murdered 
during  the  year.22 

O  i/ 

The  inhabitants  now  seemed  ready  to  submit  with 
out  further  resistance.  .  After  several  days  at  Etzatlan, 
and  when  about  to  march  on  Ahuacatlan,  the  viceroy 
learned  that  Juan  de  Villalba  had  taken  that  penol 

20  Just  before  the  attack  on  Mixton  there  was  a  day's  discussion  between 
the  leaders  and  the  friars  about  the  justice  of  the  war.  Mota  Padilla,  Conq. 
N.  (led.,  149.     According  to  Herrera,  dec.  vii.  lib.  v.  cap.  ii.,  Mixton  surren 
dered  without  a  struggle.     The  statements  in  regard  to  the  number  of  killed 
and  c  xptured  vary  greatly. 

21  After  the  fall  of  Mixton,  during  Christmas  festivities,  they  were  near 
Jalpa.     At  Ahuacatlan,  February  2d.  Acazitli,    RcL,  318-27.     At  Tequila 
January  23d.  Hernandez  y  Ddvalos,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoy.,  Boletin,  2da  e"p.  ii. 
481-2. 

2:2  According  to  Torquemada,  iii.  607-9,  the  friar  Calero  was  killed  June 
10,  1541,  and  was  the  first  martyr  of  Nueva  Galicia;  Father  Cuellar  perished 
at  the  hands  of  the  savages  in  the  following  August.  Fernandez,  Hist.  Ecles., 
158,  mentions  another,  Fray  Juan  Padilla,  as  having  been  killed  here  about 
that  time. 


510  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

and  dispersed  the  natives,  and  in  the  regions  of  Puri- 
fieacion  quiet  was  also  restored.  Here  the  viceroy  was 
apprised  of  Coronado's  return  from  Cibola,  where  he 
had  found  nothing  worthy  of  note.  Though  Mendoza 
wished  to  proceed  north  to  meet  Coronado,  he  was 
prevailed  upon  by  Onate  to  return  to  Mexico.  From 
every  part  of  New  Galicia  the  news  came  that  the 
bloody  arbitrament  at  Nqchistlan  and  Mixton  was 
accepted  as  final,  save  in  the  mountains  of  Nayarit, 
where  the  fierce  inhabitants  had  never  been  conquered, 
and  were  not  to  be  so  for  nearly  two  hundred  years; 
and  in  the  Culiacan  region,  where  it  was  left  to  the 
army  of  Coronado  to  suppress  such  remnants  of  revolt 
as  might  there  be  found.  The  total  number  of  slaves 
made  during  this  campaign  is  estimated  at  over  five 
thousand.  Some  say  that  Mendoza  made  no  slaves. 
But  even  had  his  heart  prompted  so  humane  an  idea, 
the  army  would  not  have  consented.  For  what  but 
the  spoils  do  men  endure  the  pangs  of  war?23  Alva- 
rado's  forces  were  subsequently  relieved  of  their  gar 
rison  duty  and  allowed  to  depart  at  their  pleasure, 
and  Mendoza  returned  to  the  city  of  Mexico. 

I  have  thus  given  in  brief  the  events  connected 
with  the  great  revolt  in  New  Galicia,  known  as  the 
Mixton  war.  The  records  are  voluminous,  but  frag 
mentary  and  contradictory,  bearing  for  the  most  part 
on  petty  details  of  military  operations;  of  dealings 
between  encomencleros  and  their  subjects;  of  purely 
local  events  in  hundreds  of  villages  long  passed  out 
of  existence;  of  tribal  names  and  those  of  native 

23 See  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  GaL,  154.  Says  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich., 
iv.  420:  'Llevando  en  trofeo  y  en  seual  de  triunfo  como  unos  cinco  mil  indios 
cautivos.'  See  also  Tello,  Hist.  N.  GaL,  433-6.  This  campaign  cost  Mendoza 
over  30,000  pesos;  the  loss  and  suffering  among  the  auxiliaries  was  slight;  the 
slaves  were  branded  and  distributed  by  Ofiate  after  deducting  the  royal  fifth, 
but  they  were  so  few  that  the  soldiers  did  not  receive  one  fourth  of  what 
would  have  been  their  regular  pay.  Mendoza,  Visita,  115-18.  Cavo,  Tres  Siijlos, 
i.  136,  dates  this  campaign  in  1543,  and  says  no  slaves  or  spoils  were  taken. 
Cortes  charged  that  the  cost  and  losses  of  Mendoza's  campaign  were  greater 
than  those  of  the  conquest  of  New  Spain,  and  that  after  all  Nueva  Galicia 
was  not  subdued.  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  63-4.  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad., 
236,  disposed  of  this  final  campaign  by  stating  that  Maldonado  was  sent  out, 
and  subdued  the  rebels. 


RETURN  OF  CORONADO.  511 

chieftains,  and  of  Spanish  leaders  and  their  individual 
achievements.24 

The  threatened  perils  of  a  general  uprising  of  the 
American  nations  having  thus  been  averted,  the 
viceroy  was  again  at  liberty  to  turn  his  attention 
northward.  Coronado  had  abandoned  the  conquest 
of  Cibola  and  Quivira,  and  was  returning  homeward 
with  the  remnants  of  his  army.  By  the  voyages  of 
Ulloa  and  Alarcon  the  gulf  coasts  had  been  explored, 
and  California  proved  to  be  a  peninsula.  .Such  results 
had  evidently  done  much  to  cool  Mendoza's  ardor  for 
northern  enterprise.  Yet,  he  had  a  fleet  on  his  hands, 
and  one  route  for  exploration  still  remained  open — the 
continuation  of  that  followed  by  Ulloa,  up  the  outer 
coast  beyond  Cedros  Island.  Two  vessels  of  Alvara- 
do's  former  fleet,  the  San  Salvador  and  Victoria,  were 
made  ready  and  despatched  June  27,  1542,  under  the 

24  For  most  of  the  events  of  this  rebellion  we  are  indebted  to  the  three  early 
chroniclers,  Tello,  IIi*t.  N.  Gal.,  3G2-43S;  Mota  Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  Ill- 
54,  and  Beaumont,  Cr6n.  Mich.,  iv.  59-06,  235-9,  380-421;  MS.,  300-3,  422-5, 
550-80.  Herrera,  dec.  vii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  xii.,  lib.  v.  cap.  ii.,  also  speaks  of 
these  events  at  some  length.  From  these  authorities  Navarrete,  Hist.  JaL, 
64-85;  Frejes,  Hist.  Breve,  78-97,  and  Bustamante,  in  Gomara,  Hist.  Mex. 
(ed.  182G),  ii.  supl.,  1-38,  have  prepared  somewhat  extended  sketches.  Origi 
nal  documents  on  the  subject  are  few.  The  Relation  de  la  Jornada  que  hizo 
Don  Francisco  de  Sandoval  Acazitli,  in  Icazbalcetci,  Col.  Doc.,  ii.  307-32,  was 
written  by  Gabriel  Castaneda  at  the  order  of  Acazitli,  a  native  chieftain  who 
with  his  subjects  accompanied  Mendoza.  It  is  a  diary  purporting  to  record 
the  events  of  the  march  from  day  to  day;  however,  it  throws  but  little  light 
on  the  subject,  even  in  respect  to  dates,  its  statements  being  contradictory 
among  themselves.  The  Mendoza,  Vislta,  in  Id.,  102-18,  contains  what  may 
be  regarded  as  Mendoza's  statements  about  many  points,  especially  the  treat 
ment  of  Indian  captives  and  auxiliaries.  A  Petition  Contra  Mendoza,  in  /(/., 
63-4,  gives  CorteV  views  of  the  causes  which  led  to  the  revolt.  The  Carta 
de  Gertinimo  Lopez  al  Emperador,  Oct.  20,  1541,  in  Id.,  141-54,  speaks  of 
Mendoza's  start  and  of  the  evidence  of  intended  revolt  near  Mexico.  The 
Requerlmiento  made  to  the  rebels  by  the  friars  sent  out  by  the  viceroy,  is  given 
in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  iii.  309-77.  Other  references  are,  Oriedo, 
iv.  26;  Torquemada,  iii.  604-9;  Benzoni,  Hist.  Hondo  Nvovo,  106-7;  Salazar 
y  Olarte,  Hist.  Conq.  Mex.,  455-7;  Bernal  Diaz,  Hist.  Verdad.,236',  Ramirez, 
Proceso,  pp.  xix.-xxiii.,  278-82;  Cavo,  Tres  Stylos,  i.  132-3,  136;  Gil,  in  S»c. 
Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  viii.  478;  Hernandez  y  Ddva7os,  in  Id.,  2dae"p.  ii.  481-2, 
iii.  188;  Dice.  Univ.,  i.  173-4,  x.  1039;  West-und  Ost-Indischer  Lnsigart,  i. 
391-2;  Gottfriedt,  Newe  Welt,  285-6;  Burners  Hist.  Discov.  South  Sea,  i.  220; 
Garcilaso  de  la  Vega,  Comentarios  Regies,  ii.  80-1.  Monumentos  Domin.  E*p., 
MS.,  242-3.  Parra,  Conq.  Xalisco,  MS.,  433-47,  written  in  verse,  is  correct 
in  some  parts  as  to  dates  and  events;  but  as  for  the  poetry,  the  less  said  of  it 
the  better. 


512  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

command  of  Juan  Rodriguez  Cabrillo.  After  touch 
ing  at  several  points  along  the  coast  and  passing 
through  the  Santa  Bdrbara  Channel,  he  died,  and  his 
successor,  Ferelo,  advanced  in  March  1543  past  snow 
capped  mountains  to  what  he  called  latitude  44°,  but 
found  the  cold  so  excessive  that  he  turned  back.25 

During  Cabrillo's  absence  two  ships  and  three 
smaller  craft,  also  remnants  of  Alvarado's  fleet,  were 
despatched  by  order  of  Mendoza  from  the  western 
coast,  probably  from  Navidad.  These  vessels  sailing 
in  November  154226  in  command  of  Huy  Lopez  de 
Villalobos,  carried  three  hundred  and  seventy  men, 
including  several  Austin  friars  destined  for  the  islands 
of  the  Pacific.27 

The  original  object  of  the  expedition  seems  to  have 
been  to  found  a  colony  on  Zebu,  and  Villalobos  was 
particularly  enjoined  not  to  touch  at  the  islands 
whereof  the  Portuguese  held  possession.  This  com 
mand,  however,  was  disregarded,  either  from  necessity 
on  account  of  stress  of  weather,  or  by  miscalculations 
of  the  course,  after  many  other  islands  had  been 
sighted  or  touched.  The  expedition  is  but  a  contin 
uous  record  of  troubles  in  which  the  Spaniards  became 
involved,  largely  by  their  own  fault,  with  each  other, 
with  the  natives,  and  especially  with  the  Portuguese. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  the  Philippines  were  named,28 
and  more  than  one  effort  was  made  to  send  a  vessel 

25  For  full  particulars  of  this  expedition  see  Hist.  North  Hex.  States,  i., 
and  Hist.  CaL,  i.,  this  series. 

26  Juan  Fernandez  de  Ladrillero  declared  in  1574  that  he  and  a  company 
were  in  California  until  called  back  to  join  the  expedition  of  Villalobos. 
Sutil  y  Mex.,  Viage,  pp.  xlii.-iv.    This,  if  not  pure  invention,  may  allude 
vaguely  to  Ulloa  or  Alarcon. 

27  With  details  of  the  route  followed  and  the  discoveries  made  on  this 
expedition  I  have  little  to  do,  and  therefore  make  but  a  slight  mention  in  the 
text.     The  original  authorities  on  the  matter  are  vague  and  confusing.     The 
best  authorities  are  Grijalua,   Cron.  S.  August.,  51-60;  Gaetan,  Relatione, 
in  Ramusio,  i.  416  et  seq. ;  Galvano's  Discov.,  231-9;  Herrera,  dec.  vii.  lib. 
v.    The  best  English  authority  is  Burners  Hist.  Discov.  South  Sea,  i.  226-43. 
Two  original  reports  of  the  expedition,  more  or  less  full,  but  everywhere  con 
flicting,  are  Villalobos,  Viaje,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  v.   118  et 
seq.,  and  Santixteban,  Carta,  in  Id.,  xiv.  151-65.     Other  authorities  are  Tar- 
naux-Compans,    Voy.,  se"rie   i.    torn.    x.  259-65;   Gomara,  Hist.  Ind.,   135; 
Torquemada,  i.  608;  Cavo,  Tres  Siqlos,  i.  135. 

28  In  honor  of  the  prince  of  Asturias.  Cavo,  Tres  Siglos,  i.  135. 


SOTO  IX  FLORIDA.  513 

back  to  New  Spain,  but  contrary  winds  always  pre 
vented  it.  Most  of  the  survivors  of  the  expedition 
returned  by  way  of  Cape  Good  Hope  to  Europe  in 
1547  and  the  following  years;  but  the  leader  died  on 
the  way,  and  Spain  had  as  yet  no  foothold  in  that 
quarter.  Mendoza  was  prevented  from  entering  upon 
further  expeditions  of  discovery  by  a  new  law  which 
forbade  viceroys  and  governors  henceforth  to  engage 
in  any  such  enterprise.29 

Into  this  period  also  falls  the  memorable  and  disas 
trous  expedition  of  Fernando  de  Soto  to  Florida  and 
the  Mississippi  Valley.  Though  not  belonging  to  my 
province,  a  slight  allusion  to  the  subject  may  not  be 
out  of  place,  as  the  remnant  of  Soto's  force  landed  on 
the  shores  of  Panuco  soon  after  Mendoza's  return  to 
the  city  of  Mexico. 

After  departing  from  Cuba  in  1539  with  a  formida 
ble  force  and  well  appointed  fleet,  four  years  were 
spent  in  endless  marches  and  countermarches  through 
the  regions  east  and  west  of  the  Mississippi,  where 
the  cruel  barbarities  which  characterized  the  earlier 
conquests  were  repeated.  Gold  was  the  watchword 
of  Soto's  band,  and  where  it  was  not  obtained  blood 
must  flow.  Even  the  poor  and  destitute  savages  they 
plundered  of  their  little  property,  and  then  tortured 
them  because  there  was  no  more.  The  natives,  at 
first  friendly  and  hospitable,  were  finally  compelled  by 
exactions  and  cruelty  to  make  common  cause  against 
the  invaders.  Driven  down  the  Mississippi  after 
Soto's  death,  the  remnant  of  the  unfortunate  band 
arrived  at  the  town  of  Panuco,  after  a  most  dangerous 
voyage  of  fifty -two  days  from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
The  magnificent  company  of  three  hundred  and  fifty 
horse  and  nine  hundred  foot  had  in  a  measure  met 

29  Mendoza  complained  that  after  spending  all  his  patrimony  and  running 
in  debt  to  carry  out  his  projects  of  discovery  and  conquest  for  his  sovereign, 
he  found  himself  estopped  by  the  new  law  and  by  the  acts  of  a  visitador, 
which  had  alienated  from  him  the  credit  and  reputation  he  had  formerly  en 
joyed  for  the  execution  of  those  plans.  Mendoza,  Carta,  in  Pacheco  and  Car 
denas,  Col.  Doc.,  iii.  510-11. 

HIST.  MEX..  VOL.  II.    33 


514  THE  MIXTON  WAR. 

their  deserts,  being  now  reduced  to  some  three  hun 
dred  men,  haggard  and  worn,  clad  in  tatters  arid  the 
skins  of  animals.  They  were  kindly  received  by  the 
Spanish  settlers  and  natives,  and  the  viceroy  invited 
them  to  Mexico,  where  they  were  properly  cared  for.30 


30  Full  particulars  of  the  expedition  maybe  found  in  Gorcilaso  de  la 
La  Florida,  255  et  seq.;  Robertson's  Hist.  Am.  ii.  1005;  Monette's  Hist.  Discov. 
Miss.,  i.  G3-4:  Biedma,  Narr.,  iuFre?ich's  Hist.  Louisiana,  97-220. 


Not  only  this  episode,  but  the  early  history  of  New  Galicia,  depends 
chiefly  on  Fray  Antonio  Tello,  Fragmentos  de  la  Historia  de  la  Nueva  Galicia, 
in  Icazbalceta,  Col.  Doc. ,  ii.  343-438.  The  author  was  a  learned  Franciscan 
and  a  native  of  Guadalajara,  who  occupied  positions  of  honor  and  trust  in  his 
order  during  his  long  life  and  service  in  Mexico,  being  also  one  of  the  religious 
who  accompanied  Sebastian  Vizcaino  in  his  expedition  for  the  discovery  of 
the  'Island  of  California'  in  1596.  He  wrote  or  at  least  revised  his  work 
between  1650  and  1652,  when  he  must  have  been  about  86  years  of  age. 
Mota  Padilla,  and  Beaumont,  author  of  the  Crdnica  de  Michoacan,  made 
frequent  use  of  Tello's  manuscript.  The  former  speaks  of  it  as  the  Cronicon 
del  Padre  Tello,  and  it  seems  then  to  have  been  complete.  Beaumont,  who 
wrote  about  1780,  said  that  he  had  seen  the  manuscript  long  before,  and  that 
it  had  been  lost,  which  implies  that  the  loss  occurred  between  the  date  of  his 
seeing  it  and  that  of  his  writing.  Beristain,  Biblioteca,  refers  to  him  as  the 
author  of  the  Historia  de  Xalisco  y  de  la  Nueva  Vizcaya,  MS.,  adding  that  an 
extract  existed  in  the  archives  of  the  province  of  the  Santo  Evangelic  of 
Mexico.  Icazbalceta  was  not  allowed  access  to  those  archives  while  the 
Santo  Evangelic  existed,  and  after  the  closing  of  the  convents  he  could  not 
find  the  manuscript.  The  title  of  the  book  has  reached  us,  thanks  to  !  caz- 
balceta's  efforts:  Libro  Segundo  de  la  Cr6nica  Misceldnea  en  que  se  trata  de  la 
Conquista  espiritual  y  temporal  de  la  Santa  Provincia  de  Santiago  de  Jalisco  y 
Nueva  Vizcaya,  y  descubrimiento  del  Nuevo  Mexico.  The  two  fragments 
being  a  copy  in  the  possession  of  Hilariano  Romero  Gil,  of  Guadalajara,  were 
presented  to  and  published  by  Icazbalceta,  with  the  valuable  literary  assist 
ance  of  Romero  Gil  himself,  as  the  editor  informs  us,  and  were  preceded  by 
remarks  on  what  he  had  ascertained  about  Tello's  manuscript,  particularly 
chapters  viii.  to  xiii.,  the  last  apparently  incomplete,  and  chapters  xxvi.  to 
xxxix.,  probably  of  the  second  book,  which  chapters  give  a  portion  of  the 
expeditions  of  Nuiio  de  Guzman,  the  conquest  of  territories  and  founding  of 
towns,  an  extensive  account  of  the  great  uprising  of  the  Indians  in  Nueva 
Galicia,  and  the  campaign  for  their  subjugation,  to  the  capture  of  the  Mixton 
in  1542  by  Viceroy  Mendoza.  The  style  is  pure  and  even  elegant  as  com 
pared  with  contemporary  writings,  clear  and  to  the  point,  and  the  writer 
evidently  availed  himself  judiciously  of  the  labor  of  others  to  obtain  infor 
mation. 

A  later  and  complete  book  on  the  same  region  is  that  by  Mota  Padilla, 
Historia  de  la  Conquista  de  la  Provincia  de  la  Nueva  Galicia,  Mex.,  1870, 


TELLO  AND  MOTA  PADILLA.  515 

folio,  523  pages,  and  index.  It  contains  a  detailed  historical  and  physical 
account  of  northern  Mexico,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas,  from  the  conquest  till 
1742.  The  author,  born  in  Guadalajara  October  6,  1688,  was  the  second  son 
of  Matias  Lopez,  an  hidalgo  from  Estremadura,  and  Ana  de  la  Mota,  a  lineal 
descendant  of  the  conquerors,  and  of  illustrious  family,  who  for  all  that  at 
her  marriage  could  not,  it  is  said,  sign  the  papers  because  she  did  not  know 
how  to  write.  From  1713  to  1746,  and  even  later,  he  filled  several  municipal 
and  judicial  offices,  namely,  those  of  district  judge,  attorney  general,  and 
associate  justice  of  the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara.  His  character  as  a  man, 
lawyer,  and  public  officer  stands  high. 

Matias  de  la  Mota  Padilla,  as  he  preferred  to  call  himself,  having  become 
a  widower  was  ordained  a  priest.  The  audiencia  asked  the  crown  to  grant 
him  a  benefice,  but  it  was  deaf  to  all  solicitations  in  his  favor.  Icazbalceta, 
to  whose  investigations  we  owe  what  is  known  of  that  writer,  declares  Beris- 
tain  mistaken  in  saying  that  he  was  a  prebendary.  Mota  Padilla  left  no 
property  at  his  death,  which  occurred  in  July  1766,  at  the  age  of  68.  All 
his  sendees  might  perhaps  not  have  saved  his  name  from  oblivion,  but  his 
history  preserved  it  with  its  honorable  record.  For  writing  this  work  he 
had  a  double  object  in  view,  namely,  obedience  to  the  king's  command,  and 
saving  from  oblivion  the  deeds  of  the  conquerors  of  the  country,  among  whom 
had  been  his  own  maternal  ancestors.  In  the  preparation  of  his  work  he  was 
painstaking ;  he  searched  the  public  archives,  examined  private  papers,  con 
sulted  many  persons,  and  used  the  writings  of  the  Franciscan  friar  Antonio 
Tello.  The  history  was  finished  in  1742.  It  was  sent  by  the  author  to  the 
king  through  the  governor  of  Nueva  Galicia  in  August  of  that  year.  The 
copy  did  not  for  some  reason  reach  the  court,  and  the  king  on  hearing  of  the 
existence  of  such  a  work  in  1747  directed  that  two  copies  should  be  sent  him, 
the  expense  to  be  paid  out  of  the  judiciary  fund;  but  there  being  no  available 
sum  in  that  fund,  the  author  had  them  prepared  at  his  own  expense.  The 
original  writing  had  cost  him  over  1000  pesos,  paper  being  worth  then,  in 
1741-2,  from  one  to  two  reals  per  sheet,  and  50  pesos  a  ream.  Toward  the 
end  of  1753  he  transmitted  the  work  again;  and  the  receipt  not  having  been 
acknowledged,  the  author  asked  a  friend  who  was  going  to  Spain  to  solicit 
for  him  from  the  king  a  copyright  that  he  might  print  and  publish  it,  and 
thus  be  possibly  enabled  to  recover  the  cost.  All  his  efforts  and  expenditures 
were  in  vain.  It  seems  that  the  copies  forwarded  the  second  time  did  not 
reach  the  court,  for  the  king  on  the  21st  of  February  1790  asked  for  a  copy. 
Still  another  was  made  and  forwarded.  Of  the  history  there  are  several 
manuscript  copies,  of  which  I  know  four:  that  of  the  archive  general, 
Ramirez',  and  Andrade's,  now  my  own.  The  division  of  the  work  varies  in  the 
several  copies ;  mine  has  two  parts,  each  of  48  chapters.  It  was  published 
in  the  feuilleton  of  the  newspaper  El  Pais,  full  of  gross  errors,  and  should  be 
left  unnoticed.  The  better  edition  mentioned  at  the  head  was  published 
under  the  auspices  of  the  '  Sociedad  Mexicana  de  Geograf ia  y  Estadistica. '  I 
also  possess  a  manuscript  copy,  1  vol.  folio,  832  pages,  with  an  index  in  17 
pages,  taken  from  volumes  v.  and  vi.  of  the  collection  of  Mcmorias  Histtiricus, 
which  exist  in  32  volumes,  except  vol.  i.  in  the  general  archives  of  Mexico 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

NUEVA  GALICIA. 
1601-1803. 

BOUNDARIES  oo?  THE  TERRITORY— ITS  GOVERNORS — THE  AUDIENCIA  OF  GUA 
DALAJARA — ITS  JURISDICTION  AND  POWERS— LOCAL  GOVERNMENT— COR- 

REGIMIENTOS  AND  ALCALDIAS  MA  YORES— ClTIES,  TOWNS,  VILLAGES,  AND 

MINING  DISTRICTS— THE  CAPITAL — A  CITY  OF  OFFICE-HOLDERS—TREAS 
URY  DEPARTMENT— INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS— MINES— QUICKSILVER  MO 
NOPOLY  AND  ITS  EFFECTS — AGRICULTURE  AND  STOCK-RAISING — LABOR, 
COMMERCE,  AND  SHIP-BUILDING — POPULATION  AND  LOCAL  STATISTICS. 

DURING  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
Nneva  Galicia  almost  coincided  with  the  territory 
which  now  forms  the  states  of  Jalisco,  Aguas  Ca- 
lientes,  and  Zacatecas.  On  the  south,  however,  those 
parts  of  the  Avalos  provinces  that  lay  south  of  Au- 
tlan  and  Zayula,  now  forming  part  of  Jalisco,  appear 
to  have  then  belonged  to  New  Spain,  and  were  sub 
ject  to  the  viceroy,  \vhile  in  the  north-east  Nueva 
Galicia  included  the  western  portion  of  what  is  now 
San  Luis  Potosi,  the  boundary  line  running  near 
Charcas  and  Matehuala.  The  territory  was  under 
the  political  rule  of  a  governor,  who  was  also  president 
of  the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara,  and  was  appointed  by 
the  king,  though  nominally  subject  to  the  viceroy.1 
In  case  of  his  death  or  inability  to  perform  his  duties 
the  senior  oidor  of  the  audiencia  ruled  ad  interim 
until  a  new  appointment  could  be  made. 

In   the  seventeenth  century  the  governors   were 

1  During  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  and  the  beginning  of  the  19th  cen 
tury  their  titles  were  gobernador,  presidente  de  la  real  audiencia,  coman- 
dante  general,  and  inteudente.  See  Cedvlario,  MS.,  i.  114,  209;  iii.  176,  238; 
Real  Orden,  in  Mayer  MSS.,  no.  2;  Ugarte  y  Loyola,  J^el.,  in  Soc.  MC.JO. 
Geoa.,  Boletin,  2d  ep.,  iii.  307. 

(296) 


GOVERNMENT  OFFICIALS.  297 

usually  lawyers,  and  their  duties  in  connection  with 
the  civil  administration  of  the  country  were  by  no 
means  arduous.  Later,  military  men  were  more  fre 
quently  appointed,  and  held  under  the  viceroy  the 
rank  of  captain-general;  but  their  responsibilities 
were  light,  for  peace  prevailed  throughout  the  land 
except  in  Nayarit,  where  a  comandante  was  stationed, 
subject  in  military  matters  to  viceregal  orders,  and  in 
political  and  judicial  affairs  to  the  governor  and  audi- 
encia.  The  election  of  subordinate  local  officials 
seems  to  have  belonged  originally  to  the  audiencia; 
but  after  long  disputes  between  that  body  and  its 
president,  during  which  both  parties  several  times 
appealed  to  the  crown,  the  latter  received  the  right 
of  making  appointments — a  license  which  he  had 
gradually  usurped.2 

The  governor  subsequently  named  the  alcaldes 
mayores  and  corregidores  of  the  different  districts, 
with  the  exception  of  Zacatecas  and  perhaps  one  or 
two  others,  where  the  king,  for  some  special  reason, 
retained  the  privilege.  He  also  appointed,  down  to 
1646,  many  of  the  officials  of  Nueva  Vizcaya.  All 
this  power  would  seem,  however,  to  have  been  vested 
in  him  as  president  of  the  audiencia,  for  the  revenues 
were  administered  by  special  treasury  officials  ap 
pointed  by  the  king,  the  governor  receiving  a  regular 
stipend.3 

There  are  few  incidents  worthy  of  record  concern 
ing  the  governors  of  Nueva  Galicia,  and  these  relate 
for  the  most  part  to  trivial  matters,  as  the  quarrel  of 
one  with  a  bishop  about  some  petty  formality;  the 
unusual  brilliancy  of  the  bull-fights  at  the  installation 
of  another,  while  the  building  of  a  church  or  even  the 

2 Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  508,  is  the  authority  for  this  usurpation, 
and  he  gives  the  number  of  appointments  in  1742  as  above  32;  but  Calle, 
Mftn.  y  Not.,  92,  states  that  a  century  earlier  the  governor  had  the  appoint 
ment  of  54  officials  in  Nueva  Galicia  and  Nueva  Vizcaya. 

3  The  revenue  collected  in  Guadalajara  fi*om  all  sources  from  1730  to  1740 
was  2,332,335  pesos.  Alota- Pad  ilia,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  318.  The  same  author 
boasts  of  the  promptness  with  which  Nueva  Galica  always  paid  her  quota  of 
taxation. 


293  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

transfer  of  a  sacred  image  during  a  ruler's  administra 
tion  was  considered  by  the  chroniclers  of  this  period 
an  event  sufficiently  remarkable  to  place  his  name 
side  by  side  with  that  of  a  viceroy.  Many  of  them 
were  able  men,  as  was  the  case  with  Juan  de  Villela, 
whose  rule  lasted  from  1607  to  1613.*  The  adminis 
tration  of  Diego  Nunez  de  Morquecbo,  who  held  office 
from  1629  to  1632,5  is  noteworthy  from  the  fact  that 
he  enforced  the  laws  which  forbade  the  ill-treatment 
of  Indians.  The  custom  had  become  prevalent  of 
practically  evading  the  royal  decrees  against  slavery 
by  advancing  to  native  workmen  sums  of  money  which 
they  could  never  pay,  and  which  thus  became  a  life- 
lien  upon  their  labor.  The  governor  accomplished  his 
purpose  by  limiting  the  amount  of  a  native's  credit  to 
five  pesos.6  Antonio  de  Abarca,  who  was  appointed 
in  1702,  was  the  last  of  the  legal  profession  who  held 
office  as  governor,7  and  Toribio  Rodriguez  de  Solis, 
whose  administration  lasted  until  1716,  the  first  who 
bore  the  title  of  captain-general.8 

The  audiencia  of  Guadalajara  held  jurisdiction  over 

4  His  predecessor  was  Santiago  Vera,  who  was  in  office  from  1600  to  160C, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  interested  himself  in  the  conversion  of  the  Indians  in 
the  north-western  sierra,  but  it  is  not  recorded  that  he  accomplished  much. 
On  March  6,  1610,  Francisco  Pacheco  de  C6rdoba  y  Bocanegra  was  appointed 
adelantado  of  Nueva  Galicia,  but  his  name  does  not  appear  as  one  of  the 
governors.     In  1612  his  wife  and  his  son  obtained  a  rental  on  the  Mexican 
treasury  of  1,312,500  maravedis  and  in  the  following  year  his  daughter  re 
ceived  an  encomienda  of  Indians  in  New  Spain.   Calle,  Mem.  y  Not.,  90. 

5  His  predecessors  were  Alonso  Perez  Merchan,  who  was  in  power  from 
1613  to  1617,  and  Pedro  de  Otarola,  who  held  office  from  the  latter  date  to  1629. 
During  the  rule  of  the  former,  earthquakes  and  floods  occurred  in  the  province. 
Otarola  was  a  religious  enthusiast,  and  is  said  to  have  committed  a  kind  of 
pious  suicide,  since  he  died  of  fasting. 

6  His  successor  was  Juan  Canseco  y  Quiilones,  who  was  governor  from  1636 
to  1643.     It  is  said  that  he  squandered  the  revenues  of  the  state  on  bull-fights, 
and  festivities  for  the  populace,  although  he  spent  large  sums  on  public  im 
provements. 

7  It  is  said  that  he  died  of  melancholy,  caused  in  part  by  the  impression 
made  on  his  mind  by  a  tragedy  styled  'Life  is  a  Dream,'  which  was  performed 
at  his  reception.     The  partial  destruction  of  the  governor's  palace  by  fire  may 
have  increased  his  malady.     On  state  occasions  he  made  his  appearance  so 
shabbily  apparelled  as  to  cause  the  audiencia  to  make  complaints  at  court. 

8  He  was  appointed  in  1708.     His  successor,  Tomas  Teran  de  los  Rios, 
who  undertook  the  task  of  bridging  the  Rio  Grande,  or  Tololotlan,  was  in 
office  from  1716  to  1724.    Governor  Nicolas  de  Ribera  y  Santa  Cruz,  who  ruled 
from  1724  to  1727,  was  constantly  involved  in  difficulties  with  subordinates, 
equals,  and  superiors.     He  escaped  removal  at  the  hands  of  the  India  Coun- 


POLITICAL  DISTRICTS.  299 

all  the  regions  occupied  by  the  Spaniards  north-west 
of  Nueva  Galicia,  including  also  the  Avalos  prov 
inces,  and  at  times  Colima.9  It  claimed  jurisdiction 
as  well  over  the  north-western  region  of  Coahuiia  and 
Texas,  but  the  king's  decision  in  1679  was  adverse  to 
this  pretension.10  It  does  not  appear  that  the  au 
thority  of  the  audiencia  in  Nueva  Galicia  differed,  in 
any  respect  from  that  in  Nueva  Vizcaya,  although  on 
account  of  distance  and  consequent  expense,  only 
cases  of  considerable  importance  came  as  a  rule  from 
the  latter  territory.11  The  oidores  of  the  audiencia 
were  alcaldes  in  criminal  proceedings,  but  had  no  voice 
in  matters  pertaining  to  war  and  exchequer;  and  after 
the  time  of  Governor  Ceballos,  who  ruled  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  they  lost  the 
power  of  making  higher  appointments  which  origin 
ally  they  seem  to  have  held.  The  president,  who,  as 
we  have  seen*  was  also  political  governor  of  Nueva 
Galicia,  simply  held  the  right  of  presiding  over  the 

cil  only  by  death,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son.  The  few  and  meagre  rec 
ords  that  have  been  handed  down  to  us  concerning  these  officials  are  taken 
from  Mota-Padilla,  the  original  historian  of  Nueva  Galicia. 

9  In  1790  Colima  was  subject  in  civil  affairs  to  Nueva  Galicia.     In  matters 
ecclesiastic  it  was  entirely  under  the  bishop  of  Michoacan  till  Augusts,  1700, 
when  it  was  finally  decided  that  it  belonged  to  the  diocese  of  Guadalajara ; 
and  thus  Colima  continued  belonging  in  all  branches  of  administration  to 
Nueva  Galicia.   Colima,  Representation,  MS.,  4.     During  the  17th  and  18th 
centuries  the  province  of  Colima  made  little  progress  owing  to  its  isolated 
position.     The  Villa  de  Colima  continued  to  hold  its  rank  as  the  chief  town 
and  capital  of  the  province  and  was  the  residence  of  the  principal  part  of  the 
Spanish  population.    Some  dozen  or  more  smaller  towns  composed  the  remain 
ing  settlements,  whose  inhabitants,  for  the  most  part  natives,  were  employed 
in  farming.     Besides  the  usual  agricultural   products,  a  limited  amount  of 
sugar  and  cotton  was  produced;  a  few  natives  were  employed  in  the  manu 
facture  of  matting;  considerable  salt  was  made,  and  a  variety  of  fruits,  among 
which  were  the  cocoanut  and  plantain,  grew  in  abundance.     Upon  the  estab 
lishment  in  1787  of  the  system  of  intendencias  this  province  became  a  part  of 
the  intendencia  of  Guadalajara.   Humboldt,  Ess<ii.  Pol.,  i.  259;  Calle,  Mem.  y 
Not.,  78;  Gac.  de  Mex.,  i.  273;  ii.  282,  342;    Villa-Senor  y  Sanchez,  Theatro 
Am.,  ii.  83-8. 

10  According  to  royal  cddula  of  October  15,  1778,  the  audiencia  of  Guadala 
jara  then  had  jurisdiction  to  a  certain  degree   over  six  provinces:    Nueva 
Galicia,  Zacatecas,  Nueva  Vizcaya,  Sonora,  New  Mexico,  and  the  Californias. 
Cedulario,  MS.,  iii.  9-10. 

11  The  audiencia  was  composed  of  four  oidores,  or  judges,  and  a  fiscal,  or 
attorney,  each  with  a  salary  of  2,000  ducats.     There  was  also  quite  a  number 
of  minor  officials  of  whom  a  few  were  appointed  and  received  a  salary,  but 
most  of  them  bought  their  offices  at  auction,  paying  from   1,000  to  10,000 
pesos,  according  to  the  privileges  and  emoluments  con7iected  with  each. 


300  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

court,  and  of  taking  the  place  of  honor  on  occasions 
of  state,  but  had  no  vote  in  judicial  matters.12 

In*Nueva  Galicia  there  were  in  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century  thirty-two  districts  under  corregi- 
dores  and  alcaldes  mayores,  although  a  century  earlier, 
according  to  Calle's  list,  they  numbered  forty-one. 
There  were  three  cities,  Guadalajara,  Zacatecas,  a,nd 
Compostela;  eight  towns,  Lagos,  Aguas  Calientes, 
Jerez,  Fresnillo,  Purificacion,  Villagutierre  de  Aguila 
or  Villanueva,  Sombrerete,  and  San  Jose  de  Monte- 
zuma,  near  Tepatitlan ;  and  twenty-one  reales  de  minas, 
or  mining  towns.13  So-called  pueblos  and  other  small 
settlements  scattered  over  the  territory  numbered  up 
ward  of  two  hundred.  The  officers  who  ruled  the 
large  towns  with  their  districts  annexed,  known  as 
alcaldias  or  corregimientos,  were  with  few  exceptions 
appointed  by  the  president  of  the  auctiencia,  and  re 
ceived  salaries.  Under  these  officials  in  each  city  and 
town  were  one  or  more  ordinary  alcaldes,  an  alguacil 
mayor,  four  regidores,  and  a  notary,  forming  virtually 
an  ay untamiento,  though  not  often  called  by  that 
name.  There  seem  to  have  been  no  salaries  attached 
to  these  minor  positions,  and  that  of  alguacil,  or  con 
stable,  was  nearly  always  sold  at  auction,  at  different 
times  and  places.  Ordinarily  alcaldes  in  some,  and 
perhaps  all  the  towns,  were  elected  yearly,  requiring, 
in  the  larger  places  at  least,  confirmation  by  the 
president. 

Guadalajara,  the  capital  of  Nueva  Galicia,  the  cathe 
dral  city,  the  seat  of  the  audiencia,  and  the  place 
where  the  royal  treasury  was  kept,  swarmed  with 

12  About  1670  there  was  a  quarrel  between  the  president  and  the  audien- 
cia  as  to  the  right  to  appoint  a  governor  ad  interim  of  Nueva  Vizcaya.     The 
king  at  first  decided  in  favor  of  the  president,  but  later  reversed  his  decision ; 
and  later  still,  gave  the  president  and  fiscal  a  vote  on  the  subject.  Mota-Pa- 
dilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  400-1.     See  also  on  audiencia  Recop.  de  2nd.,  i.  326; 
Call',  Mem.  y  Not. ,  91-2. 

13  In  Calle's  time,  1646,  there  was  yet  a  villa  de  Espiritu  Santo  at  Tepic; 
Fresnillo  was  only  a  real  de  mina;  and  neither  Villagutierre  nor  San  Jos6  had 
been  founded.     This  author  names  13  reales  de  minas. 


MINES  AND  MINING.  301 

officials,  and  lie  was  a  humble  Spaniard  indeed,  who 
lilled  no  public  position.  It  is  not  necessary  to  enter 
more  fully  into  the  details  of  the  municipal  machinery 
or  the  somewhat  intricate  relations  of  the  different 
branches  of  power  in  this  much  governed  city.u  The 
treasury  department  was  under  a  staff  of  officers  whose 
chief  duty  it  was  to  receive,  tax,  and  stamp  silver  bull 
ion,  and  to  deliver  quicksilver  for  use  in  the  mines.  At 
one  time  the  administration  of  the  exchequer  seems 
to  have  been  intrusted  to  the  governor  and  audiencia, 
but  they  did  not  long  retain  control,  for  the  king 
always  took  care  that  the  precious  metals  in  transit 
between  the  mines  and  the  royal  coffers  in  Spain 
should  pass  through  as  few  hands  as  possible.  A 
branch  treasury  was  also  established  at  Zacatecas, 
where  the  revenue  for  a  single  decade,  commencing  in 
1730,  amounted  to  nearly  four  million  pesos. 

Before  1600,  as  we  have  seen,  rich  mines  were  dis 
covered,  and  during  the  next  two  centuries  many  were 
developed,  often  with  rich  returns  in  spite  of  great  dis 
advantages.  They  were  nearly  all  of  silver-bearing 
ore,  though  according  to  Mota-Padilla,  very  fine  gold 
was  taken  out  at  Mezquital,  and  in  such  abundance 
as  to  be  used  secretly  in  trade  throughout  the 
country.  This  yield  ceased  however  toward  the  mid 
dle  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Respecting  methods 
of  mining  and  of  reduction  we  have  little  or  no  con 
temporaneous  information,  while  of  the  yield  we  have 
for  statistics  only  a  few  meagre,  disconnected,  and 
doubtless  in  most  instances  inaccurate  statements 
bearing  upon  different  localities  at  different  periods. 

Bullion  was  presented  at  the  treasury  at  Guadala 
jara,  Zacatecas,  and  in  later  years  at  Llerena,  and  was 
there  properly  stamped  after  the  royal  dues  had  been 

14  Villa-Senor,  Teatro,  ii.  204-6,  names  the  secular  cabildo  of  Guadalajara 
in  1745  as  consisting  of  twelve  regidores,  alferez  real,  alguacil  mayor,  two 
alcaldes,  contador,  procurador,  and  notary.  He  also  speaks  of  a  custom 
house  staff. 


302  tfUEVA  GALICIA. 

paid.  Thence  it  must  be  transported  to  Mexico  for 
sale  as  there  was  no  nearer  mint.15  The  labor  was 
mainly  performed  by  Indians,  under  Spanish  over 
seers,  nominally  working  for  wages  of  from  two  to 
five  pesos  a  month,  yet  practically  held  in  bondage 
during  much  of  the  time  and  in  many  sections.16  The 
severest  toil,  however,  fell  to  the  lot  of  negro  slaves. 
Notwithstanding  the  richness  of  the  ores,  the  min 
ing  industry  was  well  nigh  paralyzed  by  the  govern 
ment  monopoly  of  quicksilver,  which  restricted  the 
production  of  that  metal  to  the  mines  of  Almaden  in 
Spain.  Rich  deposits  are  said  to  have  been  discovered 
in  Nueva  Galicia,  especially  in  the  Sierra  de  Pinos, 
but  its  extraction  was  prohibited  by  cedula  of  1730. 
The  immediate  effect  was  of  course  to  make  the  price 
of  quicksilver  so  excessive  that  only  the  most  produc 
tive  mines  could  be  profitably  worked,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  occasional  failure  of  the  supply  on  account  of 
interrupted  communication  with  Mexico.  But  these 
were  not  the  only  disadvantages  of  the  monopoly ;  for 
not  only  must  the  quicksilver  be  brought  directly  from 
the  government  officials,  but  must  be  bought  only  in 
large  quantities.  No  subsequent  transactions  were 
allowed,  nor  any  retail  trade  in  this  commodity.  It 
was  not  enough,  however,  that  quicksilver  must  be 
bought  in  large  quantities  and  at  exorbitant  rates; 
the  purchaser  must  at  the  same  time  become  responsi 
ble  for  the  payment  of  the  tax  on  the  amount  of  silver 
bullion  which  the  supply  purchased  would  enable  him 
to  produce!  This  was  intended  to  prevent  frauds  in 
evading  the  payment  of  taxes  and  tithes;  but  the 
practical  effect  was  that  if  the  discoverer  of  a  mine 
happened  to  be  a  man  without  means  he  was  com 
pelled  to  take  others  into  partnership ;  and  when  the 

15  In  1607  a  royal  order  was  obtained  ordering  a  mint  to  be  established  at 
Zacatecas,  but  nothing  was  done  in  the  matter.  Bernardez,  Zac.,  38;  Villa- 
8enor,  Teatro,  ii.  223. 

1Gl)ainpier.  Voyac/e,  i.  269,  speaks  of  some  hundreds  of  Indian  slaves  who 
worked  in  the  silver  mines  near  Centizpac  in  1C86,  carrying  ore  to  Cornpostela 
and  supplies  back  to  the  mines. 


AGRICULTURE  AND  MANUFACTURES.  303 

mine  proved  valuable,  litigations  would  follow,  and 
the  discoverer  would  too  often  lose  his  interest.17 

At  this  period  the  industries  of  agriculture  and 
stock-raising  were  fairly  prosperous.  There  was  no 
lack  in  Nueva  Galicia  of  fertile  land,  which  produced 
an  abundant  food-supply,  while  in  ocean  and  river 
there  were  excellent  fisheries.  Several  small  vessels 
were  built  on  the  coast  for  expeditions  to  California, 
the  workmen  being  sent  from  Mexico  and  encamping 
at  some  suitable  spot  near  the  mouth  of  a  river,  where 
they  felled  the  timber,  built  the  craft,  and  then  aban 
doned  their  camp.  Of  manufactures  there  were  none, 
except  the  rude  articles  made  by  the  natives  for  their 
own  use,  and  the  commerce  of  the  country  was  carried 
on  by  native  carriers,  pack-mules,  and  wagon-trains, 
by  means  of  which  agricultural  products  were  carried 
to  the  nearest  market,  ore  and  bullion  forwarded 
from  the  mines,  and  tools,  machinery,  quicksilver,  and 
clothing  brought  overland  from  the  city  of  Mexico. 
To  the  capital  were  also  sent  the  few  articles  of  prod 
uce  which  would  pay  the  cost  of  freight,  together 
with  herds  of  live-stock.  At  times  the  privilege  of 
killing  and  exporting  cattle  was  restricted  by  the  gov 
ernor  on  complaint  of  the  ecclesiastical  authorities 
that  the  amount  of  tithes  was  thereby  diminished. 

The  city  of  Mexico  derived  much  greater  benefit 
from  the  resources  of  Nueva  Galicia  than  did  the 
province  itself.  In  the  capital  alone  could  any  products 
except  those  of  mine  or  field  be  exchanged  for  money.18 
Men  were  not  wanting  who  understood  these  disad 
vantages,  and  foremost  among  them  was  Mota-Padilla, 
who  never  ceased  his  efforts  to  separate  the  country 
from  New  Spain,  to  obtain  for  her  ports  a  trade  with 
China  and  with  Central  and  South  America;  to  estab 
lish  a  mint,  and  make  Guadalajara  a  centre  of  trade; 

17 '  Ya  se  tiene  por  cierto  que  cuantlo  se  litiga.  sobre  mina  se  pierden  las 
leycs.'  Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal,  321. 

18 'Mexico  se  ha  hecho  garganta  precisa  por  donde  haya  de  pasar  todo.' 
Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gat.,  263-4. 


304  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

but  the  pressure  brought  to  bear  on  the  king  from 
the  New  World  metropolis  was  always  too  strong, 
and  the  interests  of  the  province  were  disregarded.19 

The  total  population  of  Nueva  Galicia  in  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth  century  was  estimated  at  not  less 
than  two  hundred  thousand,  of  which  number  sixty 
thousand  were  Indians  and  the  remainder  of  Spanish 
and  mixed  blood.  Though  this  seems  a  comparatively 
high  figure,  Mota-Padilla  certainly  had  excellent  ap- 
portunities  for  obtaining  correct  statistics.20  During 
the  second  half  of  the  century  the  population  seems 
to  have  increased  more  rapidly;  for  we  find  that  at 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  the  popula 
tion  of  Guadalajara  was  variously  estimated  at  from 
nineteen  to  thirty-five  thousand,  and  that  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  audiencia  as  high  as  six  hundred 
and  thirty  thousand.21 

It  will  be  remembered  that  at  the  close  of  the  six 
teenth  century  Zacatecas  was  the  new  El  Dorado  which 
attracted  settlers  and  adventurers  from  all  parts;  the 
population  rapidly  increased;  mines  were  being  dis 
covered  and  developed,  and  a  great  future  seemed  to 
be  in  store  for  the  new  colony.  At  that  time  the  site 
of  the  city  of  Zacatecas  seemed  anything  but  pleasant 

19  From  1748-53,  according  to  the  Noticias  Biocj.  of  Icazbalceta,  the  his 
torian  made  efforts  to  have  the  four  jurisdictions  of  the  coast,  Purificacion, 
Tepic,  Acaponeta,  and  Centizpac,  formed  into  a  new  government,  to  be  placed 
under  himself  as  ruler. 

20Mota-Padilla's  actual  basis  is  the  number  of  Indian  tributaries,  which 
•was  8,000,  representing  16,000  persons,  not  including  chiefs,  the  aged,  or 
children.  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  509.  Gil,  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,viii.  493,  says  the  popu 
lation  in  about  1750  was  estimated  at  about  115,000. 

21  Gil,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoy.,  viii.  493,  insists  however  that  in  1807,  on  taking 
tribute,  the  population  was  found  to  be  only  130,000,  having  increased  but 
15,000  since  1750.  There  is  no  doubt  that  there  was  a  misunderstanding  as 
to  the  territory  included.  Humboldt,  Essai  PoL,  155,  and  Ncio  Spain,  ii. 
180-3,  gives  for  the  intendencia  of  Guadalajara  630,500,  and  for  the  city 
19,500;  6,381  square  leagues  with  623,572  inhabitants  are  mentioned  in  Tri 
bunal  del  Consnlado,  1805.  Ortiz,  Mex.  Jndep.,  79,  gives  630,000  for  1803. 
According  to  Navarro,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoy.,  2da  e"p. ,  i.  291,  in  1810  the  inten 
dencia  of  Guadalajara  comprised  9,612  square  leagues;  28partidos,  lOOcuracies, 
9  missions,  2  cities,  7  towns,  326  villages,  33  mining  districts,  370  haciendas, 
1,511  ranches,  and  118  stock  ranches.  There  were  29  convents  and  7  nun 
neries;  441  clerigos,  192  friars,  and  225  nuns;  there  were  164,420  Spaniards, 
172,676  Indians,  and  179,720  of  mixed  blood,  making  a  total  population, 
including  the  religious,  of  517,674. 


ZACATECAS  MATTERS. 


305 


to  the  Spaniards.  The  soil  was  little  adapted  to  the 
cultivation  of  wheat,  maize,  or  even  fruit,  excepting 
the  Indian  fig,  the  cactus  apuntia  covering  the  neigh 
borhood  in  every  direction.  Nevertheless  its  location 
had  many  advantages.  The  climate,  though  change 
able,  was  healthy,  being  never  excessively  hot  or  cold. 
In  the  vicinit}7-  variety  of  temperature  favored  the 
cultivation  of  different  agricultural  products.  Cattle- 
raising  became  an  important  feature  at  an  early  day, 
and  besides  silver,  copper  lead  and  other  metals  were 
found  in  abundance.22 


CITY  OF  ZACATECAS. 


The  three  or  four  persons  in  charge  of  the  treasury, 
and  the  corregidor,  appointed  directly  by  the  king, 
were  the  only  officials  who  were  paid  a  salary  at  Zaca- 


22  The  veins  around  Zacatecas  city  yielded  in  1608  an  average  of  more  than 
two  ounces  per  cental.  There  were  20  haciendas  de  minus,  whose  owners  were 
worth  from  30,000  to  100,000  pesos  each,  and  employed  about  100  Spaniards, 
the  same  number  of  negroes,  and  1,500  Indians.  Each  hacienda  worked  about 
80  centals  a  day.  No  smelting  was  done,  and  only  mule  power  was  used. 
Zft'-dfrrris,  7.W.,  in  Pacheco  and.  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  ix.  182-7.  At  San 
Andres  General  Mendiola  tore  down  his  stone  buildings,  the  material  yielding 
three  marks  per  cental.  The  product  of  the  mines  at  Zacatecas  had  declined 
considerably  in  1732;  there  were  only  24  reduction  works;  the  expenses 
1,300,000  pesos  per  year;  and  the  king  received  257,350  pesos.  Bernardez, 
HIST.  MEX.,  VOL.  III.  20 


306  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

tecas,  and  the  salable  offices  brought  at  auction  from 
six  to  eight  thousand  pesos.23  The  province  had  also 
a  lieutenant  captain-general,  and  a  force  of  troops  for 
protection  in  case  of  outbreaks  among  the  natives.24 
In  wealth  and  probably  in  population  the  city  was 
superior  to  the  capital  of  Nueva  Galicia.25 

The  mining  district's  of  Fresnillo,  Sombrerete,  Pi- 
nos,  Nieves,  Mazapil,  and  Zacatecas  were  all  alcaldias 
may  ores,  subject  to  a  corregimiento,  to  which  grade, 
in  1736,  the  so-called  province  of  Zacatecas  was 
raised,  the  districts  of  Aguas  Calientes  and  Juchipila 
being  added  three  years  later.  When  the  alcaldias 
mayores  and  corregimientos  were  abolished  by  the 
ordinance  establishing  intendencias,  these  latter  dis 
tricts  were  made  a  part  of  the  intendencia  of  Gua 
dalajara,  until  joined  to  that  of  Zacatecas  by  royal 
decree  of  December  30,  1791. 

The  town  of  Aguas  Calientes  derived  its  name  from 
the  thermal  springs  -in  its  immediate  vicinity.26  In 

Zac.,  42-50.  In  1750  the  mines  did  not  yield  more  than  500,000  pesos;  but 
the  output  increased  in  a  few  years  to  ten  times  as  much  through  the  efforts 
of  one  Laborde.  Jacobs'  Hist.  Inq.,  ii.  153.  The  wealthiest  inhabitant  of 
Zacatecas  was  Agustin  de  Zavala,  who  in  20  years  had  paid  in  silver  king's 
fifths  to  the  amount  of  800,000  pesos,  which  shows  that  during  that  time  he 
had  sent  to  be  marked  4,000,000.  Salgado,  Vida,  23.  This  is  the  same  Zavala 
who  was  governor  of  Nuevo  Leon. 

23 Zacatecas,  Rel.,  in  Pacheco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  ix.  184-6.  Micr  y 
Campo,  in  Revista  Lien.,  ii.  Ill,  says  the  royal  treasury  was  established  in 
1767. 

24  In  1608  Cristobal  de  Cardivar  is  named  as  holding  the  position  of  '  teni- 
ente  de  capitaii  general.'  Ibid.     The  same  writer  speaks  of  a  governor  of 
Zacatecas  appointed  every  six  years  by  the  council  of  the  Indies.    A  '  capitan 
a  guerra'  is  also  mentioned  about  1745  in  Villa-Senor,  Teatro,  ii.  223. 

25  The  population  of  the  province  of  Zacatecas  for  1793  as  given  by  Hum- 
boldt,  Essai  Pol.,  i.  57,  155,  was  118,027;  that  of  the  capital,  25,495,  and  in 
1803,    153,300  including  city  and  province.     For   description   of    principal 
places  sea  Id.,  260-61;  also  Viagero,  Univ.,  xxvii.    105-6.     For  the  latter 
year  the  tribunal  del  cousulado,  in  Soc.  Hex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  ii.  6,  gives  1681 
square  leagues  and  151,749  inhabitants.     Murillo,   Geog.   Hist.,  814,  gives 
40,000  for  the  city  in  1778-9,  and  Caucelada,  Ruina,  73-5,  the  same  figures 
as  the  consulado.     Navarro,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  2d  ep.,  i.  291,  has 
in  1810  for  the  intendencia  of  Zacatecas  2,355  square  leagues,  with  22,296 

'Spaniards,  40,872  Indians,  and  77,555  other  races;  6  partidos,  17  curates,  a 
city,  2  villas,  28  pueblos,  19  reales  de  minas,  108  haciendas,  438  ranches,  and 
16  cattle  ranches.  See  also  Hint's  Geog.,  ii.*132;  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  ix. 
275;  Beryhes,  Zac.,  4;  Zuniga  y  0.,  Calend.,  116-17;  N.  Esp.,  Brev.  Res.,  ii. 
319-20. 

20  The  town  used  the  royal  arms,  having  no  coat  of  arms  of  its  own. 
Aguirre,  Doc.  Antiy.,  in  Soc.  Mtx.  Geog.,  Boletin,  2d  cp.  iii.  19.  For  other 


OTHER  MINING  DISTRICTS. 


307 


1794  it  had  a  parish  church  and  three  convents  with 
about  thirty  friars,  and  as  many  other  clergymen. 
There  was  also  a  public  school  supported  by  funds 
bequeathed  by  a  resident  of  that  town.  'Toward  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  population  was 
rapidly  increasing,27  and  mining,  commerce,  agricult 
ure,  and  stock-raising  had  made  great  progress. 

Fresnillo  had  at  this  period  about  five  thousand  in 
habitants  and  was  governed  by  a  lieutenant  under  the 


ZACATECAS,  AGUAS  CALIENTES,  SAN  Luis  PoTosf. 

alcalde  of  Jerez;  there  was  a  large  parochial  church 
and  a  Dominican  hospice.  The  site  was  little  better 
than  that  of  Zacatecas.  The  mines  in  the  hills  of 
Proano,  south-west  of  the  town,  belonged  for  the  most 
part  to  the  marquis  of  Apartado.28 

Most  of  the  settlements  in  the  province   of  San 

details  concerning  it  see  Id.,  ii.  18;  Dice.  Univ.,  i.  77-8;  S.  Miguel,  Rep. 
Mex.,  i.  7. 

2l  In  1794  the  town  had  8,376  inhabitants.  Agidrre,  Doc.  Antiy.,  in  Soc. 
Mex.  Ocorj.,  Doletin,  2d  cp.  iii.  21-5.  See  for  other  details  Dias,  Mex.,  v. 
'3'2'2;  Gazeta  Mex.,  i.-xv.,  passim. 

M  The  curacy  of  Fresnillo  was  said  to  be  the  most  lucrative  in  Nneva 
Galicia,  paying  $12,000  per  year.  Morfi,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  3d  ser.  iv.  333-5. 


308  NUEVA  GALICIA. 

Luis  Potosi  were  founded  toward  the  close  of  the  six 
teenth  and  during  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  there  is  nothing  that  requires  record 
concerning  their  progress.  The  capital  of  the  same 
name  is  situated  on  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  great 
plateau  of  Anahuac,  in  a  fertile  and  extensive  valley, 
bounded  on  the.  west  by  the  mountains  of  San  Luis. 
The  oldest  records  of  the  town  council  date  back  to 
1612,  the  title  of  city  being  awarded  by  the  king  in 
1G56.29  The  population  in  1604  consisted  of  eight 
hundred  Spaniards  and  some  three  thousand  Indians; 
and  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
Villa-Senor  states  it  at  sixteen  hundred  families. 
Most  of  the  natives  were  distributed  among  the 
mines  of  San  Pedro  and  the  neighboring  haciendas, 
and  from  this  time  forward  the  population  seems  to 
have  increased  rapidly.30 

San  Pedro,  Charcas,  Villa  del  Valle,  Guadalcazar, 
Panuco,  and  other  town's  were  also  in  a  flourishing 
condition.31  The  mining  town  of  Catorce,  so  named 
on  account  of  the  murder  of  fourteen  soldiers  by  sav 
ages  in  ancient  times,  appears  to  have  been  founded 
in  1772,32  though  some  place  the  date  as  early  as  1738. 

29  Iturribarria,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  vii.  SCO.     According  to  Arle- 
gui,  57,  in  1066. 

30  Statistics  concerning  the  population  of  San  Luis  Potosi  run  widely  apart. 
Humboldt.  Essai  Pol.,  i.  57,  gives  for  1793  in  the  city  8,571,  and  in  the  pro 
vince  242,280;  for  1803,  12,000 and  334,900  respectively.  Castillo,  iuSoc.  Mex. 
Geog.,  Boletin,  3d  ep.v.  497,  gives  22, 000  for  the  city  in  1787 — an  absurd  state 
ment.  Taladez,  Not.,  in  Id.,  58,  61,  in  1794  for  the  province  168,002.  Jfot.  de 
E»p.,  in  Id.,  ii.   19,  for  1805,  186,503;  so  Trib.  Consul,  in  Id,,  16;  see  for 
population  at  different  periods  /(/.,  Id.,  ix.  272;  for  1808.    Cancelada,  lluina, 
73-5,  gives  311,503.     Navarro,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Grey.,  Boletin,  2d  cp.  i.  291, 
gives  for  the  intendencia  of  San  Luis  in  1810:   2,357  square  leagues,  with 
22,609  Spaniards,  88,949  Indians,  62,007  of  mixed  race,  a  total  of  173,651. 
There  were  10  partidos,  23  curacies,  and  19  missions;  one  city,  2  villas,  49 
pueblos,  15  reales  de  minas,  124  haciendas,  431  ranches,  and  18  cattle  ranches. 
Properly  there  were  14  partidos,  10  under  the  viceroy,  and  four  under  the 
commander-general  of  the  provincias  orientales.  See  also  IJassel,  Hamlbuch, 
Mex.  and  Gnat.,  224-9. 

31  In  1740  San  Pedro  had  100  families  of  Spaniards,  mestizos,  and  mulattoes, 
with  some  2,000  Indians  in  the  vicinity;  Charcas,  40  or  50,  and  Villa  del  Valle 
240  Spanish  families.    V'dla-Sencr,  Theatro,  i.  54-9. 

32  See  Campo,  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  2d  ep.  iv.  374.     Five  thousand  in 
habitants  are  given  for  the  year  1776,  in  Ward's  Mex.,  ii.  132-3,  which  seems 
exaggerated.     According  to  Hassel,  Ilandbuch,  the  mines  were  discovered  in 
1770. 


PROGRESS  IN  SAN  LUIS  POTOSl  309 

Cedral  was  established  in  1780,  and  became  a  doc- 
trina  in  1790.33 

The  alcalde  mayor  of  San  Luis  Potosi  held  the 
title  of  lieutenant  captain-general,  the  appointment 
being  made  on  account  of  the  proximity  of  that  prov 
ince  to  the  Chichimec  frontier,  where,  however,  the 
friars  were  actively  engaged  in  the  work  of  conversion. 
The  ayuntamiento  of  the  capital  consisted  of  twelve 
regidores,  alcaldes,  alguaciles,  and  other  necessary 
officials.84  The  title  of  city  was  granted  by  viceroy 
Alburquerque  in  1656,  and  was  confirmed  by  Felipe 
III.  August  17,  1658.  On  the  25th  of  October  1787 
the  province  was  made  an  intendencia.35 

Of  the  mining  and  other  industries  I  shall  have 
occasion  to  speak  later.  The  only  disturbances  which 
seem  to  have  occurred  in  San  Luis  Potosi  are  those 
on  the  occasion  of  the  Jesuit  expulsion  in  1767. 
When  these  were  suppressed,  the  province  made  ex 
traordinary  progress,  remaining  free  from  political 
convulsions  until  in  1810  the  country  was  aroused  by 
the  revolution  of  Dolores.36 

33  See  article  on  San  Luis  Potosf,  in  Dice.  Univ.,  x.  321,  and  Iturribarria, 
in  Soc.  Mex.  Geog.,  Boletin,  vii.  304. 

34  At  an  early  date  the  city  had  five  convents  and  a  Jesuit  college.   Calk, 
Mem.  y  Net.,  77;  Santos,  Chron.,  407. 

55  The  first  intendente  was  Bruno  Diaz  Salcedo,  who  took  possession  on  the 
same  day.  Castillo,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geoy.,  Boletln,  3d  ep.  v.  497.  See  also  in 
Id.,  ii.  19-20,  90-110;  Humboldt,  Essai  Pol.,  i.  282-5;  Zunigay  0.,  Calend., 
117;  GazetaMcx.,  i.-xvi.,  passim. 

3GBeside3  Mota-Padilla  the  following  authorities  have  been  consulted  for 
matters  treated  in  this  chapter:  Torquemada,  iii.  333-4,  342,  384;  Apostolicos 
Afancs,  passim;  Villa-Senor  y  Sanchez,  Theatro,ii.  204-20;  Zacatecas,  Rel.y 
in  Pachcco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doc.,  ix.,  179-91;  Aleyre,  Hist.  Comp.,  i.  205- 
29,440;  ii.  24-5,  52-3,  81-2,  150-9,  241,  410  et  seq.;  iii.  20-1,04-9,91-2,  191-2; 
Arleyui,  Cron.  Zac.,  passim;  Bernardcz,  Zac.,  20-90;  Michoacan,  Prov.,  95, 
115-10;  Arridvita,  Cr6n.  Serdf.,  92,  590",  E-^inosa,  Cron.  AposL,  415,  499- 
507;  Ayeta,  Defensa  Vcrdad,  passim;  Ribas,  Hist.  Triumphos,  729;  Maryil 
de  Jesus,  Notizie,  passim;  Veneyas,  Not.  CaL,  ii.  515-10;  Dice.  Univ.,  iv. 
375-9;  ix.  800-2;  x.  108,  1032-88;  Instruction  Vireyes,  3,  12,  120;  lylexias, 
Rcl,  289-310;  Jalisco,  Not.,  10-23,  00/141;  Mofras,  Explor.,  i.  200;  Lazcano, 
Vida  de  Ovledo,  149-50;  Alfaro  y  Pina,  Cat.  de  Guad.,  5-14;  Camilla,  Espejo, 
1-297;  ficvista,  Soien.,  ii.  110-11;  Morfi,  Diario,  329;  Jacob's  Hist.  Inq.,  ii. 
153;  Dampicr^s  Voy.,  i.  257-72;  Salvador,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Max.,  3d  series,  iv. 
053;  Cauo,  Tres  Stylos,  ii.  103-4;  Museo  Mex.,  2d  ep.  i.  2;  FunndVs  Voy., 
91;  Gil,  in  Soc.  Mex.  Geocj.,  viii.  493. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

THE    CONQUEST    OF   NAYARIT. 
1701-1722. 

THE  LAST  REFUGE  or  IDOLATRY  IN  NUEVA  GALICIA — GEOGRAPHY  OF  NAYA- 
RIT — CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  NATIVES— PARTIAL  SUCCESS  OF  ARISBABA 
IN  1618— TROUBLE  AT  ACAPONETA — MASSACRE  OF  BRACAMONTE  AND  HIS 
PARTY  IN  1701-— REVOLT  AT  COLOTLAN— THE  BAREFOOT  FRIARS— MEX- 
DIOLA'S  EXPEDITION  AND  THE  FIRST  JESUIT  ATTEMPT— THE  TONATI 
VISITS  MEXICO— His'  TREATY  AND  HIS  FLIGHT— PREPARATIONS  AND  OB 
STACLES  AT  ZACATECAS — CAMP  AT  PEYOTLAN — FLORES  IN  COMMAND — 
ASSAULT  ON  THE  MESA — THE  NAYARITS  SUBDUED  AND  CONQUEST 
ACHIEVED — PROGRESS  OF  THE  MISSIONS. 

AFTER  the  conclusion  of  the  Mixton  war1  it  was  be 
lieved  that  the  powerful  blow  administered  by  Vice 
roy  Mendoza  to  the  revolted  savages  of  Nueva  Galicia 
had  been  final.  The  utter  defeat  and  rout  of  the 
Chichimecs,  who  then  made  a  last  heroic  effort  to 
throw  off  the  Spanish  yoke,  had  been  decisive.  The 
Spaniards  enjoyed  the  peaceful  possession  of  the  terri 
tory  in  the  firm  belief  that  no  further  attempts  would 
ever  be  made  by  the  scattered  natives  to  assert  their 
ancient  rights.  The  Indians  had  not  been  finally  sub 
dued,  however,  and  two  centuries  later  the  struggle 
was  to  be  renewed.  Many  of  the  natives  who  had 
escaped  death  or  captivity  at  Cuind,  Nochistlan,  and 
Mixton  had  taken  refuge  in  what  was  later  known  as 
the  sierra  of  Nayarit.2 

1  See  Hist.  Mex.,  ii.  490-515,  this  series. 

2  The  region  so  called  is  situated  in  modern  Jalisco,  north  of  the  Tololo- 
tlan,  on  and  south  of  the  Durango  boundary,  east  of  the  coast  province  of  Aca- 
poneta,  west  of  Zacatecas,  on  and  near  the  river  San  Pedro.     In  Naynrltas, 
IteL,  4-5,  Nayarit  is  described  as  a  province  of  22  pueblos,  lying  within  a 
triangle  formed  by  the  towns  of  Zacatecas,  Huajuquilla,  and  Guazamota.     It 
included  a  valley  enclosed  by  high  mountains  broken  only  by  the  llio  Vara- 

(310) 


NATIVE  NATIONS. 


311 


Very  little  has  been  learned  about  the  country 
since  its  so-called  conquest  in  the  first  quarter  of  the 
last  century.  It  is  still  inhabited  for  the  most  part 
by  aborigines  seemingly  but  little  under  the*  control 
of  Mexican  authority,  and  has  become  famous  of  late 
years  as  the  central  stronghold  from  which  the  native 
chieftain  Lozada  attempted  valiantly,  but  in  Vain,  to 
restore  the  independence  of  his  nation.  One  or  two 


NAYARTT. 

difficult  passes,  easily  defended  against  a  superior  in 
vading  force,  lead  to  a  succession  of  wooded  peaks, 
arid  mesas,  huge  chasms,  and  small  valleys  of  consid 
erable  fertility.  The  natives  inhabiting  this  region 
became  known  to  the  Spaniards  as  Nayarits,  Coras, 
and  Tecualmes;  there  were  also  other  minor  tribes, 
who  together  with  them  claimed  descent  from  the 


eant  the  Tololotlan.  The  entrance  is  ten  leagues 
ling  to  Aposttflicos  Afancs,  173,  the  chief  river  is  the 
)bably  the  modern  San  Pedro,  which  is  tributaf-y  to 


nia — by  which  may  be  meant 

from  Guazamota.     According 

Jesus  Maria  y  Joseph,  probably  the  modern  San  Pedro,  which  is  tributary 

the  Tololotlan.     Mota-Padilla  and  Alegre  content  themselves  with  giving 

latitude  and  longitude,  with  general  bearings  from  well  known  points.     It  is 

evident  that  the  early  writers  knew  nothing  of  Nayarit  geography. 


312  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 

Aztecs,  a  claim  supported  to  some  extent  by  their 
language.3 

In  the  central  parts  of  Nayarit  are  two  plateaus, 
known  as  the  mesas  del  Tonati  and  del  Cangrejo,  on 
the  former  of  which  were  the  nation's  sacred  temples. 
The  people  were  a  bold  race  of  mountaineers,  for  the 
most  part  savages,  their  Aztec  forefathers  having 
handed  down  to  them  only  a  few  religious  forms,  and 
a  knowledge  of  agriculture.  They  enjoyed  a  fine  and 
healthy  climate.  In  their  territory  was  an  abundance 
of  wild  fruits,  and  no  lack  of  game.  They  dwelt  in 
security  under  the  protection  of  their  own  gods,  with 
whom  they  were  content;  but  what  they  seem  to  have 
prized  above  all  was  their  long  immunity  from  Span 
ish  and  Christian  intermeddling.  Nevertheless  they 
beheld  with  distrust  the  progress  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  gradually  found  themselves  entirely  surrounded 
by  numerous  missions.  From  their  observations  and 
the  reports  of  fugitives  they  had  ample  opportunities 
to  study  the  effects  of  the  new  institutions  that  had 
encircled  their  retreat;  but  their  conclusion  was  that 
their  old  gods,  customs,  and  rulers  were  good  enough. 
Like  most  other  natives,  they  doubted  not  their  abil 
ity  to  resist,  with  the  aid  of  their  natural  defences, 
notwithstanding  their  small  numbers — perhaps  never 
more  than  three  or  four  thousand.  Circumstances 
contributed  to  strengthen  their  self-confidence  as  the 
Spaniards  long  delajed  active  measures  to  subdue 
them. 

The  Indians  in  their  visits  to  the  coast,  where  they 
were  wont  to  obtain  salt  in  large  quantities  for  barter 
with  inland  tribes,  or  to  the  Zacatecan  towns,  came 
often  into  friendly  contact  with  the  friars  and  soldiers, 
always  declining  their  invitations  to  become  Christians, 
.and  gradually  forming  the  idea  that  submission  was  to 

3  See  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States,  iii.  719-20.  The  region  is  often 
called  sierra  de  los  Coras.  According  to  Apostdlicos  Afane.s,  8-9,  the  Nay- 
arits  were  there  when  the  Mexicans  marched  south  in  search  of  homes,  and 
the  long  lines  of  intrenchments  by  which  they  defended  their  land  were  still 
visible  in  1752. 


EARLY  EXPEDITIONS.  313 

be  altogether  optional.    The  friars,  however,  had  other 
views. 

In  the  sixteenth  century  there  is  no  record  of  any 
definite  communication  with  Nayarit;  but  we  are  told 
that  in  the  first  years  of  the  seventeenth,  Captain 
Geronimo  de  Arciniega  penetrated  to  Guainamota, 
took  thence  two  thousand  Indians,  and  with  them 
founded  four  settlements.4  Then  we  have  a  vague 
narrative  of  the  expedition  in  1616  to  1618  of  Cap 
tain  Miguel  Cadera  with  several  companions.  They 
are  said  to  have  set  forth  from  Compostela  and  to 
have  spent  some  time  about  the  entrance  to  the  for 
bidden  realms,  meeting  the  king  and  his  attendants, 
receiving  four  children  as  a  gift,  and  making  so  favor 
able  an  impression  that  some  of  the  Nayarits-came  to 
Tepic  and  even  submitted  to  baptism.  About  the 
same  time  a  band  of  rebellious  Tepehuanes  from 
Durango  sought  refuge  in  the  southern  sierra,  and 
Captain  Bartolome  Arisbaba,  pursuing  them,  met 
Caldera  and  the  Indians  at  Guazamota.  Here  was 
a  chance  for  the  great  chief  to  give  a  practical  demon 
stration  of  his  new 'friendship,  as  in  fact  he  is  said  to 
have  done,  by  offering  to  join  in  the  pursuit.  Of  the 
result  we  only  know  that  Arisbaba  left  on  a  stone 
preserved  in  the  church  at  Guazamota  as  late  as  the 
middle  of  the  eighteenth  century,  an  inscription  recit 
ing  that  in  1618  he  conquered  the  province  of  San 
Jose  del  Gran  Nayar.  His  conquest  however  cannot 
have  been  a  very  effectual  one,  probably  consisting  of 
certain  ceremonies  of  formal  submission,  of  which  the 
wily  natives  were  ever  prodigal  outside  of  their  own 
territory;  and  Guazamota  was  on  the  frontier  and 

*Mata-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal,  458-9.  Other  Indians  were  added  in  1G03, 
and  in  1G05  the  king  thanked  Arciniega  for  his  services.  The  same  author 
relates  that  in  1613  father  Miguel  de  Aranzii  walked  barefoot  up  the  Sierra 
de  los  Coras,  meeting  many  natives  under  a  one-eyed  chieftain  who  said  his 
name  was  Nayarit,  thus  originating  a  name  for  the  province  and  for  the  peo 
ple.  It  is  probable  that  the  name  did  come  from  a  native  ruler.  According 
to  Apostolicos  A  fanes,  2,  9,  it  was  from  El  Naye,  the  first  who  attained  to 
regal  power.  El  Gran  Nayar  is  another  and,  according  to  this  author,  more 
vulgar  form.  He  however  calls  the  chief  ruler  in  1G1G  El  Gran  Nayarit. 


314  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 

not  within  the  pass.  From  this  time,  the  Franciscans 
seem  to  have  had  a  station  there.5 

It  was  also  in  1617  that  Acaponeta  was  attacked 
and  destroyed  by  a  force  said  to  have  come  from  Du- 
rango,  and  which  seems  to  have  incited  a  revolt  of 
the  natives  in  this  region.  Aid  soon  came  from  Gua 
dalajara  and  Guadiana  however,  and  peace  was  re 
stored.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  Arisbaba  was  in 
command  of  the  reenforceinent  sent  on  this  occasion, 
and  that  it  was 'against  the  destroyers  of  Acaponeta 
that  the  alliance  of  the  Gran  Nayarit  was  utilized. 
In  1667,  and  again  a  few  years  later,  the  Franciscans 
drew  from  Nayarit  some  converts  for  their  outside 
missions.  According  to  a  royal  decree  of  1673  the 
friars  were  to  be  aided  in  their  efforts,  but  nothing 
more  was  done  during  the  century.6 

In  1701  Captain  Francisco  Bracamonte,  who  seems 
to  have  been  military  commander  on  the  frontier,  had 
gained  the  friendship  of  the  Nayarits,  and  was  even 
known  as  protector  of  the  Gran  Nayar.  Governor 
Gutierre  of  Nueva  Galicia  now  proposed  to  use  his 
influence  in  the  subjugation  of  their  territory.  Bra 
camonte,  not  without  misgivings,  accepted  the  offer, 
and  with  several  priests,  escorted  by  a  dozen  soldiers, 
set  about  his  task.  The  Nayarits  were  indignant  at 
this  action  of  their  friend,  and  forbade  all  further  ad 
vances.  Foolishly  Bracamonte  was  induced  by  his 
'companions  to  go  on  and  enter  the  pass  known  as  El 
Simon.  The  result  was  that  only  one  of  the  ill-fated 
band  escaped,  badly  wounded,  the  rest  being  slain 
with  their  commander.7 

The  natives  now  became  more  aggressive  in  their 
policy.  In  1702  there  were  tumults  on  the  frontier, 
during  which  the  Nayarits  not  only  sheltered  fugitives, 

6  Apostolicos   A  fanes,  28-34;  Alegre,  Hist.  Comp.,  iii.   197-8.     Arlegui, 
Cron.  Zac.,  172,  tells  us  that  his  order  first  entered  Nayarit  in  1635. 

6 See  Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  459. 

7  The  account  of  this  occurrence  in  Apostolicos  Afanes,  34-5,  is  made  up 
from  a  written  statement  by  the  survivor,  and  from  the  testimony  of  some 
Indians  who  were  present  at  the  massacre. 


A  PLACE  OF  EVIL  OCCUPATION.  315 

but  sent  a  force  under  the  chief  Tzomon  to  aid  the 
malecontents.  Depredations  were  committed  from 
time  to  time;  and  though  open  rebellion  was  finally 
prevented  on  the  west,  the  dissatisfaction- spread  east 
ward,  and  in  1703-4  as  we  are  told  by  Arlegui,  the 
Indians  of  the  Tololotlan  sierra  rose,  killed  Captain 
Silva,  their  protector,  threatened  their  curate,  and 
stole  everything  within  their  reach.  They  were  four 
thousand  in  number,  held  meetings  at  Nostic,  and  sur 
rounded  Tlaltenango;  but  Count  Santa  Rosa  marched 
against  them  with  three  hundred  'men  from  Zacate- 
cas,  and  defeated  them  with  considerable  slaughter. 
Whether  the  Nayarits  took  any  active  part  in  this 
revolt  we  are  not  informed.8 

The  Nayarits,  though  often  professing  friendship 
or  even  submission  on  the  border,  allowed  no  white 
man  to  enter  their  province;  and  thus,  by  the  weak 
ness  of.  Spanish  effort  rather  than  by  any  achievement 
of  their  own,  became  day  by  day  more  firmly  con 
vinced  that  they  could  not  be  conquered.  Various 
attempts  were  made  to  reduce  them,  but  with  insuffi 
cient  forces.  Then  a  party  of  devoted  Franciscans 
from  Nueva  Galicia  started  barefooted  from  Guada 
lajara  for  the  dominions  of  the  devil  and  Gran  Nayar. 
But  not  even  bare  and  saintly  feet  were  permitted  to 
enter  there,  and  the  sorrowing  friars  turned  back 
from  Guazamota.  All  this  occurred  before  1709. 
The  Nayarits, 'however,  as  proved  later,  were  by  no 
means  invincible;  all  that  was  required  for  their 
reduction  was  a  determined  effort  by  a  few  hundred 
armed  men.9 

The  time  for  decisive  action  had  not  yet  arrived. 

*Arler}iti,  Cron.  Zac.,  89-90,  201.  Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal,  459,  gives 
the  date  of  the  defeat  of  Bracamonte — whom  he  calls  Juan — in  1709. 

9  The  Jesuit  chroniclers,  like  the  author  of  the  Society's  Apostdlicos  Afanes, 
or  Apostolic  Labors,  though  dpubtless  conversant  with  the  facts,  delight 
in  exaggerating  here  as  elsewhere  the  fruitless  efforts  of  state  and  church  to 
bring  gentiles  to  law  and  faith  before  the  task  was  undertaken  by  the  com 
pany  of  Jesus.  The  Jesuits  were,  like  other  orders,  zealous  and  able  workers; 
but  they  also  had  the  good  fortune  in  several  notable  instances  to  undertake 
a  difficult  task,  just  when  the  government  was  ready  to  learn  by  past  ex 
perience  and  adopt  an  effective  policy. 


316  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYAEIT. 

Pursuant  to  the  recommendation  of  oidor  Pacheco  of 
Guadalajara,  a  royal  decree  of  1709  ordered  both  the 
viceroy  and  the  audiericia  to  intrust  the  spiritual  con 
quest  of  the -savage  district  to  the  famous  Franciscan 
friar  Margil  de  Jesus.  Delays  occurred,  and  the  plan 
of  Padre  Margil  was  not  matured  till  1711.  His  sug 
gestions  were  adopted  and  all  needed  aid  promised, 
but  he  was  instructed  in  case  of  failure  to  make  care 
ful  observatiqns  which  might  be  useful  in  the  future. 
The  good  friar,  with  his  companion,  Fray  Luis  Del- 
gado  Cervantes,  and  six  frontier  caciques,  set  out  for 
Guazamota.  The  Nayarit  chief  was  notified  of  their 
intention,  and  permission  to  advance  was  denied.  The 
Nayarits  would  sooner  die  than  become  Christians. 
Still,  Father  Margil  pressed  forward  until  stopped  by 
hostile  demonstrations.  No  miracle  took  place  to 
soften  the  barbarian's  heart.  The  chief  insultingly 
gave  the  friars  for  supper  a  fox-skin  stuffed  with 
straw,  and  retired  with  his  men  to  the  mountains. 
This  was  too  much  for  Christian  digestion;  and  sadly 
the  would-be  apostles  again  turned  back.  By  force 
alone  could  the  gospel  of  peace  be  given  to  these 
obstinate  heathen,  and  Father  Margil  now  came  to 
the  sensible  conclusion  that  the  next  attempt  at  con 
version  should  be  made  with  the  assistance  of  at  least 
a  hundred  well  armed  soldiers.  But  this  was  expen 
sive,  and  Nayarit  must  wait.10 

The  next  expedition  was  accompanied  by  a  member 
of  the  company  of  Jesus.  Obstacles  now  began  to  dis 
appear,  and  compared  with  preceding  attempts  this 
one  was  almost  a  success.  General  Gregorio  Matias 
de  Mendiola,  with  thirt}^  Spaniards,  a  hundred  Ind 
ians,  and  some  friars,  arrived  at  Guazamota  in  1715, 
early  in  December.  In  January  1716  the  Nayarit 

10  Father  Pablo  Felipe  wrote  a  report  of  Viis  embassy  from  which  comes 
the  information  in  Apostdlicos  Afanes,  55-61.  The  date  is  made  1710  in  Nay- 
aritas,  Eel..  6,  and  Pedro  Alvarez  de  Roa  is  named  as  protector  in  that  year. 
In  the  saint's  life,  Marcjil,  Notizie,  67-7'2,  it  is  stated  that  he  was  on  the  point 
of  being  killed  during  this  journey,  but  that  God  struck  terror  into  the  hearts 
of  the  savages,  thus  saving  his  life. 


PABLO  FELIPE.  317 

chiefs  allowed  them  to  enter  the  pass,  and  the  country 
was  named,  after  the  day,  Provincia  del  Santo  Nombre 
de  Jesus.  Passing  across  the  San  Pedro  up  a  steep 
grade  to  a  plateau,  they  were  ceremoniously  received 
by  four  hundred  young  warriors;  further  on  they  met 
the  priests  of  the  sun  and  Nayarit  nobility.  They  were 
greeted  with  the  barbarous  etiquette  of  the  sierra 
tribes.  The  savages  readily  went  through  the  forms 
of  submission  to  the  authority  of  Felipe  "V.,  but  re 
fused  to  change  their  religion. 

Argument  was  in  vain,  and  after  several  days  of 
festivity  the  Spaniards  noted  some  peculiarities  of  con 
duct  on  the  part  of  their  hosts,  which  prompted  them 
to  retire  with  more  alacrity  than  they  had  entered.11 

The  mountaineers  now  became  more  haughty  and 
daring  than  ever,  until  the  tribes  of  the  coast,  tired 
of  their  continued  outrages,  assumed  about  1718  a 
hostile-attitude,  attacked  small  parties  which  ventured 
out  of  the  stronghold,  and  finally  were  able  to  cut  oif 
Nayarit  communication  with  the  coast.  Then  came  a 
new  cedula  urging  as  usual  active  measures  for  the 
breaking  up  of  this  last  refuge  of  idolatry  in  Nueva 
Galicia.  The  viceroy  put  the  matter  into  the  hands 
of  Martin  Verdugo  de  Haro,  corregidor  of  Zacatecas, 
and  the  latter  intrusted  it  to  Juan  de  la  Torre  Valdes 
y  Garnboa,  a  rich  and  popular  citizen  of  Jerez,  with 
the  suggestion  that  a  Nayarit  representative  be  in 
duced  to  visit  Mexico.  Circumstances  were  favorable, 
since  the  Nayarits  were  in  great  trouble  about  the 
cutting-off  of  their  salt  supply  for  consumption  and 
trade.  Pablo  Felipe,  native  chief  and  governor  at 
San  Nicolas,  exerted  his  diplomatic  powers  in  favor 
of  Spanish  interests,  and,  particularly  in  the  interests 
of  his  friend  Torre,  easily  persuaded  the  Indians  that 
the  viceroy  alone  could  effectually  redress  their  wrongs, 
that  a  personal  application  to  that  official  was  essential, 

11  A  letter  to  the  bishop,  February  25,  1716,  by  Father  Solchaga,  who  ac 
companied  this  expedition  as  chaplain,  is  the  authority  given  in  Apostollcos 
A/axes,  03-7:3;  it  is  followed  in  Aleyrc,  Hist.  Comp.,  iii.  199-201.  Other 
writers  do  not  mention  Mendiola's  expedition. 


318 


THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 


and  that  Juan  de  la  Torre  was  the  man  above  all  others 
to  accompany  their  embassy  to  Mexico  and  take  charge 
of  their  interests. 

Accordingly  the  tonati,  or  guestlacatl,  that  is  to  say 
the  chief,12  notified  Torre  of  his  purpose  to  visit  him 
with  fifty  of  his  subjects  for  consultation.  The  viceroy 
was  notified  of  this  intended  visit  by  a  letter  of  the  cor- 
regidor  dated  November  25,  l720,13at  a  time  when  Juan 


ANCIENT  MAP  or  NAYARIT. 

12  Called  also  Tonat,  Tonatin,  Tonatiuh,  Tonali,  Nayarit,  Nayerit,  Nayar, 
Naye,  Giiestlacalt,  Guactlaco,  and  Gueitlacal. 

13 Nayaritas,  Relation  de  la  Conquista  de  la  Provincla  de  los  Nayaritas  en 
el  Reyno  de  la  Nueva  Espafla,  que  cons'ujuieron  las  Armas  de  su  Alagestad  a 
principles  de  cste  auo  de,  1722,  Madrid  (about  1723),  sin.  4to,  30  p.  This  is  a 
report  dated  Madrid,  Oct.  6,  17*22,  apparently  made  to,  and  by  order  of.  the 
king,  by  a  writer  whose  name  is  not  given.  It  is  a  little  volume  of  consider 
able  historical  value  which  has  now  become  very  rare. 

Another  important  authority  on  the  final  conquest  is  the  Gacetas  de  Mex 
ico,  a  serial  publication,  or  newspaper,  begun  by  Dr.  Juan  Ignacio  de  Casto- 
rcna  y  Ursua  at  the  beginning  of  1722,  just  in  time  to  include  in  the  first 
numbers  for  January- April  of  that  year,  the  news  from  Nayarit.  These  old 
est  numbers  were  reprinted  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  se"rie  ii.  iv.  Of  the  series 
from  1784  to  1821  I  have  a  complete  set  in  my  library. 


ATTITUDE  OF  THE  TONATI.  319 

Berrotaran  was  negotiating  for  the  conduct  of  the  en 
terprise,  having  offered  to  raise  two  hundred  men  for 
forty  days  at  his  own  cost;  but  he  immediately  ap 
pointed  Torre  capitan  protector  of  Nayarit,  with  four 
hundred  and  fifty  pesos  per  year  for  his  expenses,  and 
an  allowance  of  two  or  three  hundred  with  which  to 
entertain  the  embassy.14  This  according  to  Mota- 
Padilla  was  on  December  10th,  and  at  the  appointed 
time  the  tonati  with  his  fifty  companions  arrived  at 
Jerez.  Every  attention  was  shown  them,  both  here 
and  at  Zacatecas  where  they  soon  went  with  their  pro 
tector.  The  devil,  fearing  to  be  forced  from  his  last 
Galician  intrench ments,  circulated  a  report  that  the 
tonati's  companions  were  not  Nayarits  at  all,  but 
apostate  frontiersmen.  This  not  being  credited,  he 
worked  upon  the  fears  of  the  Indians  themselves,  so 
that  twenty-five  of  the  fifty  on  one  excuse  or  another 
returned  home.  The  rest  followed  their  ruler  to 
Mexico,  where  they  arrived  under  the  escort  of  Cap 
tain  Torre  and  Captain  Santiago  Rioja,  in  February 
1721.15 

The  visitors  were  entertained  in  the  metropolis 
with  the  attention  and  pomp  due  their  rank,  hospi 
talities  being  measured  somewhat  by  what  the  Span 
iards  hoped  to  gain.  They  created  no  little  sensation 
among  all  classes,  and  were  themselves  suitably  im 
pressed,  though  we  are  told  they  were  successful  in 
concealing  their  wonder.  At  their  first  audience  for 
the  transaction  of  business,  perhaps  on  March  16th, 
each  of  the  native  nobles,  kneeling,  presented  to  the 
viceroy  an  arrow,  and  the  tonati  offered  his  warid  and 
a  crown  of  feathers,  all  in  token  of  submission.  In 
return  the  marquis  Valero  expressed  thanks,  pardoned 
past  delinquencies,  and  received  a  written  memorial 
containing  the  Nayarit  grievances.  At  the  second 

11  So  say  Mota-Padilla  and  the  Relation.  According  to  Aposttilicos  A  fanes 
Torre  was  appointed  before  the  negotiations  for  a  visit  to  Mexico. 

13  Villa-Sefior,  Teatro,  ii.  268-9;  Dice.  Univ.,  x.  834.  Cavo,  Trcs Siglos,  ii. 
11, "-17;  and  Re  villa  Gigedo,  Iitforme,  467,  make  the  date  of  the  visit  to 
Mexico  1718. 


320  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYAEIT. 

audience  Viceroy  Valero,  after  granting  all  the  me 
morial  asked  for,  gave  his  attention  to  the  spiritual 
wants  of  the  applicants,  delivering  orally  and  in  writ 
ing  a  most  eloquent  and  convincing  argument  in  favor 
of  the  adoption  of  a  new  and  better  faith.  The  poor 
Indians  were  somewhat  confused,  but  they  could  not 
answer  the  viceregal  logic,  and  were  understood  to 
assent,  and  to  call  for  'black  padres,'  as  they  termed 
the  Jesuits,  to  instruct  their  people.  The  archbishop 
entertained  and  blessed  his  prospective  converts;  and 
the  Jesuit  provincial,  being  assured  of  non-interfer 
ence  of  other  orders  in  Nayarit,  named  on  March  19th 
fathers  Juan  Tellez  Jiron  and  Antonio  Arias  Ibarra 
as  missionaries  for  the  new  field.  He  even  made  a 
strong  effort  to  convert  and  baptize  the  tonati  then 
and  there;  but  the  latter  did  not  deem  it  a  conven 
ient  season,  owning  that  were  he  baptized  his  people 
would  probably  kill  him.  He  had  no  yearnings  for 
martyrdom,  but  at  last  agreed  to  submit  to  the  rite  at 
Zacatecas,  a  city  he  was  subsequently  very  careful  to 
avoid. 

The  treaty,  by  the  terms  of  which  the  Nayarits 
were  to  be  protected  in  all  their  rights  on  condition 
of  rendering  allegiance  to  Spain  and  admitting  Jesuit 
instructors,  was  confirmed  in  a  council  held  March 
20th.1G  The  party  soon  started  for  the  north,  Torre 
as  governor  with  authority  to  recruit  troops — called 
for  by  the  tonati  himself,  who  dared  not  return  with 
out  their  protection — and  to  draw  on  the  treasury  at 
Zacatecas  for  the  necessary  funds.  Now  the  tonati's 
real  troubles  began.  In  fact  the  royal  representative 
of  the  sun  lost  his  wits  in  Mexico,  and  promised 

16Revilla  Gigedo  in  his  report  of  1793,  Informe,  467,  gives  the  conditions 
of  the  treaty  more  fully  than  any  other.  According  to  this  authority  the 
tonati  was  to  be  sustained  as  lord  of  his  country,  his  rights  and  titles  to 
descend  to  his  successors;  his  subjects  were  never  to  pay  tribute  nor  to  ac 
knowledge  any  superior  judges  save  the  viceroy;  the  privilege  of  obtaining  salt 
from  Acaponeta  and  Nexcatitlan  free  from  all  tax  was  guaranteed;  and  re 
bellious  Nayarits  in  the  future  were  to  be  brought  gently  back  to  the  path 
of  duty.  Frejes  gives  date  of  treaty  May  20th.  His  account  of  Nayarit 
conquest  is  incomplete  and  even  inaccurate.  Hist.  Breve,  150-5. 


FURTHER  ENLISTMENT.  321 

more  than  popular  feeling  at  home  would  permit  him 
to  perform.  This  he  realized  more  and  more  as  the 
day  of  meeting  with  his  people  drew  near,  and  his 
companions  began  to  be  free  in  the  expression  of  their 
views  and  fears.  He  became  nervous  and  change 
able;  intending  at  first  perhaps  to  fulfil  his  pledges, 
else  he  would  hardly  have  asked  for  a  military  force; 
but  finally  overcome  by  his  fears,  especially  when 
warned  by  one  of  his  old  men  respecting  the  popular 
discontent  and  the  plots  of  a  rival  chieftain,  Gua- 
mocat.  At  Jerez  he  managed  to  escape  from  his 
Spanish  escort,  and  hurried  home  to  explain  his  pol 
icy,  regain  his  impaired  influence,  and  prepare  for 
defence.17 

Some  months  were  now  spent  by  the  governor  in 
preparations  at  Zacatecas  and  Jerez,  where  obstacles 
were  thrown  in  his  way  from  the  first  by  persons  who 
liked  not  to  hear  their  old  companion  addressed  as 
governor  and  general.  These  mischief-makers  had 
much  to  say  of  the  foolhardiness  of  the  expedition; 
and  then  raised  doubts  as  to  the  validity  of  some  of 
Torre's  papers,  thus  confusing  the  treasury  officials 
and  necessitating  a  hasty  trip  of  Captain  Rioja  to 
Mexico.  In  June,  however,  all  was  declared  satisfac 
tory  ;  the  proper  orders  were  issued ;  and  after  seven 
teen  citizens  had  raised  40,000  pesos  for  the  depleted 
treasury,  the  enlistment  flag  bearing  the  holy  image  of 
Christ  was  raised  on  the  29th  of  June.18  One  hun 
dred  men  were  to  be  raised  and  to  receive  each  four 
hundred  pesos.  Captain  Rioja  enlisted  fifty  at  Zaca 
tecas  and  Captain  Alonso  de  la  Reina  y  Narvaez 
another  company  of  fifty  at  Jerez.  One  hundred 

17  Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal,  472-4,  and  Villa-Senor,  Teatro,  ii.  268-9, 
state  that  the  tonati  did  not  leave  the  Spaniards  until  the  latter  had  entered 
Nayarit,  when  according  to  the  former  he  was  sent  in  advance,  or  as  the  latter 
says  fled,  taking  with  him  a  large  part  of  the  company's  property! 

18  From  Nayaritas,  Rel. ,  8-9,  it  would  appear  though  vaguely  that  some 
of  the  delay  may  have  arisen  from  the  fact  that  Torre  called  on  the  treasury 
for  more  men  than  had  been  specified  in  Mexico.    He  said  he  had  800  Indians 
enlisted  and  wanted  money  to  pay  200  soldiers.     The  names  of  the  17  con 
tributors  to  the  fund  are  given. 

HIST.  MEX.,  VOL.  III.    21 


322  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 

Indian  allies  were  also  enlisted.  Father  Jiron  bad 
accompanied  the  embassy  from  Mexico,  and  father 
Ibarra  now  came  down  from  Nueva  Vizcaya.  The 
Jesuits  were  allowed  nine  hundred  and  eighty-four 
pesos  for  sacred  utensils,  and  an  additional  sum  for 
clothing  and  gifts  with  which  to  conciliate  the  natives. 

Just  as  the  army  was  about  to  march,  Governor 
Torre  was  stricken  with  a  serious  brain  trouble, 
resulting  from  past  anxiety,  and  amounting  almost  to 
insanity.  The  viceroy  was  notified  of  the  calamity, 
but  before  any  reply  was  received  the  governor  recov 
ered  his  health  and  marched  with  his  men  to  Huaju- 
quilla,  perhaps  in  July  or  August.  Nothing  had  been 
heard  from  Nayarit;but  now  came  conflicting  rumors 
from  dwellers  on  the  frontier  respecting  the  tonati's 
intentions.  Cristobal  Geronimo,  a  friendly  Cora,  was 
sent  forward,  but  the  Nayarits  demanded  more  time 
before  giving  any  definite  reply.  In  the  mean  while 
news  of  Torre's  malady  reached  the  viceroy  and  orders 
came  north  for  Count  Laguna  to  take  command. 
Considerable  correspondence  and  delay  ensued,  and 
finally  the  count  came  to  Huajuquilla,  where  he  found 
that,  although  the  commander  was  still  afflicted  at 
intervals,  yet  it  would  cause  dissatisfaction  for  him  to 
assume  command,  since  many  of  the  officers  and  men 
had  enlisted  merely  from  friendship  to  Torre.  Pie 
therefore  decided  to  let  the  governor  go  on,  but  to 
remain  himself  as  colonel  on  the  frontier  to  be  prepared 
for  any  emergency.  The  little  army  set  out  for 
Nayarit  on  the  26th  of  September. 

The  distance  was  thirty  leagues  over  a  difficult  and 
dangerous  way.  Fording  a  large  river  called  Cha- 
palagama  and  climbing  a  steep  grade  they  entered 
El  Final,  where  on  October  1st  they  met  Geronimo 
with  a  message  to  the  effect  that  the  Spaniards  might 
come  to  the  pass  and  in  a  designated  spot  await  fur 
ther  communications.  Next  day  they  said  mass  at 
Angel  cle  la  Guarda,  looked  from  the  summit  upon  the 
promised  land — "fit  only  for  apostates  or  apostles," 


BATTLE  OF  TEAURITE.  323 

and  later  known  as  the  Nayarit  hell — and  descended 
to  the  rendezvous  in  the  pass.  The  spot  was  unfavor 
able  both  for  comfort  and  defence;  many  Indians  vis 
ited  the  camp  in  pretended  friendliness,  but  the  rulers 
did  not  make  their  appearance.  The  governor  went 
in  person  to  meet  a  band  of  two  hundred  warriors  at 
a  rancheria  near  by,  and  was  ordered  by  an  apostate 
chief,  Cucut,  the  Serpent,  to  leave  the  country  since 
the  tonati's  acts  in  Mexico  would  not  be  ratified  by 
the  people.  When  Torre  refused  to  comply,  the  In 
dians  pretended  to  listen  to  his  arguments,  became 
very  friendly,  and  even  held  out  hopes  of  submis 
sion  in  the  near  future.  During  the  next  few  days 
smoke  signals  were  seen  in  all  directions;  Nayarit 
spies,  including  Melchor  and  Alonso,  two  of  the  lead 
ing  chiefs,  came  to  inspect  the  Spanish  camp;  and 
other  spies  .sent  out  by  Torre  reported  a  plan  to 
assemble  for  formal  homage,  and  having  arranged  the 

O      '  O  O 

warriors  advantageously  to  attack  at  a  given  signal.19 
A  council  of  war  decided  upon  a  retreat  to  Peyotlan, 
five  leagues  from  the  pass.  The  Indians  treacherously 
protested  against  the  change,  promising  everything, 
and  the  governor  was  inclined  to  credit  their  promises; 
but  his  men,  and  especially  the  native  allies,  insisted. 
The  Spaniards  remained  at  Peyotlan  from  the  llth 
to  the  19th  of  October,  frequently  visited  by  Nayarits, 
who  declared  that  the  nation  awaited  only  the  coming 
of  the  tonati  to  submit. 

Meantime  that  dignitary  was  in  council  with  the 
elders  at  the  rancheria  of  El  Portero.  He  was  op 
posed  to  war,  and  favored  the  admission  of  at  least  the 
padres,  but  was  induced  to  leave  the  whole  matter  to 
the  old  men.  Their  decision  was  to  name  Coaxata,  or 
Guasta,  as  a  rendezvous,  and  to  attack  the  Spaniards 
on  the  way  thither  at  the  Teaurite  pass  where  the 
trail  crossed  a  stream.  This  was  on  the  17th,  and  two 

19  According  to  Nayaritas,  Rel.,  10,  the  warning  came  on  October  10th,  and 
the  attack  was  planned  for  October  16th.  This  writer  speaks  of  a  change  of 
camp  but  does  not  name  Peyotlan.  Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  Ar.  Gal.,  473-4,  says 
nothing  of  a  retreat  before  the  battle.  •* 


324  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 

days  later  Torre  inarched  for  Coaxata.  The  battle 
took  place  on  the  20th;20  it  was  not  an  unexpected 
attack  by  ambushed  foes,  since  the  Spaniards  were 
forewarned.  The  hills  swarmed  with  natives;  the  Na- 
yarit  chief  stood  in  sight  directing  his  men  where  the 
padres  went  up  to  embrace  him,  and  the  army  made 
no  special  effort  to  retire,  notwithstanding  the  unfa 
vorable  nature  of  the  spot  for  a  fight.  The  Christians 
were  enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  arrows,  but  soon  learned 
they  had  nothing  to  fear;  the  arrows  fell  harmless, 
only  scratching  slightly  seven  or  eight  men.  Santiago 
with  his  heavenly  corps  was  plainly  visible  to  the  sav 
age  patriots,  fighting  for  the  invaders;  and  after  an 
hour's  ineffectual  fight  Alonso  retired  with  a  loss  of 
forty  or  fifty  warriors,  and  devoted  his  whole  atten 
tion  thereafter  to  the  defense  of  the  mesa.  The 
Spaniards  having  come  to  take  possession  in  accord 
ance  with  past  promises  rather  than  to  conquer,  did 
not  deem  their  force  sufficient  to  follow  up  the  victory, 
and  retired  to  Peyotlan.  This  is  the  Jesuit  version ; 
according  to  Mota-Padilla  the  glorious  victory  was  a 
defeat,  and  the  Spaniards  with  difficulty  escaped  with 
their  lives.21 

During  the  remaining  months  of  1721,  fortifications 
were  strengthened  at  Peytolan,  the  presidio  being 
called  apparently  San  Juan ;  while  the  friars  gathered 
about  one  hundred  natives,  baptized  them, and  founded 
there  the  pueblo  of  Santa  Rita.  Governor  Torre  re 
ported  to  the  viceroy,  asked  for  aid  and  instructions, 
and  at  the  same  time  called  upon  Jerez  and  Zacatecas 
for  temporary  reinforcements  with  which  to  hold  his 
position  and  check  threatening  movements  in  the 
frontier  towns.  Fifty  men  were  at  once  enlisted  un 
der  Captain  Nicolas  Escobedo  and  Nicolas  Caldera, 

20Alegre,  Hist.  Comp.  Jesus,  iii.  201-6,  says  Oct.  26th,  and  Mota-Padilla 
makes  it  Oct.  3d. 

21  Coiiq.  N.  Gal,  473-4.  He  makes  the  date  Oct.  3d,  and  speaks  of  24  cap 
tives.  In  the  Relation,  10,  it  is  stated  that  Torre  was  attacked  suddenly  by 
500  men  in  ambush,  and  that  after  an  hour's  hard  fighting  both  parties  retired. 
This  version  is  a  medium  between  the  others  and  is  perhaps  the  most  reliable. 


GOVERNOR  FLORES.  325 

and  sent  to  Peyotlan  where  they  remained  a  month 
or  more.22  Communication  with  the  Nayarits  on  the 
mesa  was  not  rare.  Negotiations,  of  which  the  de 
tails  are  complicated  and  need  not  be  repeated,  took 
much  the  same  course  with  much  the  same  results  as 
before  the  battle.  Many  of  the  chiefs  were  free  with 
their  promises,  but  never  quite  ready  to  perform. 
Torre  called  upon  them  repeatedly  to  submit,  but  was 
not  ready  to  enforce  his  order,  and  always  granted 
the  few  days'  delay  required.  On  the  mesa  a  small 
party  with  the  tonati  still  opposed  resistance;  but 
a  plot  was  formed  to  kill  the  tonati  and  put  another 
in  his  place.  The  plot  failed,  partly  because  the  rival 
chieftain  was  captured  by  the  Spaniards  in  one  of 
their  raids  to  the  foot  of  the  mesa. 

In  Mexico,  though  it  was  resolved  to  prosecute  the 
war,  it  was  deemed  unsafe  to  trust  the  command 
longer  to  Torre,  a  return  of  whose  malady  might 
cause  disaster  at  the  very  moment  of  success.  Juan 
Flores  de  San  Pedro23  was  made  governor,  and  Torre 
was  summoned  to  Mexico.  The  order  came  on  De 
cember  8th,  and  the  new  commander,  marching  from 
Villanueva  on  the  24th,  arrived  on  the  4th  or  5th  of 
January  1722,  at  the  camp  of  San  Juan,24  with  sixty 
men,  three  hundred  horses,  and  a  large  store  of  sup 
plies.  Captain  Escobedo  and  his  men  seem  to  have 
returned  at  -about  the  same  time.  Torre  gave  up  the 
command  arid  started  for  Mexico.25 

Governor   Flores   lost    no    time    in    notifying   the 

22  The  names  of  citizens  who  contributed  to  the  fund  of  839  pesos  are  given 
in  Nayaritas,  Eel.,  13-17.     Capt.  Escobedo  raised  his  company  at  his  own 
cost. 

23  So  called  in  Aposttilicos  Aj'anes,  148;  Gacetas  de  Mex.t  Jan.  1722,  and 
Nayaritas,  ReL,  16.     Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  474,  and  Ilevilla  Gigedo, 
Informs,  467,  call  him  Juan  Flores  de  la  Torre,  a  descendant  of  the  second 
governor  of  N.  Galicia.    Mota-Padilla  attributes  Torre's  insanity  to  his  defeat, 
and  accordingly  represents  the  correspondence  with  Count  Laguna  as  having 
taken  place  while  the  army  was  at  Peyotlan. 

24  Called  Santiago  Teyotan  in  the  Gacetas  de  Hex. 

25  The  Gaceta  de  M ex.  for  Jan.  1722  contains  the  notice  that  Capt.  Rioja 
had  arrived  with  news  of  the  battle,  and  that  Torre  was  expected  soon.     The 
number  for  Feb.  announces  Torre's  arrival.     The  force  brought  by  Flores  is 
given  by  Mota-Padilla  as  60;  by  the  Afanes  as  70;  and  by  the  Relation  as  16. 


S26  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 

Nayarits  of  his  appointment,  of  his  intention  to  take 
immediate  possession,  and  of  his  desire  to  receive  at 
once  the  promised  allegiance.  After  a  not  very  suc 
cessful  resort  to  their  former  dilatory  tactics,  they 
formally  announced  on  January  13th  their  purpose 
to  defend  the  mesa.  Thereupon  Flores,  who  had  al 
ready  sent  out  expeditions  in  different  directions  to 
close  all  avenues  of  escape,  began  active  operations  on 
the  14th.  Dividing  his  force  he  marched  in  person 
with  fifty  soldiers  and  many  Indians  via  Guainamarus, 
where  he  began  the  foundation  of  Santa  Teresa,26 
with  three  hundred  natives,  making  a  long  detour  to 
attack  the  mesa  from  the  west.  Escobedo  with  a 
like  force  took  a  shorter  way  to  the  eastern  base. 
This  plan  of  attack  by  divided  forces  was  not,  as  the 
Jesuit  chronicler  justly  observes,  a  very  wise  one; 
but  it  resulted  in  no  harm,  save  to  the  governor  him 
self,  who  was  perhaps  deprived  by  it  of  the  personal 
honors  of  the  victory. 

Escobedo  had  orders  to  march  slowly  so  as  to  as 
sault  the  mesa  on  January  17th,  simultaneously  with 
Flores  from  the  opposite  side;  but  he  arrived  on  the 
loth,  and  could  nc-t  resist  the  temptation  to  begin 
operations  at  once.  The  Indians  of  the  mesa  del 
Cangrejo  adjoining  that  of  the  Tonati  were  induced 
to  offer  no  resistance,  and  to  abide  by  the  result  if 
their  neighbors  were  vanquished.  On  the  morning 
of  the  16th  Escobedo's  force  began  the  ascent,  and 
reached  the  summit  late  in  the  afternoon,  having  left 
the  horses  half  way  up,  with  a  guard.  Authority  is 
not  wanting  to  warrant  the  historian  in  giving  to  the 
Nayarits  a  valiant  defence,  terminated  perhaps  by  a 
leap  down  the  precipice  of  the  few  who  escaped  Spanish 
bullets.  The  Jesuit  historian  pictures  a  terrible  con 
flict  as  Escobedo's  men  fought  their  way  inch  by  inch 
up  the  narrow,  steep,  and  tortuous  trail,  over  suc- 

*6  Called  Santa  Teresa  de  Miraflores,  from  Teresa,  his  wife's  name,  and 
Flores,  his  own.  Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  478.  According  to  the  Rela 
tion,  17,  he  arrived  here  on  the  loth;  the  pueblo  was  named  Santa  Gertrudis 
and  the  presidio  Santa  Teresa. 


ESCOBEDO'S  MOVEMENTS.  327 

cessive  lines  of  artificial  as  well  as  natural  defences, 
enveloped  in  clouds  of  arrows  and  showers  of  stones 
hurled  from  slings,  and  above  all  impeded  continually 
by  immense  masses  of  rock  which  were  precipitated 
from  the  cliff  and  dashed  large  trees  into  splinters  as 
they  passed !  Others  assert  that  not  one  of  the  assail 
ants,  and  but  one  or  two  of  the  defenders,  were  in 
jured — which  is  somewhat  absurd  unless  with  the 
chronicler  we  can  regard  the  proceeding  as  miraculous; 
for  Santiago  fought  with  the  Spaniards,  and  against 
him  human  missiles  could  not  prevail.  It  must  be 
confessed,  that  in  the  light  of  their  reputed  bravery 
and  the  strength  of  their  position,  the  Nayarits  made 
but  a  sorry  show  of  resistance  or  heroism. 

The  author  of  the  Afanes  admits  that  an  accidental 
turning  aside  into  a  by-path  near  the  top  materially 
aided  the  assailants  and  deranged  the  plans  of  the 
enemy.  Following  this  writer,  Escobedo  took  pos 
session  of  the  mesa  on  the  afternoon  of  the  16th; 
the  enemy  fled  after  one  of  their  bravest  leaders, 
Tahuitole,27  had  fallen  in  a  last  desperate  and  single- 
handed  charge,  and  Governor  Flores  arrived  next 
morning,  to  find  the  victory  won,  and  to  chide  the 
victor  for  his  haste.  Mota-Padilla,  however,  with 
little  to  say  of  hard  fighting,  tells  us  that  Escobedo 
did  not  quite  reach  the  summit  on  the  first  day,  and 
that  the  Nayarits  ran  away  when  they  heard  of 
another  force  approaching  from  the  west;  so  that 
when  Flores  next  morning  prepared  for  an  assault, 
he  found  no  foe  save  a  few  warriors  forming  a  kind  of 
rear-guard  to  the  flying  masses.  One  of  this  number 
was  Tlahuitole,  who  was  slain  by  Flores'  men.  Im 
mediate  pursuit  into  the  barrancas  was  impracti 
cable.28 

With  the  occupation  of  the  mesa  the  conquest  of 

27  Written  also  Taguitole,  Talmitole,  Tlaquilote,  and  Taquiloe. 

28  The* Relation,  17-18,  gives  only  a  general  account,  stating  that  both  at 
tacking  parties  were  miraculously  protected.     The  Gaceta  for  Feb.  does  not 
say  which  party  reached  the  summit  first,  but  seems  to  have  confused  the 
two  parties,   apparently  making  Escobedo   command   the  western  division 
under  Flores,  while  the  other  was  under  captains  Reina  and  Muro. 


328  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 

Nayarit  practically  ends.  There  was  no  further  op 
position  meriting  the  name  even  in  comparison  with 
past  events;  neither  do  subsequent  developments  re 
quire  more  than  a  general  glance  here.  The  attention 
of  the  Christians  was  first  turned  to  the  destruction 
of  temples  on  the  mesa,  with  all  their  paraphernalia  of 
idolatry.  Evil  influences  were  exorcised,  though  not 
easily,  by  the  zealous  conjurations  of  the  friars;  a 
temporary  structure  for  mass  was  erected  without  de 
lay;  and  the  bones  of  the  first  Nayar  were  sent  with 
other  relics  and  trophies  to  Mexico.29  The  new  prov 
ince  in  accordance  with  the  viceroy's  wish  was  called 
Nuevo  Reino  de  Toledo,  because  he  attributed  the 
successful  conquest  largely  to  the  image  of  our  lady 
worshipped  in  the  cathedral  of  Toledo.  Flores  was 
made  comandante  of  the  territory  he  had  won  as 
lieutenant  of  the  captain-general.  The  natives  on  the 
adjoining  Mesa  del  Cangrejo30  had  kept  their  promise, 
merely  rolling  down  a  few  stones  where  they  could  do 
no  harm  and  making  some  noise  during  the  battle  in 
order  to  make  a  good  showing  in  case  the  Spaniards 
were  defeated.  They  now  came  in  and  offered  their 
submission,  and  other  rancherlas  followed  their  exam 
ple.  Soldiers  were  despatched  in  every  direction,  and 
the  whole  native  population  was  gradually  subdued, 
though  not  without  considerable  difficulty  and  delay 
by  reason  of  the  abundance  of  almost  inaccessible 
hiding-places  long  frequented  by  apostates.31 

The  missionaries  were  as  usual  earnest  and  indus 
trious;  the  military  guard  at  first  sufficient;  and  the 
local  troubles  and  partial  revolts  less  frequent  and 
serious  than  might  have  been  anticipated  from  the 

29  The  trophies  arrived  in  Mexico  Feb.  12,  1722,  where  they  were  burned 
with  great  ceremony  for  the  good  of  the  faith.  Oacetas  de  AJex.,  Feb.  1722. 
This  author  calls  the  temple  Huci  Call/,  the  image  of  the  sun  worshipped  in  it 
Tonati,  and  the  Gran  Nayari  whose  bones  were  sent  to  Mexico  Guayco  or 
'  third.'     Mota-Padilla  calls  the  temple  Caliguei. 

30  Their  chief  is  called  Cangrejo  in  Relation,  20. 

31  Mota-Padilla  gives  more  importance  to  these  various  expeditions  than 
does  the  author  of  the  Afanes,  and  represents  the  soldiers'  sufFei-ings  as  very 
great  from  exposure,  scorpions,  etc.     According    to   Nayaritas,  Relation,  a 
Franciscan  friar,  P.  Arroyo,  accompanied  the  army. 


PRESIDIOS  AND  MISSIONS.  329 

character  of  the  people.  Already  a  presidio  of  San 
Juan,  and  a  pueblo,  or  mission,  of  Santa  Rita  had  been 
established  at  Peyotlan;  and  preparations  had  been 
made  for  a  pueblo  of  Santa  Teresa  at  Guaimarus  in 
the  north.32  Now  the  pueblo  of  Trinidad  and  presidio 
of  San  Francisco  Javier  de  Valero  were  founded  on 
the  mesa,  as  capital  of  the  province,  with  Father  Tellez 
in  charge;  in  the  north  were  founded  the  pueblo  of 
Santa  Gertrudis33  and  the  presidio  of  San  Salvador  el 
Verde;  while  on  the  river  were  located  Jesus  Maria 
and  San  Francisco  de  Paula.34 

Governor  Flores  left  Nayarit  in  March  to  visit  his 
hacienda,  not  returning  until  the  end  of  May.  Dur 
ing  his  absence  there  were  some  disturbances;  many 
Indians  ran  aw^ay  to  join  a  rebellious  band  under 
Alonso  at  the  rancheria  of  Santiago;  and  a  party 
searching  for  mines  was  attacked,  by  its  own  fault, 
and  one  man  lost.  On  the  comandante's  return,  how 
ever,  with  reinforcements,  and  with  two  padres,  Jose 
Bautista  Lopez  and  Jose  Mesa,  order  was  restored, 
and  Alonso  soon  gave  up  the  useless  struggle.  A 
new  establishment  of  San  Ignacio  was  founded  at 
Guainamota35  under  Captain  Rioja  and  Father  Mesa. 
In  July  Flores  made  an  expedition  into  the  territory 
of  the  Tecualmes  and  Coras,  and  with  natives  of  these 
tribes  founded  San  Juan  Bautista  arid  San  Pedro  on 
the  Rio  de  San  Pedro.  Of  all  the  fugitives,  an 
apostate  female  leader  named  Juana  Burro  held  out 
longest  against  the  Spaniards;  but  she  at  last  yielded 
to  gospel  influence  and  muskets.  The  comandante 
was  now  absent  again  for  a  year  or  more;  but  all  went 
well  with  the  missions,  the  new  one  of  Rosario  being 

32Coynamams,  Guaimamzi,  or  Coaymarus.  It  was  about  20  leagues  north 
west  of  the  mesa. 

33  According  to  Relation,  17,  20,  Sta  Teresa  was  the  presidio  and  Sta  Ger 
trudis  the  pueblo,  and  they  were  six  leagues  apart. 

34  The  IMacion,  27,  states  that  the  presidio  of    San  Juan  Bautista  was 
afterward  moved  to  Jesus  Maria.     Mota-Padilla,  Conq.  N.  Gal. ,  480,  says  a 
pueblo  of  Guadalupe  was  founded  in  February,  12  1.  east  of  the  mesa.     The 
Relorion,  20,  says  it  was  on  the  mesa  12  leagues  from  the  real. 

35 At  Guazamota  according  to  Dice.  Univ.,  x.  18. 


330  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYABIT. 

founded,  and  fathers  Urbano  de  Covarrubias,  Cristobal 
Lauria,  and  Manuel  Fernandez  being  added  to  the 
Jesuit  force. 

Flores  came  back  to  Nayarit  at  the  end  of  1723, 
and  new  troubles  soon  arose,  resulting  in  the  tempo 
rary  abandonment  of  Trinidad  and  Santa  Gertrudis, 
the  burning  of  the  churches  at  Rosario  and  Santa 
Teresa,  and  the  death  of  one  of  the  leading  allies  of  the 
Spaniards  named  Luna.  Aid  was  sent,  however,  from 
different  quarters,  and  quiet  restored  without  much 
difficulty.  It  is  said  that  none  of  the  missions  re 
volted  on  this  occasion  unless  the  padre  was  absent. 
Perfect  safety  was  secured  before  March,  when  Flores 
returned  with  a  body  of  fugitives  whom  he  had  pur 
sued  into  Durango. 

The  tonati  does  not  seem  to  have  been  a  very  im 
portant  personage  in  these  latter  days.  He  wandered 
for  some  time,  a  fugitive  even  from  his  own  people, 
until  captured  by  the  Spaniards  in  1722.  He  was 
baptized  in  1725,  when  the  visitador  Rivera  stood'  as 
godfather  to  this  relic  of  Nayarit  royalty.  Rivera 
found  nearly  four  thousand  Indians  in  ten  settlements, 
all  in  excellent  condition;  and  when  in  1728  the  bishop 
came  on  a  pastoral  visit  he  was  delighted  with  his 
reception  and  with  the  progress  of  the  converts. *6 

Indeed  from  this  time,  so  far  as  the  record  shows, 
the  Nayarits  were  model  converts,  attached  to  their 
teachers,  living  quietly  in  their  settlements,  and  all 
the  more  orderly  doubtless  because  few  Spaniards  ever 
had  occasion  to  visit  their  mountain  homes.  The 
missions  were  still  flourishing  in  1767  under  seven 
Jesuits,  who  were  expelled  with  their  order.37  They 

36  Alegre  speaks  of  5,000  pesos  distributed  to  pay  for  damages  during  the 
conquest;  he  also  mentions  difficulties  in  1729  caused  by  the  bad  character  of 
the  soldiers  sent  to  the  country.   Hist.  Comp.,  iii.  227-8,  238-9.     It  is  stated, 
however,  by  Mota-Padilla,  writing  in  1742,  that  the  people  had  given  no 
trouble  since  the  conquest,  and  that  the  military  governors  might  well  be 
dispensed  with.   Conq.  N.  Gal.,  510.     In  1725  a  presidio  with  38  soldiers  was 
still  kept  up.    Villa-Senor,  Teatro,  ii.  270.     In  1752  a  real  de  minas  was  es 
tablished  at  Bolanos  and  part  of  Nayarit  brought  under  a  corregidor.  Instruc 
tion  Vlreyes,  44-57. 

37  The  seven  missions  in  1767  were  Santa  Rita,  Santa  Teresa,  San  Pedro, 


MODERATION  OF  THE  MISSIONARIES.  331 

Were  then  with  their  settlements  turned  over  to  the 
Franciscans  of  Nueva  Galicia.  The  principal  mission 
on  the  mesa  was  transferred  on  February  1st,  the 
same  day  the  Jesuits  left.  All  the  missions  were  re 
ported  to  be  in  a  lamentable  condition  as  to  the 
spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  the  natives,  who  re 
ceived  no  religious  instruction,  absented  themselves  at 
will,  arid  worshipped  their  idols  unmolested,  so  that  it 
was  necessary  to  use  force  in  order  to  bring  'in  whole 
families  living  thus.  At  the  time  the  Tecualmes  of 
San  Pedro  Iscatan  still  spoke  their  native  tongue; 
but  this  was  entirely  lost  before  1785,  when  they  used 
the  mixed  Mexican  and  Spanish  spoken  in  most  of 
the  New  Spain  missions.  At  the  other  Nayarit  mis 
sions  the  Indians  were  Coras.38 

The  province  was  garrisoned  by  a  company  of  about 
forty  soldiers,  under  a  comandante  who  was  at  the 
same  time  protector  of  the  Indians,  and  who  not  in 
frequently  misused  his  power  to  oppress  the  natives. 
It  is  said  the  Jesuits  had  been  so  lenient  with  their 
flock  that  under  their  regime  the  Indians  only  con 
fessed  in  articalo  mortis,  and  most  frequently  through 
interpreters.  If  the  Franciscans  applied  more  strin 
gent  measures,  it  is  not  shown  that  they  made  more 
progress  than  their  predecessors;  in  1789  only  twelve 
friars  were  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  Nayarit,33 
nor  do  the  records  show  how  long  the  garrison  or 
missions  were  continued.40 

Jesus  Maria,  Trinidad,  Guainamota,  and  Rosario.  Comp.  de  Jesus,  Catdlogo. 
Villa-Senor,  Teatro,  ii.  271,  in  1745  adds  the  following  names:  San  Joaquin, 
Santa  Maria,  San  Lucas,  Dolores,  and  Tecualmes.  Orozco  y  Berra,  Geoy., 
279-80,  adds  San  Juan  Corapa,  Santa  F£,  and  San  Diego. 

ZsNavarro,  Misiones  de  Nayarit,  in  Pinart,  Col.  Doc.  Mex.,  467-80.  This 
author,  who  was  one  of  the  Franciscans  to  whom  the  missions  were  transferred, 
states  that  each  had  its  ranches  of  horned  cattle,  horses,  mules,  goats,  and 
sheep.  All  that  belonged  to  the  missions  had  been  placed  in  deposit  with 
Joaquin  Hernandez  Solis,  a  minero  matriculado  of  the  real  of  Tenamachi, 
who  sold  everything  without  rendering  an  account  to  the  royal  treasury.  He 
turned  over  to  the  Franciscans  only  the  empty  mission  buildings  without  furni 
ture  or  utensils  of  any  kind;  even  the  standing  crops  had  been  sold,  so  the 
friars  were  obliged  to  buy  maize  for  their  subsistence. 

™Soc.  Mex.  Gcog.,  Boletin,  2dae>,  i.  572. 

40  The  principal  authorities  consulted  on  matters  treated  in  this  chapter 
have  been  quoted  in  separate  notes.  From  certain  passages  in  the  Apostoticos 


332  THE  CONQUEST  OF  NAYARIT. 

Afanes,  I  infer  that  the  author  was  the  friar  in  charge  of  Santa  Hita  and 
Jesus  Maria  from  a  date  somewhat  earlier  than  1728,  that  he  wrote  much  of 
his  work  at  Santa  Rita,  that  his  name  was  probably  Joseph  Ortega,  and  that 
the  part  of  his  narrative  relating  to  Nayarit  was  largely  founded  on  a  manu 
script  from  the  pen  of  father  Antonio  Arias  de  Ibarra.  Frejes,  however, 
speaks  of  father  Fluvia  as  the  author.  Hist.  Breve,  20.  Of  the  three  parts 
which  make  up  the  volume  the  first  is  entitled  Maravillosa  reduction  y  con- 
guista  de  la  Provincia  de  San  Joseph  del  Gran  Nayar,  Nuevo  Reino  de  Toledo, 
filling  25  chapters  and  223  pages.  It  is  therefore  the  leading  authority  for 
the  present  chapter  of  my  work.  Mota-Padilla's  Conq.  N.  Gal.,  271-2,  319, 
458-87,  510,  written  ten  years  earlier  than  the  Afane*,  and  not  consulted  by 
the  author  of  that  work,  contains  some  information  not  included  in  the  Jesuit 
record,  and  is  hardly  second  to  it  as  an  authority.  Alegre,  Uiat.  Comp.,  iii. 
196-239,  gives  a  very  full  account  of  the  subject,  following  the  Afanen  pretty 
closely,  and  his  version  is  repeated  in  Dice.  Univ.  Geoy.,  x.  10-18,  834.  Ar- 
legui,  Cron.  Zac.,  89-90,  172-3,  201,  and  Arricivita,  Cron.  Serdf.,  88-92,  nar 
rate  the  acts  of  the  Franciscans  in  the  Nayarit  region. 


"LITERAKY  INDUSTRIES" 


IN    A 


NEW  LIGHT. 


A  STATEMENT  ON  THE  AUTHORSHIP 

OF 

Bancroft's   Native   Races  and  History  of  the  Pacific 

States, 

With  comments  on  those  works  and  the  system  by  which  they 

were  written  ;  the  library  ;  and  the  labors  of  assistants. 

The  whole    being   a   reply  to   statements   and 

claims   in   the   Literary  Industries. 


BY 

HENRY  L.  OAK 

For  eighteen  years  librarian  and  superintendent  in  the  Bancroft  Library  ;  author 
of  ten  volumes  of  the  Bancroft  Works,  including  seven  and  a  half  consecutive 
volumes  on  ANNALS  OF  THE  SPANISH  NORTHWEST, 


SAN  FRANCISCO 

BACON  PRINTING  COMPANY 

1893- 


PREFACE. 


IT  may  as  well  be  frankly  admitted  at  the  outset,  that  these 
pages  will  be  in  large  degree  devoted,  directly  or  indirectly,  to 
myself.  Therefore,  what  I  have  to  say  may  seem  to  many  an 
offensive  exhibition  of  weakness  and  egotism.  It  is  probable 
that  writers  are,  as  a  rule,  more  egotistic  than  other  workers, 
even  the  ablest  not  being  free  from  the  defect.  True,  in  the  great 
writers  egotism  is  often  counterbalanced  and  obscured,  if  not 
justified,  by  genius  ;  while  many,  with  110  claims  to  genius, 
have  yet  the  sense  and  tact  to  conceal  their  peculiar  weakness. 
If  I  shall  seem  to  lack  this  sense  and  tact,  possibly  readers 
otherwise  favorably  disposed  may  make  some  allowance  for  a 
hermit  invalid,  brooding,  perhaps  too  much,  over  the  only 
piece  of  literary  work  he  has  ever  done,  or  is  likely  to  do. 

But  I  shall  not  write  quite  exclusively  of  or  for  myself.  I 
shall  tell  exactly  how  and  by  whom  the  Bancroft  works  were 
written  ;  and  since  there  is  very  little  accurate  information  ex 
tant  on  this  subject,  and  because  those  works,  whatever  else 
may  be  said  of  them,  have  attracted  world- wide  attention,  my 
statement  should  have  in  this  respect  a  certain  degree  of  pres 
ent  bibliographic  value  and  interest  to  the  public. 

Again,  those  works,  having  been  extravagantly  praised  in 
some  quarters,  and  condemned  with  equal  extravagance  in 
others,  are  at  present,  justly  or  unjustly,  under  a  cloud,  being  as 
if  by  tacit  agreement  avoided  or  ignored  by  leading  writers  of 
the  country.  Yet  the  time  must  naturally  come  when  their 
intrinsic  merits  or  demerits,  as  records  of  a  vast  territory  found 
ed  on  original  data,  will  receive  impartial  investigation  at  the 
hands  of  students  who  have  to  use  them.  Then  the  various 
parts,  written  by  half  a  dozen  authors,  will  naturally  be  found 
to  differ  in  quality  ;  and  then,  consequently,  accurate  informa 
tion  respecting  the  authorship  should  have  a  certain  value. 


What  I  have  to  say,  moreover,  applies  largely  to  my  asso 
ciates  as  well  as  to  myself.  Our  interests  are  to  a  large  ex 
tent  identical,  though  they  are  not  at  all  responsible  for  my 
statements.  The  difference  is  for  the  most  part  only  one  of 
degree.  I  wrote  much  more  than  any  other  individual,  and 
my  topics  were  less  disconnected  than  those  of  most  others  ; 
but  I  am  by  no  means  disposed  to  ignore  or  underrate  the  value 
of  their  work.  Even  Mr.  Bancroft  himself,  as  one  of  the  num 
ber,  should  in  a  sense,  be  benefitted  by  a  revelation  of  the 
facts,  since  it  is  by  no  means  just  that  "  unlearned  assistants  " 
should  appropriate  any  part  of  his  brilliancy,  or  that  their  crud 
ities  should  be  in  any  degree  attributed  to  him. 

And,  finally  in  this  connection,  I  believe  that  to  put  on  record 
the  truth,  and  thus  to  render  exact  justice  possible,  is  in  itself 
always  a  worthy  aim.  There  is,  however,  one  form  of  egotism 
that  is  not  likely  to  be  imputed  to  me  ;  for  in  the  present  state 
of  public  opinion,  particularly  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  participa 
tion  of  any  kind  in  the  Bancroft  enterprise  is  about  the  last 
thing  that  would  be  proclaimed  from  the  housetops  by  any. 
seeker  after  popular  favor. 

It  is  only  after  mature  deliberation,  and  several  changes  of 
determination, — the  latter  resulting,  however,  from  variations 
of  mood  rather  than  of  judgment, — that  I  have  decided  to 
make  public  this  statement.  It  is  not  essential  to  present  de 
tails  of  my  contradictory  inclinations,  except  incidentally  in  a 
few  cases.  Having  written  a  considerable  part  of  the  Bancroft 
works  without  having  received  a  word  of  credit  for  the  same, 
I  had  naturally  a  strong  desire  that  historical  students  of  the 
present  and  future  should  know,  just  the  extent  of  my  author 
ship.  Moreover,  I  was  bound  to  silence  by  one  obligation 
only, — one  that  might  easily  be,  and  has  been,  terminated,  as 
will  be  explained  On  the  other  hand  was  a  natural  disinclina 
tion  to  force  myself  on  public  attention,  to  engage  in  any  con 
troversy,  or  to  join  the  ranks  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  foes,  with  whom 
in  most  phases  of  their  enmity  I  had  no  sympathy.  Again,  I 
was  reluctant  to  take  any  step  that  might  seem  to  throw  dis 
credit  on  a  work  in  which  I  had  toiled  so  long,  with  an  inter 
est  much  deeper,  I  believe,  than  is  generally  shown  by  a  hire 
ling.  Strongest  of  all  was  the  doubt  that  might  be  entertained 


by  the  class  of  men  whose  approval  I  most  desired,  as  to  my 
right  to  reveal  the  truth  respecting  an  enterprise  in  which  I 
had  worked  for  a  salary,  with  knowledge  that  my  services 
would  not  be  fully  acknowledged. 

Of  course,  I  have  decided  that  my  statement  will  not  be  an 
offense  against  propriety  or  good  taste.  Possibly  my  judg 
ment  in  this  matter  may  have  been  unduly  affected  by  my 
desires  ;  but  with  all  the  facts  in  evidence  the  literary  public — 
or  that  infinitesimal  part  of  it  that  may  read  these  pages — will 
decide  whether  I  am  right  or  wrong  ;  and  I  must  abide  by  the 
decision. 

I  write  mainly  for  the  historical  student  writers,  who  in  con 
stantly  increasing  numbers  will  investigate  the  early  annals  of 
the  Spanish  Northwest,  and  who  will  render  a  final  verdict  on 
the  value  of  my  researches.  Conscious  of  having  worked  for 
many  years,  with  untiring  interest  and  industry,  on  the  early  his 
tory  of  a  broad  stretch  of  new  territory  ;  having  had  also  extra 
ordinary  resources  in  the  way  of  new  and  original  data,  I  have 
hopes  that,  notwithstanding  my  commonplace  abilities,  this 
final  verdict  may  be  one  of  moderate  approval.  Should  it  be 
otherwise,  I  shall  have  no  right  to  complain,  as  there  can  be 
no  other  possible  test.  Nor  do  I  see  that  this  verdict  can  be 
in  any  way  affected  by  an  adverse  decision  in  the  other  matter, 
respecting  my  right  to  publish  a  statement  of  the  facts.  Could 
I  in  any  other  way  put  my  work  on  record,  reach  the  class  of 
readers  to  which  I  have  alluded,  or  conscientiously  suppress 
certain  phases  of  the  truth,  thus  avoiding  the  semblance  of  an 
attack  on  Mr.  Bancroft,  I  should  prefer  such  a  course. 

Yet  I  desire  to  shirk  no  responsibility  in  the  matter,  and  am 
ready  to  encounter  the  disapproval — perhaps  abuse,  from  cer 
tain  quarters — that  may  come  upon  me.  I  seek  to  create  no 
sensation  or  controversy  ;  am  prepared  for  the  cool  indifference 
with  which  my  expose  will  be  generally  received  ;  am  not  enti 
tled  to  anything  like  fame,  and  have  no  desire  for  notoriety. 
Though  obliged  to  make  assertions  that  must  be,  at  least, 
annoying  to  Mr.  Bancroft,  I  do  not  wish  to  detract  anything 
from  that  part  of  his  reputation  that  is  deservedly  great. 
Though  undertaking  incidentally  what  I  believe  to  be  a  mer 
ited  defense  of  my  associates,  I  make  no  pretence  of  being 


actuated  mainly  by  a  desire  to  right  their  wrongs.  Though 
writing  chiefly  in  self-defence,  I  do  not  pose  as  a  victim  of 
oppression,  or  as  a  candidate  for  popular  sympathy.  I  simply 
believe  myself  entitled  to  a  certain  record,  which  I  present  for 
what  it  may  be  worth. 

Doubtless  the  whole  subject  assumes  in  my  mind  an  exag 
gerated  importance.  The  public  in  general  has  heard  more 
than  enough  of  Mr.  Bancroft,  of  his  library,  his  books,  and  his 
assistants.  Respecting  the  whole  enterprise  I  could  easily,  and 
with  much  satisfaction — to  myself — write  a  volume  of  remin- 
iscenses  that,  in  bulk  at  least,  would  rival  the  Literary  Indus 
tries  ;  but,  even  if  I  had  the  means  of  publishing  such  a  book, 
I  hardly  think  I  should  have  the  effrontery  to  inflict  it  on  a 
long-suffering  public.  Having  decided,  however,  to  make  cer 
tain  statements  on  one  phase  of  the  matter,  I  have  been  unable 
to  resist  the  temptation  to  add  something  of  comment  on  other 
phases.  Yet  the  line  is,  for  the  most  part,  clearly  drawn 
between  facts  and  opinions  ;  and  the  latter,  like  the  former, 
may  be  taken  for  what  they  may  seem  to  be  worth. 

This  statement,  in  substance,  and  for  the  most  part  literally 
as  here  presented,  was  written  in  December,  1891.  Since  that 
date  a  few  sections  have  been  added,  and  a  few  slight  changes 
in  order  have  been  made. 

HENRY  L.  OAK. 

SKIGLER  SPRINGS,  February,  1893. 


CHAPTER  I. 
GENERAL  REMARKS  ox  THE  BANCROFT  WORKS. 


In  its  inception,  progress,  scope,  and  results  in  a  general 
sense,  and  in  most  details,  this  Californian  enterprise  is  well 
enough  known,  and  neither  in  general  nor  in  detail  do  I  pro 
pose  to  tell  the  story  anew.  Certainly  the  work  was  planned 
and  executed  on  a  scale  never  equalled  in  America,  if  in  the 
world.  After  all  that  has  been  said  of  it,  there  is  reason  to 
doubt  that  its  magnitude  in  certain  respects  has  been  fairly 
comprehended,  though  in  other  respects  it  may  have  been  over 
rated.  The  present  purpose,  however,  is  to  deal  with  only  a 
few  phases  of  the  subject  that  have  never  been  definitely  re 
corded,  though  they  have  given  rise  to  no  little  speculation 
and  even  controversy,  in  which  I  have  taken  directly  or  indi 
rectly  no  part.  This  opening  chapter,  though  general  in  its 
nature,  will  be  found  in  accord  with  the  purposes  of  the  entire 
statement. 


I. — THE  NATIVE  RACES  AND  HISTORY. 

For  many  years  from  1875,  when  the  first  volume  of  the 
Native  Races  appeared,  these  books  attracted  much  attention 
throughout  the  literary  world.  The  immensity  of  Mr.  Ban 
croft's  scheme  and  the  novelty  of  his  methods — though  the 
latter  were  but  vaguely  understood — were  well  calculated  to 
make  a  vivid  impression,  especially  in  connection  with  the 
author's  position  as  a  new  writer,  previously  known  only  as  a 
successful  man  of  business,  and  his  residence  in  California,  a 
land  somewhat  famous  for  its  sensational  enterprises.  The 
fact  that  he  belonged  to  the  Far  West,  while  not  without  its 
disadvantages,  was  at  the  start  an  advantage,  in  removing  from 
his  path  difficulties  arising  from  professional  jealousies,  and  in 
disposing  literary  men  in  the  East  and  Europe  to  encourage 
his  efforts  and  await  results  in  a  spirit  of  comparative  fairness, 
even  if  they  were  naturally  not  very  confident  in  the  success 
ful  performance  of  so  vast  a  task.  The  prompt  appearance  of 
the  successive  volumes,  however,  with  their  evidence  not  only 
of  unusual  resources  but  of  honest  and  laborious  research,  and 
especially  the  modesty  of  the  author's  pretensions  at  the  begin- 


10 

ning,  went  far  to  remove  doubts,  inspire  confidence,  and  to 
give  the  Native  Races  a  good  standing  among  books  of  the 
century. 

The  general  purport  of  the  world's  criticism  on  this  first  of 
Mr.  Bancroft's  works — though  there  was  no  lack  of  comments 
that  were  justly  or  unjustly  adverse — was  heartily  favorable 
and  even  flattering.  On  the  whole,  the  merits  and  defects  of 
the  book  were  fairly  presented  by  critics  of  all  classes  and  all 
countries.  Not  only  did  it  appear  that  the  author  must  be  a 
man  of  unusual  force  and  abilities,  but  his  new  system,  if,  as 
represented,  it  was  mainly  such  an  application  of  business 
methods  as  permitted  preliminary  research  only  to  be  safely 
entrusted  to  assistants,  must  be  pronounced  tolerably  success 
ful.  Doubtless  this  success  was  a  surprise  to  many.  If,  how 
ever,  there  was  anything  in  the  style  of  the  different  volumes 
and  chapters  to  suggest  that  the  assistants  carried  their  re 
searches  far  beyond  any  stage  that  could  be  called  preliminary, 
this  fact  remained  for  the  most  part  unnoticed. 

A  few  years  later  the  History  of  the  Pacific  States  began  to 
appear  at  the  rate  of  four  volumes  per  year.  For  this  much 
more  extensive  and  difficult  part  of  his  task,  Mr.  Bancroft's 
resources  were  beyond  all  comparison  superior  to  those  utilized 
on  the  earlier  work.  Both  himself  and  his  corps  of  assistants 
had  gained  much  useful  experience  ;  his  mechanical  methods 
had  been  greatly  improved ;  his  raw  material  was  more  thor 
oughly  prepared  ;  the  authors  had  more  perfect  command  of 
their  more  numerous  authorities  ;  and  the  subject  was  a  more 
popular  one.  For  these  reasons  the  History  was  a  much  more 
valuable  work  than  its  predecessor  ;  particularly  so  as  it  con 
tained  an  immense  mass  of  absolutely  new  information  from 
documentary  and  other  sources, — a  merit  to  which  the  Native 
Races  could  make  but  slight  claim. 

During  the  earlier  years  of  its  publication  the  History  at 
tracted  rather  more  than  less  attention  than  had  the  earlier 
book, — as  was  natural, —  and  probably  all  the  more  because 
of  increasing  adverse  criticism  and  of  a  controversial  element 
that  had  begun  to  appear,  as  will  presently  be  noted.  Subse 
quently,  however, —  partly  by  reason  of  this  opposition  and  the 
causes  that  led  to  it,  but  largely  also  for  other  reasons,  — 
though  the  general  purport  of  criticism  remained  for  the  most 
part  encouraging,  public  interest  became  much  less  marked  ; 
in  the  last  years  not  much  appeared  in  the  public  journals  be 
yond  stereotyped  notices,  inspired  mainly  by  the  publishers' 
agents  ;  and  the  appearance  of  the  final  volumes  in  1891  at 
tracted  not  only  less  notice  than  that  of  the  first,  but  much 
less  than  was  deserved  and  might  naturally  have  been  expected. 
Some  excellent  volumes  in  the  last  years  were  hardly  noticed 


11 

at  all.  The  attempt  to  excite  attention  for  business  and  other 
reasons  had  probably  been  over-done,  and  had  led  to  a  reac 
tion — not  to  s \y  suspicion.  Indeed,  the  public — even  that  part 
of  the  public  that  was  but  slightly  affected  by  current  opposi 
tion,  and  remained  friendly — had  become  in  a  sense  tired  of  so 
bulky  a  work,  appearing  at  brief  intervals  for  so  many  years. 
Friendly  critics  could  hardly  find  new  expressions  for  their 
admiration  ;  and  as  a  rule  they  ceased  to  try.  All  this  was 
natural  enough,  and  had  but  slight  connection,  so  far,  with  the 
book's  intrinsic  quality. 


II. — CAUSES  OF  DECLINING  POPULARITY. 

There  were  other  reasons  for  final  apathy  or  even  disgust 
on  the  part  of  the  public  ;  reasons  in  great  measure  due  to  Mr. 
Bancroft's  peculiar  policy  in  certain  directions.  It  should  be 
kept  in  mind,  however,  that  his  short-comings — or  what  seem 
such  to  me  and  others  —  of  the  class  here  referred  to,  were  to 
a  considerable  extent  in  his  capacity  as  publisher  rather  than 
as  author  ;  and  often  such  as  excite  no  special  notice  in  the 
case  of  a  publisher.  Early  in  the  progress  of  the  work  there 
began  to  be  developed  a  spirit  of  opposition,  which  increased 
for  many  years,  though  finally,  like  the  spirit  of  eulogy,  it 
apparently  died  out  so  far  as  open  manifestations  are  concerned. 
Like  most  successful  business  men,  —  but  to  a  far  greater  ex 
tent  than  usual, —  Mr.  Bancroft  was  regarded  as  a  selfish  and 
cold-blooded  man.  He  apparently  made  few  friends  and  many 
bitter  enemies.  There  are,  I  think,  few  if  any  instances  known 
in  which  he  failed  to  quarrel  with,  or  become  indifferent  to,  the 
best  of  his  friends  —  including  brothers  and  nephews  —  as  soon 
as  he  had  no  further  use  for  them,  though  rarely  sooner.  True, 
he  was  wont  to  become  reconciled  at  a  moment's  notice,  and 
without  the  slightest  embarrassment,  to  his  worst  enemies, 
if  there  was  anything  to  be  gained  by  such  a  course. 

As  was  to  be  expected,  his  many  foes,  including  business 
rivals,  with  discharged  and  discontented  employees,  exerted 
themselves  often  to  belittle  and  ridicule  his  literary  aspirations 
— without  much  apparent  effect  it  is  true  upon  him,  for  he  is  a 
man  of  unlimited  courage  in  the  way  of  overcoming  obstacles. 
Scores  of  men  employed  in  the  library  for  brief  periods  in  some 
of  the  minor  phases  of  preparatory  work  went  away  in  anger, 
because  they  thought  their  services  were  not  duly  appreciated 
or  remunerated  ;  and  through  their  subsequent  employment  on 
the  newspapers  or  their  acquaintance  with  newspaper  men,  they 
were  often  able  to  gratify  their  spite  as  would  have  been  other 
wise  impossible. 


12 

•Enthusiastic  in  all  that  pertained  to  his  own  hobby,  ami 
welcoming  the  enthusiasm  of  others  in  his  behalf,  Mr.  Bancroft 
was  wont  to  look  with  indifference  on  the  hobbies  of  others, 
and  to  treat  somewhat  coolly  applicants  for  aid  or  sympathy. 
This  gave  offense  in  some  rather  influential  quarters,  tending 
to  strengthen  the  ranks  of  his  detractors,  and  even  in  some 
cases  to  transfer  the  field  of  attack  beyond  the  limits  of  Cali 
fornia.  The  result  was  a  series  of  abusive  articles  and  even 
cartoons,  in  which  the  soi-disant  author  was  represented  as  in 
capable  of  writing  grammatical  English,  using  his  great  wealth 
to  hire  at  starvation  rates  needy  men  and  women  of  some  lit 
erary  experience  or  ability  to  write  his  volumes,  and  purchas 
ing  with  money  favorable  notices  in  the  press. 

All  these,  like  many  other  more  petty  accusations,  had  of 
course  but  the  slightest  foundation  in  truth.  Mr.  Bancroft 
was  a  writer  of  considerable  ability,  who  himself  wrote  a  part 
of  his  volumes  ;  he  was  not  at  that  time  a  capitalist  investing 
merely  superfluous  wealth  ;  he  rarely  if  ever,  so  far  as  I  know, 
paid  money  for  the  approval  of  critics  ;  and  he  paid  his  assist 
ants,  if  not  very  liberally,  as  much  as  he  could  afford,  in  the 
case  of  those  who  proved  their  competence,  and  as  much  pre 
sumably  as  their  services  would  have  commanded  elsewhere. 
These  articles  were  as  a  rule  grossly  inaccurate  in  their  details  ; 
and  the  spirit  that  inspired  them  was  so  apparent  that  they 
probably  did  little  harm  to  book  or  author  ;  or  at  least  they 
would  have  done  no  harm,  except  in  connection  with  other 
more  important  matters  next  to  be  noticed. 

It  was  Mr.  Bancroft's  plan  not  only  to  write  and  publish  a 
great  work,  but  above  all  to  sell  it  at  a  profit,  an  achievement 
that  nobody  but  himself  believed  to  be  possible  under  the  cir 
cumstances.  His  commercial  instincts  were  always  stronger 
than  his  aspirations  for  legitimate  literary  reputation,  though 
the  latter  also  seemed,  for  some  years  at  least,  a  powerful  in 
centive.  At  no  time,  I  believe,  had  the  choice  been  squarely 
presented  to  him,  would  he  have  accepted  the  highest  success 
as  an  historian  at  the  cost  of  financial  failure. 

Accordingly  the  books  were  sold  by  subscription,  and  the 
sale  was  pushed  by  all  the  arts  and  devices  known  in  that 
branch  of  the  trade.  By  appeals  to  local  pride  and  by  other 
means,  the  subscription  list  was  made  very  large — over  six 
thousand,  as  is  understood,  at  a  price  of  $175  to  $400  each. 
On  the  Pacific  Coast  the  work  was  sold  to  thousands  who  could 
by  no  means  afford  the  cost,  and  to  many  who  could  have  no 
real  interest  in  such  a  book.  Men  of  wealth  were  induced  to 
subscribe  for  many  copies,  sometimes  fifty,  or  even  a  hundred. 
So  far,  perhaps,  the  publisher  could  not  be  justly  blamed,  even 
if  many  people  allowed  themselves  to  be  imposed  upon  by 


13 

skillful  canvassers.  The  high  price  and  liberal  commissions 
attracted  agents  of  great  skill,  and  often  without  scruples. 
Some  of  them  probably  promised  anything  asked  for  to  get 
names  for  their  list.  Their  misrepresentations  could  not,  of 
course,  be  altogether  prevented  by  the  pnblishers  ;  but  the  lat 
ter  sometimes  seemed  slow  to  blame  or  discharge  a  successful 
agent,  even  when  his  rascality  became  known.  It  seemed 
more  convenient  to  transfer  him  to  a  new  field,  and  hope  for 
his  reformation. 

The  Native  Races,  by  various  influences  brought  to  bear  on 
trustees,  was  forced  into  many  school  libraries  in  California, 
which  naturally  and  properly  caused  later  much  hostile  feeling. 
Moreover,  in  many  instances,  subscriptions  to  the  History  or 
Works  were  obtained  from  tradesmen,  tailors,  barbers,  stable 
men,  etc.,  on  the  representation  that  the  cost  would  be  more 
than  repaid  in  patronage  from  the  great  Bancroft  establish 
ment  ;  and  merchants,  dealing  with  the  house,  were  led  to 
expect  that  subscriptions  might  bring  commercial  favors. 
Worst  of  all,  employees  were  induced  to  subscribe  by  intima 
tions  that  failure  to  do  so  was  likely  to  injure  their  prospects 
of  advancement,  or  even  of  continued  employment.  It  may 
be  said  that  personally  Mr.  Bancroft  may  have  had  no  direct 
part  in  the  more  questionable  of  these  expedients  ;  yet  he  did 
not  prevent  their  use. 

Of  course,  not  even  the  Bible,  or  any  other  of  the  best  works 
ever  written,  could  be  thus  sold  without  arousing  a  storm  of 
popular  dissatisfaction  ;  but  of  such  works  the  authors  are  not, 
as  a  rule,  also  the  publishers,  and  they  may,  therefore,  for  the 
most  part  escape  from  the  storm.  Mr.  Bancroft  succeeded  in 
his  chief  purpose,  as,  perhaps,  few  other  men  could  have  done — • 
but  at  a  sad  cost  to  his  contemporary  repute. 


Ill .     SOME  SOURCES  OF  GROUNDLESS  HOSTILITY. 

In  addition  to  the  causes  of  popular  dissatisfaction  already 
noted,  and  to  be  noted  in  the  next  section, — causes  that  have,  to 
some  extent,  been  discussed  in  the  public  journals,  and  which 
in  my  opinion  are  more  or  less  well  founded, — there  are  others 
which  have  been  but  very  slightly  mentioned  in  print,  which 
are,  for  the  most  part,  groundless  ;  but  which,  nevertheless, 
are  widely  talked  of,  and  have  a  very  decided  influence  on  the 
standing  of  the  Bancroft  books.  Long  before  these  books  were 
heard  of,  the  firm  and  name  were  exceedingly  unpopular  on  this 
Coast,  whether  with  or  without  sufficient  cause  it  is  not  for  me 
to  say  ;  and  thus  an  immense  reserve  fund  of  dislike  and  sus- 


14 

picion  was  transferred  to  the  author  and  his  works  on  their 
appearance.  Obviously,  this  in  itself  was  an  injustice.  While  it 
is  no  part  of  my  plan  to  defend  the  reputation  of  this  firm,  life 
being,  moreover,  too  short  for  such  an  herculean  enterprise,  and 
while  I  dislike,  on  any  pretext  of  partial  defence,  to  record 
charges  and  suspicions  that  might  in  time  be  forgotten,  yet  I  am 
compelled  to  notice  some  phases  of  this  matter,  partly  because 
it  is  important  in  explanation  of  the  current  feeling,  and  chiefly 
because  it  is  an  essential  element  of  my  own  defence.  It  is 
indeed  true  that  I  have  never,  so  far  as  I  know,  been  accused 
of  any  dishonorable  or  doubtful  acts  in  this  connection  ;  and 
that  personally  I  had  absolutely  nothing  to  do  with  the  sale  of 
the  books  ;  yet,  as  superintendent  of  all  library  work,  I  might 
very  naturally  be  regarded  as  cognizant  of,  if  not  responsible 
for,  many  of  the  operations  that  have  excited  suspicion.  In 
deed,  I  have  received  some  intimations,  not  apparently  intended 
to  be  offensive  or  unfriendly,  that  having  once  become  involved 
in  a  doubtful  enterprise,  it  was  not  strange  or  very  discredita 
ble  that  I  had  to  close  my  eyes  to  more  or  less  ( '  crookedness.  " 
Such  imputations  are  hardest  of  all  to  refute,  and  I  attempt  no 
refutation  beyond  simple  denial.  If  my  testimony  may  have 
some  little  weight  in  favor  of  Mr.  Bancroft,  also,  so  much  the 
better.  With  the  general  assertion,  therefore,  that  these  vague 
accusations  and  suspicions  affecting  the  reputation  of  the 
whole  enterprise,  or  those  engaged  in  it,  and  of  the  resulting 
works,  are  grossly  exaggerated  when  not  wholly  groundless, 
I  proceed  to  offer  a  few  details. 

In  gathering  material  for  the  History,  hundreds  of  pioneer 
settlers  in  the  Pacific  States,  especially  in  California,  were 
induced  to  furnish  their  reminiscences  of  early  times.  Great 
care  was  taken  to  prevent  misrepresentations,  and  to  assure 
the  witnesses  that  their  statements  would  be  used  solely  as 
evidence  in  connection  with  other  material ;  but  certain  irre 
sponsible  agents  are  believed  to  have  disobeyed  their  instruc 
tions  in  this  respect,  and  later  canvassers  did  not  scruple  to 
promise  almost  anything  to  these  pioneer  witnesses  in  order  to 
secure  their  subscriptions.  As  a  result  in  too  many  instances, 
each  pioneer  felt  himself  entitled  to  have  his  statement  printed 
in  extenso,  to  be  treated  as  the  best  authority  on  the  points 
involved,  to  have  many  pages  devoted  to  himself,  or,  at  least, 
to  be  eulogized  in  the  style  deemed  an  essential  feature  of 
pioneer  biography.  When  he  or  his  friends  found  his  testi 
mony  apparently  lost  in  a  sea  of  other  evidence,  and  his  life 
disposed  of  in  a  few  lines,  devoid  of  eulogy,  and  sometimes 
containing  disagreeable  facts  from  other  sources,  there  was 
a  general  and  somewhat  natural,  though  for  the  most  part 
unfounded,  feeling  that  wrong  had  been  done.  So  far  at  least 


15 

as  my  own  part  of  the  work  is  concerned,  however,  every 
pioneer  was  treated  with  the  most  impartial  justice  and  even 
sympathy  ;  though,  by  reason  of  my  distaste  for  stereotyped 
flattery,  I  have  been  accused  of  a  tendency  to  underrate  the 
excellence  of  the  pioneer  character. 

It  has  been  more  than  hinted  that  illegitimate  means  were 
used  to  obtain  documents  and  other  material  for  the  Library, 
mainly  by  retaining  permanent  possession  of  papers  that  the 
owners  had  only  lent  for  our  use.  On  this  point  I  can  say  only 
that  I  know  of  no  such  instance,  though  the  collection  of  such 
material  in  California  was  superintended  by  myself.  My  instruc 
tions  were  always  to  obtain,  if  possible,  the  originals  as  a  gift, 
to  be  bound  and  lettered  with  the  donor's  name  for  preserva 
tion  ;  otherwise  to  solicit  a  loan  of  the  papers,  or  permission  to 
copy  them.  All  this  was  carried  out  in  strict  good  faith  on  my 
part,  and,  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge,  on  the  part  of  Mr. 
Bancroft.  Documents  were  not  purchased,  except  in  a  very 
few  instances,  because  we  knew  that  the  first  move  in  this 
direction  would  so  raise  the  market  price  as  to  put  the  whole 
mass  far  beyond  our  reach.  Appeals  to  pride,  vanity,  and  vari 
ous  prejudices,  like  the  use  of  money  in  small  sums  for  enter 
tainment,  etc.,  were  freely  resorted  to,  as  justifiable  under  the 
circumstances  ;  and  occasionally  some  rather  undignified  meth 
ods  of  wire-pulling  were  employed  ;  since  we  had  a  peculiar 
class  of  people  to  deal  with,  and  honestly  believed  that  we 
were  really  working  as  much  -for  their  interests  as  our  own. 
The  most  extreme  case  within  my  knowledge  was  that  of  Don 
Manuel  Castro,  frankly  recorded  by  me  in  the  Hist.  Cal.  II, 
754,  and  by  Mr.  Bancroft  in  Lit.  Ind.  422—6.  I  cannot  say, 
of  course,  that  our  agents  did  not,  in  some  cases,  represent  to 
us  as  given,  papers  that  had  been  merely  lent ;  but  if  there  were 
such  cases,  I,  like  the  lenders,  was  deceived.  In  one  instance, 
however,  our  agent  confessed  later  in  his  written  diary  to  hav 
ing  brought  away  a  manuscript  volume  against  the  owner's 
protest.  Mr.  Bancroft  records  this  in  Lit.  Ind.  400—1,  adding 
that  he  returned  the  volume  with  apologies.  This  restitution 
must  have  taken  place  after  I  left  the  Library. 

I  have  heard  in  late  years  of  several  cases  in  which  the 
former  owners  have  claimed  never  to  have  surrendered  their 
ownership.  My  information  respecting  the  nature  of  these 
claims  is  vague  and  sometimes  probably  erroneous  ;  but  I  can 
say  that  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief  none  of  them 
is  well  founded.  They  could  have  had  originally  no  other 
basis  than  the  dishonesty  of  some  of  our  agents  toward  us,  as 
well  as  towards  the  owners  ;  and  the  length  of  time  that 
elapsed  without  complaint,  and  in  some  of  the  more  important 
cases  the  wide  publicity  given  in  print  and  otherwise  to  Mr. 


16 

Bancroft's  claim  of  ownership,  are  certainly  the  strongest  kind 
Q{ prima  facie  evidence  against  their  validity.  I  do  not  men 
tion  any  particular  cases,  because  I  have  no  authoritative 
information  that  the  claims  are  really  made.  My  main  propo 
sition  is,  that  within  my  knowledge  no  part  of  the  Bancroft 
collection  was  improperly  acquired. 

The  occasional  and  largely  uncontrollable  rascality  of  can 
vassers  in  obtaining  subscriptions  has  already  been  alluded  to. 
The  extent  of  this,  however,  and  the  publishers'  complicity,  are 
greatly  exaggerated.  The  aim  of  the  agents  was,  as  usual  in 
such  business,  to  sell  the  book  and  get  their  commissions  ;  and 
to  this  end  they  were  often  very  reckless  in  their  representa 
tions  ;  but  that  they  often  resorted  to  positive  swindling  may 
be  doubted.  It  has  been  charged  that  by  skillful  manipula 
tion  of  papers  they  obtained  signatures  to  contracts  very  dif 
ferent  from  those  offered  to  subscribers  for  perusal;  and  of 
course  I  cannot  know  that  such  was  not  sometimes  the  case. 
The  only  instance  of  deception  that  came  under  my  personal 
observation  was  that  of  a  Mexican  gentleman,  who,  having 
been  shown  through  the  Library,  having  received  an  explana 
tion  of  the  work  that  was  being  done,  and  having  expressed 
very  warmly  his  admiration, — was  asked  if  he  would  not  like 
to  have  a  copy  of  the  work  on  his  country  sent  him.  He 
replied  that  it  would  be  most  acceptable  and  a  great  honor  ; 
whereupon  he  was  invited  to  write  his  name  and  address,  and 
did  so — on  an  ironclad  contract  for  thirty-nine  volumes.  I 
reported  this  act  to  the  managers,  and  was  assured  that  no 
advantage  would  be  taken  of  the  agent's  trick.  I  not  only 
never  took  any  part  in  soliciting  subscriptions,  but  I  did  not 
permit  soliciting  to  be  done  in  the  Library  ;  yet  agents  often 
brought  their  intended  victims  there,  and  I  always  showed  the 
collection  and  explained  the  work  with  enthusiasm  and  in  good 
faith,  because  I  fully  believed  in  the  importance  and  legiti 
macy  of  what  we  were  trying  to  do. 

The  most  frequent  charge  against  canvassers  was  that  they 
obtained  subscriptions  for  one  or  a  few  volumes,  as  was  repre 
sented,  though  the  contract  finally  obliged  them  to  pay  for 
thirty-nine.  Many  have  assured  me  that  this  was  done  in  their 
own  cases  ;  but  it  has  always  seemed  to  me  incredible  that  any 
considerable  number  of  intelligent  men  could  be  induced  to 
sign  a  contract  without  reading  it,  especially  when  the  number 
of  volumes  was  so  widely  advertised  for  so  many  years  in 
printed  circulars  and  newspapers.  Nothing  was  more  common 
than  the  complaint  of  subscribers  that  the  series  would  never 
end,  yet  no  other  number  than  thirty-nine  volumes  had  ever 
been  mentioned  from  the  beginning.  The  truth  would  seem 
to  be,  that  canvassers  on  these  books  were  not  worse  than 


17 

others ;  but  the  people  were  induced  to  buy  at  a  large  cost 
something  they  did  not  want — and  ought  to  have  known  they 
did  not  want ; — were  angry  ;  and  in  their  so-called  "  kicking  " 
they  made  some  rather  flimsy  accusations. 

That  Mr.  Bancroft,  for  money  or  other  improper  considera 
tion,  favored  in  his  History  certain  interests  or  individuals,  or 
extorted  money  by  threats  of  unfavorable  treatment,  though 
somewhat  widely  suspected,  is  a  charge  that  so  far  as  I  know 
has  no  foundation  in  fact.  I  suppose  it  is  merely  a  manifesta 
tion  of  popular  dislike,  and  one  that  would  be  made  by  no  re 
sponsible  person.  The  idea  may  possibly  have  originated  from 
the  subsequent  series  of  eulogistic  biographies  of  rich  men, 
written  and  published  for  money  ;  a  series  that  was  inaccurately 
and  most  unwisely  represented  as  a  continuation  of  the  History. 
I  mention  these  ^suspicions  mainly  in  order  to  assert  most  pos- 
itively  that  my  own  estimates  of  parties  and  men — notably  of 
some  thousands  of  Californian  pioneers — were  in  every  instance 
and  in  all  honesty  based  on  such  evidence  as  could  be  obtained  ; 
and  what  is  more  to  the  purpose,  in  the  absence  of  accusations 
against  me,  that  if  any  improper  influences  were  ever  brought 
to  bear  on  Mr.  Bancroft  in  relation  to  these  pioneers,  he  cer 
tainly  never  even  attempted  to  ' '  deliver  the  goods, ' '  since  he 
never  gave  me  any  instructions  or  made  any  changes  in  my 
treatment  of  any  individual.  I  have  heard,  however,  of  a  few 
cases  in  which,  presumably  to  conciliate  certain  families  and 
secure  subscriptions,  my  matter  was  somewhat  modified  in 
later  editions  of  the  volumes.  I  do  not  know  that  this  is  true. 

As  an  illustration  of  the  widespread  popular  prejudice  to 
which  I  have  alluded,  I  will  mention  a  circumstance  that  seems 
peculiarly  significative.  I  have  a  large  collection  of  autographs, 
to  which  I  shall  refer  in  a  later  chapter.  Some  years  since, 
needing  money,  I  offered  it  for  sale  through  agents.  Of  course 
few  cared  for,  and  fewer  could  afford  to  purchase,  such  a  relic 
of  the  old  times  ;  but  several  became  interested  and  thought 
favorably  of  the  purchase.  Then,  naturally,  they  asked  about 
the  collector,  his  facilities  and  fitne?s  for  the  task.  Of  course 
they  had  never  heard  of  me  ;  but  when  informed  that  I  had 
had  charge  of  the  Bancroft  collection  they  at  once  lost  all  in 
terest,  and  some  of  them  declared  they  had  no  use  for  anything 
directly  or  indirectly  connected  with  the  Bancroft  scheme. 
And  a  most  diabolical  scheme  indeed  that  must  have  been,  if 
my  connection  with  it  could  thus  affect  the  value  of  the  origi 
nal  autographs  I  had  collected  ! 

Thus  the  matter  in  this  section  has  not  only  given  me  an 
opportunity  for  denying  all  knowledge  of,  and  for  the  most 
part  all  belief  in,  the  grosser  forms  of  iniquity  imputed  to  Mr. 
Bancroft  ;  but  has  served  the  general  purpose  of  this  chapter 


18 

in  showing  the  bitter  feeling  entertained  against  the  works, 
with  some  of  the  least  reasonable  reasons  for  that  feeling. 


IV. — MORE  IMPORTANT  CAUSES  AND  EFFECTS. 

Other  causes  tended  to  affect  unfavorably  the  standing  of 
the  work  in  much  more  important  directions.  At  the  begin 
ning  Mr.  Bancroft  went  East  with  portions  of  the  Native  Races 
in  print,  and  by  personal  interviews,  as  well  as  through  the 
agency  of  friends  there  and  in  Europe,  obtained  from  many  of 
the  world's  most  prominent  men  of  literature  and  science  letters 
of  hearty  commendation  and  even  eulogy  for  his  book  and  its 
author.  Naturally,  there  must  have  been  a  tacit  understand 
ing,  at  the  least,  that  these  letters  were  to  be  used  in  launching 
this  new  craft  in  literary  waters  ;  yet  the  freedom  with  which 
they  were  printed  and  reprinted  and  circulated,  then  and  for 
fifteen  years  later,  as  advertisements  for  volumes  and  works 
which  the  writers  had  never  seen,  or  at  least  of  which  they 
never  expressed  a  favorable  opinion,  must  naturally  have 
seemed  to  many  not  to  be  in  the  best  of  taste.  It  may  be  true 
that  Mr.  Bancroft  never  broke  faith  directly  with  his  early 
admirers ;  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  some  of  these  liter 
ary  lights  and  many  of  their  friends  were  not  wholly  pleased 
with  this  somewhat  novel  exhibition  of  "  western  enterprise.' ' 
And  other  prominent  writers  who,  in  the  early  years,  volun 
tarily,  as  they  thought,  wrote  flattering  notices  and  reviews, 
and  secured  their  publication  in  leading  journals,  perhaps 
awoke  later  to  a  not  altogether  agreeable  consciousness  that 
they  had  been  skillfully  used  for  advertising  purposes. 

In  the  History,  moreover,  Mr.  Bancroft  abandoned  to  a  con 
siderable  extent,  at  least  in  the  first  and  some  of  the  later 
volumes,  that  tone  of  modesty  which  had  made  friends  for  the 
Native  Races.  Assuming  that  his  position  was  now  secure,  he 
became  independent,  and  at  times  arbitrary,  in  his  statements. 
He  wrote  with  what  seemed  undue  severity,  or  with  an  air  of 
patronizing  superiority,  of  other  writers  less  favored  than  him 
self  in  their  facilities  for  research.  He  spoke  slightingly  of 
such  popular  favorites  as  Irving  and  Prescott.  He  seemed  to 
think  that  his  own  work  contained  no  expression  of  opinion, 
no  theories  or  mere  arguments,  but  only  final  decisions  from  an 
historical  court  of  last  resort.  He  rarely  admitted  the  insuffi 
ciency  of  his  sources  on  any  point  ;  and  indeed — though  this 
may  be  of  doubtful  relevancy  here,  as  being  unknown  to  the 
public — was  prone  to  erase  in  the  work  of  his  assistants  all 
phrases  introduced  with  a  view  of  ' '  saving  the  responsibility  ' ' 


19 

of  the  author,  saying  often,  "  If  there  are  any  weak  points  let 
the  critics  find  them,"  or,  "  If  we  admit  any  weaknesses  the 
critics  will  always  parade  them  as  their  own  discoveries  ' ' — 
which,  I  must  admit,  proved  for  the  most  part  true. 

To  supplement  the  effects  of  this  offensive  independence, 
there  had  meanwhile  arisen  among  literary  men  at  the  East, 
men  of  more  brains  than  money,  a  kind  of  jealousy  founded  on 
the  praise  accorded  to  this  California!!  enterprise  from  high 
sources.  Such  a  work  as  had  been  announced,  compiled  by  a 
business  man  by  what  was  represented  as  a  novel  application 
of  business  methods,  must,  according  to  all  the  canons  of  the 
schools,  turn  out  to  be  little  better  than  trash  ;  in  which  case 
the  preliminary  flourish  of  trumpets,  and  the  early  expressions 
of  commendation  would  have  been  to  the  university  man  merely 
the  recollection  of  amusing  phenomena.  But  with  all  its  super 
ficial  defects,  this  book  was  proving  to  be  a  record  from  origi 
nal  sources,  whose  standard  value  could  not  be  denied  by 
scholars,  whatever  their  expectations  or  prejudices.  Any  one 
of  a  hundred  earnest  and  humble  delvers  in  this  or  similar 
fields,  had  he  the  money,  could — perhaps  not  fully  considering 
the  question  if  he  probably  would — have  made  a  collection  and 
written  a  book  bringing  him  equal  fame.  Money  had  long 
monopolized  publishing,  to  the  supposed  injury  of  writers  ;  was 
it  possible  that  wealth  might  really  make  serious  inroads  also 
in  the  field  of  authorship  ?  The  prospect  was  alarming  from 
a  certain  point  of  view  ;  and  the  alarm,  if  in  a  sense  absurd, 
was  real  and  earnest.  The  injustice  which  Mr.  Bancroft  was 
understood  to  be  doing  his  assistants  furnished  an  additional 
motive,  if  any  was  needed.  The  new  author  must  be  heavily 
"sat  upon,"  and  taught  at  least  a  lesson  in  modesty;  the 
sheep  must  enter  the  fold  by  the  door  in  daylight,  or  leaping 
the  wall  at  night  be  regarded  as  a  wolf — or,  perhaps,  a  coyote. 
The  result  was,  as  if  by  tacit  agreement,  silence,  sneers,  or  in 
criticism  exclusive  attention  to  defects  on  the  part  of  the  east 
ern  university  element,  followed,  of  course,  by  what  regarded 
itself  as  a  similar  element  in  California. 

There  were  several  notable  exceptions  of  men  who,  sharing 
more  or  less  the  current  prejudice,  but  having  to  use  material 
from  the  Bancroft  work,  had  the  conscientious  courage  to 
acknowledge  fully  their  indebtedness,  and  even  to  praise  such 
portions  as  seemed  meritorious ;  but  as  a  rule  this  element  was 
either  blinded  by  prejudice  to  everything  but  faults,  or  justi 
fied  itself  in  ignoring  for  the  good  of  legitimate  authorship  all 
that  could  not  be  entirely  disapproved. 

From  the  first  volume  of  the  History,  and  thus  very  early  in 
the  development  of  the  hostile  feeling,  was  selected  a  single 
chapter,  or  rather  supplement  to  a  chapter,  on  a  topic  not  .be- 


20 

longing  directly  to  our  field,  put  in  fine  type  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  subject  matter  of  the  volume,  prefaced  by  an  admis 
sion  that  the  Library  did  not  contain  data  for  exhaustive 
treatment,  and  prepared  avowedly  from  the  study  of  a  few 
standard  works  as  a  convenient  introduction  to  the  following 
topics.  To  the  adverse  criticism  of  this  chapter,  treated  as  if 
it  purported  to  be  an  exhaustive  monograph,  either  filling  the 
volume  or  constituting  its  principal  feature,  was  brought  into 
action  the  talent  of  experts  on  the  subjects,  who  devoted  to  the 
task  all  their  knowledge  and  skill,  and  all  their  powers  of  sar 
casm  and  ridicule — the  latter  extending  not  only  to  the  whole 
volume  and  work,  but  to  Mr.  Bancroft's  much  vaunted  collec 
tion  of  material — in  which  fact  lies  chiefly  the  radical  injustice 
of  the  attack.  The  points  were  in  many  cases  well  made,  and 
the  effect  of  these  reviews,  published  in  such  journals  as  the 
Nation  and  Independent,  must  have  affected  considerably  the 
reputation  of  the  book  ;  for  scholars  could  but  form  an  unfavor 
able  opinion  of  a  work  the  first  volume  of  which  could  be  con 
demned  with  such  apparent  fairness  and  success. 


V. — SOME  PECULIAR  USES  OF  THE  BANCROFT  WORKS. 

From  the  first,  but  more  particularly  in  the  case  of  the 
Native  Races,  writers  of  a  certain  class — and  that  by  no  means 
a  bad  class — made  a  peculiar  use  of  our  volumes.  Taking 
some  one  of  the  hundreds  of  topics  treated,  guided  by  the  foot 
notes  directly  to  the  sources,  by  a  special  study  of  the  author 
ities,  by  devoting  vastly  more  space  to  the  topic  than  was  pos 
sible  in  a  general  work,  and  sometimes  by  the  employment  of 
their  superior  skill,  they  have  often  improved  upon  the  original, 
though  rarely  reaching  different  conclusions.  This  was  en 
tirely  legitimate,  since  such  should  be  the  chief  use  of  a  bulky 
work  of  reference  ;  but  these  writers  have  sometimes  gone  so 
far  as  to  ignore  the  indirect  source  of  their  information,  and 
very  often  given  only  general  credit  to  a  "  useful  compilation, " 
themselves  preferring  to  follow  "  original  authorities."  It 
would  of  course  be  absurd  to  expect  them  to  make  their  de 
tailed  references  to  the  compilation  rather  than  to  the  originals  ; 
but  they  should  obviously  give  to  the  former — unless  they  can 
show,  or  at  least  affirm,  its  un trustworthiness — the  real  credit 
which  it  deserves  ;  that  of  having  enabled  them  to  prepare  ex 
haustive  monographs  which,  without  it,  they  could  not  have 
written  ;  not  from  any  lack  of  ability,  but  from  lack  of  time  to 
search  so  immense  a  bulk  of  authorities  for  information  on  a 
special  topic.  All  the  more  praise  is  due  to  the  few  who  have 


21 

given  this  due  credit,  sometimes  against  their  inclinations,  and 
even  at  the  risk  of  unfavorable  treatment  from  the  critics. 
Doubtless  some  have  justified  their  own  injustice  to  Mr.  Ban 
croft  by  what  they  regarded  as  his  injustice  to  his  assistants 
and  to  other  authors  ;  but  so  far  as  the  latter  are  concerned, 
all  intimations  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding,  the  Bancroft 
work,  so  far  as  I  am  acquainted  with  it,  never  suppressed  full 
credit  to  the  authorities  consulted,  excepting,  of  course,  a  few 
instances  of  carelessness. 

Writers  of  another  class  have  pursued  a  more  independent 
course  by  not  only  failing  to  refer  to  our  work,  but  by  not  con 
sulting  it  at  all.  A  notable  instance  was  that  of  an  author 
who  wrote  a  fairly  good  history  of  California,  apparently  with 
out  even  reading  several  of  my  own  volumes,  though — however 
defective  their  conclusions — they  were  full  of  original  data 
from  public  and  private  archives  bearing  directly  on  his  sub 
ject,  but  not  elsewhere  accessible  to  him.  He  deliberately  per 
mitted  himself  to  drift  into  some  serious  errors  and  many 
omissions,  and  even  went  so  far  as  to  deny  the  existence  of 
documents  quoted  by  the  hundred,  rather  than  consult  the 
work  of  a  supposed  rival.  His  was,  perhaps,  not  exactly  the 
true  spirit  of  historical  research,  but  it  had  at  least  the  merit 
of  honesty.  It  may  be  added,  that  most  of  the  voluminous, 
interesting,  and  often  valuable  papers  on  Californian  annals 
recently  published  in  the  Century,  Overland,  and  other  journals, 
were  written  by  men  who  would  not  deign  to  correct  their 
many  petty  errors  by  consulting  the  writings  of  better  informed 
if  less  brilliant  predecessors  in  the  same  field. 


VI. — PURPORT  OF  CURRENT  CRITICISM. 

If  we  study  the  extraordinary  mass,  —  fully  equal  in  bulk, 
I  think,  to  the  thirty-nine  volumes  criticised — of  comment 
published  during  the  past  fifteen  years,  we  find  that  more  than 
half  is  composed  of  what  are  virtually  advertising  notices  of 
no  significance  whatever  to  an  author,  though  doubtless  some 
what  cheering  from  a  publisher's  point  of  view.  Then  there 
is  a  considerable  amount  of  generally  adverse  controversial 
matter,  inaccurate  and  often  abusive,  and  of  course  of  no  value 
in  determining  the  reputation  of  a  book.  Next,  we  find  a  bulky 
accumulation  of  favorable,  often  eulogistic,  articles  on  the  Li 
brary,  the  author,  and  the  enterprise  generally,  resembling 
the  class  first  mentioned  above,  in  that  many  of  them  were 
inspired,  or  their  publication  engineered,  by  agents  of  the  pub 
lishers  ;  but  much  more  important  because  written  by  intelli- 


22 

gent  and  often  prominent  men,  because  founded  to  a  consider 
able  extent  on  genuine  admiration  of  the  scheme  in  some  of  its 
phases,  and  because  in  many  instances  the  writers  took  some 
pains  to  know  what  they  were  writing  about.  There  are  also 
the  hundreds  of  ordinary  newspaper  reviews,  written  honestly 
enough,  and  generally  meant  to  be  favorable,  but  always  ex 
asperating  to  an  author,  because  they  present  ample  internal 
evidence  that  the  writers  had  neither  knowledge  of,  nor  inter 
est  in,  the  subject,  and  that  they  had  no  time  or  disposition  to 
examine  even  superficially  the  book  assigned  them  for  review. 

After  eliminating  all  matter  of  the  above  named  classes  as 
of  no  practical  value,  the  critical  student  would  find  still  re 
maining  a  comparatively  small,  but  in  the  aggregate  very 
large,  amount  of  more  or  less  legitimate  criticism,  in  which 
the  merits  and  defects  of  the  work  are  indicated  with  some 
degree  of  ability  and  impartiality.  Of  course  there  is  no  man 
living  who  is  competent  to  pronounce  j  udgment  on  the  History 
as  a  whole,  in  its  most  important  aspect  as  a  storehouse  of  in 
formation  on  the  intricate  provincial  annals  of  so  vast  and  new 
a  territory.  Unfortunately,  moreover,  for  reasons  that  will 
presently  appear,  the  judgment  of  a  comparatively  competent 
critic  on  the  annals  of  one  province  affords  no  satisfactory 
guidance  respecting  another.  The  accuracy  of  the  British 
Columbia  histories  proves  nothing  absolutely  in  the  case  of 
California  or  Oregon  ;  and  the  first  volume  of  a  series  does  not 
always  necessarily  indicate  the  quality  of  the  second.  It  is  by 
no  means  my  purpose  to  analyze  closely  the  various  criticisms, 
or  to  present  my  own  views  in  detail  as  to  their  justice  or  the 
merits  of  the  book.  I  should  be  obviously  anything  but  an 
impartial  judge. 

While,  in  my  opinion,  the  critics  have  failed  to  emphasize 
some  of  the  chief  excellencies,  and  to  point  out  the  most  se 
rious  defects  ;  while  not  enough  discrimination  has  been  used 
respecting  the  different  volumes  of  even  the  same  author  ; 
while  the  character  of  the  work  as  essentially  a  reference  book 
of  provincial  records  has  been  too  much  lost  sight  of;  and 
while  prominent  critics  have  accorded  too  much  praise  to  the 
Native  Races  as  compared  with  the  History — yet  I  think  that 
the  average  purport  is  in  the  main  just,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
encouragingly  favorable,  both  in  respect  of  matter  and  manner 
of  presentment. 

And  this  average  purport  seems  to  be  that  the  work  is  for 
the  most  part  what  it  professes  to  be  ;  that  while  from  a  purely 
literary  or  artistic  standpoint  it  deserves  no  high  praise — show 
ing  on  the  one  hand  long  stretches  of  monotony  somewhat 
over-burdened  with  detail,  unreadable  as  a  whole,  and  valua 
ble  mainly  for  the  facts  presented  ;  on  the  other,  labored 


28 

efforts  at  fine  writing,  with  injudicious  and  mechanical  intro 
duction  of  foreign  quotations  and  Carlylesque  phrases — while 
the  style  is  often  far  from  satisfactory  to  the  purist,  showing 
a  tendency  to  the  use  of  "  newspaper  English,"  and  a  noticea 
ble  poverty  of  vocabulary  ;  yet,  on  the  whole,  the  volumes  are 
made  up  of  accurate  and  concisely  presented  records,  founded 
on  a  conscientious  study  of  an  almost  unparalleled  wealth  of 
original  data,  and  written  in  an  impartial  spirit  ;  that  it  con 
tains  many  readable  chapters,  and  perhaps  even  volumes  that 
are  not  too  tedious.  With  all  its  faults,  it  would  be  hard  to 
name  another  work  that  could  take  its  place  in  any  one  of  its 
fifteen  or  twenty  chief  subdivisions  ;  while  not  over  half  its 
records,  at  the  highest  possible  estimate,  can  be  found  extant 
in  the  English  language,  or  accessible  to  the  reader  in  any  lan 
guage.  So  far  as  the  earlier  chronologic  periods  and  the  chief 
territorial  divisions  are  concerned,  in  no  essential  feature  has 
the  accuracy  of  its  record  been  impeached  by  any  competent 
critic,  or  by  the  discovery  of  new  evidence.  Thus,  while  the 
defects  are  for  the  most  part  superficial,  the  merits  go  deeper, 
and  are  such  as  in  my  opinion  are  chiefly  to  be  desired  in  a 
work  of  reference  on  such  a  scale,  and  on  such  a  subject. 

The  tone  of  comment  of  the  classes  alluded  to  will  not  pre 
sumably  be  modified  to  any  considerable  extent  in  the  future  ; 
indeed,  not  much  more  of  such  comment,  for  or  against,  is  to 
be  expected.  But  there  is  still  another  kind  of  criticism,  much 
more  important  than  the  work  of  the  critic  proper,  which  will 
increase  in  bulk  and  value  for  many  years.  This  is  the  prac 
tical  use  made  of  the  work  by  student  writers  on  the  topics 
embraced  in  its  scope.  Already  the  number  of  books,  pam 
phlets,  and  magazine  articles  that  have  been  based  in  part  on 
the  History  and  Native  Races  is  large,  and  in  this  fact — even 
without  the  favorable  comment  that  sometimes  accompanies 
.such  use  of  the  work — is  to  be  found  an  author's  most  gratify 
ing  encouragement  and  reward.  For  many  years  historical 
students  in  increasing  numbers  will  investigate  the  annals  of 
these  western  states  ;  and  throughout  large  portions  of  the 
territory  our  volumes  must  serve  as  original  authority  or  as 
guides  to  the  sources.  In  the  future  as  in  the  past  not  all  will 
have  the  frank  courage  to  fully  acknowledge  their  indebted 
ness  ;  but  this  will  make  no  difference  in  the  result.  No  true 
student  can  afford  to  ignore  any  accessible  facts  or  views  bear 
ing  on  his  subject,  and  few  will  wish  to  do  so.  The  result 
must  be  that  almost  every  volume  of  the  long  series  will  in 
time  be  fully  dissected  by  the  most  competent  of  all  critics, 
and  its  real  value  will  be  approximately  determined.  This 
process  is  what  will  fix  the  permanent  reputation  of  the  work, 
and  what  is  more  important  to  me,  of  each  of  its  parts.  While 


24 

it  is  certain  that  much  new  material  will  be  brought  to  light, 
and  many  conclusions  thereby  modified  ;  and  while  I  predict 
that  all  the  parts  will  not  be  found  of  equal  value,  and  that 
some  hitherto  unsuspected  defects  will  be  revealed,  yet  I  have 
but  slight  fear  as  to  the  general  result,  because  I  am  conscious 
that  these  volumes  represent  the  earnest  and  long-continued 
efforts  of  several  writers,  who  not  only  had  at  their  command  an 
extraordinary  amount  of  original  data,  but  wrote  on  a  subject 
respecting  which  valuable  results  depend  more  on  close  and 
intelligent  application  than  on  other  more  brilliant  qualities. 
As  one  of  the  writers,  and  the  one  who  wrote  more  of  the  vol 
umes  than  any  other,  I  look  hopefully  to  the  final  decision  ;  in 
view  of  which  solely — as  I  have  said  before  and  may  probably 
repeat  later — I  attempt  in  this  volume  to  put  on  record  my 
part  in  the  work. 


CHAPTER  II. 
How  AND  BY  WHOM  THE  BOOK  WAS  WRITTEN. 

Having  considered  in  the  preceding  chapter  the  standing  of 
the  Bancroft  works,  and  some  of  the  causes  that  have  some 
what  unfavorably  affected  that  standing,  I  shall  devote  this 
chapter  to  the  authorship  of  those  works,  a  much  more  impor 
tant  subject,  in  my  view  of  the  matter,  and  perhaps  the  only 
one  treated  in  this  volume  which  will  have  any  importance  in 
the  view  of  the  public.  Here  I  am  concerned  with  facts,  and 
not  at  all  with  theories.  What  I  offer  is  in  the  nature  of  direct 
personal  testimony.  The  subject  has  excited  speculation,  and 
even  controversy,  in  which  I  have  hitherto  taken  no  part. 
Newspaper  articles  in  the  past  have  been  at  the  best  very  inac 
curate,  though  sometimes  presenting  fragments  of  the  truth. 
In  self-defense,  Mr.  Bancroft  himself  has  taken  some  part  in 
these  controversies  ;  but  his  testimony  there  need  not  be 
noticed,  because  finally  in  his  Literary  Industries  he  has  cov 
ered  the  whole  ground,  and  told  the  world  how  he  wrote  the 
works.  There,  and  in  other  volumes,  he  has  said  enough  of 
my  part  in  the  enterprise  to  give  me  at  least  a  standing  as  a 
competent  witness.  Where  my  testimony  differs  from  his,  the 
public,  as  far  as  it  cares  at  all  for  the  matter,  must  decide 
between  us.  If  either  to  any  extent  misrepresents  the  facts, 
he  does  so  knowingly,  and  for  the  most  part  without  any 
plausible  excuse  of  self-deception. 


VII. — THE  LIBRARY  AND  THE  INDEX. 

In  his  Literary  Industries  Mr.  Bancroft  tells  the  world  how 
he  collected  the  books  and  documents  constituting  his  famous 
Library  ;  how  his  assistants  catalogued  and  indexed  the  mater 
ial  thus  collected  ;  how  the  same  and  other  assistants  extracted 
notes  and  references  from  all  the  accumulated  volumes  of  print 
and  manuscript  ;  and,  finally,  how  from  these  notes  and  ref 
erences — after  some  further  preliminary  arrangement  and  de 
velopment  by  his  corps — he  himself  wrote  the  Native  Races, 
History,  and  other  works.  He  tells  much  more  that  is  impor 
tant  and  interesting,  and  tells  it  exceedingly  well ;  but  it  is 


26 

only  with  those  phases  of  his  literary  career  indicated  above — 
with  few  and  slight  exceptions — that  this  statement  has  to  do  ; 
and,  indeed,  it  is  only  of  the  last  of  the  four  steps  that  I  shall 
have  much  to  say  that  is  new  and  important. 

It  may  properly  be  said  at  the  outset  that,  so  far  as  the  pre 
liminary  work  of  the  first  three  stages  is  concerned,  Mr.  Ban 
croft  not  only  gives  a  fairly  accurate  and  impartial  narrative, 
but  also  to  myself  and  associates  all  the  credit  that  we  could 
reasonably  expect.  True,  in  a  detailed  examination,  each  of 
us  might  probably  point  out  instances  of  minor  injustice  ;  but 
it  would  be  difficult  to  substantiate,  even  if  we  had  the  desire 
to  engage  in  such  petty  criticism,  any  intentional  withholding 
of  proper  acknowledgement.  I  am  sure,  however,  that  his 
pages  do  not  show  any  excess  of  credit,  such  as  might  in  one 
view  of  the  matter  tend  to  compensate  for  a  withholding  of 
credit  in  other  directions.  I  might  quote  from  the  volume 
many  complimentary  allusions  to  myself  and  my  services  in 
this  connection,  for  which  I  am  grateful ;  yet  I  shall  have 
occasion  in  a  later  chapter  to  notice  a  very  peculiar  phase  of 
Mr.  Bancroft's  policy  in  this  very  matter. 

The  Library  and  Mr.  Bancroft's  work  as  a  collector  have 
been  described  with  sufficient  accuracy  and  completeness,  not 
only  in  the  Literary  Industries  but  by  many  writers,  including 
myself,  in  so  many  books,  magazines  and  newspapers  that  no 
further  details  would  be  required  here,  even  if  they  belonged  to 
the  subject  proper  of  this  statement.  Down  to  1869,  the  col 
lecting  at  home  and  abroad  was  done  chiefly  by  Mr.  Bancroft  ; 
during  the  next  ten  years  mainly  by  myself,  through  sale  cata 
logues  ;  but  also  to  a  great  extent,  especially  in  the  matter  of 
Pacific  States  manuscript  material,  by  Mr.  Savage,  Mr.  Petroff, 
and  other  agents  on  their  travels.  The  system  of  collecting, 
that  of  taking  everything  on  the  subject  without  reference  to 
its  value  and  but  slight  regard  to  its  price, — undoubtedly  the 
best  system  if  the  collector  can  afford  it — called  for  no  especial 
skill,  but  only  care  and  energy  on  the  part  of  collector  and 
agents  ;  but  the  work  was  for  the  most  part  well  done,  and  the 
result  has  not,  in  my  opinion,  been  overrated  by  the  most  en 
thusiastic  admirers.  Indeed,  I  doubt  that  the  extent  and  com 
parative  completeness  of  the  collection  has  ever  been  fully  ap 
preciated  by  the  public.  We  were  continually  surprised  by 
the  wealth  of  our  authorities  on  almost  every  topic  treated. 
The  manuscript  archives  of  Spain  and  Mexico  were  practically 
not  searched  ;  and  in  this  respect  only  has  the  completeness  of 
the  collection  been  generally  exaggerated. 

For  my  services  as  librarian  and  cataloguer,  full  credit  is 
given.  In  this  direction  I  had  no  knowledge  or  experience  at 
the  beginning,  and  though  doing  a  large  amount  of  librarian's 


27 

work  according  to  a  system  mainly  devised  for  the  occasion,  I 
never  acquired  any  special  skill.  It  was  only  for  four  or  five 
years  that  I  did  much  of  this  work  in  person,  turning  over  the 
cataloguing  and  other  details  to  my  assistants  as  soon  as  the 
more  important  tasks  were  fairly  begun,  though  I  continued 
to  be  nominally  librarian,  and  to  a  certain  extent  to  superin 
tend  all  library  work  to  the  end.  To  the  card-index,  a  kind  of 
subject  catalogue,  Mr.  Bancroft  attaches  probably  somewhat 
more  importance  than  it  deserves.  The  system  was  wholly 
devised  and  put  in  operation  by  myself,  but  was  soon  entrusted 
to  others  ;  but  the  work  was  never  fully  completed.  It  was  of 
considerable  value  in  the  preparation  of  the  Native  Races,  and 
might  be  useful  still  to  students  for  purposes  of  general  refer 
ence,  if  the  Library  were  open  to  the  public  ;  but  it  was  hardly 
used  at  all  on  the  History,  where  nearly  every  volume  in  the 
Library  had  to  be  read  anew  throughout.  It  is  my  belief  that 
in  the  hands  of  competent  men,  and  perhaps  with  some  modi 
fication,  the  system — inaccurately  described  by  Mr.  Bancroft, 
p.  238,  seq.,  as  "  ever  since  in  successful  and  daily  operation  " 
— would  prove  practicable,  and  would  vastly  increase  the 
working  value  of  any  library.  I  do  not  think  that  the  cost 
was  so  great  as  $35,000.  This  card-indexing  must  not  be 
confounded  with  the  note-taking  process  to  be  mentioned  in 
the  next  section,  though  the  latter  resulted  in  a  much  more 
comprehensive,  detailed,  and  costly  index,  and  was  often 
alluded  to  by  that  name. 


VIII. — NOTE-TAKING  AND  OTHER  PRELIMINARY  WORK. 

The  indexing  proper  for  historical  purposes,  that  is,  the  ex 
tracting  of  notes  and  references  from  all  printed  and  manu 
script  matter,  was  by  far  the  most  important  feature  in  Mr. 
Bancroft's  system,  and  indeed  the  most  costly  ;  for  while  the 
Library  itself  cost  more  money  in  its  purchase,  it  may  be  ex 
pected  to  return  its  cost  and  more  by  sale.  The  process,  while 
exceedingly  laborious,  was  not  very  complicated.  It  was  of 
my  own  invention  ;  but  doubtless  another  man  equally  inter 
ested  in  the  same  purpose  would  have  invented  very  much  the 
same.  The  plan  was  much  less  important  than  its  execution. 
I  think  I  took  more  pride  in  other  simple  devices,  such  as  that 
of  keeping  the  notes  in  paper  bags  such  as  grocers  use,  prop 
erly  classified  and  labeled  in  territorial  and  chronologic  order. 

The  notes  were  about  the  same  as  would  be  taken  by  any 
author  for  his  own  use,  provided  the  books  were  to  remain 
conveniently  accessible.  The  process  was  simply  to  read  each 


28 

volume — the  most  important  books  and  manuscripts  being,  of 
course,  given  to  the  most  capable  and  experienced  men — and 
to  write  the  extracted  notes  and  references  on  half  sheets  of 
legal  paper,  with  blank  lines  separating  items  to  facilitate  the. 
later  and  purely  mechanical  cutting- up  and  arrangement.  Each 
item  had  its  territory,  date,  and  topic  on  the  left-hand  margin 
at  the  top,  and  the  title  of  the  book  at  the  bottom.  The  final 
result  was  that  when  a  writer  came  to  treat  a  certain  topic — 
as  for  instance  California,  1818,  Bouchard  Invasion  ;  or  Arizona, 
1863,  Indian  Affairs ;  or  Fremont  (J.  C.),  Biography,  etc. — he 
sought  in  an  alphabetic  and  chronologic  arrangement  the  paper 
bag  labelled  with  his  topic,  and  presently  had  before  him  from 
a  dozen  to  a  thousand  slips  of  paper,  directing  him  to  evejy 
volume  and  page  in  the  Library  containing  data  that  he 
required.  The  difference  between  ' '  notes  ' '  and  ' '  references  ' ' 
was  only  that  the  former  contained  what  evidence  the  book  or 
chapter  or  page  offered,  taken  out  in  full  or  in  resume,  while 
the  latter  simply  told  where  information  of  a  certain  nature  on 
the  topic  could  be  found.  The  ''notes  "  were  in  themselves 
extremely  useful  to  a  writer  in  his  preliminary  outlining  of  a 
plan  of  treatment  ;  but  finally  in  all  legitimate  work  they  were 
mixed  with  the  "  references,"  and  all  served  merely  as  guides 
to  the  study  of  the  sources.  Of  course,  the  writer  had  in  each 
case  a  useful  and  necessary  knowledge  of  men,  and  events,  and 
authorities,  derived  from  his  study  of  the  immediately  preced 
ing  and  cognate  topics  ;  and  he  often  found  important  matter 
to  be  carried  back  to  those  preceding  topics.  The  notes  thus 
described  must  by  no  means  be  confounded  with  the  ' '  foot 
notes  "  of  the  printed  volumes,  for  the  latter  were  prepared  as 
carefully  as  the  text,  and  from  the  same  sources. 

I  regard  this  system  as  having  been  perfectly  successful  when 
ever  properly  carried  out ;  and  in  using  the  notes  taken  out 
by  others,  I  have  rarely  had  reason  to  regret  that  I  could  not 
have  extracted  them  all  myself.  I  do  not  regard  as  an  exag 
geration  Mr.  Bancroft's  assertion  (page  566),  that  if  pasted, — 
as  many  of  them  were, — and  bound,  "  this  series  would  consti 
tute  in  itself  a  library  of  Pacific  coast  history  which  eighty 
thousand  dollars  could  not  duplicate,  even  with  the  Library  at 
hand."  I  have  given  some  details  of  this  indexing  work,  be 
cause  Mr.  Bancroft's  explanations,  perhaps  accurate  enough  in 
the  aggregate,  are  somewhat  scattered  and  vague ;  and  because 
he  is  inclined  sometimes  to  confound  it  with  other  alleged  pre 
liminary  work.  This  vagueness  is  probably  due  to  the  fact 
that,  knowing  personally  very  little  about  any  of  the  prelirqi- 
nary  steps  in  detail,  he  wrote  some  portions  of  this  descriptive 
text  himself. 

Of  the  other  preliminary  work  just  alluded  to  I  have  noth- 


29 

ing  to  sa^here,  because  I  know  but  little  about  it,  and  because 
I  doubt  that  any  considerable  amount  of  such  work  was  ever 
done  ;  but  I  shall  presently  quote  what  Mr.  Bancroft  has  to  say 
about  it. 


IX. — MR.  BANCROFT  ON  THE  AUTHORSHIP. 


I  come  now  to  the  most  important  phase  of  the  whole  mat 
ter,  that  regarding  the  real  authorship  of  the  Native  Races  and 
History  proper, — thirty-three  volumes  in  all, — for  I  do  not  in 
clude  in  this  chapter,  for  reasons  to  be  given  later,  the  six 
supplementary  volumes  of  the  latter  work,  which  are  not  with 
in  the  territorial  and  chronologic  arrangement.  And  I  begin 
by  quoting  literally  from  the  Literary  Industries  all  that  the 
author  of  that  volume  has  to  say  on  the  subject.  Of  course 
there  is  much  in  the  general  tenor  of  his  text  outside  of  specific 
statements  that  cannot  be  indicated  by  quotations  ;  but  that 
general  tenor  from  beginning  to  end  emphasizes  rather  than 
modifies  the  purport  of  specific  statements.  It  may  be  proper 
to  add  that,  in  the  preface  to  the  Native  Races,  Mr.  Bancroft 
not  only  names  his  chief  assistants,  but  specifies  the  general 
topics  in  which  the  assistance  of  each  was  utilized.  In  the 
preface  to  the  History  he  also  names  the  assistants,  without 
any  such  specification.  The  quotations  are  as  follows  : 

"  As  the  scheme  was  entirely  my  own,  as  I  had  consulted  with  no  one 
outside  of  the  library  about  it,  and  with  my  associates  but  little,  I  had 
only  to  work  it  out  after  my  own  fashion."  Page  303. 

"  When  my  first  division  "  (the  chap,  on  '  Hyperboreans  '  in  N.  R. 
I.)  "  was  wholly  written,  I  submitted  it  in  turn  to  each  of  my  principal 
assisiants  and  invited  their  criticism  ...  A  number  of  suggestions 
were  made,  some  of  which  I  acted  on.  In  general,  the  plan  as  first  con 
ceived  was  carried  out.  ...  I  then  went  on  and  explained  to  my 
assistants  how  I  had  reached  the  results,  and  giving  to  each  a  division 
I  requested  them  in  like  manner  to  gather  and  arrange  the  material,  and 
place  it  before  me  in  the  best  form  possible  for  my  use.  During  the 
progress  of  the  work  I  succeeded  in  utilizing  the  labors  of  my  assistants 
to  the  full  extent  of  my  anticipations."  Page  304. 

"  The  failure  of  certain  of  my  assistants  to  prove  profitable  to  my 
work  was  a  source  of  small  anxiety  to  me,  as  compared  with  my  own 
failures.  It  was  what  I  could  do  with  my  own  brain  and  fingers,  and 
that  alone,  which  gave  me  pleasure."  Page  292. 

"  To  follow  this  introduction,"  (Hist.  Cent.  Amer.  I.)  "  with  some  as 
sistance  I  prepared  a  summary  of  voyages  and  discoveries.  .  .  .  On 
these  two  summaries  I  labored  long  and  faithfully,  spending  fully  six 
months  on  them  with  all  the  assistance  I  could  utilize.  Oftentimes  work 
arose  where  assistance  wras  impracticable  ;  I  could  perform  it  better 
alone  ;  with  a  dozen  good  men  at  my  elbow  I  have,  neveitheless,  written 
many  volumes  alone,  taking  out  all  notes  myself,  because  I  could  not 
profitably  employ  help."  Pages  288-9. 


30 

"Historical  work  involves  labor  of  a  two-fold  nature.  *?  .  .  Ma 
terial  in  the  nature  of  evidence  has  first  to  be  accumulated  and  class 
ified  ;  subsequently,  from  the  evidence  judgments  have  to  be  formed 
and  expressed.  .  .  .  My  system  has  no  application  whatever  to  the 
second  and  final  operation  of  an  historian's  task.  ...  In  this  part 
of  my  work  I  have  no  peculiar  system  or  method,  and  I  suppose  that 
other  authors  have  none.  My  system,  then,  applies  only  to  the  accumu 
lation  and  arrangement  of  evidence  upon  the  topics  of  which  I  write, 
and  consists  in  the  application  of  business  methods  and  the  division  of 
labor  to  those  ends."  Pages  592-3. 

Yet,  "perhaps  in  my  experience  with  many  assistants,  I  have  been 
able  to  select  a  few  to  whom  I  am  able  to  entrust  the  preparation  of 
systematic  notes  on  special  topics,  and  thus  still  further  shorten  my 
task."  Page  598. 

"Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  although  my  assistants  were  of  marked 
and  diversified  abilities,  I  had  not  at  my  command  at  all  times  the  best 
of  material  for  my  purpose.  On  the  whole,  my  tools  were  not  of  the 
latest  and  best  pattern  ;  and  though  this  was  no  fault  of  theirs,  it  threw 
the  whole  burden  and  responsibility  upon  me,  where  it  remained  from 
the  first  to  the  last ;  even  my  best  and  most  efficient  assistants  being 
able  to  prove  up  the  correctness  of  but  a  portion  of  the  work,  leaving 
me  to  do  the  rest  as  best  I  was  able."  Page  293. 

"By  this  means  [a  description  of  the  alleged  preparatory  work  is 
quoted  a  little  later]  I  obtained  a  sort  of  bird's-eye  view  of  all  evidence 
on  the  topics  for  my  history,  as  I  took  them  up  one  after  the  other  in 
accordance  with  my  own  order  and  plan  for  writing.  It  saved  me  the 
drudgery  and  loss  of  time  of  thoroughly  studying  any  but  the  best  of 
authorities,  or  more  than  a  few  first-class  ancient  and  modern  books." 
Page  568. 

"  To  more  able  and  experienced  assistants  were  given  the  study  and 
reduction  of  certain  minor  sections  of  the  history,  which  I  employed  in 
my  writing  after  more  or  less  condensation  and  change."  Ib . 

This  is  all,  but  it  is  directly  to  the  point.  Leaving  nothing 
to  conjecture, — no  difficulties  to  be  explained  away,  no  gaps 
to  be  filled,  no  ground  for  varying  interpretations  of  his  mean 
ing, — Mr.  Bancroft  tells  us  just  how  he  wrote  his  volumes. 
After  the  notes  had  been  extracted — for  which  credit  is  given 
to  the  assistants — and  after  the  matter  thus  extracted  had  gone 
through  an  additional  process  of  development, — also  at  the 
hands  of  assistants, — he  wrote  the  history  very  much  as  any 
historian  would  write  it.  True,  the  assistants  were  permitted 
to  make  "suggestions"  ;  they  "gathered  and  arranged  ma 
terial  and  placed  it  before  him  in  the  best  form  for  his  use," 
though  he  had  to  ' '  write  many  volumes  alone,  taking  out  all 
the  notes  himself  "  ;  his  system  "  applied  only  to  the  accumu 
lation  and  arrangement  of  evidence";  "on  the  whole,  his 
tools  were  not  of  the  latest  and  best  pattern  ' '  ;  yet  to  a  few 
of  them  could  be  entrusted  the  study  and  reduction  of  a  "  few 
minor  sections  "  for  his  use,  or  the  "preparation  of  systema 
tized  notes  on  special  topics, ' '  thus  shortening  his  labors  ; 
though  the  c '  best  and  most  efficient ' '  of  them  could  ' '  prove 
up  the  correctness  "  but  of  a  portion  of  his  work.  Not  only 


31 

is  it  constantly  affirmed  and  implied  throughout  the  narrative 
that  Mr.  Bancroft  alone  did  the  writing ;  but  there  is  not  a 
phrase  anywhere  to  indicate  the  possibility  that  any  other  per 
son  wrote  a  chapter,  or  much  less  a  volume. 

On  the  nature  of  the  intermediate  preliminary  work  between 
that  of  the  note- takers  and  that  of  the  author,  I  quote  as  fol 
lows  : 

"  The  assistant  was  given  a  mass  of  notes  and  references  covering  a 
certain  period,  or  series  of  incidents,  with  instructions  to  so  reduce  the 
subject  matter  that  I  might  receive  it  weeded  of  all  superfluities  and 
repetitions,  whether  in  words  or  in  facts  already  expressed  by  previous 
authors,  yet  containing  every  fact,  however  minute,  every  thought  and 
conclusion,  including  such  as  occurred  to  the  preparer,  and  arranged  in 
as  good  an  historic  order  as  the  assistant  could  give  it.  He  arranged 
the  references  and  notes  that  pointed  to  events  in  a  chronologic  order, 
yet  bringing  together  certain  incidents  of  different  dates  if  the  historic 
order  demanded  it.  Institutionary  and  descriptive  notes  on  commerce, 
etc.,  .  .  .  were  joined  to  such  dates  or  occurrences  as  called  for 
their  use.  .  .  .  With  the  material  thus  grouped  it  was  found  that 
each  small  subdivision,  incident,  or  descriptive  matter  had  a  number  of 
notes  bearing  upon  it  from  different  authors,  sometimes  several  score. 
These  must  then  be  divided  into  three  or  more  classes,  according  to  the 
value  of  the  authority  ;  the  first  class  comprising  original  narratives  and 
reports  ;  the  second  such  as  were  based  partly  on  the  first,  yet  possessed 
certain  original  facts  or  thoughts  ;  the  third  those  which  were  merely 
copied  from  others  or  presented  brief  and  hasty  compilations.  The  as 
sistant  then  took  the  best  of  his  first-class  authorities,  the  fullest  and 
most  reliable,  so  far  as  he  could  judge  after  a  brief  glance,  and  pro 
ceeded  to  extract  subject  matter  from  the  pages  of  the  book  to  which 
the  reference  directed  him.  This  he  did  partly  in  his  own  language, 
partly  in  a  series  of  quotations.  .  .  .  Sometimes  he  found  the  ex 
tract  already  made  on  the  slips  called  notes.  The  same  book  might  ap 
pear  to  be  the  best  authority  for  a  succession  of  topics,  and  the  extract 
ing  was  continued  for  some  time  before  the  book  was  laid  aside.  Bach 
extract  was  indexed  in  the  margin,  and  at  the  foot  of  it,  or  on  the  page, 
was  written  the  title,  etc.  The  next  best  authorities  were  then  read  on 
the  same  topic  or  series  of  topics,  and  any  information  additional  or 
contradictory  to  what  had  already  been  noted  was  extracted  and  placed 
at  the  foot  of  the  page  bearing  on  the  subject,  or  on  a  blank  page,  on 
which  was  indexed  a  heading  similar  to  that  of  the  original  page,  so  as 
to  bring  the  same  topics  together.  If  these  contradictions  bore  on  par 
ticular  expressions  or  facts  in  the  original  extract,  they  were  subdivided 
in  accordance  with  and  by  means  of  numbers  brought  in  connection 
with  the  particular  word  or  line.  .  .  .  The  titles  of  all  or  of  several 
first-class  authorities  which  agreed  with  the  original  extract  were  also 
added  to  the  foot  of  that  extract,  with  the  remark,  'the  same  in  brief 
or  'in  full,'  as  the  case  might  be.  This  showed  me  which  authors  con 
firmed  and  which  contradicted  any  statement,  and  enabled  me  to  draw 
conclusions.  From  second-class  authors  the  assistant  rarely  obtained 
anything  but  observations,  while  the  third  class  yielded  sometimes 
nothing.  As  he  proceeded  in  this  refining  process  or  system  of  conden 
sation,  the  assistant  added  in  notes  to  particular  lines  or  paragraphs  his 
own  observations  on  the  character  of  the  hero,  the  incident,  or  the 
author.  By  this  means  I  obtained  a  sort  of  bird's-eye  view,"  etc.,  as 
already  quoted."  Page  566-8. 


X, — MY  OWN  VERSION  ON  THE  AUTHORSHIP. 

This  alleged  preparatory  system  as  above  set  forth  is  for  the 
most  part  purely  imaginary.  I  have  to  state  most  positively 
that  I  never  did,  nor  did  any  assistant  ever  do  for  me,  any  such 
work  ;  and  that  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief  no 
considerable  part  of  the  thirty-three  volumes  was  founded  by 
Mr.  Bancroft  or  anybody  else  on  this  or  any  similar  preliminary 
process.  For  at  least  nine-tenths  of  the  work  the  notes 
were  given  directly  to  the  author,  who  made  his  own  researches 
in  his  own  way,  reached  his  own  conclusions,  expressed  them 
in  his  own  language,  and  sent  them  to  the  printer  without  any 
but  a  superficial  and  hasty  editorial  revision. 

I  have  used  the  terms  "  for  the  most  part,"  "  nine-tenths, " 
''no  considerable  part,"  not  only  to  avoid  possible  exaggera 
tion,  but  to  give  the  greatest  possible  basis  of  accuracy  and 
sincerity  to  the  representations  of  the  Literary  Industries.  It 
is  not  improbable  that  Mr.  Nemos,  in  the  period  of  haste,  to 
be  noticed  later  as  having  followed  the  premature  beginning 
of  publication,  may  have  resorted  to  some  such  expedient  as 
that  described  in  the  preparation  of  some  parts  of  volumes  ; 
and  possibly  I  may  underrate  the  amount  of  such  work.  I 
presume  that,  being  called  on  for  a  description  of  his  method, 
Mr.  Nemos — -for  the  quoted  text  is  evidently  from  his  pen — 
gave  a  truthful  account  of  the  process  he  was  trying  at  the 
time  ;  and  Mr.  Bancroft  saw  no  good  reason  why  it  should  not 
be  applied  to  the  whole  work  of  many  years.  There  are  in  his 
narrative  many  statements  on  less  important  details  that  can 
be  justified  only  by  their  possible  truth  in  some  particular 
week  or  month. 

It  is  true  that  at  first  we  had  some  such  preliminary  system 
vaguely  in  view.  The  notes  having  been  arranged  and  ampli 
fied  by  subordinates,  the  result  was  to  be  studied  anew,  modi 
fied  in  arrangement,  enriched  with  original  ideas,  written  out 
on  a  large  scale,  and  then  much  condensed,  as  was  hoped,  by- 
several  successive  assistants  or  corps,  graded  according  to  their 
skill  and  experience  ;  and  finally  Mr.  Bancroft,  studying  only 
leading  authorities,  was  to  re-write  at  least  the  text  of  most 
parts  to  a  sufficient  extent  to  make  the  language  and  style  his 
own.  But  the  immensity  of  the  work,  and  the  necessity  of 
publishing  parts  before  the  whole  was  ready  in  any  form,  com 
pelled  us  to  abandon  all  such  ideas  before  any  practical  test  of 
their  utility  could  be  made.  Mr.  Bancroft  has  never  seemed 
to  realize  fully  that  this  or  any  other  phase  of  the  early  and 
immature  projects  was  ever  entirely  given  up. 


33 

Not  only  do  I  deny  that  the  volumes  were  written  by  any 
system  even  remotely  resembling  the  one  described,  and  affirm 
that  they  were  written  for  the  most  part  directly  from  the  notes, 
like  any  other  history  ;  but,  what  is  much  more  serious,  I  am 
obliged  to  deny  that  Mr.  Bancroft  wrote  the  volumes,  or  one- 
sixth  of  them,  by  any  system  whatever.  When  I  said  that  the  f 
notes  were  given  directly  to  the  author,  who  through  them 
reached  the  sources  for  his  topic,  I  should  have  said  "  authors  ' '  ; 
and  of  these  Mr.  Bancroft  was  only  one.  He  wrote  no  com 
plete  volume  of  the  thirty-three,  and  in  the  aggregate  not  more 
than  five  volumes  ;  while  other  writers — whom  he  does  not 
credit  with  a  chapter — wrote  the  other  twenty-eight. 

When,  therefore,  he  claims  the  authorship  of  the  Native 
Races  and  History  he  must  give  to  the  pronoun  ' '  I  "  a  meaning 
so  extended  beyond  his  own  personality,  or  even  beyond  the 
ordinary  editorial  "we,"  as  to  include  his  collaborators:  or 
he  must  regard  the  twenty -eight  volumes  of  what  seemed  to 
us  completed  manuscript  as  merely  the  ' '  classified  notes  "which 
gave  him  his  "bird's-eye  view,"  and  our  writing  of  those 
volumes  as  the  preparatory  work  that  has  been  quoted  ;  while 
the  veritable  "  writing  "  consisted  in  the  reading  which,  pencil 
in  hand,  he  gave  most  chapters  before  they  went  to  the  printer. 
Perhaps  the  literary  world  will  accept  his  view  of  the  matter. 

Having  thus  made  known  in  general  terms  the  truth  respect 
ing  the  real  authorship,  I  proceed  to  state  more  particularly  the 
authorship  of  the  different  parts.  Except  in  my  own  case,  I 
shall  not  attempt  to  specify  exactly  the  chapters  and  pages  to 
be  accredited  to  each  writer.  This  in  many  cases  would  be 
very  difficult,  and  in  some  impossible  ;  but  I  shall  secure 
approximate  accuracy  and  justice  by  pointing  out  the  chief 
portions  of  each  man's  work,  and,  indeed,  practically  all  of 
such  work.  It  is  proper  to  state  here  that  the  details  and  fig 
ures  of  the  following  statement  were  submitted,  in  a  memo 
randum  made  by  me  in  1886,  to  Mr.  Nemos,  who,  next  to 
myself,  was  best  acquainted  with  the  subject,  and,  indeed, 
knew  more  than  I  respecting  some  details  of  work  done  by 
himself  and  certain  other  assistants.  It  was  approved  by  him, 
as  being  as  nearly  accurate  as  it  could  ever  be  made.  It  was 
thought  by  both  of  us  that  possibly  a  slight  improvement 
might  be  Kiade  by  deducting  from  the  figures  accredited  to 
most  assistants  a  varying  percentage  of  matter,  amounting  in 
the  aggregate  to  one  or  two  volumes,  to  be  classified  as  so 
hopelessly  miscellaneous  that  the  authorship  cannot  be  accur 
ately  assigned.  This  exception  of  a  few  volumes  made  by  me 
over  and  over  in  different  connections  must  be  understood 
always  to  refer  to  the  same  matter,  and  not  to  matter  which  in 
the  aggregate  might  amount  to  many  volumes,  thus  weaken- 


34 

ing  our  claims,  without,  however,  strengthening  those  of  Mr. 
Bancroft.  None  of  these  exceptions  in  any  connection  affect, 
in  the  slightest  degree,  my  own  portions  of  the  work. 


XI. — DETAILS  OF  MR.  BANCROFT'S  WORK. 

Hubert  H.  Bancroft  wrote  matter  amounting  in  the  aggre 
gate  to  four  and  a  half  volumes.  His  work,  widely  scattered, 
is  to  be  found  in  Native  Races,  I.  II.  III.;  History,  Central 
America,  I.  II.,  Mexico,  I.,  California  VI.  VII.,  Northwest 
Coast,  I.  II.,  British  Cohimbia,  Alaska,  Utah,  and  to  a  slight 
extent  in  other  volumes.  Something  over  three-fourths  of 
Cent.  Amer.  I.,  and  British  Columbia,  the  first  half  of  Mexico, 
I.,  and  last  half  of  N.  W.  Coast,  L,  nearly  all  of  Id.  II.,  that 
part  of  Utah  devoted  to  the  earliest  annals,  and  to  a  discussion 
of  polygamy  and  other  peculiar  institutions  of  Mormonism  ; 
chapter  I.  of  Native  Races,  I.  on  "  Hyperboreans  "  ;  and  the 
chapter  on'*  Savageism  and  Civilization"  in  Id.  II.,  may  be 
regarded  as  properly  his  work.  His  part  of  the  Native  Races 
was  exactly  270  pages  out  of  a  total  of  4000.  He  wrote  part 
or  all  of  most  prefaces  and  introductions,  though  never  in  rny 
own  volumes.  He  did  a  considerable  amount  of  editorial 
revision,  and  especially  "cutting  down,"  making  some  small 
parts  partially  his  own  in  language,  though  rarely  adding  any 
thing  of  research. 

Mr.  Bancroft  did  not  take  very  kindly  to  the  system  of  note- 
taking  or  its  results,  often  preferring  to  gather  from  the 
shelves  and  heap  up  in  his  room  a  ton  or  two  of  such  books  as 
he  thought  he  might  need,  extracting  notes  for  a  day  or  two 
so  long  as  he  came  across  only  unimportant  books,  but  rarely 
able  to  resist  the  temptation  to  begin  writing  as  soon  as  he 
found  a  work  that  interested  him.  Usually  his  space  was 
filled  before  he  had  made  any  serious  inroad  on  his  heap  of 
authorities,  when  he  sometimes  kept  on  writing  and  trusting 
to  a  later  omission  of  the  least  important  parts  ;  but  in  other 
instances  he  called  in  the  aid  of  some  assistant,  who  through 
the  regular  index  notes  selected  the  most  essential  matter 
that  must  in  some  way  be  woven  into  his  text  or  foot-notes, 
something  besides  time  being  necessarily  lost  by  this  method. 
Much  of  his  work,  however,  was  done  approximately  like  that 
of  the  other  writers  through  the  regular  notes.  As  he  could 
not  readily  read  Spanish  or  French,  he  was  obliged  to  use 
many  of  his  references  through  translations. 

His  delight  in  the  voluminous  references  produced  by  his 
assistants,  outside  of  their  cost  and  the  effect  they  were  ex- 


35 

pected  to  have  on  the  public  mind,  had  little  reference  to  their 
legitimate  value  as  guides  to  needed  evidence,  but  rather  to 
their  use  in  building  up  long  lists  of  authorities  for  the  ends  of 
his  chapters.  Any  other  use  of  the  notes  he  was  apt  to  regard 
as  at  the  best  but  a  necessary  evil.  He  cared  nothing  for  the 
bibliography  of  his  topics,  but  gladly  introduced  long  biblio 
graphic  notes  prepared  by  others. 

The  prevalent  idea,  I  think,  among  friends  as  well  as  foes, 
has  been  that,  while  probably  deficient  in  literary  ability,  he 
had  unusual  skill,  not  only  in  organizing  and  drilling  a  corps 
of  assistants,  but  in  devising  practical  and  business-like  methods 
for  reaching  through  others  his  objects  ;  that  he  was  a  much 
better  compiler  than  writer.  In  my  opinion,  the  truth  lies  in 
the  opposite  direction.  Though  his  style  may  show  the  faults 
naturally  arising  from  a  lack  of  literary  discipline  in  early  life, 
I  regard  him  as  being  a  remarkably  able  writer  ;  and  I  think 
the  autobiographical  portions  of  his  Literary  Industries  and 
the  volumes  accredited  to  him  above  contain  abundant  evi 
dence  to  that  effect.  Where  is  the  man  of  purely  business 
training,  and  without  liberal  education,  who  could  do  so  well  ? 
Give  him  a  topic  which  he  understood  and  in  which  he  was 
interested,  and  he  would  present  it  in  a  manner  to  hold  the 
reader's  attention  in  a  far  higher  degree  than  any  of  his  asso 
ciates.  It  was  in  his  writing  that  he  took  delight ;  and  it  has 
been,  generally,  his  parts  of  his  works  that  have,  from  a  liter 
ary  point  of  view,  elicited  praise  from  the  critics.  If  there  are 
any  chapters  that  will  ever  be  read  for  pleasure  and  not  exclu 
sively  for  information,  they  are  among  those  that  he  wrote, 
even  if  it  be  true  that  his  eccentricities  of  style,  his  fondness 
for  rhetoric  and  foreign  phrases,  may  in  some  instances  pro 
voke  ridicule. 

On  the  other  hand,  he  was  among  the  worst  compilers  I 
ever  knew,  though  his  energy  overcame  many  natural  defects 
in  this,  as  it  would  in  any  direction.  Always  a  hard  worker, 
he  expected  his  hard  work  to  result  invariably  in  a  correspond 
ingly  large  production  of  manuscript.  He  lacked  the  spirit  of 
patient  research  that  could  be  content  with  a  short  chapter  as 
the  outcome  of  a  month's  toil  ;  or  at  least,  if  such  was  to  be 
the  result,  he  preferred  to  write  half-a-dozen  long  chapters  and 
then  select  the  best  for  abridgment.  He  really  cared  but  little 
for  his  much  vaunted  system  for  securing  exhaustive  treat 
ment,  except  for  its  effect  on  public  opinion,  almost  regretting 
at  times  that  history  could  not  be  written  acceptably  without 
any  authorities  whatever.  Not  only  did  he  never  devise  any 
important  step  in  the  process  followed,  but  most  steps  he  never 
really  understood,  or  criticized,  except  by  complaints  that  they 
were  consuming  a  good  deal  of  time  and  money.  His  success 


36 

in  the  more  mechanical  phases  of  his  scheme  consisted  mainly 
in  his  obstinate  courage  in  submitting  to  what  he  regarded  as 
extravagant  demands  on  his  purse  and  patience. 

As  an  historian,  while  desiring  and  trying  to  be  impartial,  he 
was  much  too  easily  influenced  by  his  strong  prejudices  on 
many  subjects.  If  really  interested  in  a  subject,  evidence  had 
too  little  influence  on  his  mind  ;  if  not  interested,  he  was  too 
prone  to  think  that  almost  any  conclusion  would  suffice,  if  the 
requisite  number  of  pages  were  filled,  and  with  a  good  show 
ing  of  research.  Wishing  to  be  accurate,  he  more  earnestly 
desired  to  be  considered  accurate  ;  avowedly  seeking  the  truth, 
he  delighted  more  in  a  vivid  presentment  of  what  would  be 
regarded  as  truth.  He  is  a  man  who,  by  his  force  of  character, 
would  have  achieved  success  in  almost  any  direction.  Failure 
or  defeat  in  any  aim,  petty  or  important,  is  what  he  most 
dreads.  Hostility  and  abuse  have  little  apparent  effect  on  him. 
He  makes  friends  easily  for  any  temporary  purpose,  but  is 
more  at  home  as  a  rule  with  enemies,  with  whom  his  expe 
rience  has  been  very  large.  A  fluent  and  rapid  writer  on  any 
subject,  he  stumbles  and  fails  utterly  in  the  attempt  to  talk  on 
any  but  a  business  proposition.  Spending  his  money  freely  in 
pursuit  of  any  pet  purpose,  he  is  always  ready  to  spend  five 
dollars'  worth  of  time  in  haggling  over  the  expenditure  of 
twenty-five  cents. 

He  had  a  consciousness  of  his  weakness  in  certain  directions 
as  a  writer  ;  and  an  extraordinary  willingness,  for  a  man  of 
his  positive  character,  to  be  guided  by  almost  anybody  against 
his  own  inclinations.  He  was,  indeed,  somewhat  too  ready  to 
modify  his  conclusions  as  an  historian,  especially  if  the  con 
clusions  had  been  reached  by  the  laborious  research  and  thought 
indicated  in  the  Literary  Industries  as  the  basis  of  all  his  views. 
For  instance,  his  first  volume  of  the  History,  dealing  largely 
with  early  church  annals  in  America,  was  submitted  after  be 
ing  put  in  print  to  a  committee  from  the  churches — represent 
ing  an  element  which,  for  various  reasons  affecting  the  reputa 
tion  and  sale  of  the  book,  he  desired  to  conciliate — for  revision. 
The  result  was  a  multitude  of  changes  affecting  nearly  every 
page,  so  that  it  might  have  been  as  cheap  to  set  up  the  type 
anew  as  to  change  the  plates  ;  but  the  changes  were  cheerfully 
made,  and  in  the  toning-down  of  many  radical  expressions 
were  probably  an  improvement ;  yet  this  did  not  prevent  the 
introduction  of  further  matter  giving  offence  to  the  church,  in 
later  volumes  on  Central  America  and  Mexico.  This  same 
committee  of  ecclesiastical  experts  examined  some  of  my  manu 
script  volumes  on  California,  suggesting  changes  in  two  or 
three  instances,  which  were  made.  Very  likely  these  changes 
also  were  improvements,  though  I  would  have  seen  the  church- 


37 

men  exposed  to  the  warmest  temperatures  known  to  their  re 
spective  creeds  rather  than  consent  to  them,  had  I  been  con 
sulted.  True,  I  was  not  interested  in  the  sale,  nor  directly  in 
the  reputation  of  the  book. 


XII. — WORK   OF   NEMOS,  VICTOR,  SAVAGK,    AND  OTHERS. 

William  Nemos  wrote  five  volumes,  his  work  appearing 
chiefly  in  Central  America  I.  ;  Mexico  I. -VI.  ;  California  VI.- 
VII.  ;  North  Mexican  States  II.  ;  and  in  several  other  volumes 
to  a  less  extent.  Throughout  the  volumes  specified  he  was 
largely  the  author  of  chapters  on  institutions.  Good  samples 
of  his  work  are  to  be  found  in  the  last  half  of  Mexico  I.,  and 
first  half  of  Id.  II.  ;  also  in  the  chapter  on  "  Filibusters  "  in 
California  VI.,  he  being  indeed  the  author  of  the  last  two  vol 
umes  of  California,  excepting  the  opening  chapters  on  the 
discovery  of  gold  by  Mr.  Bancroft,  the  political  chapters  by 
Mrs.  Victor,  and  that  on  "  Mexican  Land  Titles  "  by  myself. 
His  work  is  hardest  of  all  to  estimate  fairly  in  volumes  and 
pages,  being  more  scattered  than  that  of  any  other  worker. 
He  did  more  editorial  work  than  any  other — including  Mr. 
Bancroft  ;  also  more  indexing  and  note-taking,  besides  a  very 
large  amount  of  cataloguing  and  proof-checking.  After  about 
1 88 1  he  had  almost  exclusive  charge  of  details  of  library  work  ; 
and  after  my  departure  in  1887  he  acted  as  librarian  and  super 
intendent  for  a  year  or  two,  down  to  his  own  departure.  In  the 
early  years  his  manuscript,  as  the  work  of  one  writing  in  a 
foreign  language,  required  some  superficial  revision  ;  but  his 
improvement  was  remarkably  rapid,  and  in  the  later  years  his 
manuscript  went  to  the  printer  without  change.  His  work  as 
a  writer  was  good,  both  in  matter  and  style  ;  and  his  patient 
industry,  his  versatility,  and  skill  in  all  branches  of  preliminary 
work,  were  worthy  of  high  praise.  Outside  of  the  thirty-three 
volumes  to  which  this  statement  particularly  pertains,  Mr. 
Nemos  wrote  most  of  the  matter  on  the  Library,  with  library 
work  and  methods,  in  the  Literary  Industries  ;  and  a  large  por 
tion  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  Life  of  Porfirio  Diaz. 

Frances  Fuller  Victor  wrote  four  volumes.  The  Oregon,  and 
Washington,  etc.  were  her  work,  as  was  mainly  the  Nevada,  etc. 
She  was  the  author  of  the  chapters  of  political  history  in  Cal 
ifornia  VI. -VII.  ;  and  of  the  last  of  the  three  chapters  on  the 
Oregon  Question  in  Northwest  Coast  II.  Before  coming  to  the 
Library  Mrs.  Victor  was  a  writer  who  had  gained  a  wide  repu 
tation  and  published  several  volumes,  which  cannot  be  said  of 


38 

any  other  member  of  the  corps.  Of  her  ability  and  faithful 
ness  hardly  too  much  can  be  said  in  praise.  She  had  the  advan 
tage  not  only  of  literary  experience,  but  of  intimate  acquaint 
ance  with  the  history  of  the  Oregon  Territory  ;  also  the  disad 
vantage  of  lacking  drill  in  the  library  methods  of  preparatory 
work,  resulting  in  a  certain  lack  of  skill,  sometimes,  in  the  use 
of  notes.  In  her  enthusiasm  she  often  exceeded  the  space 
assigned  to  her  topics  ;  and  her  manuscript  therefore  required 
condensation  ;  but,  as  Mr.  Bancroft's  "  system  "  of  condensa 
tion  consisted  mainly  in  the  selection  of  certain  parts  for  omis 
sion — much  as  if  an  artist  should  reduce  the  size  of  a  painting 
by  cutting  out  a  rock  here  and  a  tree  there — T  do  not  regard 
this  kind  of  editorial  revision  as  having  materially  affected  her 
claims  to  authorship.  Besides  her  own  writing,  and  the  extrac 
tion  of  many  notes  for  her  own  use,  Mrs.  Victor  did  no  other 
work,  as  far  as  I  am  aware.  Since  leaving  the  Library  she  has 
published  a  work  on  the  Northern  Pacific  regions,  under  the 
title  of  Atlantis  Arisen. 

[Since  the  above  was  written,  Mrs.  Victor  has  "declared 
her  independence  ' '  by  exhibiting  her  volumes, — with  her  name 
on  back  and  title, —  at  the  Mechanics'  Fair  at  San  Francisco, 
and  at  the  Chicago  World's  Fair,  with  the  following  Special 
Preface : 

"  It  is  well  known,  Mr.  Bancroft  having  set  if  forth  in  his 
Literary  Industries  >  that  the  series  of  Pacific  Coast  Histories 
employed  the  talents  and  labors  of  a  number  of  writers  besides 
himself.  As  one  of  those  writers  whose  individual  work  is  not 
acknowledged,  being  called  upon  to  state  what  literary  work 
I  have  done  for  the  Pacific  Coast,  it  seems  not  only  just  but 
necessary  to  affix  my  name  to  at  least  four  volumes  of  the 
History  of  the  Pacific  States,  although  this  does  not  cover  all 
the  work  done  on  the  History  by  myself.  The  four  volumes 
referred  to  comprise  the  states  of  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho, 
Montana,  Colorado,  Wyoming  and  Nevada.  My  name  is  there 
fore  placed  on  the  backs  of  these  volumes,  without  displacing 
that  of  Mr.  Bancroft. 

' '  FRANCES  FULLER  VICTOR.  ' ' 

I  regard  this  claim  and  action  of  Mrs.  Victor  as  entirely 
justifiable  and  proper.  I  should  have  taken  a  similar  course 
if  my  statement  had  been  ready  for  publication.] 

Thomas  Savage  was  the  author  of  matter  amounting  to  three 
volumes,  to  be  found  in  Central  America  II. -III.  :  in  Mexico 
III- VI.,  and  in  parts  of  several  other  volumes.  Volume  III. 
of  Central  America  may  be  regarded  as  entirely  his  work. 
Mainly  by  reason  of  his  long  continued  use  of  the  Spanish 
language  and  his  long  practice  in  diplomatic  offices,  resulting 


39 

in  a  tendency  to  employ  long  sentences  and  long  words,  his 
manuscript  in  parts  required  condensation  ;  but  large  portions 
were  printed  just  as  they  came  from  his  pen.  Mr.  Savage  was 
Spanish  expert  for  the  whole  corps  ;  did  a  very  large  amount 
of  indexing  and  note-taking,  especially  from  Spanish  manu 
scripts  ;  supervised  the  copying  of  public  and  private  archives  ; 
and  traveled  extensively  in  California  to  collect  private  docu 
ments  and  pioneer  dictations  ;  besides  doing  a  considerable 
amount  of  proof-reading  and  miscellaneous  work.  He  is  a 
nephew  of  Savage,  the  famous  New  England  antiquarian,  and 
was  in  every  respect  one  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  most  capable  and 
useful  assistants.  He  wrote  much  of  the  California  Pastoral ; 
did  much  translation  into  Spanish,  including  portions  of  .the 
Life  of  Diaz  and  the  condensed  History  of  Mexico  ;  and  also 
wrote  in  Spanish  and  English  a  commercial  Manual  of  Hispano- 
American  countries. 

John  J.  Peatfield  wrote  in  the  aggregate  a  little  more  than  two 
volumes,  though  it  is  difficult  to  estimate  the  exact  figures. 
His  work  appears  in  Central  America  I. -II.  ;  Mexico  III. -VI. 
(especially  in  Vol.  IV.  on  the  War  of  Independence,  and  in 
the  volume  including  the  Mexican  War) ;  and  the  Texas  chap 
ters  in  NortJi  Mexican  States  II.  He  also  rewrote  and  ex 
tended  the  Texas  chapters  in  Id.  L,  after  the  first  edition  had 
been  published,  at  the  same  time  cutting  down  other  portions 
of  the  volume  to  make  room  for  the  extension.  Mr.  Peatfield 
did  a  good  deal  of  note-taking  and  some  preliminary  writing, 
to  be  put  in  final  shape  by  Mr.  Nemos.  He  is  a  man  of  lib 
eral  education  and  excellent  literary  ability,  and  has  since  done 
good  work  on  the  Californian  Magazine. 

Alfred  Bates  may  be  regarded  as  the  author  of  one  volume 
and  a  half,  in  Utah ;  Alaska ;  British  Columbia ;  and  small 
portions  of  other  volumes.  The  last  third  of  Alaska,  and  at 
least  half  of  Utah,  were  written  by  him.  He  did  very  little 
miscellaneous  work  beyond  the  making  of  some  indices  for  the 
printed  volumes.  He  wrote  very  deliberately,  with  the  great 
est  care  as  to  words  and  phrases  ;  his  work  therefore  requiring 
but  little  modification  either  in  manuscript  or  proof.  Mr. 
Bates  wrote  a  condensed  History  of  Mexico,  and  I  think  some 
other  miscellaneous  books  ;  and  he  is  now  (1891)  a  useful 
writer  on  the  biographical  volumes  being  published  by  Mr. 
Bancroft. 

Theodore  A.  Harcourt  wrote  a  little  less  than  one  volume, 
including  the  chapter  on  "  Californians,"  in  Native  Races  I.  ; 
several  chapters  in  Id.  II,  ;  about  100  pages  of  the  "  Mythol- 


40 

ogy  "  in  Id.  III.  ;  and  other  chapters  on  "  Origin  "  and  Maya- 
Quiche  annals  in  Id.  V.  His  part  of  the  Native  Races  was  ex 
actly  636  pages.  He  also  wrote  on  a  much  larger  scale  than 
that  finally  adopted  for  publication,  the  annals  of  Lower  Cali 
fornia,  and  on  a  somewhat  smaller  scale  of  the  Russian  colony 
in  California,  and  the  gold  discovery  in  California  ;  all  of  which 
matter  was  used  by  myself  in  writing  the  North  Mexican 
States  I'.,  by  Mr.  Nemos  for  Id.  II.,  by  myself  in  the  Russian 
chapters  of  California  II. -IV. ,  and  by  Mr.  Bancroft  in  Id.  VI. 
In  this  process  Mr.  Harcourt's  matter  was  cut  down  to  one- 
fifth,  and  rewritten  with  addition  of  much  new  material  ;  but 
since  much  time  was  saved  and  some  sentences  and  notes  were 
refined,  he  deserves  mention  in  this  connection.  He  did  a 
large  amount  of  indexing  —  which  indeed  he  superintended 
for  a  time  —  and  note-taking  ;  was  later  associate  editor  of  the 
Overland ;  and  was  a  man  of  brilliant  and  varied  abilities,  do 
ing,  notwithstanding  his  erratic  ways,  much  useful  work  in 
the  Library. 

Ivan  Petroff  wrote  the  first  half  of  the  volume  on  Alaska. 
He  did  some  note -taking  and  a  very  large  amount  of  transla 
tion  from  Russian  manuscripts  and  books,  besides  making  sev 
eral  trips  to  Alaska  and  Washington,  D.  C.,  in  search  of  origi 
nal  material.  It  would  have  been  difficult  to  fill  Mr.  Petroff 's 
place  in  the  Library  ;  and  his  varied  abilities  have  been  well 
known  and  appreciated  in  government  and  scientific  circles. 
[Since  the  above  was  written  Mr.  PetrofF  seems  to  have  fallen 
into  disgrace  at  Washington.  I  cannot  believe,  however,  that 
the  matter  is  so  bad  as  represented,  since  with  us  he  was 
always  an  honest  and  efficient  worker.] 

Walter  M.  Fisher  wrote  half  a  volume,  that  is  409  pages,  of 
the  "  Mythology  "  in  Native  Raczs  III.  He  also  extracted 
some  notes,  and  did  a  little  proof-reading.  He  left  the  libra 
ry  before  work  on  the  History  was  begun,  to  become  associate 
editor  of  the  Overland  for  a  brief  period,  and  later  author  of  a 
book  on  The  Californians.  He  was  a  very  young  man  from 
the  north  of  Ireland,  and  of  great  promise  in  a  literary  way  ; 
but  was  inclined  to  look  upon  his  work  in  California  as  un 
worthy  of  his  best  efforts.  No  member  of  the  corps  was  so 
well  liked  as  Mr.  Fisher  by  Mr.  Bancroft,  or  had  so  great  an 
influence  on  the  literary  style  of  the  latter. 

Goldschmidt  —  who  ought  perhaps  to  have  individual  credit 
as  author  for  his  researches  on  "  Languages  "  for  the  Native 
Races  III.  —  Gilmour,  Paton,  Griffin,  Murray,  Kuhn,  Allsop, 


41 

Erasmus,  and  a  few  others,  wrote  possibly  one  volume  in  the 
aggregate,  though  their  work  was  used  chiefly  for  notes,  and 
rewritten. 

The  preceding  paragraphs  afford,  I  believe,  an  impartial  view 
of  the  respective  services  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  assistants  as 
writers.  It  is  probable,  indeed,  that  if  each  of  them  should 
present  conscientiously  an  estimate  of  his  own  work,  each  esti 
mate  might  slightly  exceed  that  given  above  —  and  that  with 
out  any  of  the  number  making  deductions  from  the  parts  ac 
credited  to  either  Mr.  'Bancroft  or  myself.  But  there  were 
only  eighteen  and  a  half  volumes  to  be  divided  between  them  ; 
and,  while  the  task  was  not  without  its  difficulties,  my  distri 
bution  as  confirmed  by  Mr.  Nemos  is,  I  think,  as  near  an  ap 
proximation  to  accuracy  as  it  would  be  possible  to  make. 
While  some  portions  of  the  work  of  each  have  been  considera 
bly  revised  or  cut  down  by  others  of  the  number,  or  by  Mr. 
Bancroft  himself,  nothing  was  done  in  my  view  of  the  matter 
to  really  affect  the  status  of  any  as  a  writer. 

In  comparing  the  respective  extent  and  quality  of  the  work 
accredited  above  to  these  assistants  and  below  to  myself,  it  is 
proper  to  note  that  the  terms  of  service  differed  greatly,  as  did 
also  the  portions  of  that  service  devoted  to  actual  writing  for 
the  printer  ;  also,  that  if  my  manuscript  was  never  revised  or 
cut  down  as  theirs  was  in  parts,  such  a  revising  process  would 
not  only  have  reduced  the  bulk,  but,  in  the  opinion  of  many, 
improved  the  quality  of  my  work.  The  assistants,  moreover, 
labored  under  many  disadvantages  from  which  I  was  compara 
tively  free.  Their  work  was  for  the  most  part  in  discon 
nected  sections,  and  rarely  could  they  begin  and  end  a  volume 
or  a  subject.  They  could  not  generally  choose  their  favorite 
topics  ;  were  often  transferred  from  one  field  to  another  ;  were 
hampered  by  troublesome  restrictions  as  to  time  and  space  ; 
and  their  services  were  for  the  most  part  less  liberally  re 
warded  than  mine.  I  am  not  aware  that  Mr.  Bancroft  ever 
found  fault  with  any  assistant  for  failing  to  examine  all. his 
data,  to  weigh  the  evidence  with  due  care,  or  to  reach  sound 
conclusions  ;  but  the  turning-out  of  too  little  manuscript  in  a 
week  or  month  was  the  subject  of  never-ending  complaint. 
The  conditions  were  thus  not  favorable  for  obtaining  from 
each  his  best  efforts  ;  yet,  considering  the  conditions,  the  assist 
ants  did  remarkably  well. 


42 


XIII. — MY  OWN  PART  OF  THE  WORK. 

Henry  L,.  Oak  wrote  a  little  less  than  ten  volumes  of  the 
thirty-three.  His  work  is  exactly  as  follows  : — Native  Races 
(1597  pages  out  of  a  total  of  4000,  according  to  a  memorandum 
made  at  the  date  of  publication — though  just  now,  not  having 
the  whole  work  before  me,  I  have  lost  track  of  about  eighty 
pages)  I.,  besides  part  of  the  preface,  Chap.  III.  on  "  Colum 
bians  "  172  p.;  II.,  Chap.  II.  "General  View  of  Civilized 
Nations  "  52  p.,  Chap.  XVII.  "  Aztec  Picture  Writing  "  30  p., 
Chap.  XXIV.  on  "Maya  Hieroglyphics"  16  p.;  IV.  "An 
tiquities,"  the  entire  volume;  and  V.  "Primitive  History" 
Chap.  II-X.,  407  p.  on  Nahua  Annals  and  the  earliest  Maya 
Records. 

Of  the  History  he  wrote  seven  and  a  half  consecutive  vol 
umes  on  the  History  of  the  Spanish  Northwest  as  follows  :  — 
North  Mexican  States,  I.,  the  entire  volume  (that  is  of  the  first 
edition.  Because  of  prospective  sales  in  Texas  it  was  subse 
quently  changed  by  Mr.  Peatfield  as  already  recorded)  ;  Ari 
zona  and  New  Mexico,  the  entire  volume  ;  California,  I.-V., 
five  entire  volumes  ;  and  the  first  half  of  Northwest  Coast  I.,  on 
North  Coast  explorations,  377  p.  Also,  to  make  up  eight  vol 
umes  of  the  History  and  ten  volumes  in  all  ;  Northwest  Coast 
II.,  Chap.  XV.-XVI.,  73  p.  on  the  "  Oregon  Question  "  ;  Cen 
tral  America  I.,  besides  half  the  preface,  Chap.  II.  86  p., ' '  Sum 
mary  of  Geographical  Knowledge  and  Discovery"  ;  California 
VI.,  Chap.  XX.  53  p.,  "  Mexican  Land  Titles  "  :  a  few  slight 
parts  of  Mexico  on  the  northern  regions  ;  and  also  those  bits 
elsewhere  noted  of  the  Literary  Industries. 

Being  more  definite  and  consecutive  than  that  of  most 
others,  my  work  is  more  easily  and  exactly  assigned.  It  is 
not  probable  that  any  of  my  associates,  in  estimating  his  own 
work,  would  infringe  to  the  slightest  extent  on  my  claims.  The 
volumes  and  chapters  named  above,  as  they  stand  in  print,  are 
entirely  my  own  work,  according  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge 
and  belief.  I  wrote  from  the  notes  already  described,  many  of 
them  made  by  myself,  but  more  by  others — especially  by  Sav 
age,  Nemos,  and  Harcourt, — always  using  them  merely  as 
reference  guides  to  the  original  sources.  The  study  of  these 
sources,  the  forming  of  conclusions,  their  expression  and 
arrangement,  and  the  entire  plan  of  treating  the  various  sub 
jects,  were  exclusively  mine.  The  fact  that  the  books  and 
documents  were  all  in  the  Library,  and  that  by  the  notes  I 
was  guided  directly  to  volume  and  page,  simply  enabled  me,  as 
it  did  the  others,  to  go  over  the  ground  much  more  rapidly 


43 

than  would  otherwise  have  been  possible.  Whatever  may 
have  been  true  of  others,  as  already  explained,  there  was  in 
my  case  no  system  of  preliminary  writing  to  aid  me,  and  there 
is  therefore  no  temptation  to  exaggerate  into  authorship  my 
work  as  editor. 

The  only  possible  exceptions  from  any  point  of  view  are  as 
follows  :  In  the  chapters  on  Lower  California,  as  before  stated, 
though  rewriting,  introducing  much  new  material,  studying 
anew  all  important  authorities,  radically  modifying  many  con 
clusions,  and  condensing  the  whole  to  one-fifth  its  original 
space,  I  was  aided  by  Mr.  Harcourt's  previous  work.  In  the 
few  chapters  on  the  Russian  settlement  in  California  I  received 
similar  aid,  but  to  a  less  degree.  In  the  second  of  my  two 
chapters  on  the  "  Oregon  Question  "  I  may  have  been  slightly 
aided  by  Mrs.  Victor's  previous  treatment  of  the  subject.  For 
a  chapter  or  two  of  early  Texan  annals  I  had  the  notes  arranged 
and  amplified  by  Mr.  Allsop.  And,  finally,  the  local  mission 
statistics  of  California  from  decade  to  decade  were  largely 
founded  on  voluminous  tables  prepared  by  Mr.  Griffin,  under 
my  supervision,  from  the  original  manuscript  records.  Mr. 
Bancroft  and  most  others,  even  in  the  volumes  which  I  have 
accredited  to  them,  received  vastly  more  such  aid  than  I  did 
in  these  few  chapters.  There  is  no  real  editorial  work  what 
ever,  by  myself  or  any  other,  in  the  volumes  and  chapters 
claimed  as  mine  ;  and  in  no  portion  of  the  ten  volumes  was  my 
manuscript  ever  revised  to  the  slightest  extent — or  even  read, 
unless  for  information  to  be  used  elsewhere — by  any  other  than 
Mr.  Bancroft.  The  manuscript  of  my  California  volumes,  or 
several  of  them,  was,  however,  read  by  the  representative  of 
the  churches,  as  already  noted  ;  and  also  by  Mrs.  Helen  Hunt. 
Jackson  in  her  study  of  the  missions. 

Respecting  the  nature  and  extent  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  revision 
I  desire  to  speak  very  explicitly,  since  this  alone  in  the  mind 
of  any  critic  could  affect  my  exclusive  claims.  He  gave  me 
in  advance  no  instructions  as  to  the  way  of  treating  any  topic, 
though,  of  course,  the  general  tone  and  policy  were  the  subject 
of  frequent  conversation.  My  space  was  for  the  most  part 
fixed  by  myself,  though  I  did  not  in  some  cases  get  all  I 
wanted.  My  time  was  indeed  practically  limited — that  is,  fixed 
at  about  twice  Mr.  Bancroft's  most  liberal  estimate — and  that 
necessarily,  else  I  should  still  be  writing  on  certain  subjects. 
My  manuscript  on  completion,  or  at  least  before  going  to  the 
printer,  was  in  most — but  not  quite  all — cases  read  over  by  him 
at  the  rate,  perhaps,  of  ten  or  twelve  chapters  per  day.  Often 
he  read  a  chapter  on  the  cable  cars  between  Library  and  print 
ing  office.  His  corrections  were  made  in  pencil  at  this  reading. 
There  were  few  chapters  entirely  free  from  the  marks  of  his 


44 

pencil ;  but  it  is  important  to  note  that  i»  at  least  nine  of  my 
ten  volumes  the  final  revision  was  mine.  At  first,  I  used  to 
trouble  him  sometimes  with  protests  against  his  changes,  until 
presently  he  instructed  me  to  erase  or  modify  them  according 
to  my  judgment,  explaining  that  they  were  simply  such  super 
ficial  ones  as  occurred  to  him  on  a  hasty  and  uneven  reading, 
not  being  regarded  by  him  as  of  any  special  importance,  but 
rather  as  suggestions.  Subsequently  I  used  to  accept  his  cor 
rections  when  they  seemed  improvements — as  was  often  the 
case — or  in  cases  of  doubt  ;  otherwise  I  restored  the  original, 
or  substituted  other  modifications  of  my  own. 

The  great  bulk  of  his  changes  were  altogether  superficial, 
and  such  as  any  man  would  make  on  a  cursory  reading  of  an 
other's  manuscript.  If  to  gain  space  I  wrote  "  52,"  he  ger.er- 
ally  changed  it  to  "  fifty-two."  Kach  of  us  had  a  few  pet  words  ; 
and  occasionally  when  a  chapter  proved  sufficiently  interest 
ing  to  inspire  a  comparatively  careful  reading,  he  would  sub 
stitute  some  of  his  favorites  for  mine.  In  one  instance  I 
counted  twenty-seven  latin  forms  in  a  few  pages  for  my  Saxon 
equivalents.  I  had,  at  times,  a  bad  habit  of  using  too  many 
superlative  and  intensive  expressions,  and  found  an  occasional 
chapter  returned  to  me  with  every  "very,"  etc.,  religiously 
erased  without  much  regard  to  the  connection.  Sometimes  to 
relieve  the  monotony  he  changed  the  past  to  the  present  tense 
through  a  series  of  pages.  In  cases  of  doubt,  or  insufficient 
evidence,  I  was  fond  of  introducing  phrases  designed  to  "  save 
the  responsibility  "  of  the  author  ;  and  such  phrases,  if  detect 
ed,  were  doomed  to  sacrifice.  If  many  of  them  remain  it  is  a 
proof  that  his  reading  was  not  careful.  Also  a  few  somewhat 
radical  or  sarcastic  expressions  were  struck  out,  lest  they  might 
give  offense, — for,  except  in  his  own  writings,  Mr.  Bancroft 
was  inclined  to  be  conservative.  Much  more  rarely,  perhaps 
in  a  dozen  instances  altogether,  was  a  sentence  added,  gener 
ally  for  rhetorical  effect ;  for  I  had  no  time  or  disposition  to 
indulge  in  rhetoric.  Thus  two  bits  in  the  California  that  have 
been  noted  by  reviewers, — one  the  flowery  description  of  the 
coming  of  aid  to  San  Diego  in  March,  1769,  in  Calif.  I.  166  ; 
and  the  sentence,  "Of  the  two,  Fremont  made  by  far  the 
greater  fool  of  himself,"  more  true  than  flowery,  in  Id.  V.  16, 
— are  his  interpolations.  There  were,  of  course,  some  slips  of 
my  pen  that  it  was  better  to  correct  in  manuscript  than  in 
proof.  All  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  changes,  excepting  possibly  the 
purely  mechanical  ones,  would  not  nearly  fill  the  space  of  one 
short  chapter  in  the  ten  volumes. 

To  the  best  of  my  knowledge  he  never  in  any  single  instance, 
questioned  or  verified,  or  caused  to  be  verified,  or  consulted 
any  authority,  respecting  any  of  my  conclusions ;  nor  did  he 


45 

ever  have  or  claim  to  have  any  knowledge  of  my  topics  beyond 
what  he  obtained  from  my  manuscript. 

In  one  chapter  only, — the  Summary  in  Central  America,  I. 
— were  his  changes,  though  mainly  of  the  .classes  noted  above, 
so  numerous  as  to  noticeably  modify  the  original  purport.  I 
wish  he  had  gone  further  and  made  it  his  own  work  ;  for  it  has 
been  mercilessly  criticised,  and  with  some  justice.  About 
this  chapter  he  consulted  me  in  advance.  After  some  investi 
gation,  I  reported  that  while  such  a  summary  would  be  appro 
priate  and  desirable  as  an  introduction  to  what  was  to  follow, 
yet  we  had  not  the  material  for  a  proper  treatment,  and  one 
that  would  stand  criticism.  Thinking  me  too  timid,  he  direct 
ed  me  to  go  ahead.  I  did  my  best  by  summarizing  the  con 
tents  of  half  a  dozen  standard  works,  with  the  aid  of  the  few 
monographs  in  the  Library,  protecting  myself — or  him — by  an 
unusual  abundance  of  saving  clauses.  Unfortunately  also,  and 
against  my  protest,  he  insisted  on  putting  all  the  old  works 
cited  by  me  at  second  hand  into  the  ' '  list  of  authorities.  "  He 
frankly  admitted  that  he  liked  that  chapter, — on  which  I  had 
worked  hard  for  several  months, — less  than  any  other  I  had 
written  ;  and  he  spent  some  days  or  weeks  in  changing  it,— 
mainly  by  eliminating  my  saving  clauses,  and  striving  to  ob 
literate  the  evidence  of  my  manifest  efforts  to  mitigate  the 
effects  of  my  comparative  ignorance  and  poverty  of  sources. 
The  original  was  doubtless  bad  enough,  but  it  was  not  im 
proved  by  his  blotting-out  of  my  precautionary  words  and 
phrases.  It  is  poor  comfort  that,  through  this  mistaken  policy, 
that  chapter  did  more  than  any  other  part  of  his  work  to  in 
jure  its  reputation. 

If  it  may  seem  to  any  that  Mr.  Bancroft's  revision  of  my  man 
uscript  on  the  whole,  as  described  above,  or  the  preliminary 
work  of  the  indexers,  have  the  effect  to  weaken  my  claims,  it 
must  be  noted  that  all  authorship  in  the  whole  work  is  in  like 
manner  affected  ;  since  not  only  did  all  write  from  the  same 
index-notes, — albeit  with  a  marked  difference,  sometimes,  in 
the  manner  of  using  them, — but  the  changes  made  by  others 
in  Mr.  Bancroft's  manuscript  and  proofs,  on  an  average,  greatly 
exceeded  those  made  by  him  in  mine. 


XIV. — SYSTEMS  OF  COLLABORATION. 

Having  in  this  chapter  explained  Mr.  Bancroft's  system's 
— the  one  he  followed,  and  the  one  he  claims  to  have  followed 
— it  seems  proper  for  me,  by  reason  of  my  long  experience  in 
the  use  of  one  of  them,  to  present  briefly  my  views  respecting 


46 

its  merits.  Its  advantages  are  clearly  set  forth  with  particular 
reference  to  the  California  History  in  Literary  Industries,  p.  593 
-601.  As  this  description  is  from  my  own  pen — with  possibly 
a  few  changes,  as  I  have  no  copy  of  the  original  manuscript — 
I  deem  it  best  to  reproduce  it  here,  as  follows  : 

"Let  us  suppose  an  industrious  author,  determined  to  write  the  his 
tory  of  California,  at  the  start  wholly  ignorant  of  his  subject.  He  easily 
learns  of  a  few  works  on  California,  and  having  purchased  them  studies 
their  contents,  making  notes  to  aid  his  memory.  His  reading  directs 
him  to  other  titles,  and  he  seeks  the  corresponding  books  in  the  libraries, 
public  and  private,  of  the  city  where  he  resides.  His  search  of  the  shelves 
and  catalogues  of  the  various  libraries  reveals  many  volumes,  of  whose 
existence  he  had  not  dreamed  at  first ;  but  yet  he  continues  his  reading 
and  his  notes. 

"  His  work,  even  if  he  devotes  his  whole  attention  to  it  and  resides  in 
San  Francisco,  has  at  this  stage  occupied  several  years,  and  the  author 
just  begins  to  realize  how  very  many  books  have  been  printed  about 
California.  His  reading,  perhaps,  has  covered  250  books,  and  he  has 
accumulated  the  titles  in  different  languages  of  250  more  not  to  be  con 
sulted  in  San  Francisco."  (These  numbers  and  those  following  are  much 
too  large.  I  wrote  before  I  had  gone  far  in  my  work  ;  and  it  is  not  quite 
impossible  that  the  figures  have  been  changedVrom  my  original.  Hittell, 
in  his  history,  cites  about  70  authorities.  1300  would  be  perhaps  a  fair 
estimate  of  all.)  "  He  makes  an  effort  to  secure  some  of  those  that  seem 
most  important  ;  he  induces  friends  at  a  distance  to  send  him  notes  from 
others  ;  if  possible,  he  travels  in  Mexico  and  Europe,  and  thus  actually 
consults  many  of  the  missing  tomes.  But  in  the  meantime  he  has  prob 
ably  learned  through  catalogues  and  bibliographical  lists  that  500  more 
works  have. been  printed  on  his  subject,  even  if  he  does  not  yet  suspect 
the  truth,  that  besides  the  1000  there  are  yet  at  least  another  1000  in  ex 
istence.  He  now  gives  up  his  original  idea  of  exhausting  the  subject, 
understands  that  it  would  be  impossible  in  a  lifetime,  and  comforts  his 
conscience  and  pride  with  the  reflection  that  he  has  done  much,  and  that 
many  of  the  works  he  has  not  seen,  like  many  of  those  he  has,  are  prob 
ably  of  very  slight  historic  value  ;  indeed,  it  is  most  likely  that  long  ere 
this  he  has  allowed  himself  to  glance  superficially  at  some  ponderous 
tome  or  large  collection  of  miscellaneous  pamphlets,  almost  persuading 
himself  that  they  contain  nothing  for  him.  There  are  ten  chances  to 
one  that  he  has  not  looked  at  one  volume  in  twenty  of  the  myriads  of 
the  U.  S.  government  reports,  though  there  is  hardly  one  which  does 
not  contain  something  about  California.  It  has  never  occurred  to  him 
seriously  to  explore  the  countless  court  records  and  legal  briefs,  so  rich 
in  historical  data.  He  knows  that  newspapers  contain  valuable  matter  ; 
he  has  even  examined  a  partial  file  of  the  Californian,  and  some  early 
numbers  of  the  Alia  or  Sacramento  Union,  but  being  a  sane  man  he  has 
never  dreamed  of  an  attack  on  the  200  files  of  California  newspapers, 
even  could  he  find  them  to  attack.  He  knows  that  each  of  these  fields 
of  research  would  afford  a  labor  of  several  years,  and  that  all  of  them 
would  fill  the  better  part  of  his  life  with  drudgery.  • 

"Another  trackless  wilderness  of  information"  now  opens  before  him. 
Our  author  has  before  this  realized  that  there  are  sources  of  history  other 
than  those  found  in  printed  matter.  He  is  surrounded  by  early  settlers, 
whose  combined  recollections  are  the  country's  history  in  the  main  ; 
he  has  talked  with  several  of  them,  and  obtained  a  few  choice  anecdotes 
and  reminiscences  to  be  utilized  in  his  book  ;  he  has  no  time  to  obtain 
the  statements  of  many,  and  does  not  attempt  it.  He  is  aware  of  the 
desirability  of  original  manuscript  authorities ;  he  eagerly  deciphers  a 


47 

musty  document,  procured  by  a  friend  who  knows  of  his  investigations  ; 
is  delighted  at  the  discovery  of  a  small  package  of  old  papers  at  some 
mission  .  .  .  handles  gingerly  the  limited  archives  of  Santa 
Cruz;  obtains  from  Mr.  Hopkins,  of  the  U.  S.  Surveyor-General's  office, 
translations  of  a  few  documentary  curiosities  ;  tries  to  flatter  himself  that 
he  has  studied  the  archives  of  California  ;  and  is  a  happy  man  if  he 
escapes  being  haunted  by  the  400  huge  folio  volumes  of  rnss.  containing 
the  very  essence  of  the  annals  he  seeks  to  write,  yet  which  he  knows  he 
could  not  master  in  15  years  of  hard  work.  Perhaps  he  escapes  the  vis 
ion  of  the  papers  scattered  over  the  state  in  private  hands,  enough  to 
make  up  sundry  hundreds  of  similar  tomes. 

"  He  now  realizes  yet  more  fully  the  utter  impossibility  of  exhausting 
the  material  ;  feels  that  the  work  he  set  out  to  do  has  but  fairly  com 
menced,  and  cannot  be  completed.  Of  course,  he  does  not  feel  called 
upon  to  make  known  to  the  public  his  comparative  failure  ;  on  the  con 
trary,  he  makes  the  most  of  his  authorities.  His  notes  are  brought  out 
and  arranged  ;  he  has  before  him  the  testimony  of  several  good  wit 
nesses  on  most  of  the  prominent  points  of  his  subject ;  he  has  devoted  25 
years  of  industrious  research  to  his  work  ;  the  book  is  finished  and  justly 
praised. 

"  This  writer  ...  is  one  of  a  thousand,  with  whom  most  of  the  men 
who  have  actually  written  so-called  histories  of  many  nations  and  epochs 
are  not  worthy  of  comparison.  He  failed  simply  because  he  attempted 
the  impossible.  . 

''  I,  like  my  friend,  was  determined  to  wrrite  the  history  of  California, 
and  had  almost  as  vague  an  idea  as  he  of  the  task  assumed.  He  pur 
chased  some  books  as  tools  with  which  to  work,  selecting  such  as  were 
known  to  bear  on  the  subject  ;  I  began  ten  years  before  I  was  ready  to 
write,  and  bought  through  agents  in  all  parts  of  the  world  every  book 
that  could  be  had  concerning  the  Pacific  States  ;  thus  up  to  that  time, 
or  a  little  later,  obtaining  20,000  (40,000)  volumes  sure  to  include,  as  I 
thought,  all  existing  material  about  California.  To  search  among  my 
20,000  for  2000  on  California  was  a  less  formidable  undertaking  than 
for  him  to  search  the  shelves  of  different  libraries  and  catalogues  for 
his  500 ;  but  it  was  too  slow  for  my  purposes  ;  and  from  10  to  15  men 
were  employed  to  index  the  whole,  and  furnish  me  a  list  of  California 
material  with  reference  to  volume  and  page.  My  imaginary  author 
plods  industriously  through  each  work  as  he  finds  it,  making  careful 
notes  of  such  matter  as  he  deems  of  value  ;  while  I  put  ten  men,  each  as 
capable  in  this  kind  of  work  as  he  or  I,  at  work  to  extract  everything 
under  its  proper  heading.  I,  like  him,  am  more  or  less  astonished  at  the 
apparently  never-ending  mass  of  material  encountered,  but  I  can  see 
my  way  through  if  only  the  treasury  department  sustains  me.  So  I 
tunnel  the  mountain  of  court-records  and  legal  briefs,  bridge  the  marsh 
of  U.  S.  government  documents,  and  stationing  myself  at  a  safe  distance 
in  the  rear,  hurl  my  forces  against  the  solid  columns  of  200  files  of  Cali- 
rornia  newspapers. 

"I,  too,  see  about  me  many  living  witnesses,  and  from  several  hun 
dreds  of  them  I  obtain  by  aid  of  stenographers,  as  wrell  as  other  report 
ers,  detailed  statements  respecting  early  times.  I  more  than  suspect 
the  existence  of  important  pages  scattered  in  private  hands,  and  I  pro 
ceed  to  buy,  'borrow,  and  beg,'  ('  beg,  borrow,  and  steal '  was,  I  think, 
my  original  expression,)  until  the  product  fills  a  hundred  volumes.  The 
600  bulky  tomes  of  public  and  mission  archives  rise  up  before  me,  but 
there  is  no  such  thing  as  retreat  at  this  point  of  proceedure  ;  1  have  no 
15  years  to  spend  in  plodding  through  this  pathless  waste,  but  15  search 
ers  reduce  this  time  to  one  year,  (three,)  and  the  archives  are  transferred 
to  my  library.  Meanwhile"  my  note-takers  continue  their  labors  ;  each 
volume,  pamphlet,  manuscript,  and  newspaper  is  made  to  give  up  its 


48 

evidence,  little  or  much,  on  one  point  or  many,  and  nothing  is  omitted  or 
slighted. 

"At  last  the  preparatory  work  is  ended,  and  the  evidence  on  each  spe 
cific  point  is  laid  before  me,  as  my  friend  had  his  before  him,  with  this 
difference  :  I  have  practically  all,  where  he  had  only  part — he  hardly 
realized,  perhaps,  how  small  a  part.  He  had  two  or  three  witnesses 
whose  testimony  he  had  selected  as  essential  on  a  certain  topic  ;  I  have 
a  hundred  whose  evidence  is  more  or  less  relevant.  From  this  point  our 
^progress  lies  practically  in  the  same  path,  and  the  race  is  well  nigh  run. 
Had  he  the  same  data  as  I,  his  results  would  be  superior  to  mine,  if  he 
were  my  superior  as  a  thinker  and  as  a  writer.  Our  respective  methods 

and  systems  have  little  or  no  influence  in  the  matter Our 

methods  differ,  after  all,  in  degree  rather  than  in  kind.  I  have  done 
scarcely  anything  that  he  has  not  attempted.  He  has  purchased  books, 
studied  books,  handled  newspapers,  deciphered  manuscripts,  and  ques 
tioned  pioneers  :  I  have  simply  done  twenty  times  as  much  as  he  in 
each  of  these  directions,  much  more  easily  and  in  much  less  time.  . 

.  I  claim  that  mine  is  the  only  method  by  which  all  the  evidence 
on  a  great  subject,  or  on  many  smaller  subjects,  can  be  brought  out. 
Without  it  the  author  must  confine  himself  to  limited  topics,  or  do  his 
work  superficially.  To  thus  limiting  himself  there  is  no  objection, — as 
there  can  be  none  that  I  know  of  to  the  more  ambitious  plan  of  having 
help  and  doing  more  and  better  work.  I  can  conceive  of  no  case  where 
it  is  not  desirable  for  an  investigator  to  have  before  him  all  the  evidence, 
though  I  have  had  some  experience  with  critics  who  revere  as  an  histo 
rian  the  man  who  writes  from  a  study  of  twenty  books,  with  rare  and 
patronizing  credit  to  their  authors,  and  more  lightly  esteem  him  who 
studies  a  thousand  works,  and  chooses  in  his  notes  to  leave  standing  the 
ladder  by  which  he  mounted.  I  have  also  met  critics  who  apparently 
could  not  comprehend  that  a  writer  who  refers  to  1,000  authorities  does 
not  necessarily  use  them  mechanically,  or  allow  a  numerical  majority  to 
decide  every  point.  ...  In  long  and  complicated  subjects  to  which 
niy  method  is  applicable,  and  which  cannot  be  successfully  treated  by 
any  other,  I  am  inclined  to  regard  the  division  of  labor  as  an  advantage 
in  itself.  I  question  if  the  mind  which  can  plod  for  a  long  series  of 
years  through  the  necessary  preliminary  work,  is  the  mind  properly 
constituted  for  the  best  use  of  the  material  acquired  ;  or  whether  the 
best  ability  is  not  injured  by  long  drudgery." 

Though  somewhat  exaggerated  in  certain  directions,  the 
preceding  is,  I  believe,  a  fair  illustration  of  our  methods.  As 
there  shown,  the  system,  so  far  as  it  is  a  system  at  all,  consists 
simply  of  ist,  an  accumulation  in  one  library  of  all  data  ;  and 
2nd,  the  indexing  of  this  material  by  the  employment  of  many 
assistants.  This  simple  statement,  in  my  view,  removes  all 
necessity  and  opportunity  for  argument.  The  cost  of  .this 
system  has  no  bearing  on  the  question  so  far  as  the  public  is 
concerned  ;  nor  have  the  merits  or  defects  of  the  Bancroft  works 
much  importance  in  estimating  the  value  of  the  system.  True, 
a  new  element  is  introduced  with  that  part  of  the  system  not 
mentioned  by  Mr.  Bancroft,  namely,  the  employment  of  other 
men  to  do  the  actual  writing  ;  but  the  success  or  failure  of  this 
feature  would  depend  entirely  on  the  ability  and  zeal  of  the 
employees  as  compared  with  those  of  the  employer.  If  these 
books  are  to  be  condemned  as  full  of  faults,  this  fact  means 


49 

only  that  the  work  of  collecting  and  indexing  and  using  the 
index  was  done  by  incompetent,  or  careless,  or  over-hurried 
men.  Indeed,  the  chief  difficulty — and  the  chief  cause  of  such 
differences  in  quality  as  may  in  future  be  found  to  exist  between 
different  portions — lies  in  the  ease  with  which  from  the  notes 
alone,  not  properly  used  as  mere  guides,  large  quantities  of 
manuscript  might  be  turned  out  by  an  unscrupulous  writer 
whose  own  literary  reputation  was  not  at  stake. 

Popular  doubt  and  disapproval  have  been  based  on  a  mis 
conception  of  the  system.  It  may  even  have  been  supposed 
by  those  who  have  sneered  at  the  work  as  a  ' '  mere  compila 
tion  ' ' — as  if  history  could  be  anything  else  than  a  compilation 
—that  notes,  extracted  by  many  men  of  widely  varying  ability 
and  industry,  were  accepted  by  the  writers,  who  merely  fitted 
them  together  with  verbal  alterations  for  the  text,  or  copied 
literally  for  the  foot-notes.  This  absurd  theory  I  have  heard 
advanced  ;  but  if  well  founded  it  would  have  no  bearing  on  the 
matter  under  consideration. 


XV. — BANCROFT  VERSUS  WINSOR. 

In  this  connection  Mr.  Bancroft's  criticism  —  Literary  Indus 
tries,  pp.  764-8  —  on  Mr  Winsor's  system  of  co-operation  as 
employed  in  the  production  of  the  Narrative  and  Critical  His 
tory  of  America,  is  worthy  of  attention.  It  is  true  that  the 
critic's  quotations  from  Mr.  Winsor's  prospectus  are  argu 
ments  as  potent  in  favor  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  system  as  of  the 
other  co-operative  plan  ;  but  only  because  the  systems  to  a 
much  greater  extent  than  has  been  supposed  are  identical.  On 
the  other  hand,  and  for  similar  reasons,  Mr.  Bancroft's  un 
favorable  comments  on  the  Boston  system  apply  with  equal 
force  to  his  own.  That  is,  his  strongest  prima  facie  criticism 
of  Mr.  Winsor  —  that  in  which  he  represents  the  latter  as 
"permitting  the  several  writers  to  speak  for  themselves,  and 
independently,  instead  of  having  their  work  recast  and  made 
symmetrical  by  one  master  mind ' '  —  loses  its  force  in  view  of 
the  fact,  as  shown  in  this  chapter,  that  Mr .  Bancroft  did  very 
much  the  same  thing  with  his  assistants,  and  of  the  presump 
tion  that  Mr.  Winsor's  "  master  mind  ' '  had  quite  as  much  in 
fluence  on  one  book  as  did  that  of  the  Pacific  historian  on  the 
other.  In  other  words,  the  whole  criticism  rests  on  the  false 
assumption  that  the  critic  wrote  his  works  himself,  with  co 
operative  aid  only  in  the  preliminary  research  ;  and  with  that 
assumption  it  falls  to  the  ground.  I  have  had  occasion  to  ex 
amine  and  criticise  —  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  pp.  25-6 


50 

—  but  one  small  section  of  Mr.  Winsor's  book  ;  but  that  con 
firms  what  seems  to  me  an  obvious  conclusion,  namely  :  if  that 
work,  so  far  as  it  covers  similar  fields,  has  any  advantage  over 
the  other,  that  advantage  must  result  solely  from  the  superior 
ability  and  experience  of  the  editor  and  his  corps  ;  while  if  in 
comparison  it  has  defects,  they  result  from  the  inability  of  the 
writers,  or  some  of  them,  in  the  time  at  their  disposal,  to  find 
and  study  all  the  authorities  on  their  topics,  and  —  so  far  as 
completeness  and  symmetry  are  concerned  —  from  the  lack  of 
sufficiently  continuous  consultation.  That  is  to  say,  its  possi 
ble  defects  must  arise  from  the  absence  of  those  elements  that 
constitute  the  only  real  difference  between  the  two  systems. 
Had  we  been  Mr.  Winsor's  collaborators,  working  in  his  way, 
we  should  have  produced  much  less  valuable  results,  being 
inferior  men  with  no  compensating  advantages,  than  did  the 
men  he  employed.  Had  they  done  our  work  in  our  way,  — 
with  their  superior  abilities,  and  with  the  advantage  of  having 
their  data  collected  and  indexed  in  advance,  and  working 
together  for  a  longer  period,  —  they  would  presumably  have 
produced  better  results  than  we.  At  any  rate,  our  machinery 
must  have  been  pretty  good,  since  it  enabled  comparatively 
commonplace  men  to  produce  a  result  that  in  parts  has  been 
commended  by  so  critical  a  scholar  as  Mr.  Winsor.  Obviously, 
the  Cambridge  plan  of  giving  full  credit  to  each  writer  will 
command  the  approval  of  literary  men  and  of  all  lovers  of  fair 
play  ;  but  this  feature  has  but  little  bearing  on  the  historical 
value  of  the  result.  I  do  not  know7  that  Mr.  Bancroft's  with 
holding  of  credit  makes  my  annals  of  the  Spanish  Northwest 
any  less  or  more  valuable. 

As  to  the  other  Bancroft  system, — that  which  was  not 
employed  by  Mr.  Bancroft,  —  its  merits  must  remain  in  doubt 
until  a  practical  trial  shall  be  made.  A  satisfactory  test  would 
be  much  more  difficult  and  costly  than  in  the  other  case.  The 
result  would  depend  largely  on  the  ability  and  earnestness  of 
the  intermediate  workers  between  the  indexers  and  author  ; 
these  would  practically  make  all  research  and  weigh  all  evi 
dence,  leaving  the  author  responsible  for  the  most  part  only 
for  the  literary  unity  and  style.  The  author  himself  would 
require  some  special  qualifications,  in  addition  to  his  ability  as 
writer  and  student.  With  a  corps  of  fully  competent  and 
trustworthy  assistants,  an  author  by  this  method  should  save 
much  time  in  comparison  with  the  process  of  writing  every 
thing  himself  from  the  notes,  and  that  without  impairing  the 
literary  merits  of  his  work  or  its  accuracy  as  a  record  :  while 
in  comparison  with  the  process  actually  employed  by  Mr. 
Bancroft,  that  of  having  others  write  from  the  notes,  there 
should  be  a  very  decided  gain  from  a  literary  or  artistic  point 


51 

of  view,  with  but  slight  loss  in  accuracy.  All  this  seems 
plausible  in  theory  ;  yet  in  my  limited  experience  and  obser 
vation  I  have  never  seen  the  best  results  produced  by  rewrit 
ing  the  work  of  others.  Original  research  is  a  powerful  and 
perhaps  necessary  incentive  to  a  writer,  even  if  it  confirm  in 
every  particular  the  correctness  of  the  assistant's  work. 


CHAPTER  III. 
OAK  VERSUS  BANCROFT. 

This  chapter  will  not  be  so  controversial  in  its  nature  as 
might,  perhaps,  be  inferred  from  its  title.  In  the  preceding- 
chapter  I  have  tried  to  avoid  controversial  elements,  confining 
my  remarks  as  closely  as  possible  to  the  facts  respecting  author 
ship  and  methods.  In  this,  in  an  important  sense,  I  shall  take 
the  same  course,  always  avoiding  even  the  semblance  of  a  per 
sonal  attack  on  Mr.  Bancroft.  When  two  men  have  been  so 
long  and  so  intimately  associated  as  we  have  been,  neither  mak 
ing  any  pretensions  to  the  possession  of  saintly  qualities,  it  is 
always  possible  for  either,  if  offended,  to  say  some  things,  with 
more  or  less  plausible  foundation  in  fact,  of  the  other,  that 
would  be,  at  the  least,  annoying.  But  I  have  no  inclination, 
under  any  provocation,  to  indulge  in  that  sort  of  thing  ;  and 
if  I  had,  should  be  ashamed  to  show  it.  The  various  points 
here  touched  upon  will  therefore  illustrate  such  peculiarities 
of  Mr.  Bancroft's  policy  as  throw  light  on  the  subject  proper 
of  this  statement ;  and  I  shall  also  present  some  matters  in 
explanation  and  justification  of  my  course  in  making  this  pub 
lic  expose,  besides  recording  the  termination  of  the  last  obliga 
tion  binding  me  in  any  sense  to  silence. 


XVI. — REMARKS  ON  MR.  BANCROFT'S  POSITION. 

While  I  have  claimed  much  credit  for  my  associates  and  my 
self  as  authors,  in  opposition  to  the  exclusive  claims  of  Mr. 
Bancroft,  as  made  in  his  Literary  Industries,  I  wish  to  be  clearly 
understood  as  disposed  to  assign  proper  limits  to  that  credit. 
We  never  should  or  could  have  written  these  volumes  by  our 
own  unaided  efforts.  But  for  him,  with  his  unlimited  energy 
and  ambition,  as  supported  by  his  wealth  and  varied  abilities, 
the  work  would  never  have  been  done  ;  and  that  it  has  been 
done,  is,  I  think  011  the  whole,  a  benefit  to  the  world.  He  has 
not  only  assumed  all  the  credit,  but  he  has  borne  all  the  bur 
den  of  risks  and  responsibility — including  the  curses  of  a  dis 
gusted  and  angry  community.  To  be  furnished  with  a  library 
of  authorities,  with  dozens  of  assistant  indexers,  and  to  be  paid 


53 

a  salary  to  produce  volumes  bearing  the  writer's  name  as  author 
on  the  title-pages,  would  be,  indeed,  authorship  made  easy — 
somewhat  too  easy  for  this  world.  The  man  who  furnishes  the 
sources,  pays  the  salaries,  and  takes  the  risks  of  literary  or 
financial  failure — especially  when  by  writing  certain  volumes 
he  demonstrates  his  ability  as  an  author — -assuredly  deserves 
the  lion 's  share  of  whatever  credit  may  accrue  to  the  resulting 
work.  I  have  no  disposition  to  split  hairs  respecting  what  this 
lion's  share  should  be. 

There  are  honest  differences  of  opinion  as  to  the  position 
Mr.  Bancroft  might  properly  have  assumed  under  the  circum 
stances.  Some  not  unfriendly  critics  believe  that  he  would  not 
only  have  served  the  cause  of  justice,  but  have  gained  a  more 
enduring  and  gratifying  fame,  by  putting  his  name  as  editor — 
with  or  without  the  writer's  name,  though  the  latter  should 
have  had  credit  somewhere — on  all  volumes  not  actually  written 
by  himself.  I  express  no  opinion  on  this  subject ;  but  had  his 
name  appeared  thus  as  editor,  though  he  did  no  real  editorial 
work  on  my  volumes,  I  should  not  have  complained, — at  least, 
not  to  the  public.  Had  the  work  been  produced  by  the  system 
of  collaboration  described  by  him,  or  by  that  vaguely  planned 
at  the  beginning,  I  should  not  feel  justified  in  any  protest 
against  his  claims  of  authorship,  even  if  now  and  then  a  chap 
ter  or  volume  appeared  that  was  practically  the  work  of  other 
men.  And  even  if  he  had  been  content  to  put  his  name  as 
author  011  the  title-pages  of  the  volumes  as  they  stand,  leaving 
the  public  to  speculate  with  somewhat  scanty  data  on  the  exact 
system  of  collaboration  by  which  he  has  been  understood  to 
produce  his  results — going  no  farther  than  to  make,  as  he  has 
sometimes  done  in  the  heat  of  controversy,  exaggerated  state 
ments  as  to  his  own  personal  labors — much  might  perhaps  be 
said  in  his  justification  ;  and,  at  least,  I  should  not  have  ven 
tured  on  this  unfavorable  comment,  unless  under  great  provo 
cation. 

But  I  insist,  and  I  am  sure  the  literary  world  will  agree  with 
me, — whatever  may  be  its  view  on  the  whole  respecting  the 
policy  or  propriety  of  my  action, — that  if  Mr.  Bancroft  saw  fit 
to  take  the  public  into  his  confidence,  in  a  deliberate  and  de 
tailed  exposition  of  his  "  literary  industries,"  he  was  bound  to 
make  that  exposition  absolutely  truthful, —  or  as  nearly  so  as 
a  writer's  inevitable  egotism  would  permit  ;  that  five  volumes 
out  of  a  total  of  thirty-three  formed  too  slight  a  basis  for  his 
exclusive  claims  ;  that  twenty-eight  volumes  were  quite  enough 
to  merit  some  credit  for  the  writers  as  writers ;  and  that  the 
writing  often  of  these  volumes,  with  seven  and  a  half  consec 
utive  on  one  general  subject,  goes  far  toward  justifying  me  in 
assuming  the  responsibility  of  exhibiting  the  matter  in  its  true 
light. 


54 

It  is  not  claimed  that  Mr.  Bancroft  ever  promised  definitely 
to  acknowledge  our  work  as  writers  ;  nor  will  he  claim  that 
we  ever  bound  ourselves  to  silence.  I  once  made  an  effort  to 
induce  him  to  give  whatever  credit  he  had  to  give  in  connec 
tion  with  the  individual  field  of  labor,  that  is  to  me  in  Califor 
nia,  to  Mrs.  Victor  in  Oregon,  etc.,  so  that  the  public  might 
know  something  of  the  direction  of  our  efforts  ;  but  his  reply 
was,  ('  That  is  exactly  what  I  want  to  avoid."  It  is  not  quite 
as  if*we  had  taken  salaries  to  do  certain  work,  knowing  from 
the  first  what  was  to  be  the  final  situation  of  affairs.  This 
final  condition  was  largely  a  development.  It  was  long  be 
fore  we  knew  that  we  should  be  the  veritable  authors  of  large 
or  consecutive  parts  of  the  work,  since  Mr.  Bancroft  always 
intended,  or  said  he  did,  to  rewrite  most  parts  ;  and  it  was 
much  longer  before  it  became  certain  that  we  were  to  get  no 
credit  whatever.  The  general  idea  was,  for  a  larger  part  of 
the  whole  period,  that  while  he  would  avoid  giving  us  any 
thing  like  full  credit,  and,  above  all,  specifying  what  portions 
each  wrote  ;  while  he  would  exaggerate  his  own  authorship, 
and  underrate  our  services  as  much  as  possible  indirectly  by 
vague  language,  without  committing  himself;  yet  he  would 
not  go  so  far  as  to  state  positively  that  he  wrote  the  whole 
work,  while  we  did  nothing  but  "  prove  up  the  correctness  of 
certain  minor  sections,"  thus  making  it  impossible  for  critics 
to  speculate  on  the  subject  without  going  so  far  as  to  accuse 
him  of  falsehood. 

It  is  true  that,  outside  of  the  matter  of  authorship,  he  was 
willing  at  first  to  give  me  in  a  sense  more  credit  than  I  de 
sired ;  that  is,  in  his  first  draft  of  my  biographical  sketch, — 
though  now  I  do  not  think  it  would  ever  have  been  printed, — 
he  filled  much  space  with  minute  and  irrelevant  details  of  my 
early  life,  and  with  the  most  absurdly  eulogistic  adjectives, — 
comparing  me  to  Caesar,  Napoleon,  etc.,  in  terms  not  alto 
gether  favorable  to  them, — to  the  publication  of  which  I,  of 
course,  would  not  consent.  But  from  time  to  time,  as  it  be 
came  necessary  to  reduce  the  space,  we  condensed  the  manu 
script,  he  by  cutting  out  the  really  prized  compliments,  and  I 
by  expunging  the  eulogy  and  biographic  matter,  until  the 
sketch  assumed  nearly  the  shape  in  which  it  was  published, 
and  of  which  I  had  no  disposition  to  complain. 

Yet  a  peculiar  final  circumstance  is  to  be  noted  in  this  con 
nection,  a  circumstance  not  at  all  important  in  itself,  but  which 
had  some  effect  on  my  temper,  at  least.  When  I  left  the  Library 
in  1887  a  large  part  of  the  Literary  Industries  had  been  for  some 
time  in  plates.  On  comparing  in  1891  the  published  volume 
with  proofs  from  the  original  plates,  I  found  that  the  latter  had 
been  broken  up  and  changed,  and  that  in  this  process  some 


55 

complimentary  allusions  to  myself  had  been  ' '  toned  down, ' '  in 
some  cases  to  the  extent  of  obliterating  the  compliment  !  This 
will  seem,  I  suppose,  to  the  unprejudiced  reader  merely  a  new 
application  of  that  desire  for  the  exact  truth  which,  as  we  are 
so  often  told,  always  characterized  Mr.  Bancroft's  literary 
efforts  ;  to  me  it  indicated  rather  that,  far  from  regretting  his 
inability  to  give  due  credit  for  my  services  in  one  direction,  he 
was  inclined  to  begrudge  the  credit  already  given  in  another. 
In  1891,  true,  he  had  the  advantage  of  several  years'  additional 
research  and  reflection  respecting  my  merits— also  he  had  then 
no  further  use  for  my  services. 

It  may  also  be  noticed  that  the  biographic  sketches  of  all 
assistants  were  omitted  in  the  popular  edition  of  the  Literary 
Industries  published  through  the  Harpers,  and  of  course  ex 
pected  to  have  a  much  wider  circulation  than  the  bulky  origi 
nal.  Naturally,  something  had  to  be  omitted  to  reduce  the 
bulk  and  to  make  room  for  more  important  matter — such  for 
instance  as  biographies  of  the  men, — good  men  be  it  noted  and 
worthy  of  this  compliment, — who  not  only  helped  to  sell  the 
History,  but  are  still,  in  1891,  pushing  the  sale  of  a  biographic 
series  in  which  great  men,  who  also  happen  to  be  rich,  may 
have  their  greatness  put  on  record  by  the  historian  of  the  Pa 
cific  Coast.  Mr.  Bancroft  kindly  offered  to  dedicate  the  His 
tory  to  me. 


XVII. — MORE  OF  MR.  BANCROFT'S  POUCY. 

This  section  will  be  somewhat  miscellaneous  in  its  contents, 
but  will  reveal  or  illustrate  some  peculiar  points.  On  pp.  474- 
7  of  the  Literary  Industries  the  author  quotes  from  me  by  name 
some  descriptive  matter  on  a  portion  of  his  collection — the  only 
indication,  I  believe,  to  be  found  in  his  writings  that,  within 
Mr.  Bancroft's  knowledge,  I  ever  wrote  anything  for  print. 
And  I  nearly  missed  even  this  glory.  He  inserted  it  without 
quotation  marks,  making  the  change  only  on  my  suggestion 
that  as  the  matter  had  appeared  in  print  some  critic  might 
notice  it.  True,  he  also  quotes  on  pp.  213-14  from  a  sort  of 
brief  written  by  me  to  help  the  sale  of  the  Library  ;  but  in  this 
case  the  ' '  eminent  writer ' '  is  not  named. 

On  p.  565,  he  alludes  to  the  "system  of  note-taking  as  per 
fected  by  Mr.  Nemos, "  and  on  p.  574,  to  the  same  system  as 
' l  then  much  further  from  perfection  than  subsequently. ' ' 
These  allusions  are  proper  if  correctly  understood,  since  Mr. 
Nemos  was  not  only  a  competent  superintendent,  so  far  as  he 
was  allowed  to  have  his  own  way,  but  he  must  have  gained 


56 

something  from  his  own  experience  and  that  of  others.  As  I 
have  stated,  the  system  was  my  own  invention,  Mr.  Bancroft 
having  had  nothing  to  do  with  it  at  any  stage  beyond  hasten 
ing  the  movements  of  the  workmen.  For  several  years  I 
worked  myself  at  extracting  notes,  mainly  from  Spanish  author 
ities  for  my  own  volumes  ;  and  for  many  years  more — down  to 
the  time  when  the  publication  of  the  History  began — I  super 
vised  in  a  general  way  this  and  all  other  branches  of  library 
work.  I  was  opposed  to  the  beginning  of  publication  at  that 
time,  but  had  lost  much  of  my  former  influence  with  Mr.  Ban 
croft,  and  was  obliged  to  yield.  By  reason  of  the  necessity  for 
increased  haste  and  also  of  my  failing  health,  I  had  to  give  up 
either  my  supervision  of  the  general  work  or  the  writing  of  the 
volumes  that  had  been  assigned  to  me  ;  and  I  chose  to  retain 
the  latter  work.  From  that  time  Mr.  Nemos  supervised  the 
work  of  subordinates,  and  did  it  very  ably  ;  but  to  the  best  of 
my  knowledge  the  system  was  never  modified  except  by  the 
omission  of  some  features  that  I  deemed  essential  for  thorough 
work.  That  the  new  superintendent  did  the  work  as  well  as, 
or  even  better  than,  I  could  have  done  it — especially  as  I  could 
no  longer  do  it  quite  in  my  own  way — I  have  no  doubt ;  but 
so  far  as  his  improvement  of  the  system  is  concerned,  I  believe 
that  the  only  real  changes  were  founded  not  so  much  on  the 
superintendent's  judgment  and  experience,  as  on  the  necessity 
for  haste  to  keep  pace  with  the  printers.  If  it  shall  be  found 
in  the  end  that  the  Mexican,  Central  American,  and  some  other 
volumes  show  as  exhaustive  command  of  the  authorities  as  my 
own  volumes,  my  opinion  in  this  matter  will  have  but  little 
weight,  though  the  former  authorities  were  far  from  being  as 
extensive  or  complicated  as  the  latter. 

Admitting  frequent  consultations  with  his  assistants  on 
many  points,  and  his  willingness,  not  exaggerated,  to  accept 
suggestions  from  them,  or  indeed  from  anybody,  Mr.  Bancroft 
insists  repeatedly  that  not  only  the  general  scheme  of  his  whole 
enterprise,  but  the  various  subdivisions  of  that  scheme,  the 
plan  of  treatment  of  every  subject,  the  organizing  and  train 
ing  of  his  corps,  the  practical  originating  of  every  salient  feat 
ure,  and,  with  the  aid  of  suggestions,  the  devising  of  all  meth 
ods — were  exclusively  his  own.  To  a  considerable  extent,  I 
believe  him  to  be  sincere  in  this  view.  When  a  number  of 
men  are  in  constant  consultation  for  a  number  of  years,  each  is 
prone  to  feel  that  those  features  proving  to  be  good  were  of  his 
own  devising ;  while  others  of  more  doubtful  utility  were 
adopted  against  his  judgment.  Mr.  Bancroft,  by  reason  of  the 
great  responsibility  resting  upon  him,  was  peculiarly  suscepti 
ble  to  this  tendency.  My  own  belief,  as  sincere  as  his  but  to 
be  taken  with  the  same  allowance,  is  that  most  of  the  plans 


57 

originated  by  him  and  actually  tried,  as  dozens  of  them  were, 
were  abandoned  or  radically  modified  later  at  the  suggestion  of 
others. 

Left  entirely  to  his  own  devices,  with  assistants  aiming  only 
to  gratify  his  whims,  he  wrould  have  produced  a  very  different 
work.  He  was  a  business  man,  without  literary  training  in 
youth,  a  rapid  and  strong  writer  naturally,  addicted  to  long 
words  and  fine  sentences,  averse  to  the  drudgery  of  research 
when  more  pages  could  be  filled  with  brilliant  theories,  fond  of 
hard  work  only  as  it  produced  great  results,  and  ready  to  fly 
off  on  a  tangent  at  the  slightest  provocation.  He  was  disposed 
at  times  to  think  that  it  mattered  little  what  a  volume  or  a 
chapter  might  be,  so  long  as  he  had  spent  a  large  amount  of 
money  on  other  volumes  which  were  approved.  My  own  the 
ory  from  the  start  was  that  the  work  and  each  of  its  parts  must 
eventually  stand  or  fall  on  its  merits  ;  that  by  our  methods  no 
brilliant  or  artistic  success  was  possible  ;  and  that  his  only 
hope  of  lasting  reputation  lay  in  making  the  work  a  store 
house  of  carefully  sifted  information.  By  my  industry  and 
enthusiasm  I  gained  in  the  early  years  considerable  influence 
over  him  ;  and  I  go  so  far  as  to  state  my  conviction  that  my 
greatest  service  to  him  was  not  in  the  writing  of  certain  vol 
umes  or  the  devising  of  certain  methods,  but  in  making  myself 
a  kind  of  brake  or  balance-wheel  to  keep  him  in  regular  motion 
on  a  straight  road.  I  have  heard  others  who  knew  £s  well — 
including  Mr.  Bancroft  himself — express  a  similar  opinion. 

An  interesting  account  is  given,  pp.  319-24,  of  his  experi 
ence  in  obtaining  the  first  review  of  the  Native  Races  for  pub 
lication  in  the  Overland.  The  question  was,  he  says,  "who 
should  be  the  writer  of  the  article  ?  Obviously,  no  one  in  the 
Library,  nor  any  one  who  had  participated  in  the  work." 
Then  followed  efforts  to  have  the  article  written  by  President 
Oilman,  resulting  in  disastrous  and  yet  amusing  failure, 
because  of  the  worthy  president's  unwillingness  to  commit 
himself,  and  his  persistence  in  merely  citing  our  own  opinions. 
Finally  the  name  of  Ross  Browne  was  suggested  ;  "he  prom 
ised  his  immediate  and  hearty  attention.  The  consequence 
was  one  of  the  best  articles  ever  written  on  the  subject,  in  the 
Overland  of  December. ' '  I  shall  not  question  the  accuracy  of 
this  narrative  as  a  whole  ;  much  less  shall  I  dispute  the  excel 
lence  of  the  article  ;  but  I  merely  supply  a  missing  link  in  the 
fact  that  the  article  was  written  by  myself,  and  Ross  Browne's 
sole  agency  was  in  permitting  his  name  to  be  signed  to  it.  I 
may  as  well  confess,  however,  that  in  my  haste  I  cribbed  one 
or  two  elegant  phrases  from  President  Oilman's  previous  effu 
sion. 


58 

The  letter  to  General  Vallejo,  quoted  entire  on  pp.  440-3, 
of  the  Literary  Industries,  with  the  prefatory  statement,  ' '  to 
this  I  made  reply  in  the  following  words,"  was  also  written  by 
me  and  sent  to  Vallejo  in  my  handwriting,  though  subsequently 
Mr.  Bancroft  copied  it  in  his  own  hand  for  the  General's  grati 
fication. 

In  addition  to  the  many  passages  already  quoted,  in  which 
he  claims  the  exclusive  authorship,  he  makes  now  and  then  a 
remark  that  may  be  pertinent  in  the  same  connection.  On 
page  570,  he  tells  us  how  "  I  studied  the  question  of  the  origin 
of  the  Americans,  to  find  a  place  in  some  part  of  the  Native 
Races."  This  is  true  enough,  perhaps  ;  yet  the  chapter  on 
that  subject,  (Vol.  V.  Chap.  I.),  was  written  mainly  by  Mr. 
Harcourt.  The  allusion  to  ' '  Nemos  's  caustic  criticisms, "  page 
367,  may  cause  a  smile  on  the  part  of  those  who  know  Mr. 
Nemos  ;  but  to  which  of  us  the  substitution  of  his  name  for 
mine,  as  originally  written,  is  intended  as  a  compliment,  I  am 
uncertain. 

He  says,  on  page  300 :  "In  treating  of  Antiquities,  I  began 
in  the  South  "  ;  yet  he  did  not  write  a  page  of  that  volume, 
a  large  part  of  which  he  never  saw  until  it  was  in  print.  On  page 
228  :  "To  follow  this  introduction,  I  prepared  a  summary  of 
voyages,"  as  already  quoted.  Which,  however,  requires  ex 
planation,  to  the  effect  that  "  some  assistance  "  was  over  two 
months  of  hard  work  by  another,  while  Mr.  Bancroft  "  prepared 
the  summary  "  by  devoting  perhaps  a  week  of  the  total  "six 
months  ' '  to  verbal  changes  in  the  manuscript. 

In  the  first  half  of  1873,  "Mr.  Oak  spent  some  weeks  on 
Antiquities  "  ;  true,  very  likely — and  also  enough  other  weeks 
in  the  first  and  last  halves  of  this  or  other  years  to  write  the 
entire  volume,  besides  extracting  most  of  his  own  notes.  "  In 
December,  1872,  withGoldschmidt's  assistance,  I  made  a  thor 
ough  investigation  of  aboriginal  languages  on  the  coast." 
Without  commenting  on  the  thoroughness  of  an  investigation 
of  that  subject  that  could  be  made  in  a  month,  still  less  hint 
ing  that  what  Mr.  Bancroft  never  knew  about  languages  would 
fill  a  large  book,  it  may  be  proper  to  note  that  Mr.  Goldschmidt 
spent  many  months  in  the  investigation,  though  his  manuscript, 
as  that  of  one  writing  a  foreign  language,  had  to  be  for  the 
most  part  re-written — largely  by  Mr.  Harcourt.  ' '  No  one 
ever  has  known,  or  ever  will  knoV,  the  early  history  of  Cali 
fornia  or  the  Spanish  Northwest  as  we  knew  it  then  ;"  page  205  ; 
but  as  originally  printed  it  read,  "as  he  [Oak]  knew  it." 
"  But  this  one,  [Oak]  in  regard  to  ability,  integrity,  and  life 
long  devotion  [?]  to  me  and  my  cause  was — worth  them  all  " 
as  it  read  originally  ;  or,  "  was  surpassed  by  none,"  in  the  less 
extravagant  published  form,  page  251. 


59 

The  system  of  proof-reading  is  described  on  page  587  as  fol 
lows  :  "  One  copy  was  given  to  me  and  one  each  to  Nemos, 
Oak,  and  Gilmour.  The  latter  compared  and  verified  botk  sub 
ject  matter  and  references,  comparing  with  original  authorities, 
and  placed  the  corrections  of  the  others  with  his  own  on  one  proof, 
when  it  was  returned  to  me.  One  of  the  others  besides  myself 
also  read  the  corrected  proof  in  pages,  which  was  gone  over  by 
the  chief  proof-reader  for  printers'  errors"  ;  this,  of  course, 
in  addition  to  the  original  reading  in  the  printing  office.  So 
far  as  the  first  part  of  the  described  routine  is  concerned, — 
though  not  perhaps  intended  to  be  misleading, — the  statement 
is  approximately  true  only  for  a  very  brief  period.  I  mention 
the  matter  only  because  it  seems  to  illustrate  a  tendency  of 
Mr.  Bancroft  throughout  his  narrative  to  confound  or  mingle 
my  services  with  those  of  other  assistants,  in  treating  of  petty 
matters,  whenever  such  confusion  may  have  some  plausible  or 
incidental  foundation  in  truth. 

The  only  approximation  to  uniformity  in  proof-reading  rou 
tine  was  that  each  writer,  as  a  rule,  read  the  first  and  some 
times  other  proofs  of  his  own  matter  ;  that  Mr.  Bancroft  gen 
erally  read  one  proof,  and  often  more,  of  all  matter  ;  and  that 
I  revised  all  final  page-proofs,  while  somebody  nearly  always 
verified  the  foot-note  references.  The  subject  matter  as  de 
pending  on  the  authorities  was  rarely,  if  ever,  studied  by  any 
proof-reader.  The  references  to  volume  and  page,  like  the 
accuracy  of  literal  quotations,  was  very  carefully  checked  off 
for  the  Native  Races,  for  the  most  part  by  Mr.  Nemos ;  but 
less  exhaustively  by  Mr.  Gilmour  and  others  for  the  History, — 
not  from  any  fault  of  the  workers,  but  because  Mr.  Bancroft 
in  his  haste  would  not  give  time  for  thorough  work.  On  ac 
count  of  the  cleanness  of  my  manuscript  and  my  unfortunate 
reputation  for  accuracy,  my  proofs  were  much  less  closely  ex 
amined  than  most  others,  notwithstanding  their  greater  com 
plexity  of  references  ;  and,  indeed,  much  less  carefully  than 
they  should  have  been.  On  this  ground  I  have  fears  that  many 
petty  errors  may,  in  time,  be  found. 

When  preliminary  work  was  begun  on  the  History,  the  note- 
takers  took  up  first  the  authorities  on  the  Spanish  Northwest, 
though  the  volumes  on  Central  America  and  Mexico  were  to  come 
first  in  the  proposed  order  of  publication  ;  and,  indeed,  in  using 
the  notes  some  of  my  own  volumes  were  the  first  written,  ex 
cepting  Mr.  Bancroft's  first  volume  on  Central  America. 
On  p.  582-5  of  the  Literary  Industries  he  explains  his  reasons 
for  thus  beginning  in  the  north, — good  reasons  in  the  main, 
and  consisting  chiefly  in  the  vast  accumulation  of  original  ma 
terial  on  the  northern  regions,  and  the  possibility  of  its  de 
struction  by  fire.  He  concludes  thus  :  "  This  central  part  of 


60 

my  subject  I  regarded,  I  will  not  say  as  the  most  important 
part,  for  each  part  was  of  equal  importance,  but  it  was  the 
most  difficult  part,  the  most  intricate  and  laborious,  and  with 
competent  and  trained  assistants  it  was  the  part  which  I  could 
most  thoroughly  perform  and  most  perfectly  finish.  This  was 
to  be  the  crowning  effort  of  these  literary  industries  ;  let  me 
do  it,  I  said,  while  I  can." 

It  is,  of  course,  gratifying  to  me  to  have  been  chosen  to  write 
the  volumes  which  were  to  constitute  this  ' '  crowning  effort "  ; 
also  to  find  that  the  plates  have  not  been  changed  to  modify 
the  above  admission  ;  nevertheless,  there  is  more  to  be  said 
respecting  the  reasons  for  this  change  of  plan,  against  which 
Mr.  Bancroft  long  protested. 

From  the  first  I  was  inclined  to  believe  the  field  too  large  to 
be  successfully  treated  in  the  manner  then  proposed.  At  the 
time  alluded  to  I  made  an  earnest  effort  to  induce  Mr.  Bancroft 
to  drop  Mexico  and  Central  America  altogether,  and  confine 
his  efforts  to  the  Pacific  United  States,  with  only  one  or  two 
preliminary  volumes  on  the  general  history  of  the  southern 
regions.  I  told  him  that  his  strength,  his  patience,  and  his 
wealth  would  not  suffice  for  the  proper  performance  of  the 
whole  task  ;  that  particularly  he  could  not  properly  search  the 
Spanish  and  Mexican  archives,  as  he  then  intended  ;  that 
sooner  or  later  would  come  a  time — as  in  the  case  of  the  Native 
Races — when  he  would  feel  obliged  to  begin  prematurely  the 
publication  ;  when  I  feared  that  he  would  either  have  to  omit 
or  very  inadequately  treat  the  more  important  northern  field 
if  he  began  in  the  south.  To  this  idea  he  would  not  listen, 
though  admitting  that  some  of  my  arguments  were  not  with 
out  force,  and  sharing  my  view  to  some  extent  respecting  the 
comparative  importance  of  the  territorial  sections.  He  assured 
me  that  he  would  be  in  no  haste  to  publish,  his  standing  as  an 
author  being  established  by  the  Native  Races  ;  that  his  whole 
life  and  fortune  should  be  devoted  to  the  task  ;  and  that  the 
whole  work  should  be  completed  in  manuscript  before  any  part 
was  given  to  the  public  ;  but  he  insisted  that  the  whole  field 
must  be  covered.  He  was,  perhaps,  sincere  in  all  this,  but  I 
had  my  doubts,  which  proved  well  founded. 

Failing  thus  in  my  original  purpose,  I  still  urged  persistently 
that  work  should  be  begun  in  the  north,  because  it  could  make 
no  difference  which  part  was  done  first  if  all  parts  were  to  be 
done,  and  equally  well  done  ;  while  in  case  of  any  unforseen 
emergency,  such  as  financial  trouble,  death,  or  failure  of  health, 
the  completed  northern  annals  would  give  him  greater  fame 
than  could  possibly  be  gained  from  fragments  of  a  greater 
work.  He  somewhat  reluctantly  consented  to  this,  and  hence 
the  change  of  plan.  In  the  light  of  later  events  I  have  some- 


61 

times  suspected,  perhaps  unjustly,  that  his  change  of  plan  was 
more  apparent  than  real ;  that  his  original  purpose  was  to  take 
the  greatest  pains  with  the  first  or  southern  volumes,  writing 
and  rewriting  them,  and  after  thus  fixing  his  reputation  to  have 
the  others  written  by  his  assistants  as  best  and  most  rapidly  he 
could  :  while  his  apparent  conversion  may  have  rested  really 
on  the  idea  that  it  would  be  well  to  have  a  few  of  the  first 
northern  volumes  also  thoroughly  done  before  beginning  the 
' '  rushing  ' '  process. 

The  work  went  on  for  several  years,  and  much  progress  was 
made  in  northern  annals  ;  though  Mr.  Bancroft  still  worked 
on  the  south.  Then  came  the  time,  as  I  had  predicted — 
though  much  sooner  than  I  had  expected — when  he  felt  him 
self  obliged  to  begin  publication ;  and  he  still  insisted  on  be 
ginning  in  the  south,  where  almost  nothing  had  been  done  in 
preliminary  or  final  wrork  outside  of  the  first  volume,  so  that 
all  must  yet  be  taken  from  the  sources  and  written  just  behind 
the  printer.  I  protested  somewhat ;  but  as  the  search  of 
Mexican  and  Spanish  archives  had  now  been  practically  aban 
doned,  I  finally  agreed  that  all  might  yet  come  out  well  —  if 
we  could  have  another  year  in  which  to  get  a  start.  He  did 
not  accept  or  reject  verbally  this  suggestion,  but  within  a 
week  set  the  printers  at  work.  Subsequently  it  was  not  his 
custom  generally  to  submit  to  me  his  plans ;  to  others  sug 
gesting  that  my  advice  be  taken,  he  sometimes  replied,  "  It  is 
of  no  use  to  consult  Oak  ;  I  know  well  enough  what  his  views 
are." 

Then  he  wished  me  to  take  charge  of  the  southern  volumes  ; 
and  my  unwillingness  to  give  up  my  chosen  field  of  labor  and 
devote  myself  to  the  new  work  caused  the  only  serious  dissat 
isfaction  that  he  ever  seemed  to  feel  toward  me,  though  we  did 
not  quarrel  ;  and  the  work  was  given  to  others.  Perhaps  I 
was  selfish  in  this  refusal,  for  its  motive  was  largely  a  desire 
to  give  my  part  in  the  finished  work  as  much  unity  and  con- 
secutiveness  as  possible:  yet  I  also  felt,  and  told  Mr.  Bancroft 
so,  that  with  my  failing  health,  and  in  view  of  my  experience 
and  interest,  I  could  do  much  more  and  better  work  in  the  old 
than  in  the  new  field  ;  besides  claiming  that  my  past  labors  for 
him  entitled  me  to  a  choice.  I  also  dreaded  the  southern  work, 
because  I  knew  that  in  the  need  for  haste  my  favorite  methods 
would  have  to  be  greatly  modified,  and  either  a  breaking- 
down  in  health  or  a  quarrel  might  oblige  me  to  leave  the  Library. 
I  have  seen  no  reason  since  for  regretting  my  course. 

That  the  southern  work  was  so  well  done  under  the  circum 
stances  speaks  well  for  the  system,  and  for  the  competency  and 
zeal  of  Mr.  Nemos  ;  yet  it  was  found  impossible  to  fully  carry 
out  the  proposed  plan,  and  my  own  suggestion  of  a  way  out 


62 

of  the  difficulty  was  gladly  .adopted, — namely,  not  to  publish 
the  History  continuously  from  Vol.  I.  to  XXVIII.,  but  to  break 
it  up  into  territorial  sections,  and  proceed  chronologically  with 
each  section  by  itself.  This  not  only  made  it  possible  to  pub 
lish  several  northern  volumes  before  those  on  the  south  were 
completed;  but  it  greatly  facilitated  the  work  of  canvassers, 
who  could  thus  promise  subscribers  in  the  north  the  early 
volumes  on  their  own  States  at  a  comparatively  early  date. 
This  plan  was  at  once  approved  by  all  concerned, — and  indeed 
I  was  somewhat  proud  of  it.  How  this  plan  "  occurred  "  to 
Mr.  Bancroft  is  told — of  course  without  reference  to  me — on 
page  589  of  the  Literary  Industries. 

I  do  not  include  directly  in  the  field  of  this  statement  the 
six  supplementary  volumes  of  the  History,  (Vol.  XXXIV. -IX. 
of  the  Works ^  except  in  my  allusions  to  one  of  them,  the  Liter- 
erary  Industries,  because  they  were,  to  a  considerable  extent, 
written  and  published  after  I  left  the  Library  ;  some,  also, 
written  outside  of  the  Library  ;  I  really  know  very  little 
about  their  authorship  ;  and  I  do  not  regard  them  as  essen 
tially  parts  of  the  History.  Of  them  Mr.  Bancroft  says,  p. 
591  :  "I  need  not  go  into  detail.  .  .  .  Suffice  it  to  say 
that  the  subjects  all  came  to  me  of  their  own  accord,  and  that 
I  wrought  them  out  without  aid  from  any  one  (except  from  his 
wife,)  there  being  no  notes  to  be  taken  out  or  information  to 
be  gathered  further  than  what  I  was  able  to  accomplish  my 
self,  while  writing  the  History."  It  is  true,  or  at  least  I  have 
no  definite  knowledge  to  the  contrary,  that  he  may  have  been 
legitimately  the  author  of  five-sixths  of  the  matter  in  those 
volumes.  I  had  nothing  to  do  with  them  except  proof-read 
ing  on  the  Popular  Tribunals,  and  writing  some  pages  in — not 
for — the  Literary  Industries,  as  elsewhere  noted  ;  indeed,  I 
have  never  read  more  than  three  of  the  six  volumes.  Mr. 
Nemos  wrote,  I  think,  much  of  the  matter  on  the  Library  and 
library  work  in  the  last  volume  ;  and  Mr.  Savage,  a  consider 
able  part  of  the  California  Pastoral.  The  notes  for  the  latter, 
and  for  the  Inter  Pocula  were  not,  by  any  means,  all  or  mainly 
extracted  by  Mr.  Bancroft.  I  think  he  is  correct  in  saying, 
p.  655,  that  these  volumes  "were  more  myself  than  almost 
any  other  parts  of  my  work." 

Perhaps  I  should  remark  here  that  I  left  the  Library  when 
my  own  volumes  were  finished  and  in  type,  leaving  the  rest 
to  complete  in  like  manner  their  own  volumes  and  depart  as 
each  completed  his  task,  the  Library  being  closed  within  two 
years. 


63 


XVIII. — MY  OWN  OBLIGATIONS  TO  MR.  BANCROFT. 

Some  of  these  obligations  have  been  considered  in  connec 
tion  with  other  matters.  There  is  one  phase  of  the  subject  to 
which  I  allude  with  reluctance,  though  it  seems  necessary  in 
support  of  my  position.  [All  the  more  so,  as  will  be  seen  by 
reason  of  later  occurrences.]  It  is  that  of  my  financial  rela 
tions  with  Mr.  Bancroft.  I  begin  with  the  statement  that  these 
relations  have  been  in  an  important  sense  entirely  satisfactory, 
to  me  at  least.  I  have  no  complaint  to  make  of  insufficient  re 
muneration  for  my  services,  as  those  services  are  represented 
by  my  employer.  For  a  brief  period  I  received  a  salary  of  $75 
per  month,  then  $100,  and  $150;  but  for  the  later  and  greater 
period  I  received  $200  and  room  rent.  It  is  doubtful  if  I  could 
have  obtained  higher  wages  elsewhere  ;  it  may  be  true  that 
my  services  were  worth  no  more  ;  and  in  any  case  I  was  at  all 
times  free  to  try  the  effect  of  a  change.  Increase  of  salary 
was  always  voluntary  on  my  employer's  part,  and  I  never, 
with  or  without  success,  asked  for  any  increase.  Why  then 
introduce  this  topic  at  all?  Partly  in  justice  to  a  man  who 
has  often  been  accused  of  extreme  niggardliness  in  the  remun 
eration  of  his  library  assistants,  but  mainly  for  two  other  pur 
poses. 

The  first  is,  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  if  I  received  a  suffi 
cient  compensation  for  my  services  as  librarian  and  superin 
tendent — the  only  services  with  which  I  am  accredited — I  re 
ceived  nothing  more  ;  and  thus  to  correct  the  vague  but  some 
what  prevalent  impression  among  the  few  that  know  me,  that, 
if  not  in  some  way  "  pensioned  off"  on  quitting  the  Library — 
so  rare  is  it  that  a  literary  worker  of  mediocre  abilities  can  live 
for  a  few  years  without  work — I  at  least  received  during  my 
term  of  service,  or  subsequently,  some  financial  favors  which 
bound  me  virtually  to  silence  on  certain  phases  of  the  whole 
matter.  It  is  true  that  had  I  accepted  such  favors  or  a  large 
salary  I  should  have  considered  myself  so  bound ;  but  the  fact 
is,  that  I  never  received  a  dollar.  That  my  salary  was  not 
more  than  the  supposed  value  of  my  work  is  shown  not  only 
by  a  statement  of  its  amount,  and  by  my  employer's  oft  ex 
pressed  satisfaction,  and  regret  that  he  could  not  afford  to  in 
crease  it,  but  by  his  frequently  repeated  assurances  verbally 
and  in  letters — during  the  time  spent  by  me  mainly  in  writing 
— that  my  work  cost  him  less  per  printed  page,  notwithstand 
ing  my  usually  larger  salary,  than  that  produced  by  any  other 
writer. 

There  were,   ho\vever,   some  reductions  of  my  salary  that 


64 

were  very  foolish,  the  foolishness  being  for  the  most  part  my 
own.  For  instance,  my  summer  vacations  were  almost  always 
taken  at  my  own  expense,  no  salary  being  collected,  though 
no  objections  would  perhaps  have  been  made  to  paying  it,  as 
others  were  paid.  Also  at  one  time  when  Mr.  Bancroft,  though 
not  complaining  directly  of  me,  was  inclined  to  be  discouraged 
at  the  slow  progress,  and  made  known  his  opinion  that  ten 
pages  per  day  of  finished  manuscript  was  a  reasonable  task,  I 
hastily  affirmed  my  ability  to  produce  that  average  on  the  Cal 
ifornia  history.  He  did  not  require  or  I  promise  this.  On 
making  the  attempt  I  soon  found  that  with  my  outside  duties 
as  librarian — especially  the  necessity  of  spending  much  time 
in  showing  the  Library  and  explaining  our  scheme  to  visitors 
— and  writing  on  topics  mainly  founded  on  documentary  evi 
dence,  when  a  day's  hard  study  of  many  authorities,  albeit  fully 
indexed,  often  furnished  material  for  but  a  brief  paragraph, 
this  average  of  ten  pages  was  beyond  my  powers,  though  I 
could  easily  have  written  fifteen  pages  that  would  have  been 
quite  as  satisfactory  to  Mr.  Bancroft  and  to  most  critics.  In  a 
spirit  of  foolish  pride,  however,  and  at  a  pecuniary  sacrifice  of 
several  thousand  dollars,  I  collected  my  pay  for  several  years 
on  a  basis  of  ten  pages  per  day. 

I  was  never  given  a  set  of  the  Bancroft  works :  but  paid  for 
a  set  that  was  sent  to  my  mother  in  the  Hast,  and  also  for  five 
sets  of  the  ten  volumes  written  by  myself.  After  the  great 
fire  I  voluntarily  reduced  my  salary,  as  did  some  of  the  others, 
by  twenty-five  per  cent. 

There  occurs  to  me,  however,  one  favor  received,  which  I 
will  mention  ;  not  only  because  I  wish  to  state  impartially  both 
sides  of  this  matter,  but  because  it  gives  me  an  opportunity  to 
advertise  slightly  my  possession  of  an  historical  treasure  to 
which  I  attach  much  value.  In  the  immense  mass  of  manu 
scripts  that  passed  through  my  hands  there  were  thousands  of 
no  possible  value — receipts  for  a  few  hides,  private  notes,  rou 
tine  official  papers,  duplicates,  fragments,  etc. ;  and  from  these 
Mr.  Bancroft  kindly  permitted  me  to  collect  autographs  of  early 
Californians.  With  some  additions  from  other  sources,  this 
collection,  arranged  and  pasted  on  sheets  ready  for  binding, 
each  autograph  accompanied  by  a  printed  biographic  sketch 
from  my  Pioneer  Register,  now  contains  the  original  signatures 
of  more  than  1 100  men  and  women  who  figured  in  California 
history  before  1849.  This  collection  can  never  be  duplicated 
or  rivalled  ;  and  if  I  could  live  a  hundred  years  it  would  doubt 
less  fetch  a  round  sum.  At  present  I  could  hardly  get  $1,000 
for  it. 

I  now  come,  finally,  to  the  second,  [and  in  the  light  of  sub 
sequent  developments  the  most  important,]  of  my  two  main 


65 

purposes  for  alluding  to  the  financial  aspects  of  my  subject.  I 
have  already  said  that  if  I  had  accepted  financial  favors,  or  a 
large  salary,  I  should  have  felt  myself  bound  to  silence  respect 
ing  my  claims  to  authorship,  and  certain  details  of  Mr.  Ban 
croft's  enterprise.  I  will  add  that,  for  years,  I  did  consider 
myself  so  bound,  and  in  a  certain  sense  still  take  that  view  of 
it,  though  I  am  pretty  sure  that  the  obligation  will  be  termi 
nated  within  a  short  time. 

During  ten  years  or  more  of  intimate  confidential  relations, 
Mr.  Bancroft  not  only  expressed,  verbally  and  in  letters,  his 
regret  that  he  could  never  give  me  all  the  credit  I  deserved, 
but  he  frequently  assured  me  in  various  expressions,  always 
falling  a  little  short  of  definite  and  detailed  promises,  that  so 
long  as  he  had  any  money  I  need  never  have  anxiety  about 
financial  matters.  He  also  provided  by  his  will  that,  in  the 
event  of  his  death,  the  completion  of  his  work  should  be  en 
trusted  to  me  at  a  good  salary  ;  authorized  me  to  use  the  Li 
brary  material  subsequently  for  the  preparation  of  a  series  of  / 
works  to  be  published  in  my  own  name  at  the  expense  of  his 
estate ;  made  me  one  of  the  executors  ;  and  gave  me  besides 
.$10,000. 

Just  what  all  this,  and  many  similar  assurances,  were  in 
tended  to  mean  in  dollars  and  cents,  I  have  no  means  of  know 
ing  ;  but  I  was  weak  enough  to  found  on  them  some  rather 
rose-colored  hopes.  These  hopes,  though  ridiculed  by  my 
friends,  were  not  wholly  abandoned  for  many  years  ;  and  they 
were  a  powerful  incentive  to  hard  work  ;  besides  serving  as  a 
kind  of  consolation  when  I  came  gradually  to  realize  that  I 
was  to  get  little  or  no  credit  for  my  services  as  a  writer.  In. 
later  years  of  comparatively  cooler  relations  his  assurances,  in 
this  as  in  most  other  directions,  were  of  rarer  occurrence,  and 
before  I  left  the  Library  they  ceased  altogether. 

True,  in  those  years  Mr.  Bancroft's  prospective  wealth  was 
considered  by  all,  and  represented  by  himself,  as  exceedingly 
problematic  ;  and  after  the  fire  all  my  hopes  could  have  been 
cashed  at  a  very  low  rate.  But  his  financial  recovery  was  re 
markably  rapid,  his  book  is  understood  to  have  returned  him 
half  a  million,  and  he  is  now  by  far  a  richer  man  than  ever  be 
fore, — several  times  a  millionaire  by  his  own  estimate.  Yet, 
he  has  shown  no  sign  of  remembering  any  old  score  to  be  set 
tled  with  me.  On  the  contrary,  he  has  indicated  clearly,  by 
certain  acts  already  mentioned  in  these  pages,  perfect  indiffer 
ence  as  to  what  course  I  might  decide  to  take.  Evidently  he 
is  disposed  to  deny  my  power  or  disposition  or  right  to  make 
an}-  statement  that  might  unfavorably  affect  his  reputation,  or 
otherwise,  and  more  probably,  he  attaches  very  little  real  value 
to  that  reputation  in  a  literary  sense,  now  that  his  books  have 
proved  financially  successful. 


66 

Thus  there  was  a  kind  of  implied  contract,  constituting,  at 
least  in  my  mind,  an  obligation.  Whether  I  did  right  or  wrong, 
acted  wisely  or  foolishly,  in  permitting  myself  to  become  so 
bound  is  outside  of  the  present  question  ;  suffice  it  to  say  that 
the  obligation  did  exist  ;  and  since  Mr.  Bancroft  has  never  for 
mally  broken  the  contract,  or  refused  to  carry  it  out,  and  as  he 
may,  in  theory,  at  least,  still  intend  to  do  something  handsome 
for  me,  the  obligation  still,  in  a  sense,  is  valid  ;  and  before  pub 
lishing  this  statement  I  shall  probably  be  compelled  to  give 
him  an  opportunity  of  making  good  his  old-time  assurances,  if 
he  has  any  desire  to  do  so  —  as  I  am  sure  he  has  not.  This  will 
enable  him  —  and  perhaps  others  whose  opinion  I  value  more 
than  his  —  to  put  my  action  in  an  unfavorable  light  ;  but  it  will 
remove  the  last  doubt  in  my  mind,  and  leave  my  conscience 
clear. 

[After  the  first  writing  of  this  statement,  I  had  the  following 
correspondence  with  Mr.  Bancroft  :] 


SPRINGS,  April  3,  1892. 
"  H.  H.  BANCROFT, 

41  Dear  Sir  —  I  write  to  inform  you  of  my  intention  to  publish  a  state 
ment  respecting  the  authorship  of  the  Bancroft  Works  and  my  connec 
tion  with  the  same,  with  some  comments  on  the  methods  of  writing  the 
works,  and  some  criticism  of  statements  in  the  Literary  Industries. 

"  I  am  not  sure  that  I  am  bound  to  notify  you  of  this,  or  that  you  will 
take  any  interest  in  the  matter,  but  I  prefer  to  be  on  the  safe  side,  as  a 
clear  conscience  is  all  that  I  am  likely  to  get  out  of  the  matter  in  the 
end.  I  regret  to  join  to  any  extent  the  ranks  of  your  enemies,  with 
whose  enmity  I  have  in  most  phases  no  sympathy  ;  but  I  earnestly  desire 
to  have  my  authorship  put  clearly  on  record,  and  I  honestly  believe  my 
self  entitled  to  the  same,  or  to  some  equivalent.  I  have  decided  after 
much  thought  that  I  have  a  right  to  take  this  course,  and  that  it  will 
not  be  an  offense  against  good  taste,  though  my  wishes  may  have  unduly 
influenced  my  judgment.  I  will  not  argue  the  case  here,  but  with  all 
the  facts  before  them  the  public  —  or  that  small  portion  which  I  hope  to 
reach  —  will  decide,  and  I  must  abide  by  the  verdict. 

"Of  course,  I  have  had  many  obstacles  to  overcome  in  my  reasoning, 
but  one  of  the  chief  obstacles  you  have  yourself  removed.  In  old  times, 
you  often,  both  verbally  and  in  letters,  assured  me  of  your  regret  that 
you  never  could  properly  acknowledge  my  services.  Presumably,  that 
feeling  ceased  to  influence  you  long  ago,  but  possibly  you  might  still 
entertain  it.  On  comparing,  however,  the  Literary  Industries  with  the 
proofs  of  that  work  as  standing  when  I  left  the  Library,  I  find  that  you 
have  broken  up  the  plates  to  modify  the  Complimentary  notices  of  my 
self  —  in  several  instances  to  the  extent  of  obliterating  the  compliment. 
This  in  itself  is  a  small  matter,  but  in  one  sense  it  is  important  as  show 
ing  the  state  of  your  mind,  and  that  you  not  only  do  not  regret  your  in 
ability  to  acknowledge  my  work  as  a  writer,  but  that  you  begrudge  the 
credit  already  given  for  other  services  ;  in  fact,  that  you  are  entirely  in 
different  to  anything  I  may  do.  This  has  had  much  effect  on  my  mind. 

"  With  the  old-time  assurances  alluded  to,  there  were  others  in  which 
you  told  me  I  had  nothing  to  fear  financially  so  long  as  you  had  any 
money.  I  was  weak  enough  to  attach  some  importance  to  such  assur 
ances.  Presumably,  of  course,  these,  like  the  others,  ceased  long  ago 
to  be  valid  in  your  mind,  and  I  certainly  ceased  to  expect  anything  in 


67 

that  direction  ;  but  possibly — or  in  theory — you  may  have  continued  to 
hold  such  intentions,  the  execution  of  the  same  being  delayed  from  time 
to  time  by  financial  and  other  complications.  If,  in  addition  to  courte 
ous  treatment  and  a  fair  salary  for  work  done  for  you,  I  had  ever  accepted 
from  you  any  financial  favors  of  any  amount,  I  should  of  course  feel 
bound  to  silence  on  certain  matters.  And  even  now  if  you  are  willing 
to  give  me  for  past  services,  say  $20,000, — an  immense  sum  for  me  and  a 
very  small  one  for  you, — I  should  still  feel  myself  so  bound,  destroying 
my  statement  and  all  memoranda,  and  whenever  I  could  not  conscienti 
ously  speak  in  your  favor,  keeping  strict  silence. 

"  Do  not  regard  this  as  a  demand,  still  less  as  a  threat,  for  I  have  no 
idea  that  you  will  entertain  the  proposition.  My  judgment  tells  me, 
somewhat  against  my  inclinations,  that  this  sum  would  be  worth  more 
to  me  than  any  satisfaction  I  am  likely  to  get  from  publishing  my  state 
ment  ;  and  as  only  my  own  interests  are  involved,  I  have  a  right  to  ac 
cept  it.  But  my  chief  motive  is  to  provide  for  future  peace  of  mind. 
I  should  not  like  to  leave  it  in  your  power  to  say  later  :  '  I  always  in 
tended  to  do  something  for  Oak,  and  if  he  had  given  me  notice  all  might 
have  been  arranged  '  ;  nor  should  I  like  in  future  years — when  my  money 
is  all  gone,  and  I  have  realized  fully  the  indifference  of  even  historical 
students  to  my  claims — to  feel  that  '  if  I  had  notified  Mr.  Bancroft  in 
advance,  possibly  all  might  have  been  made  satisfactory.'  I  wish  to 
feel  that  I  have  done  the  best  I  could,  and  to  throw  the  responsibility 
of  mv  misfortunes  on  fate. 

"  I  have  not  yet  spoken  to  any  one  of  my  intention,  but  shall  soon  con 
sult  several  friends  on  certain  phases  of  the  matter,  and  on  the  best 
method  of  putting  my  statement  before  the  public.  I  hope  to  hear 
from  you  at  an  early  date,  if  you  have  anything  to  say  on  the  subject. 

' '  Yours  respectfully, 

-   "HENRY  L.  OAK." 

"  HELIX,  April  14,  1892. 
"DEAR  OAK  : 

"I  received  your  very  remarkable  letter,  and  as  I  know  that  you  are 
neither  fool,  knave,  nor  blackmailer,  I  conclude  it 's  your  liver,  and  also 
that  you  have  more  friends  than  you  know  what  to  do  with,  as  you  are 
so  ready  to  sacrifice  the  oldest  and  best  you  ever  had.  If  I  have  any 
conception  of  what  kindness,  consideration,  and  liberality  are,  you  have 
always  had  them  and  nothing  else  from  me.  And  I  had  no  idea  that 
you  felt  ugly  towrards  me.  For  many  years  I  gave  you  pleasant  and  con 
genial  employment,  treated  you  well,  paid  you  twice  as  much  as  others, 
gave  you  a  room,  rent  free,  paid  you  twice  as  much  as  I  need  to  have 
done,  helped  you  to  a  good  turn  in  real  estate,  and  gave  you  more  credit 
than  you  wished  me  to,  as  you  repeatedly  said.  Indeed,  I  doubt  if 
authors  are  in  the  habit  of  giving  their  employees  any  credit  at  all,  and 
oftentimes  not  very  much  pay. 

"  In  regard  to  the  threat  you  make,  that  if  I  don't  give  you  $20,000 
you  will  publish  something  against  me,  I  say,  Proceed  I  have  al 
ways  wanted  you  to  write  more  about  the  Library  work,  and  I  am  not 
at  all  afraid  of  anything  you  can  say,  truthfully  or  otherwise,  about  me. 
I  did  what  others  did,  and  all  about  it  is  pretty  generally  understood  ; 
and  I  am  not  at  all  concerned  if  it  is  not,  or  how  people  regard  it.  The 
work  is  done,  and  you  may  say  what  you  please,  and  people  may  think 
what  they  please.  I  am  not  afraid  of  your  writing  anything  very  bad 
about  me.  You  cannot  do  so  truthfully,  as  you  well  know.  Besides,  if 
you  really  meant  it,  you  could  not  have  been  so  foolish  as  to  have  given 
yourself  so  completely  away  in  a  letter,  which  I  shall  always  preserve 
with  great  care,  as  I  have  only  to  hand  it  to  a  newspaper  reporter  at  any 
time  to  take  effectually  the  sting  from  anything  unjust  you  may  say  of 


68 

me.  If  you  are  sick  I  am  sorry,  but  making  an  ass  of  yourself  will  not 
make  you  feel  any  better;  and  I  don't  think  you  will  find  many  who 
will  sympathize  with  a  sorehead  who  has  dirty  linen  to  wash,  if  such  is 
your  state  or  condition.  H.  H.  B." 

This  correspondence  requires  little  comment.  My  letter  is 
but  a  repetition  of  parts  of  my  statement,  and  my  motives  are 
frankly  presented.  I  made  no  "threat"  whatever,  and  ex 
pected  no  money,  but  wrote  simply  to  terminate  an  obligation 
that  had  become  irksome.  The  reply  is  in  purport  precisely 
what  I  expected,  though  I  did  not  look  for  so  frank  an  avowal 
of  the  writer's  attitude  toward  the  public.  In  style,  naturally, 
a  mere  employee,  even  had  he  foreseen  the  necessity  of  pub 
lication,  could  not  hope  to  rival  the  historian.  I  hope,  how 
ever,  that  no  reader,  carried  away  by  admiration  for  his  purely 
classic  diction,  will  fail  to  note  the  courteously  profound  and 
scholarly  manner  in  which  he  has  treated  the  points  made  by 
me.  Most  of  his  list  of  past  favors  have  already  been  fully 
acknowledged  in  these  pages.  Just  how  he  knows  that  he  paid 
me  twice  as  much  as  he  need  have  done,  I  cannot  imagine. 
His  ' '  help  "  to  a  good  turn  in  real  estate  was  simply  his  ad 
vice  to  buy  when,  having  selected  a  library  site,  he  found  that 
the  seller  had  more  land  than  he  wished  to  purchase.  If  the 
investment  had  proved  a  losing  one  he  would  have  made  up 
the  loss — perhaps.  The  public  will  be  delighted  at  his  permis 
sion  to  "  think  what  they  please  of  him,"  though  on  the  Pa 
cific  Coast,  discounting  his  license,  they  have  been  doing  this 
for  some  time.  Which  of  us  two  most  foolishly  "gives  him 
self  away  "  in  a  letter,  the  reader  must  decide.  At  any  rate, 
I  am  not  that  particular  kind  of  an  "ass  "  that  writes  a  letter 
which  he  is  ashamed  to  see  in  print.  It  would  seem,  and  I  am 
glad  to  know,  that  my  fears  of  giving  offense  were  groundless, 
being  probably  due  to  a  disordered  liver.  I  hardly  think  my 
dignified  correspondent  will  find  it  necessary  to  hand  my  letter 
to  a  reporter  ;  indeed,  after  his  characteristic  declaration  of  in 
dependence  and  carte  blanche  to  say  what  I  please,  he  is  not 
likely  to  find  a  "sting,"  but  rather  flattery,  in  what  I  have 
written. 


CHAPTER  IV. 
CONCLUDING   REMARKS. 

This  final  chapter  is  practically  a  plea  for  my  own  writings. 
I  do  not  wish  to  assume  too  offensively  the  position  of  praising 
these  writings,  of  which,  in  many  respects,  I  have  not  a  high 
opinion,  or  of  trying  to  force  them  on  public  attention.  Such 
an  attempt,  even  to  the  extent  that  I  shall  make  it,  will  prob 
ably  seem  to  many  not  only  futile  but  in  doubtful  taste.  Every 
disappointed  author  sees  doubtless  very  clearly  in  what  respects 
his  work  has  been  unjustly  condemned  or  neglected,  but  he 
has  often  the  good  sense  to  refrain  from  its  defence,  except 
against  open  and  detailed  criticism.  The  absurdity  of  any  de 
fence  in  the  case  of  a  novel,  or  philosophic  essay,  or  of  many 
other  classes  of  literature,  is  apparent  even  to  me.  Neverthe 
less,  I  feel  justified  in  attempting  something  of  the  kind,  and 
for  several  reasons.  I  am  not  quite  a  disappointed  author, 
since  criticisms  of  my  work  have  not  been  unfavorable,  and 
because  my  authorship  has  not  been  known.  If  my  work  has  been 
neglected,  the  reasons  for  that  neglect  have  not  been  altogether 
dependent  on  its  intrinsic  qualities.  I  have  written,  moreover, 
on  a  subject  in  which  a  man  of  ordinary  intelligence,  with  ade 
quate  resources  and  industry,  ought  to  accomplish  results  of 
some  value,  and  am  thus,  in  a  sense,  forced  to  defence  ;  for  if 
with  my  advantages  I  have  not  produced  such  a  result,  I  am 
not  such  a  man  ;  and  one  may  be  pardoned  for  accepting  such 
a  conclusion  only  with  great  reluctance.  Therefore,  I  propose 
to  offer  some  remarks  on  my  work,  together  with  the  view  of 
critics,  all  tending  to  establish  certain  presumptions,  and  thus 
to  clear  the  field  for  a  final  estimate  by  others  in  the  ' '  good  (or 
bad)  time  coming,"  to  which  I  have  so  often  alluded. 


XIX. — A  PLEA  FOR  THE  ANNALIST. 

First,  there  is  something  to  be  said,  perhaps  unwisely  and 
doubtless  in  vain,  in  defence,  not  necessarily  of  the  work  done 
by  my  associates  and  myself,  but  of  the  kind  of  work  we  tried 
to  do — work  known  to  some  not  unfriendly  critics  as  at  the  best 
4<  mere  annals. "  In  late  years  there  has  been  a  marked  revival 
of  interest  and  activity  in  historical  studies  among  men  of  a 


70 

class  represented  notably  by  the  American  Historical  Asso 
ciation.  At  the  same  time  there  has  been  developed  a  fondness 
for  making  special  studies  of  the  early  history,  and  especially 
the  institutions,  of  different  sections  of  our  country.  In  con 
nection  with  this  laudable  spirit  there  is  a  disposition  to  sneer 
at  ' '  mere  annals, "  and  at  the  men  who  are  supposed  to  record 
events  without  understanding  what  they  mean.  While  heart 
ily  in  sympathy  with  this  philosophic  tendency  as  a  whole, 
and  even  sharing  the  prejudice  against  the  annals  that  in  former 
times  constituted  the  principal  element  of  what  was  regarded 
as  history,  I  am  yet  inclined  to  protest  somewhat  against  cer 
tain  phases  of  the  prevalent  spirit.  The  farm  boy  who  makes 
a  good  harrow  perhaps  does  better  service,  not  than  the  inventor 
of  a  steam  engine  or  printing  press,  but  than  the  same  boy 
could  do  by  trying  to  improve  those  complicated  pieces  of 
machinery. 

I  have  had  occasion  to  examine  many  of  the  studies  produced 
by  the  current  system  on  topics  with  the  details  of  which  I  was 
acquainted,  and  as  a  rule  I  have  found  the  superstructure  of 
comment  more  noticeable  than  the  foundation  of  fact.  That 
is,  while  often  charmed  with  the  talent  displa}Ted  by  the  writ 
ers,  and  with  their  admirable  use  of  available  material,  in  many 
cases  I  could  not  fail  to  note  the  insufficiency  of  that  material, 
and  the  variation  of  conclusions  resulting  from  varying  selec 
tions  of  data  and  points  of  view.  I  do  not  complain  of  these 
deficiencies,  still  less  of  the  differences  ;  I  admit  that  by  this 
general  route  the  best  results  of  historical  research  are  to  be 
reached  ;  and  I  do  not  deny  that  this  system  affords  a  better 
field  for  the  display  of  the  writer's  talent  than  that  of  the  an 
nalist  ;  but  I  doubt  that  such  display  can  be  deemed  the  high 
est  aim  of  any  work  ;  I  believe  the  so-called  annalist  has  a 
legitimate  and  useful  field  of  labor  ;  and  I  am  certain  that  the 
average  writer  may  do  better  service  by  presenting  all  the  facts 
he  can  find,  than  by  offering  his  comments  on  a  selection  from 
those  facts  ;  while  the  credit  due  him  is  not  at  all  diminished 
by  the  circumstance  that  he  is  fortunate  enough  to  find  a  great 
many  facts  for  his  record.  I  have  elsewhere  quoted — from  my 
self  through  Mr.  Bancroft — some  views  respecting  critics  who 
seem  to  hold  a  somewhat  different  opinion. 

In  my  annals  of  the  Spanish  Northwest  I  had  at  my  com 
mand,  by  accident  of  course  so  far  as  I  was  concerned,  a  much 
larger  amount  of  original  data  than  could  be  expected  to  come 
in  the  ordinary  ways  into  the  possession  of  one  or  many  stu 
dents  for  many  years.  It  is  not  a  question  of  how  well  I  used 
them,  or  how  much  better  another  might  have  done  the  work, 
or  of  the  comparative  credit  due  to  each  of  the  two  men  who 
might  have  done  it  well  by  the  two  respective  systems  ;  but 


71 

rather  if  I,  with  the  material  before  me,  or  any  hypothetic 
worker  in  my  place,  acted  wisely  in  attempting  to  put  on 
record  all  the  facts  and  all  the  topics,  instead  of  selecting  the 
more  significant,  and  attempting  to  point  out  their  significance. 

I  affirm  without  hesitation  that  I  acted  wisely,  and  that  a 
writer  of  vastly  superior  abilities  would  have  acted  wisely,  in 
taking  the  former  course.  True,  the  latter  would  have  afford 
ed  a  better  test  of  my  or  his  ability  ;  but  the  world  is  not  prac 
tically  much  interested  in  such  tests.  True  also,  that  some 
universally  recognized  genius  would  have  reached  a  more  per 
fect  result  and  rendered  a  greater  service  by  the  other  system  ; 
but  writers  and  their  topics  are  not  yet  chosen  by  the  univer 
sal  suffrage  of  qualified  literary  voters  ;  and  they  are  sometimes 
not  the  best  judges  of  their  own  qualifications.  Moreover, 
their  estimate  is  likely  to  be  less  exaggerated  in  the  case  of 
the  annalist  than  in  that  of  the  philosophic  historian. 

The  annalist  then,  in  the  best  sense  of  the  term,  presents  in 
narrative  form,  as  is  best  for  the  use  of  all  but  the  compara 
tively  few  student  writers,  a  collection  of  facts  on  all  branches 
of  his  subject,  giving  to  each  topic  and  to  each  detail  accord 
ing  to  his  judgment  its  proper  space,  without  selecting  those 
that  are  of  most  interest  to  himself,  or  deemed  likely  to  be  so 
to  others.  Not  only  this,  but  at  the  risk  of  tediousness  he  re 
fers  at  every  step  to  his  authorities.  His  facts  remain  forever, 
and  not  only  does  his  work  not  prevent  but  rather  facilitates  the 
finding  of  new  facts,  but  it  affords  through  the  references  a 
ready  and  perpetual  means  of  verifying  and  correcting  his 
statements.  Thus  he  furnishes  to  the  specialist  just  the  ma 
terial  he  wants,  or  at  least  the  means  of  finding  it.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  lessons  to  be  learned  from  the  facts,  with  the 
relative  importance  of  them  and  the  topics  from  which  they 
are  drawn,  must  always  vary  with  the  changing  judgment  and 
standpoint  of  different  students,  or  the  trend  of  public  opinion 
or  attention  at  different  periods. 

I  have  recorded  many  thousands  of  petty  facts  that  were 
new  ;  and  I  confess  I  do  not  know  exactly  what  they  mean,  or 
what  ones  may  as  well  have  been  omitted  as  insignificant.  I 
even  suspect  that  more  philosophic  minds  are  not  so  infalible 
in  this  respect  as  they  seem,  and  that  they  would  differ  among 
themselves  on  these  very  points.  I  have  repeatedly  heard  in 
telligent  men  specify  radically  different  elements  as  the  only 
proper  subjects  of  investigation  in  California  history.  One 
man  of  national  reputation  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  time 
spent  in  studying  the  Indians,  padres,  and  "greasers"  was 
wasted  ;  and  another,  a  writer  of  good  standing,  affirmed  that 
a  study  of  the  old  English  voyages  would  furnish  all  the  really 
important  matter  to  be  desired.  How,  then,  was  I — or  a  much 


72 

ablier  and  more  philosophic  mind  than  mine — to  decide  ?  Was 
it  not  obviously  best  to  present  the  facts  with  their  sources  — 
drawing  conclusions  indeed,  as  I  have  done  constantly,  but 
keeping  them  as  distinct  as  possible  from  the  facts — and  leave 
others  to  select  and  philosophize  and  draw  different  conclus 
ions  ? 

For  the  work  of  the  provincial  annalist  is  by  no  means  to  be 
regarded  as  rivaling  or  aspiring  to  take  the  place  of  the  higher 
work  of  the  historian,  but  rather  as  an  essential  element  of  a 
general  system  that  includes  both  ;  a  foundation — to  the  ex 
tent  that  it  is  well  done — for  the  more  artistic  and  valuable 
historic  structure. 

It  is  my  opinion,  however,  that  criticism  of  my  work  and 
that  of  my  associates,  of  the  class  alluded  to  in  this  section,  is 
not  founded  to  any  great  extent  on  anything  in  that  work 
itself,  but  rather  on  some  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  own  assumptions, 
more  or  less  clearly  indicated  in  various  parts  of  his  writings, 
that  his  work  was  not  to  be  regarded  as  annals,  but  as  history. 
This  seems  to  afford  still  another  justification  for  my  attempt 
to  exhibit  the  whole  matter  in  its  true  light. 


XX. — A  PLEA  FOR  MY  OWN  WORK. 

My  published  writings,  as  already  denned,  consist  mainly  of 
seven  and  a  half  octavo  volumes,  of  about  800  pages  each,  on 
the  early  annals  of  what  I  term  the  Spanish  Northwest ;  namely, 
one  volume  on  the  North  Mexican  States,  to  1800 ;  one  volume 
on  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  including  the  latest  periods  ;  five 
volumes  on  California,  to  1848  :  and  half  a  volume  on  explora 
tions  by  sea  of  the  Northwest  Coast,  to  which  general  topic  may 
properly  be  added  a  chapter  on  ' '  Mexican  Land  Titles  ' '  in 
California,  and  two  chapters  on  the  "  Oregon  Question."  I  am 
also  the  author  of  other  matter,  on  "Antiquities"  and  the 
aborigines,  sufficient  to  complete  a  total  of  about  ten  volumes  ; 
but  as  these  additional  products  of  my  pen  are  somewhat  scat 
tered,  including  but  one  complete  volume,  and  as  they  are  for 
the  most  part  compilations  resting  but  slightly  on  new  original 
authorities,  I  choose  for  the  most  part  to  ignore  them  for  pres 
ent  purposes. 

These  works  form  part  of  the  Bancroft  series  on  the  History 
of  the  Pacific  States,  my  name  not  appearing  anywhere  as  the 
author  of  any  portion.  That  series  as  a  whole,  for  reasons  that 
have  been  fully  set  forth,  reasons  largely  independent  of  its 
real  qualities,  while  highly  praised  in  the  beginning,  now  rests, 
justly  or  unjustly,  under  a  cloud  of  disapproval  and  distrust. 


73 

This  cloud  covers  not  only  the  five  volumes  written  by  Mr. 
Bancroft,  but  naturally,  and  perhaps  inevitably,  the  twenty- 
eight  volumes  written  by  other  men.  I  write  with  no  hope  of 
modifying  for  the  present  this  unfavorable  attitude  of  readers 
and  critics,  but  only  to  put  on  record  my  own  view  of  its  inher 
ent  injustice.  This  view  may  be  founded  on  egotism,  or  false 
reasoning  ;  but  it  is  an  honest  view  ;  and  I  present  the  princi 
pal  elements  on  which  it  rests. 

My  life  before  taking  charge  of  the  Library  in  1869  calls  for 
but  the  briefest  glance.  I  was  educated  in  the  common  and  high 
schools  of  a  New  England  village  ;  spent  three  years  at  Bow- 
doin  College,  and  was  graduated  from  Dartmouth  in  1865, 
holding  good  rank  in  my  class,  especially  at  Bowdoin.  These 
institutions  are  well  known  and  of  good  repute,  the  former 
having  educated  such  men  as  Hawthorne  and  Longfellow,  the 
latter  such  as  Webster  and  Choate.  During  my  college  course 
I  had  some  experience  as  teacher  in  public  and  high  schools, 
and  academies,  also  two  years  of  like  experience  later  in  New 
Jersey  and  California.  There  was  added  a  very  brief  exper 
ience  as  editor  of  a  weekly  journal.  This  is  all  ;  and  it  cer 
tainly  affords  no  proof  or  presumption  that  I  was  likely  to  suc 
ceed  as  writer,  historian,  or  annalist  ;  but  neither,  on  the  other 
hand — and  this  is  the  point  of  my  argument— does  it  afford  a 
fair  presumption  against  success  in  either  of  these  directions. 

My  work  of  eighteen  years  as  librarian,  superintendent  of 
Literary  Industries,  and  writer,  was  at  least  prima  facie  an  edu 
cation  and  training  for  moderate  success  in  my  line.  About 
one-third  of  the  whole  period,  at  a  rough  estimate,  may  be  re 
garded  as  only  an  indirect  but  still  useful  training,  since  it  gave 
me  some  knowledge  of  Pacific  Coast  books  and  documents  in 
general,  as  also  a  good  knowledge  of  the  Spanish  and  French 
languages,  with  a  smattering  of  Italian  and  others.  Two-thirds 
of  the  term  afforded  direct  training  for  my  efforts  as  a  writer, 
since  that  time  was  devoted  to  indexing  and  other  fesearches 
by  myself  or  by  others  under  my  supervision  on  my  special 
field,  or  the  Spanish  Northwest.  And,  finally,  at  the  least 
eight  years  were  devoted  entirely  lo  direct  study  of  that  field 
and  the  writing  of  my  volumes. 

That  in  the  meantime  I  cannot  have  been  quite  a  failure  in 
respect  of  executive  ability,  is  indicated,  I  think,  by  the  fact  of 
my  having  held  the  position  so  long,  and  by  the  at  least  super 
ficial  success  of  the  enterprise,  and  the  attention  it  attracted 
from  the  literary  world  as  merely  a  piece  of  mechanism.  True, 
I  had  no  instruction  beyond  what  could  be  absorbed  from  con 
tact  with  my  associates  and  employer. 

It  is  true,  and  as  I  believe  largely  susceptible  of  proof,  that 
I  was  entirely  devoted  to  my  work,  was  thoroughly  in  earnest 


74 

in  every  part  of  the  task,  and  labored  as  hard  and  long  as  any 
man  could  have  done  to  produce  creditable  results.  I  had 
mentally  and  physically  more  than  average  powers  of  endur 
ance, — powers  that  did  not  fail  to  any  practical  extent  until  my 
task  was  completed.  That  my  health  broke  down  later  is  of 
no  consequence  in  this  connection. 

The  time  devoted  by  me  to  the  preparation  of  my  volumes 
has  not  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  been  exceeded  by  that 
given  to  the  annals  of  any  other  section  of  our  country  by  any 
other  writer  :  yet  there  may  be  doubt  on  this  point,  the  con 
ditions  being  so  different.  My  work  was  eight  to  fourteen 
hours  per  day  for  the  months  and  years  continuously  ;  while 
usually  an  author  has  other  duties  that  claim  his  attention,  and 
can  hardly  know  himself  just  how  much  time  he  has  given  to 
his  work.  If,  however,  there  be  added  to  my  time,  as  would 
be  proper,  a  fair  allowance  for  my  advantages  in  having  my 
sources  all  together  with  the  aid  of  a  large  corps  of  assistant  in- 
dexers,  it  seems  doubtful  if  the  time  has  ever  been  equalled. 
This,  however,  is  not  essential.  My  point  is  that  I  had  time 
enough — if  competent — to  do  fairly  good  work. 

Not  only  was  the  time  reasonably  sufficient,  but  the  space 
occupied  was  likewise  ample.  Indeed,  the  general  opinion 
would  doubtless  be  that  in  some  parts,  notably  in  the  California, 
I  have  gone  too  minutely  into  details,  and  have  occupied  too 
much  space.  Here  I  may  also  call  attention  to  the  fact  that 
my  work  was  on  one  general  subject,  and  not  on  a  variety  of 
topics  in  chapters  scattered  throughout  the  series.  This  is 
surely  an  advantage  for  both  author  and  critic.  In  other 
words,  my  work  in  respect  of  bulk  is  worthy  of  being  consid 
ered  on  its  merits,  and  it  is  sufficiently  compact  and  consecu 
tive  to  admit  such  consideration  without  too  great  a  tax  on  the 
critic's  patience  in  long  search  for  material. 

Another  most  essential  element  in  provincial  annals  is  the 
extent  of  the  sources  available.  A  very  able  man  might  spend 
many  years  in  the  study  of  Tu thill's  and  Bryant's  California, 
Prince's  and  Davis'  New  Mexico,  Venegas'  Lower  California, 
and  divers  dozens  of  other  excellent  works,  without  accom 
plishing  results  at  all  comparable  to  those  that  might  be 
reached  by  a  man  of  commonplace  abilities  having  a  few  hun 
dred  original  documents  to  supplement  those  authorities.  My 
study  may  fairly  be  claimed  to  have  covered  practically  all  ex 
isting  authorities  in  print  ;  certainly  more  than  double  the 
number  consulted  by  any  other  writer  on  any  main  branch  of 
the  subject ;  while  of  original  and  new  authorities  in  manu 
script  I  had  for  the  North  Mexican  regions,  and  for  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico,  a  very  large  and  satisfactory  supply  ;  and  for 
the  annals  of  California  a  wealth  of  such  material  that  has 
never  been  equalled  in  that  or  any  other  state. 


75 

So  abundant  indeed  were  these  sources  that,  as  I  remarked 
in  the  preface  to  those  volumes,  the  total  destruction  of  printed 
matter  would  not  have  notably  affected  the  result,  and  except 
ing  the  annals  of  the  earliest  years  from  Palou's  writings  in 
part,  and  of  the  last  ten  years  from  government  documents, 
nine-tenths  of  the  matter  presented  was  from  original  and  pre 
viously  unknown  sources.  The  wonderful  completeness  of 
the  collection  has  always  been  frankly  conceded  by  even  those 
who  have  most  earnestly  condemned  the  methods  and  results. 
Thus  it  may  be  honestly  claimed  that,  whatever  its  value  and 
whatever  may  be  true  of  other  parts  of  the  series,  my  work  on 
the  Spanish  Northwest  is  essentially  one  of  original  research, 
and  not  at  all  a  mere  compilation  in  the  popular  and  unfavor 
able,  though  somewhat  unjust,  meaning  of  that  term. 

Again,  the  general  subject  of  my  work  is  not  in  comparison 
with  the  annals  of  other  sections  of  our  country  an  uninterest 
ing  one.  While  good  work  may  be  done  by  an  able  man  on  a 
topic  so  devoid  of  all  elements  of  popular  interest  as  to  prove 
a  bore  to  all  but  a  few  specialists  ;  and  while  a  good  subject 
may  be  presented,  albeit  accurately  and  with  a  high  degree  of 
skill  and  learning  on  the  author's  part,  with  such  monotonous 
arrangement  and  style  as  to  make  it  absolutely  unreadable  ; 
yet  it  has  never  been  claimed,  and  cannot  be,  that  the  history 
of  this  far  West  will  not  compare  favorably  in  inherent  interest 
with  that  of  any  other  section.  That  is,  my  subject  is  not  de 
void  of  interest,  if  properly  treated. 

Finally,  the  subject  of  provincial  annals  is  in  one  sense  a 
peculiar  one.  It  differs  from  some  others  in  the  fact  that  it 
does  not  require  genius  or  the  highest  grade  of  talent  on  the 
part  of  the  writer.  Not  that  such  talent  could  be  without  its 
advantages  on  any  subject  ;  but  men  of  the  higher  ranks  do 
not  ordinarily,  and  cannot  be  expected  to,  give  their  best 
efforts  to  such  a  subject,  since  others  offer  in  several  respects 
a  better  field.  It  will  be  admitted  that  a  comparatively  com 
monplace  man  may  by  long  and  patient  labor,  if  aided  by  ex 
ceptional  resources  and  facilities,  accomplish  good  work  in  this 
direction,  as  he  probably  could  not  in  others.  For  instance,  in 
poetry,  art  criticism,  fiction,  philosophic  essays,  or  constitu 
tional  history  of  a  great  nation,  time,  zeal,  work,  and  access 
to  unlimited  data  would  afford  hardly  the  slightest  presump 
tion  of  valuable  results.  All  these  would  indeed  be  essential, 
but  could  never  to  any  great  extent  take  the  place  of  natural 
and  acquired  personal  gifts  and  talents.  This,  I  believe,  is  not 
true  of  provincial  or  local  annals. 

All  this,  however,  does  not  prove,  and  is  not  intended  to 
prove,  that  my  \\ork  has  value. or  excellence.  There  are  prob 
ably  men,  graduates  of  reputable  colleges,  of  fair  abilities  in 


76 

some  directions,  who,  after  many  years  of  self-training,  having 
access  to  the  richest  stores  of  data,  wholly  devoted  to  their 
task,  giving  sufficient  time  to  the  conscientious  study  of  an  in 
teresting  and  homogeneous  subject,  and  filling  space  enough 
to  do  it  justice, —  might,  even  in  provincial  annals,  produce  a 
work  of  slight  if  any  value.  Such  an  author  must  have  a  mind 
utterly  unfitted  by  nature  for  correct  reasoning,  use  of  evi 
dence,  and  estimate  of  character,  with  a  style  so  hopelessly  bad 
that  he  cannot  clearly  convey  the  meaning  of  even  his  least 
faulty  conclusions.  This  in  some  classes  of  work  would  mean 
only  that  he  had  misdirected  such  talents  as  he  might  possess  ; 
in  the  case  of  provincial  history,  it  would  prove  him  little  bet 
ter  than  a  blockhead  ;  else,  at  the  least,  he  would  have  discov 
ered  his  unfitness,  and  abandoned  the  task  in  an  early  stage. 

Such  a  man  I  may  be,  and  surely  am,  or  worse,  if  my  record 
of  the  Spanish  Northwest  has  no  value  ;  or  if,  considering  my 
exceptional  advantages,  it  is  not  of  very  great  value,  provided, 
of  course,  that  it  is  worth  while  to  put  on  record  the  history  of 
any  province.  I  go  so  far  as  to  claim  a  presumption  that  my 
work  is  not  thus  worthless,  or  at  least  that  its  worthlessness 
is  not  to  be  taken  for  granted  ;  that  my  volumes  should  be 
taken  at  an  approximation  to  their  face  value,  as  being  more 
or  less  what  they  purport  to  be,  until  such  time  as  their  radi 
cal  defects  may  be  pointed  out  by  presumably  competent  crit 
ics.  It  will  be  seen  that  current  criticism,  so  far  as  it  goes, 
tends  to  confirm  my  view  of  the  matter. 


XXI. — PURPORT  OF  CURRENT  CRITICISM. 

In  the  first  chapter  I  have  said  something  of  the  tone  of 
criticism  on  the  Native  Races,  which  was,  on  the  whole,  very 
favorable.  The  work  was  highly  praise:!  by  many  prominent 
writers  altogether  competent  to  pass  judgment  on  such  a  sub 
ject.  So  far  as  my  part  of  that  work  is  concerned,  its  recep 
tion  was  not  noticeably  different  from  that  of  the  rest.  Com 
ing  for  the  most  part  late  in  the  order  of  publication,  it  may, 
naturally,  have  received  comparatively  a  little  less  space  and 
enthusiasm  of  approval ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  had  to  bear 
but  little  of  the  opposition  encountered  by  a  few  other  por 
tions.  There  were  a  few  critics  who  pronounced  it  the  least 
valuable  and  interesting  part  of  the  whole — referring  to  the 
volumes  on  "  Antiquities"  and  "  Primitive  History —  ;  "  but 
a  few  others  declared  them  to  be  the  best  of  the  series.  It 
was,  moreover,  cheering  to  me  to  note  that  those  who  con 
demned  my  "  Antiquities  "  did  so  mainly  on  the  ground  that 


77 

the  volume  was  but  a  ' (  cyclopedia  ' '  of  information  on  the  sub 
ject — that  is,  just  what,  above  all  things,  I  had  tried  to  make 
it.  I  was  also  flattered  by  the  fact  that  numerous  criticisms 
relating  to  petty  blunders  in  the  choice  and  use  of  words  and 
phrases  in  Vol.  I. — including  a  list  which,  after  a  close  read 
ing,  James  Russell  Lowell  was  kind  enough  to  send  us,  with  a 
remark  to  the  effect  that  such  slips,  if  not  corrected,  might 
have  a  certain  unfavorable  effect  on  narrow  critics — hardly 
touched  my  single  chapter  on  the  "  Columbians. "  Several 
prominent  antiquarians  in  private  letters — not,  of  course,  ad 
dressed  to  me — complimented  my  work  in  the  fourth  volume  ; 
and  more  than  one  explorer  informed  me  that  they  had  found 
that  volume  useful  in  the  field. 

Not  only  was  I  of  course  satisfied  with  my  treatment,  or 
rather  that  of  my  writings,  at  the  hands  of  critics  ;  but  I  have 
been  encouraged  to  believe  that  in  a  work  of  five  volumes  so 
highly  praised  by  able  critics  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  the  pres 
ence  of  so  large  a  proportion  as  two  volumes  by  an  incompe 
tent  writer  would  not  have  passed  unnoticed.  It  has  also 
seemed  to  me  that  a  man  who  did  fairly  satisfactory  work  in 
one  book,  might  presumably  in  another  book — on  a  subject 
not  of  radically  different  nature,  with  equal  zeal,  more  hard 
work,  increased  experience,  and  vastly  greater  resources  — 
accomplish  similar  results. 

This  natural  expectation  might  not,  however,  be  realized  ; 
and  had  such  been  the  decision  in  my  case,  though  very  likely 
dissatisfied,  I  hardly  think  I  should  try  to  change  it.  But 
there  has  been  apparently  no  such  decision,  nor  indeed  any 
decision  at  all.  My  volumes  of  the  History  have  practically — 
with  one  important  and  a  few  slight  exceptions  in  the  case  of 
the  California — not  been  reviewed  or  criticised  at  all.  Such 
notices  as  have  appeared  have  been  on  the  whole  favorable  ; 
but  they  have  been  remarkably  few — remarkably  I  say,  con 
sidering  the  presumable  importance  of  what  purports  to  be  so 
complete  and  original  a  record  of  so  new  and  important  a  ter 
ritory  ;  and  many  of  these  have  been  of  the  "  machine  "  class 
noted  in  my  first  chapter.  Yet  at  the  end  of  this  chapter  I 
shall  print  a  series  of  extracts  from  these  notices,  made  up 
somewhat  after  the  manner  of  the  usual  "  notices  of  the  press  " 
for  advertising  purposes,  except  that  I  shall  include  the  most 
unfavorable  comments  that  have  been  made.  Some  of  these 
articles  come  from  sources  that  give  them  some  weight ;  but 
as  a  whole  they  fail  to  give  any  adequate  idea  of  the  book's 
merits  or  defects. 

As  I  have  often  repeated  in  one  form  or  another,  I  cling  to 
the  idea  that  this  neglect,  if  it  be  neglect,  is  largely  indepen 
dent  of  my  works'  inherent  qualities,  and  due  to  the  causes 


78 

already  alluded  to  ;  that  is,  to  such  as  the  popular  feeling 
against  the  Bancroft  series,  and  the  fact  that  my  volumes  came 
late  in  the  series,  when  the  enthusiasm  of  friends  had  been 
somewhat  wearied.  I  may  even  mention  another  possible 
cause  not  before  alluded  to,  namely,  a  custom  of  the  publishers 
to  suspend  the  giving-out  of  volumes  for  review  to  journals 
whose  treatment  of  former  volumes  had  not  been  satisfactory. 
I  even  draw  some  consolation  from  this  prevalent  neglect, 
fancying  that  the  state  of  popular  feeling  would  surely  have 
condemned  my  volumes,  if  any  good  foundation  for  such  con 
demnation  could  have  been  found.  But  never,  so  far  as  I  know 
— except  in  one  chapter  as  already  fully  explained — have  the 
critics  attributed  to  my  work  any  of  the  special  qualities  on 
which  the  current  disapproval  of  the  series  has  been  founded. 
My  disappointment,  so  far  as  I  have  been  disappointed,  has 
not  been  at  the  neglect  of  the  critics,  for  I  thought  I  could  see 
plausible  reasons  for  that  ;  nor  at  their  occasional  references  to 
the  dry-as-dust  monotony  of  some  parts  of  my  work,  for  such 
references  were  often  too  well  supported  by  the  truth  ;  but 
rather  at  the  way  in  which  my  record  has  been  practically  used, 
— or  to  be  more  accurate,  not  used,  in  certain  directions.  The 
local  lack  of  interest,  especially  in  the  California  and  New 
Mexico  volumes, has  been  a  disappointment  to  me.  In  old  times, 
when  very  little  was  accurately  known  of  events  under  Spanish 
and  Mexican  rule,  the  subject,  even  in  its  petty  details,  seemed 
full  of  interest.  Not  only  were  the  few  meager  attempts  at 
formal  history  warmly  welcomed,  but  the  imperfect  study  of  a 
few  newly  found  documents,  or  the  faulty  reminiscences  of 
some  old  pioneer,  were  eagerly  published  and  read  in  books, 
magazines,  and  newspapers.  But  no  sooner  was  the  field  of 
knowledge  extended  by  my  researches,  and  the  means  fur 
nished  of  reaching  practical  accuracy  in  details,  than  popular 
interest  seemed  largely  to  die  out.  In  one  sense  this  was  nat 
ural  enough,  since  good  medicine  may  be  administered  in  ex 
cessive  doses  ;  but  not  so  in  another  sense.  Fully  aware  that 
my  voluminous  work  as  a  whole  could  enjoy  but  slight  popu 
larity,  I  had  nevertheless  vaguely  expected  that  writers  for  the 
press,  as  well  as  authors  of  volumes  on  special  topics,  would 
correct  their  statements — or  at  least  test  them — by  the  results 
of  my  labors,  thus  making  legitimate  use  of  a  reference  book. 
While  indeed  few  in  the  first  years  could  be  expected  to  ac 
knowledge  their  indebtedness,  and  while  none  of  the  credit 
would  eome  to  me  personally,  yet  I  took  comfort  in  the  idea 
that  I  was  to  be  rewarded  by  the  consciousness  of  having  sup 
plied  the  means  of  current  accuracy.  So  far,  at  least,  writers 
seem  to  regard  accuracy,  when  it  can  be  so  easily  secured, 
as  a  comparatively  unimportant  element  of  early  history. 


79 

True,  newspaper  and  magazine  articles  on  these  topics  are  still 
published  in  considerable  numbers  ;  but  they  are  not  notice 
ably  more  correct  in  detail  than  in  old  times.  I  rarely  read 
one  of  them  in  which  I,  or  any  one  else  by  consulting  my 
work,  could  not  easily  correct  several  inexcusable  errors.  Old 
exploded  theories,  and  versions  proved  to  be  legendary,  are 
continually  repeated  gravely  as  truthful  historical  facts  ;  pio 
neer  sketches  largely  imaginary  and  absurdly  inaccurate  are 
published  by  the  score.  When  a  writer  is  disposed  to  make  a 
showing  of  authority,  and  in  the  rare  cases  when  he  does  not 
avoid  Bancroft,  he  cites  alternately  Tuthill,  Gleason,  Hittell, 
my  work,  and  half-a-dozen  others,  with  an  apparent  uncon 
sciousness  that  there  is  any  radical  difference  between  the  au 
thorities,  together  with  a  vague  idea  that  too  much  should  not 
be  taken  from  any  particular  one  of  them  lest  the  writer 's  own 
dignity  and  originality  may  be  compromised.  As  a  work  of 
reference  for  editors,  my  work  has  so  far  been  a  failure. 

As  to  the  writers  of  books  and  pamphlets  who  have  had  oc 
casion  to  use  my  volumes,  however,  something  more  should  in 
justice  be  said.  A  few,  notably  such  as  Royce  in  his  Califor 
nia,  having  to  write  of  subjects  covered  by  my  work,  and  be 
ing  unable  or  having  no  desire  to  impugn  its  accuracy,  have 
simply  accepted  my  record  for  what  it  purported  to  be,  and 
have  either  based  on  it  those  portions  of  their  own  work  that 
were  beyond  the  limits  of  their  personal  and  more  immediate 
research,  or  within  those  limits  have  used  it  not  without  fav 
orable  comment  in  connection  with  their  own  material.  There 
have  been  quite  a  number  of  such  writers,  and  their  comments, 
though  not  always  altogether  favorable,  have  been  the  source 
of  the  greatest  gratification  to  me.  I  regret  that  I  cannot 
present  a  list  of  quotations,  as  of  matter  much  more  important 
than  the  newspaper  notices ;  but  not  only  have  I  not  access 
under  present  circumstances  to  most  of  these  books,  but  I 
have  also  unfortunately  lost  my  memorandum  of  references  to 
volume  and  page. 

True,  there  are  several  notable  instances  of  a  contrary  tend 
ency,  where  writers  in  the  same  position  as  Royce  and  the  oth 
ers,  not  deigning  to  question  the  accuracy  of  my  record  or  its 
sources,  have  simply  ignored  my  work,  as  apparently  or  pre 
sumably  unworthy  of  attention.  It  is  my  hope  that  eventually 
such  writers  may  so  far  modify  their  policy  as  to  specify,  or  at 
least  assert,  the  worthlessness  of  what  I  have  written,  instead 
of  simply  taking  it  for  granted.  I  cannot  admit  that  any  con 
scientious  student  may,  at  least  for  reasons  not  clearly  stated, 
ignore  anything  that  purports  to  give  information  on  the  sub 
ject  of  his  researches. 


80 

The  main  point  in  current  criticism  for  me  is,  that  in  no  es 
sential  detail  has  the  accuracy  of  my  record  been  impeached,  or 
its  radical  weakness  as  a  whole  been  openly  asserted  by  any 
presumably  competent  critic.  To  this  absence  of  condemnation, 
perhaps,  I  should  note  a  slight  apparent  exception  in  the  case  of 
my  treatment  of  the  Bear  Flag  episode  and  Fremont's  opera 
tions.  With  this  Prof.  Jones,  before  the  Historical  Society, 
found  some  fault ;  but  so  mildly  and  vaguely  as  to  create  the 
impression  that  he  was  voicing  not  so  much  his  convictions  or 
the  critical  talent  of  a  professor  of  history,  as  his  duty  to  Mrs. 
Fremont,  his  aunt.  And  Mr.  Far  well,  in  the  Overland,  very 
fiercely  assailed  my  position,  and  very  ably  from  a  literary 
point  of  view.  But  he  adduced  no  new  evidence  or  witnesses, 
and  joined  no  direct  issue.  He  simply  repeated  a  portion  of 
the  evidence  in  favor  of  the  old  legend  as  cited  by  me,  ignored 
the  mass  of  opposing  evidence  by  which  I  had  overthrown  that 
legend,  and  was  content  to  express  his  preference  for  the  for 
mer.  And  there  have  been  several  minor  instances  of  similar 
disapproval,  the  critics  usually  not  condescending  to  anything 
so  commonplace  as  a  consideration  of  evidence,  and  some  of 
them,  indeed,  finding  it  convenient  to  attack  positions  that  I  had 
never  thought  of  assuming. 

On  this  matter,  moreover,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  volume 
in  question,  that  on  the  California  history  of  1846-8,  has  been, 
on  account  of  popular  interest  in  the  topic,  more  widely  no 
ticed  and  more  fully  approved  than  any  other  ;  that  my  position 
on  the  subject  has  been  developed,  sustained,  and  to  some  ex 
tent  originated  by  other  writers,  such  as  Royce,  Bidwell,  and 
the  Hittells ;  that  the  opposition  has  been  directed  more  bit 
terly — though  very  unjustly — against  Royce's  work  than  my 
own ;  and  finally,  that  the  new  version  has  been  as  completely 
established  as  any  historical  proposition  can  be  by  the  use  of 
evidence.  Nothing  has  been  or  can  be  brought  against  it.  It 
has  seemed  to  me  that  my  success  in  establishing  this  position 
incontrovertibly,  against  the  current  of  popular  belief  and  a 
mass  of  what  seemed  to  be  opposing  testimony,  indicates  a 
probability  of  similar  success  in  the  other  scores  of  topics  which 
I  have  presented  in  an  entirely  new  light.  That  these  other 
topics  are  of  less  popular  interest  is  not  my  fault,  and  has  no 
bearing  on  my  skill,  or  lack  of  it. 

There  is  one  unfavorable  criticism  to  be  quoted  entire  in  the 
next  section  which  I  wish  to  notice  here  ;  not  to  refute  it,  for 
it  is  irrefutable  ;  not  to  find  fault  with  the  critic,  for  his  appre 
ciative  comments  have  given  me  more  satisfaction  than  those 
of  all  other  critics  combined  ;  but  in  order  to  explain  more  fully 
certain  views  and  motives  of  my  own.  That  criticism  is  to  the 
effect  that  my  volumes  on  California  lack  artistic  unity  ;  that 


81 

is,  that  the  sharp  separation  of  different  topics  and  classes  of 
topics  makes  the  work  unreadable  as  a  continuous  whole.  This 
objection  is  well  founded  ;  the  defect  exists,  and  has  been  real 
ized  by  me  from  the  beginning.  It  would  be  doubtless  an  ex 
aggeration  to  suggest  that  the  objection  would  be  valid  against 
such  useful  books  as  the  dictionary  and  encyclopaedia  ;  yet  I 
always  did  regard  my  work  as  mainly  a  work  of  reference,  and 
it  never  occurred  to  me  that  anyone  would  try  to  read  it  con 
tinuously  from  beginning  to  end.  I  simply  aimed  to  make 
each  topic  in  itself  as  readable  as  possible,  without  interfering 
with  the  accuracy  and  completeness  of  the  record.  I  expressed 
my  views  in  the  preface  as  follows  : 

"Unless  I  am  greatly  in  error  respecting  what  I  have  written,  no  in 
telligent  reader  desiring  information  on  any  particular  event  of  early 
Californian  history — information  on  the  founding  or  early  annals  of  any 
mission  or  town  ;  on  the  development  of  any  political,  social,  industrial, 
or  religious  institution  ;  on  the  occurrences  of  any  year  or  period ;  on 
the  life  and  character  of  any  official  or  friar  or  prominent  citizen  or  early 
pioneer  ;  on  the  visit  and  narrative  of  any  voyager ;  on  the  adventures 
and  composition  of  any  immigrant  party  ;  on  any  book  or  class  of  bocks 
about  California  ;  on  any  one  or  any  group  of  the  incidents  that  make 
up  this  work — will  accuse  me  of  having  written  at  too  great  length  on 
that  particular  topic.  And  I  trust  the  system  of  classification  will  enable 
the  reader  to  select  without  inconvenience  or  confusion  such  portions  as 
may  suit  his  taste."  Vol.  I,  p.  X. 

It  is  true,  as  suggested  by  the  critic,  that  if  I  could  have 
rewritten  the  volumes  I  might  have  improved  them  in  this  re 
spect  ;  that  is,  I  might  have  somewhat  reduced  their  bulk,  in 
creased  their  artistic  unity  as  a  narrative,  and  that  without 
greatly  impairing  their  value  as  a  record.  Yet  I  am  inclined 
to  doubt  the  ability  of  any  man  to  make  five  bulky  volumes  of 
local  and  provincial  annals  continuously  readable  ;  and  I  have 
no  doubt  at  all  respecting  my  own  inability  to  do  so.  An  abler 
man  would  make  the  book  more  readable  and  interesting  and 
even  valuable  ;  but  he  would  do  it  largely  by  omitting  details, 
thus  making  of  it  a  book  of  a  different  class.  At  the  start, 
realizing  that  my  time,  though  large,  was  insufficient  for  all 
purposes,  I  preferred  to  devote  all  my  time  and  energies  to  the 
perfection  of  the  record  as  a  record,  in  which  direction  I  felt 
comparatively  competent  and  confident,  rather  than  to  divert 
any  considerable  part  of  them  to  a  seeking  for  artistic  unity  of 
narrative,  in  which  direction  I  had  reason  to  distrust  my  pros 
pects  for  success. 

Under  these  circumstances,  forced  to  write  rapidly  and  often 
too  close  behind  the  printer,  I  adopted  the  plan  of  sharp  divis 
ion  of  topics  as  the  best  means  of  securing  accuracy.  It  still 
seems  to  me  that  I  did  wisely,  and  adopted  a  fairly  good  plan  ; 
also  that  if  there  had  to  be  a  choice  and  a  sacrifice,  as  there 


82 

certainly  had  to  be  in  my  case,  I  used  good  judgment  in  choos 
ing  accuracy  and  completeness  of  detail  under  a  somewhat  stiff 
method,  and  in  sacrificing  the  effort  for  an  artistic  unity  that 
was  perhaps  beyond  my  powers.  Of  course  I  regret  that  I  had 
to  make  any  choice  or  sacrifice  at  all. 


XXII. — REVIEW  IN  THE  "NATION." 

The  only  real  critical  review  that  my  work  has  ever  received 
is  that  in  the  New  York  Nation  on  the  California.  The  fact 
that  this  review  includes  another  work,  published  about  the 
same  time,  makes  it  somewhat  difficult  to  represent  fairly  in 
quotations  ;  and  also,  in  connection  with  the  critic's  sarcastic 
conservatism  on  certain  points  and  his  frankness  on  others, 
made  the  article  unsatisfactory  to  the  publishers,  who  could 
find  in  it  little  matter  available  for  advertising  purposes ;  but 
to  me  it  brought  the  greatest  comfort,  and  this  not  solely  by 
reason  of  its  generally  favorable  comments,  but  of  the  review 
er's  evident  competence  and  conscientious  desire  to  be  just; 
also  because  of  the  high  standing  of  the  Nation,  a  paper  that, 
whatever  its  faults,  has  never,  I  think,  been  accused  of  an 
undue  tendency  to  praise  in  its  review  department — especially 
when  there  is  no  question  of  free  trade  or  Mr.  Elaine  involved. 

The  writer  was  not,  on  the  whole,  an  admirer  of  the  Ban 
croft  enterprise,  or  its  results  ;  but  he  was  not  blinded  by  prej 
udice  to  the  work's  merits,  or  those  of  any  part,  as  a  reposi 
tory  of  useful  information.  Very  likely  he  was  over-indulgent 
to  some  defects  in  my  work,  on  account  of  the  labor  to  which 
its  pages  bore  witness. 

I  am  obliged,  to  a  greater  extent  than  I  might  for  several 
obvious  reasons  desire,  to  include  the  critic's  comparison  of 
my  work  with  that  of  Mr.  Hittell.  That  he  pronounces  in  my 
favor,  notwithstanding  his  high  valuation  of  the  rival  work, 
is,  of  course,  gratifying  to  me.  It  indicates,  not  that  I  am  an 
abler  writer  than  my  rival — for  no  such  idea  has  presumably 
occurred  to  any  one — but  that  my  resources  were  vastly  supe 
rior,  and  that  I  was  not,  at  least,  so  obviously  inferior  a  writer 
as  to  seriously  mar  the  value  of  my  work.  I  agree,  to  some 
extent,  with  the  reviewer  in  his  estimate  of  Mr.  Hittell's  book  ; 
that  with  equal  labor  and  resources  he  might  have  produced 
better  results  than  I  is  very  probable  ;  his  book  is  certainly 
more  readable  than  mine  ;  and  that,  under  the  circumstances, 
he  did  so  well  has  been  a  surprise  to  me,  for  I  know  better 
than  the  critic  some  of  his  limitations  in  respect  to  data.  The 
quotations  are  as  follows  : 


83 

"  As  to  the  relative  merits  of  these  two  books  as  they  stand,  a  consid 
erable  examination  has  convinced  us  that  not  only  in  bulk,  but  also  in 
scholarly  completeness,  and  in  accuracy  of  detail,  the  work  of  Mr.  Ban 
croft  and  his  collaborators  is  greatly  superior  to  Mr.  Hittell's  work.  In 
readableness,  however,  Mr.  Hittell's  work  stands  on  the  whole  a  little 
higher.  In  fairness  towards  the  people  described,  and  in  good  sense,  in 
sound  judgment  of  the  meaning  of  facts  once  fully  assured,  both  books 
seem,  so  far  as  we  can  now  decide,  nearly  equal.  .  .  .  Were  Mr.  Hit 
tell's  book  alone,  one  would  think  of  it  very  highly  indeed.  .  .  .  Mr. 
Hittell  says  nothing  of  the  existence  of  the  larger  work.  .  .  .  Mr. 
Bancroft's  volumes  have  had,  to  be  sure,  no  opportunity  to  mention  or 
criticise  Mr.  Hittell's  book.  .  .  .  Both  authors  mention  their  chief 
sources,  and  in  Mr.  Bancroft's  book  these  sources  are,  in  all  doubtful 
cases,  elaborately  cited  and  compared.  .  .  .  Mr.  Hittell's  citations 
are  briefer,  and  his  principle  of  selection  among  the  authorities  he  has 
used  is  seldom,  if  ever,  confessed.  .  .  .  One  sees  the  advantage  given 
to  Mr.  Bancroft  by  the  far  greater  wealth  of  his  material.  ...  If 
the  history  of  an  outlying  and  impecunious  Mexican  province  ...  is 
to  be  told  at  all  .  .  it  might  as  well  be  accurately  told.  And  when 
Mr.  Bancroft  gives  elaborate  citations  to  prove  what  he  relates  in  great 
detail,  while  Mr.  Hittell,  passing  over  the  same  points  more  hastily,  and 
citing  either  no  authorities  at  all  or  less  important  authorities,  makes 
statements  in  direct  or  indirect  opposition  to  the  results  of  the  rival 
work,  the  general  reader  must  have,  at  least  provisionally,  more  confi 
dence  in  the  historian  whose  witnesses  are  the  more  numerous  and  the 
more  carefully  cross-questioned.  Examples  of  such  conflicts  are  not 
hard  to  find.  .  .  .  There  are  a  number  of  instances  of  this  sort  in 
Mr.  Hittell's  record  of  the  mission  life,  so  that  one  could  not  venture  to 
found  any  conclusions  on  the  dates  of  minor  events.  .  .  .  More  im 
portant,  however,  are  the  differences  between  the  two  historians  as  to 
the  policy  of  the  Californian  authorities  in  certain  cases.  .  .  .  Espec 
ially  subject  to  error  Mr.  Hittell  seems  further  to  be,  whenever  he  follows 
the  manuscript  of  very  important  reminiscences  which  Alvarado  .  .  . 
prepared  in  his  old  age,  and  of  which  Mr.  Bancroft  also  possesses  and 
frequently  cites  a  copy."  (In  fact,  the  two  manuscripts  are  not  at  all  iden 
tical.)  "In  consequence  his  story  of  the  change,"  (from  Spanish  to  Mex 
ican  rule,)  "is  as  dramatic  as  it  is  unreal  and  absurd." 

"  Of  Mr.  Bancroft's  Vols.  II.  and  III."  (Vol.  I.  is  not  reviewed),  "one 
must  surely  say  that  their  method  is  obviously  conscientious,  and  has 
aimed  to  secure  exhaustive  accuracy.  .  .  .  That  these  volumes  are 
unreadable  is  already  a  common  assertion  of  popular  criticism  ;  and  they 
are  surely  not  exactly  a  great  work  of  historic  art,  as  art.  But  we  find  in 
them  many  admirable  literary  qualities.  To  whom  in  particular  these 
are  due  is,  indeed,  not  revealed,  since  Mr.  Bancroft  confessedly  and  will 
ingly  shares  with  his  devoted  anonymous  collaborator  the  honors  of  his 
colossal  literary  undertaking.  At  all  events,  however,  we  do  find  in 
these  volumes  one  quality  that  some  critics  have  missed  in  other  vol 
umes  of  the  Pacific  Coast  History,  namely,  a  certain  unity,  both  of  work 
manship  and  judgment,  which  we  must  highly  admire,  in  view  of  the 
number  of  hands  that  are  supposed  to  have  been  at  work  in  preparing 
the  manuscript.  Mr.  Bancroft  and  his  collaborators  have  here  somehow 
joined  themselves  in  an  exceptionally  close  personal  union,  so  that  they 
for  this  time  actually  work  as  one  man,  whose  character  and  general 
literary  style  are  equally  admirable ;  an  unrhetorical,  thoroughly  sensi 
ble  man,  with  an  unwearied  diligence,  a  suppressed  but.  plainly  intense 
scholarly  enthusiasm,  a  quiet  humor,  and  an  excellent  facility  for  sum 
marizing,  in  few  words,  characters  and  situations.  .  .  .  We  take 
pleasure  in  pointing  out  the  well-defined  personal  unity  manifest 
throughout  the  '  California,'  and  in  congratulating  Mr.  Bancroft  as  the 


84 

presumed  master  workman,  that  here  at  least  is  a  book  which  reads  like 
the  almost  undisturbed  product  of  a  single  devoted  and  enthusiastic 
mind.  May  his  revision  and  final  alteration  of  the  work  of  his  collab 
orators  always  affect  their  industry  in  just  the  same  fashion  and  with  just 
as  happy  results. 

"What  we  object  to  in  this  book,  therefore,  is  not  the  style,  which  is 
simple,  manly  and  earnest,  nor  the  immensity  of  detail,  which  is  the 
result  of  the  original  plan,  but  rather  that  defect  of  method  which  has 
forced  the  worker  to  distinguish  so  sharply  secular  annals  from  mission 
annals,  both  of  these  from  commercial  annals  and  from  foreign  affairs, 
and  all  these  together  from  the  local  annals  of  each  district.  It  is  this 
sharp  division  which  gives  the  best  foundation  to  the  charge  that  the 
book  is  unreadable.  Personal  unity,  as  we  have  said,  is  present  through 
out  these  two  volumes — unity  of  purpose,  of  judgment,  of  enthusiasm, 
and  of  knowledge.  But  an  artistic  unity  of  the  many  currents  of  the 
narrative  into  one  great  stream  has  not  been  quite  reached.  If  the  same 
hand  that'  has  given  the  personal  unity  to  the  work  could  only  once 
more  rewrite  it  the  higher  unity  of  historical  workmanship  could  now, 
perhaps,  be  attained.  But  it  is  not  given  us  to  live  onr  lives  twice."  (See 
remarks  in  Sec.  XX I. )  .  .  .  "  Meanwhile  we  wish  for  this  whole  Cal- 
fornia  history,  the  most  carefully  prepared  of  all  Mr.  Bancroft's  great 
series,  the  fullest  attention  and  best  criticism  of  all  historical  students 
interested  in  the  topic.  For  here,  whatever  else  may  be  said  about  the 
matter,  is  a  very  remarkable  and  permanently  valuable  book. 


"  As  before,  Mr.  Hittell's  industrious  reading  and  conscientious  use  of 
what  he  happens  to  regard  as  the  authoritative  sources  of  information 
are  plain.  But  this  volume,  even  more  than  the  previous  one,  shows  the 
risks  that  his  work  runs  when  compared  with  Mr.  Bancroft's,  by  reason 
of  the  limited  range  and  the  frequently  arbitrary  choice  of  his  author 
ities.  .  .  'Of  private  letters  and  papers,'  he  finally  asserts,  'few  of 
any  importance  remain.'  The  readers  of  Mr  Bancroft,  accustomed  to 
minute  citations  of  the  extensive  collections  of  business  letters,  of  family 
archives,  and  of  mission  records  and  correspondence  in  Mr.  Bancroft's 
library,  reads  this  meagre  catalogue  of  authorities  with  surprise,  and 
finds  frequent  occasion  in  Mr.  Hittell's  pages  to  di- trust  the  critical  judg 
ment  with  which  even  these  have  for  some  purposes  been  used.  The 
first  half  of  this  volume  {Hittell^  II.}  must  in  fact  .  .  be  described  as 
an  imperfectly  organized  union  of  erudition  and  gossip,  nearly  always 
very  readable,  and  seldom  quite  satisfactory.  .  .  As  it  is,  this  imper 
fect  doing  of  original  work  that  somebody  else  has  the  means  to  do  far 
better  produces  a  melancholy  impression  of  wasted  effort.  .  .  Ban 
croft's  account  of  the  revolution  of  18.^6,  with  its  consequences,  is  not 
too  diffuse  for  the  purposes  of  his  work  ;  but  it  fairly  bristles  with  cita 
tions  and  quotations  of  the  contemporary  correspondence  of  Vallejo, 
Alvarado,  and  the  other  prominent  leaders.  One  may  indeed  feel  that 
few  political  movements  occurring  under  purely  provincial  conditions 
have  ever  been  so  fully  described  as  is  here  the  case.  The  whole  forms 
a  really  admirable  study  of  human  passion,  intrigue,  vacillation,  and 
success.  But  Mr.  Hittell's  account  is  by  comparison  fragmentary,  inci 
dental,  and  disconnected.  .  .  One  feels  in  passing  from  his  pages  to 
those  of  Mr.  Bancroft  that  one  is  in  the  first  learning  from  a  man  who 
sees  through  a  glass  darkly  ;  and  in  the  other  case,  from  a  man  wrho  does 
not  indeed  see  quite  face  to  face,  but  who  does  see  a  great  deal  very 
clearly,  and  who  tells  you  very  frankly  just  what  his  records  fail  to  let 
him  see.  The  Alvarado  resolution  is  in  fact  one  of  the  best  narratives 
in  Bancroft's  work,  so  far  as  it  has  been  published.  .  .  As  for  Mr. 
Bancroft,  one  can  never  forget,  nor  cease  to  regret,  the  fact  that  he  is  a 


85 

composite  person,  and  that  his  devoted  collaborators  ought  to  be  prom 
inently  named.  How  much  of  authority,  of  dignity,  and  of  genuine  fame 
would  be  added  to  this  truly  noble  monument  of  patient  scholarship,  if 
the  unwise  resolution  that  still  leaves  the  public  in  the  dark  about  the 
actual  division  of  the  labor  were  to  be  frankly  abandoned  '  Above  all 
ought  this  to  be  the  case  in  respect  of  the  California,  by  far  the  best  of 
the  whole  series  both  as  to  plan  and  as  to  workmanship.  Whoever  wrote 
any  part  of  this  book  ought  to  be  named  on  the  title  page." 


"  Previous  reviews  have  prepared  our  readers  to  expect  much  of  this 
crowning  volume  (V.)  of  the  early  California  series.  We  think  that 
there  will  be  no  disappointment  with  the  book  as  published.  The  same 
hand  is  at  work  here  as  in  the  previous  volumes  of  the  'California.' 
Whose  hand  it  is  we  are  still  permitted  to  conjecture.  But  we  have  the 
sense  that  a  good  piece  of  work  has  been  done  once  for  all. 
The  history  of  early  California  has  been  written  in  great  detail,  and  in 
a  fashion  that  must  make  the  book  readable  only  in  single  chapters  or 
episodes — never  as  one  connected  whole.  Yet  nowhere  else  can  be 
found  so  thorough  an  account  of  the  beginnings  of  an  important  com 
munity.  It  is  an  axiom  of  historical  study,  that  to  make  the  exact  truth 
accessible  must  be  a  true  end  in  itself  to  the  investigator.  If  this  be 
so,  then  no  one  should  complain  that  Mr.  Bancroft's  work  deals  so 
exhaustively  with  provincial  annals.  ...  In  the  future,  near  or 
remote,  no  sensible  man  will  doubt  the  value  of  the  elaborate  research 
which  has  now  made  the  early  portions  of  this  history  both  accessible 
and  comprehensible  for  all  time.  We  have  expressed  our  decided  dis 
agreement  with  some  features  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  plan.  We  have  no 
doubt  of  the  great  importance  of  what  has  resulted." 


"  In  beginning  our  comments  "  (on  Vol.  VI.,  not  written  by  me,)  "our 
memory  naturally  recurs  to  the  earlier  volumes  of  the  series,  and  espec 
ially  to  the  itnme'diately  preceding  one,  containing  the  story  of  the  con 
quest.  This  is,  as  we  still  feel,  by  far  the  strongest  of  Mr.  Bancroft's 
series  relating  to  California.  .  .  .  The  very  scholarly  chapter  on  the 
Mexican  Land  Titles  .  .  .  probably  from  the  same  hand  which  is 
responsible  for  the  clean  work  and  sound  results  of  Vol.  V.,  gives  so  far 
as  we  know  the  first  accessible  and  fairly  popular  summary  of  all  the 
main  facts  of  that  land  litigation,  which  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  meant 
so  much  evil  to  California.  The  most  trustworthy  cases  are  summarized 
in  fine  print  and  in  alphabetical  order.  The  conflicting  interests  con 
cerned  are  stated  with  impartiality,  and  the  conclusions  are  cautiously 

drawn The  more  popular  chapters  are  decidedly  unequal. 

That  one  among  Mr.  Bancroft's  collaborators,  who  may  be  best  known 
as  the  Rhetorician,  is  occasionally  allowed  a  freedom  which  he  has 
not  heretofore  enjoyed  during  the  progress  of  this  History  of  California. 
Elsewhere  in  this  series,  as  in  portions  of  the  history  of  the  Northwest 
Coast,  this  unfortunate  person  has  played  altogether  too  large  a  part, 
and  one  hates  to  have  to  meet  him  in  a  region  which  he  has  usually 
spared."—  N.  Y.  Nation,  March  n,  July  29,  1889  ;  Jan.  13,  1887  ;  Feb.  14, 
1886. 

If  this  one  swallow  could  make  a  summer,  then  would  my 
literary  summer  be  bright  indeed ;  for  the  comments  above 
quoted  put  my  work  on  a  plane  much  higher  than  any  to  which 
I  have  ever  assigned  it.  Too  favorable  as  they  probably  are, 
they  describe  very  vividly,  if  not  the  books  I  wrote,  at  least 


86 

the  kind  of  books  I  tried  to  write.  In  any  case  this  review — 
unless  indeed  the  Nation  sends  its  volumes  for  review  to  a 
lunatic  asylum,  where  I  also  ought  to  be  confined — furnishes 
some  support  to  the  position  I  have  been  trying  to  establish  ; 
namely,  that  my  annals  of  the  Spanish  Northwest  merit  a  more 
general  and  careful  examination  than  they  have  received  ;  that 
they  may  not  with  justice  be  consigned  to  oblivion  for  any 
other  reasons  than  their  own  unworthiness  ;  that  other  reasons 
connected  in  some  way  with  the  cloud  of  distrust  that  has 
settled  over  the  whole  Bancroft  series  may  have  had  much  to 
do  with  their  neglect  ;  that  my  own  incompetence  should  be 
proved,  or  at  least  plausibly  or  authoritatively  asserted  ;  and 
that  therefore  I  have  at  least  a  fighting  chance  in  the  final  tests 
to  which  I  have  so  often  alluded. 


XXIII. — COMMENTS  OF  THE  PRESS. 

Finally,  with  the  explicit  confession  that  these  notices  from 
a  few  newspapers  have  little  real  significance — still  less  extracts 
culled  from  them  without  much  reference  to  the  context  after 
the  manner  of  publishers  and  advertisers,  I  still  yield  to  the 
temptation  to  present  some  such  extracts  as  follows  : 

"  In  no  part  of  the  colossal  work  of  Mr.  Bancroft  has  he  been  more  at 
home  than  in  this  volume,  (N.  Mtx.  States,  I.)  nor  has  he  had  in  any 
period  of  his  task  ampler  resources.  .  .  .  No  volume  of  the  series 
thus  far,  we  repeat,  is  so  interesting  nor  so  instructive."  Sac.  Record 
Union,  Apr.  12,  1884.  "This  new  volume  .  .  .  sufficiently  justifies 
all  we  have  said  of  former  volumes.  If  it  lacks  the  brilliancy  of  episode 
which  characterized  the  two  volumes  we  last  noticed,  it  maintains  a  high 
level  of  vigorous  narrative.  ...  A  volume  which  like  its  predeces 
sors  is  at  once  a  monument  of  industry  and  of  literary  skill."  Brit.  Quart. 
Review,  April,  1884.  The  discovery,  explorations,  etc.,  "are  portrayed 
with  a  clearness  of  statement  and  attractiveness  of  style  that  rob  even 
the  statistical  chapters  of  dullness.  .  .  .  The  superficial  critic  who 
avers  that  many  pens  have  combined  to  make  this  series  of  Histories 
has  but  to  trace  the  charming  evenness  that  characterizes  the  flow  of  the 
narrative  .  .  .  to  be  convinced  that  the  elegant  genius  of  a  master 
mind  is  over  every  chapter,  and  that  no  prentice  hand  can  have  had 
place,"  etc  !  S.  F.  Post,  Jan.  26,  1884.  "Probably  it  is  the  least  inter 
esting  volume  of  the  long  series.  .  .  .  This  volume  can  afford  to  lose 
many  pages  of  its  trivial  figures  and  names  of  small  men,  but  it  cannot 
afford  to  lose  any  of  its  own  liveliness.  As  might  be  expected  "  (why  ?) 
"  the  style  is  grave,  plain,  and  perspicuous.  There  is  not  a  trace  of  the 
picturesque  and  sometimes  tumid  writing  in  which  previous  volumes 
have  abounded.  There  is,  however,  an  occasional  touch  of  humor  in  the 
comments  upon  the  experiences  of  the  Jesuits  with  the  Mission  Indians 
of  Baja  California."  S.  F.  Bulletin,  Feb.  2,  1884.  "Everything  is  on 
one  dead  flat  of  mediocrity  and  commonplace,  which  is  relieved  only  by 
the  curious  speculations  of  the  ancient  voyagers."  S.  F.  Chronicle. 


87 

"  Told  in  simple  style  (N.  IV.  Coast,  I.)  the  story  of  the  early  voyages 
.  is  more  thrilling  than  romance."  7<r/.,  July  27,  1884.  "In  the 
present  narrative  the  famous  Oregon  question,  which  grew  out  of  the 
earliest  expeditions  and  controversies,  is  for  the  first  time  treated  from 
a  historical  rather  than  from  a  partisan  standpoint. ' '  London  Times, 
Dec.  3,  1885.  "  Full  of  living  interest.  .  .  .  To  the  general  reader, 
doubtless,  the  chapters  which  will  be  found  most  attractive  are  those 
headed  'Apocryphal  Voyages  to  the  Northwest,'"  etc.  Brit.  Quart. 
Review,  Oct.  1884.  "  At  the  outset  our  historian  devotes  certainly  suffi 
cient  space  to  the  farrago  of  falsehood  known  in  the  history  of  naviga 
tion  as  the  literature  of  the  Strait  of  Arian.  .  .  .  The  only  items  of 
especial  interest  in  the  first  half  of  this  volume  are  the  visits  of  Cook, 
La  Perouse,  etc.  .  .  .  Thenceforth  (in  Mr.  Bancroft's  half)  the  in 
terest  quickens,  and  the  style  bounds  elastically  forward.  .  .  .  Some 
of  the  volume  partakes  of  the  useful  dry-as-dust,  but  much  of  the  book 
is  unusually  marked  with  a  nervous  rythm  and  pictorial  charm  of  style." 
S.  F.  Bulletin,  Aug.  6,  1884.  "What  may  be  said  to  be  the  clearest  and 
most  satisfactory  analysis  extant  in  history  of  the  great  Oregon  ques 
tion"  (probably  attributed  by  the  reviewer  to  Mrs.  Victor).  Id.,  Nov.  8, 
1884.  "  The  account  of  the  Oregon  controversy  is  exhaustive  and  im 
partial,  and  the  conclusions  reached  seem  to  us  sound  and  impregna 
ble."  N.  Y.  Sun,  Dec.  7,  1884. 

"The  style  (California,  I.)  is  perspicuous,  easy,  and  rigidly  plain. 
There  is  perhaps  a  single  exception  to  the  latter  quality  "  (Mr.  Ban 
croft's  only  paragraph).  "  Of  course  there  are  histories  and  histories — 
the  history  from  the  burrow  and  the  history  from  the  hill.  The  former 
is  minute  even  to  painfulness.  .  ,  .  But  if  all  history  were  written 
thus,  the  world  would  not  contain  all  the  books  that  would  be  written. 

.  .  How  much  to  omit,  how  much  to  leave  in  the  burrow,  and  how 
much  to  bring  out — marks  the  wisdom  of  the  historian."  Yet  the  vol 
ume,  if  tedious,  is  probably  of  some  value.  S.  F.  Bulletin,  May  3,  1884. 
"  It  may  fairly  be  said  that  the  volume  (Cal.  II.)  would  be  better  if  con 
densed.  ...  So  jejune  of  activity  and  interest  is  the  term  of  years 
described,  that  many  pages  have  little  value  except  to  fill  space.  The 
style  is  perfectly  plain,  business-like,  and  unobjectionable,  but  the  mat 
ter  is  too  diffuse  for  history  and  sometimes  for  annals.  .  .  .  This  new 
feature  (Pioneer  Register)  will  add  greatly  to  the  general  plan  of  the 
work."  Id.,  Aug.  i,  1885.  "  The  readers  in  this  rich  jungle  (Cal.  III.)  are 
almost  at  the  point  where  the  narrative  will  become  of  the  highest 
interest."  (That  a  record  can  have  any  other  purpose  than  to  be  inter 
esting,  does  not  seem  to  occur  to  many  critics.)  "  Hitherto  it  has  been 
more  valuable  than  interesting  in  itself.  The  writer  has  made  the  most 
of  his  immense  collection  of  facts.  From  the  condensation  obvious  on 
almost  every  page  it  is  plain  that  he  has  not  endeavored  to  pad,  but  it 
is  equally  plain  that  he  has  preserved  in  historical  amber  many  triviali 
ties  that  really  have  no  claim  on  the  future."  Id.,  Oct.  17,  1885.  "  In  the 
publication  of  this  great  history  (Cal.  IV.)  as  it  nears  the  discovery  of 
gold,  it  becomes  perceptibly  more  interesting.  .  .  .  When  he  gets 
upon  the  larger  ground  of  1848  and  suceeeding  years,  we  may  reasonably 
expect  to  see  the  great  monument  of  his  life."  Id.,  Apr.  17,  1886. 
"The  infinite  detail  of  preceding  volumes  (Cal.  V.)  and  the  weary  work 
of  grubbing  out  the  springs  of  history,  are  mainly  left  behind,  and  the 
reader  moves  with  confident  pleasure  into  the  new  fields  where  the  fig 
ures  are  larger,  and  the  events  are  worthy  of  a  life  extending  beyond 
their  own  days Throughout  this  volume  is  of  marked  ability. 

.  .  Generally  the  writing  is  not  only  careful  and  cool,  but  such  as 
belongs  to  permanent  history.  In  every  volume  and  notably  in  this, 
Mr.  Bancroft  forgets  the  American,  and  remembers  only  the  cosmopoli 
tan  and  the  historian."  Id.,  Aug.  14,  1886. 


88 

"  A  story  which  has  been  told  in  fragments  by  several  hands,  but  never 
before  with  the  minuteness  and  accuracy  of  this  history  (Cat.  I.)  .  .  . 
Unequalled  by  any  volume  in  the  series  for  clearness  of  statement,  lucid 
ity  of  style,  soundness  of  historical  judgment,  and  interest  to  the  gen 
eral  reader."  S.  F.  Chronicle,  Apr.  27,  1884.  "It  is  a  period  (Cat.  II.) 
destitute  of  any  great  events,  yet  so  many  have  been  the  sources  of  in 
formation,  and  so  clearly  is  the  story  told  .  .  .  that  the  reader  will 
find  it  as  interesting  as  the  previous  volume.  .  .  .  Nothing  like  this 
(Pioneer  Register)  has  been  done  in  any  new  country.  Nothing  like  it 
would  be  possible,  save  to  the  possessor  of  such  an  incomparable  collec 
tion  of  original  material."  Id.,  July  26,  1885.  "In  no  other  part  of 
Mr.  Bancroft's  work  (CaL  III.)  is  his  mastery  of  details  shown  to  bet 
ter  advantage  than  in  the  history  of  this  state.  ...  He  has  always 
treated  the  subject  of  the  Missions  and  the  Mission  Indians  with  rare 
impartiality."  Id.,  Oct.,  1885.  "  In  this  volume  (CaL  IV.)  is  shown 
the  extraordinary  care  taken  by  the  historian  to  verify  facts  and  get  at 
the  truth  of  history  from  the  mass  of  contradictory  statements. 
Even  Hittell's  history,  which  seems  to  be  fairly  complete  when  one 
reads  it,  appears  like  an  abstract  when  brought  into  contact  with  Ban 
croft's  elaborate  and  painstaking  work."  Id.,  Apr.  16,  1886."  The  fifth 
volume  will  prove  the  most  readable  of  the  series."  Id.,  Aug.  15,  1886. 

"  In  its  placid  recital  of  our  early  growth  it  is  preeminently  satisfac 
tory  (Cal.  I.).  .  .  .  The  record  is  complete  and  impartial.  .  .  . 
No  historical  event  is  ignored  or  slighted.  .  .  .  His  judgment  of 
men  and  measures  is  unbiased,  his  estimate  of  character  conscientious, 
and  his  investigations  thorough."  S.  F.  Post,  April  16,  1884.  "We 
are  amazed  at  the  extent  of  his  researches,  the  magnitude  of  the  task  he 
has  performed,  and  the  indomitable  energy  and  patient  industry  with 
which  he  has  presented  both  ;  and  we  are  bewildered  and  perplexed  by 
the  immense  mass  of  materials — 'wood,  hay,  stubble,'  with  a  scant 
gleam  here  and  there  of  '  gold,  silver  and  precious  stones ' — which  he 
has  emptied  into  his  capacious  volumes."  Hardens  Magazine,  May, 
1884.  "Whether  that  portion  of  the  history  (Cal.  I.)  should  be  told  so 
much  in  detail  as  to  fill  740  octavo  pages  .  .  .  is  a  question  that  is 
certainly  open  to  debate.  Standing  by  itself,  and  at  the  head  of  eight 
(seven)  volumes  on  California  it  is  not  too  prolix,  nor  too  much  given 
up  to  detail.  .  .  .  But  in  a  general  history  of  the  Pacific  States  .  .  . 
it  is  altogether  too  verbose."  Rochester  Herald,  May  20,  1884.  "The 
history  ...  is  admirable  in  every  respect.  No  event  has  been 
slurred  over,  no  explorer  slighted,  no  friar  or  official  neglected  ;  in  fact, 
to  every  incident  and  personage  is  carefully  allotted  attention  propor 
tionate  to  historical  importance."  Argonaut,  April  26,  1884.  "The 
clearest,  the  most  circumstantial,  and  the  most  authentic  narrative  of 
this  history."  Id.  "He  makes  dry  papers  interesting  to  the  reader, 
without  losing  any  of  their  value  and  significance."  London  Times, 
Dec.  3,  1885.  "The  careful  attention  to  facts,  and  the  power  of  relating 
widely  separated  phenomena  by  the  link  of  law,  that  were  observable 
in  former  volumes,  re-appeared  here."  Brit.  Quart.  Review,  April, 
1886.  "  Mr.  Bancroft  has  apparently  (Cal.  V.)  taken  a  comprehensive 
view  of  the  situation,  and  writes  with  an  assurance  that  seems  to  be  fully 
sustained  with  overwhelming  evidence."  Mag.  of  Amer.  Hist.,  Nov., 
1886.  "Nowhere  has  the  importance  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  elaborate  and 
comprehensive  preparations  been  so  clearly  demonstrated  as  in  this  vol 
ume.  .  .  .  All  that  can  be  said,  indeed,  in  behalf  of  a  narrative 
which  is  often  anything  but  pleasant  reading  to  such  as  wish  to  think 
well  of  their  country,  is,  that  it  is  undoubtedly  true.  It  may  also  be 
some  consolation  to  reflect  that  there  is  probably  no  period  in  the  his 
tory  of  any  country  which,  if  submitted  to  an  examination  so  micro 
scopic  as  that  of  Mr.  Bancroft,  would  not  yield  results  equally  tending 
to  disenchantment."  N.  Y.  Tribune,  Sept.  14,  1886. 


89 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  I  have  not  access  to  all  the 
notices  that  have  been  published  ;  also  that  many  of  the  long 
est,  and  in  an  important  sense  the  most  favorable,  are  mainly 
occupied  with  a  summary  of  contents,  or  a  discussion  of  epi 
sodes,  and  not  susceptible  of  fair  representation  by  quotations. 


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